Timeline Rome
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The oldest picture of Francis of Assisi that was made during his lifetime, a mural in Sacro Speco in Subiaco .
Otto's victory over Berengar II (illustration of a manuscript, around 1200)
Facts and figures about the Roman Empire and the city of Rome .
Early history
- April 21, 753 BC Chr .: The legendary founding date of Rome by Romulus ( ab urbe condita ). The first remains of settlements on the Palatine were found as early as 1000 BC. Chr.
- around 600: Rome develops into a city .
- 6th century: Etruscan rule over Rome, drainage of the area of the Roman Forum via the Cloaca Maxima
- 510: Alleged expulsion of King Tarquinius Superbus , replacement of the kingship by the rule of the patricians . In reality, the republic was probably only around 475 BC. Have been established.
republic
- 509: L. Junius Brutus and L. Tarquinius Collatinus are the first two consuls of the Roman Republic.
- 507: The temple of Jupiter is consecrated on the Capitol .
- around 503: The attempt to restore royalty by Lars Porsenna fails.
- around 496: Victory of the Romans over the Latins in the battle of Lake Regillus .
- 494: Fabulous secessio plebis , the tribunes of the people are recognized under pressure from the plebeians .
- 493: End of the First Latin War , alliance between Romans and Latins
- 489: Consecration of the Temple of Saturn in the Roman Forum
- 482–474: First war between Rome and Veji
- 471: The patricians' right of veto against resolutions of the Roman comitia tributa is abolished. The office of the censor will in future also be open to plebeians ( Lex Publilia ) -> possibly dating to 339.
- 450/449: Codification of traditional law by the Decemviri : Twelve Tables Act
- 445: Lex Canuleia , marriages between patricians and plebeians are allowed.
- 443: The office of the censor is created.
- 406: Beginning of the ten years' war between Rome and Veji
- around 400: Celtic Gauls advance into northern Italy.
- around 396: Conquest of the Etruscan city of Veji
- 387: Conquest and cremation of Rome by wandering Gauls ( Battle of the Allia )
- 379: The city of Tusculum receives Roman citizenship.
- from 378: Construction of the Servian Wall begins
- 367: Leges Liciniae Sextiae , two consuls , one of whom is a plebeian. Construction of the Concordia Temple
- 366: For the first time a plebeian becomes consul ( Lucius Sextius Lateranus ). Due to the similarity to the events at the time of the Gracchi around 200 years later, it is not clear whether this part of the family history was simply invented by the chronicler Gaius Licinius Macer.
- 353: The Etruscan city of Caere is subjugated by the Romans.
- 345: Rome conquers the Volscian city of Sora , so that Latium is practically pacified by Rome.
- 343–341: First Samnite War , ends with Rome's control of northern Campania
- 340–338: Second Latin War , the ship's beaks captured in a sea battle adorned the Rostra in the Roman Forum .
- 339: The patricians' right of veto against resolutions of the Roman comitia tributa is abolished. The office of the censor will in future also be open to plebeians ( Lex Publilia ) -> dating possibly also to 471.
- 326–304: Second Samnite War
- 312: Start of construction of the Via Appia , construction of the Aqua Appia , Rome's first aqueduct
- 300: Lex Ogulnia : The plebeians get access to all priestly offices
- 298–290: Third Samnite War : Rome's rule over central Italy
- 287: Lex Hortensia : equality of the plebeians with the patricians, end of the class struggles
- 283: Battle of the Vadimonian Sea : Final submission of the Etruscans to Roman rule
- 282–272: War against Tarentum and King Pyrrhus of Epirus
- 264–241: First Punic War
- 241: Sicily becomes the first Roman province
- 238: Sardinia et Corsica becomes a Roman province
- from 225: Rome conquers Northern Italy
- 218–201: Second Punic (Hannibalian) War
- 218: Limitation on the size of merchant ships owned by senators ( Lex Claudia de nave senatorum )
- 215–205: First Macedonian War
- 200–197: Second Macedonian War
- 197: Establishment of the provinces of Hispania citerior and Hispania ulterior
- 197–179 Celtiberian War
- 191: Establishment of the province of Gallia cisalpina
- 171–168: Third Macedonian War
- 154–133: Spanish War , consolidates rule over the Iberian Peninsula
- 149–146: Third Punic War
- 148: Macedonia becomes a Roman province.
- 146: Carthage and Corinth are destroyed, Africa and Greece become Roman provinces.
- 136–71: time of the great slave wars
- 133: The province of Asia is established, Hispania is subjected, Tiberius Gracchus attempts to reform
- 125–121: conquest of southern Gaul, establishment of the province of Gallia transalpina
- 123–121: Gaius Gracchus is tribune of the people (121 murdered)
- 113–101: Wars against Cimbri and Teutons
- 112–106: War against the Numid king Jugurtha
- 107–100: Gaius Marius six times consul within 8 years
- 107: Lucius Cassius Longinus is defeated by the Helvetian Tigurines .
- 102: Marius defeats the Cimbri at Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence).
- 101: Marius defeats the Cimbri at Vercellae
- 91–88: Allies war : The Italians gain Roman citizenship.
- 88–85: First war against King Mithridates VI. from Pontos
- 87: Rule of the Populares under Marius and Cinna
- 82–79: Sulla's dictatorship
- 77–62: Extraordinary commands of Pompey against popular Romans in Spain (77–71), the pirates and King Mithridates VI. (67-62)
- 60: First triumvirate : Caesar , Pompey and Crassus
- 59: Caesar Consul
- 58-51: Conquest of Gaul by Caesar
- 52: Serious unrest in Rome, Pompey "consul without colleagues"
- 49–45: Civil War: Pompey and the Senate majority against Caesar
- 48: Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
- 46: Battle of Thapsus , introduction of the Julian calendar by Caesar, Caesar dictator for 10 years
- 45: Battle of Munda , end of the civil war
- 44: Caesar dictator for life; his assassination (March 15, 44)
- 43: Octavian enters the civil war with his own army, second triumvirate: Octavian, Marcus Antonius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
- 42: Victory of Antony over the murderers of Caesar
- 36: Elimination of the Lepidus
- 31–30: Octavian's victory over Antony and Cleopatra
- 28: Octavian becomes first citizen (princeps), beginning of the principate
- 27: Reorganization of the Roman state under the leadership of Octavian, who receives the honorary name of Augustus
Imperial times
- 27 BC - 68 AD: Julian-Claudian dynasty , Augustus (until 14 AD), Tiberius , Caligula , Claudius , Nero
- 23: Augustus becomes tribune of the people for life.
- 18: The Lex Iulia et Papia stipulates that only marriages appropriate to one's status should be concluded, as well as a marriage obligation
- 17: Announcement of the Pax Augusta
- 12 BC Chr .: Beginning of the Augustan German Wars (until 16 AD)
- 9 v. Chr .: The Roman general Drusus reaches the Elbe.
- 2 v. Chr .: Roman legions cross the Elbe.
- 6–9 AD: The Pannonian uprising is suppressed by the later Emperor Tiberius .
- 9 AD: The army of Varus is destroyed in the Teutoburg Forest by the Cheruscan Arminius .
- 14: Death of Augustus, reign of Tiberius (14–37)
- 16: After the unsuccessful Germanicus campaigns, Tiberius renounces the conquest of Germania on the right bank of the Rhine.
- 37-41: Caligula
- 41-54: Claudius
- 42: Southern Britain becomes a Roman province.
- 46: Thrace becomes a province ( province of Thrace ).
- 54-68: Nero
- 64: Great fire in Rome
- 66–68: Riots in Judea
- 69: Four Emperor fighting for power: Galba , Otho , Vitellius and Vespasian ( Year of the Four Emperors )
- 69–70: Batavian revolt under Iulius Civilis
- 69–96: Flavian dynasty , Vespasian , Titus , Domitian
- 70: Conquest of Jerusalem by Titus
- 79: eruption of Vesuvius , sinking of Pompeii and Herculaneum
- 80: Inauguration of the Colosseum
- 83: Domitian's victory over the Chatten , construction of the Upper German-Raetian Limes begins
- 85–89: Fights with the Dacians
- 86: Domitian calls himself Dominus et Deus - Lord and God.
- 96–192: “ Adoptive emperors ”: Nerva , Trajan , Hadrian , Antoninus Pius , Marcus Aurelius , Lucius Verus , Commodus
- 98–117: Under Trajan , 113–117, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent - Armenia , Assyria and Mesopotamia became Roman provinces.
- 101-102: Trajan's first Dakerkieg
- 105: The Second Dacian victory seals the conquest of Dacia .
- 106: Trajan establishes the province of Arabia Petraea .
- 113: Annexation of Armenia , beginning of the campaign against the Parthians , erection of the Trajan's Column in Rome
- 117–138: Consolidation of the imperial borders under Hadrian: withdrawal of the border in the east up to the Euphrates , construction of Hadrian's Wall (122) across Britain, cultural prosperity in the empire
- 118: Hadrian moves the eastern border of the empire back, Mesopotamia and Armenia go back to the Parthian Empire.
- 118–128: The Pantheon is built.
- 121: Construction begins on the Temple of Venus and Roma
- 132–135: Bar Kochba uprising in Judea
- 138–161: Antoninus Pius : Expansion of the security systems, construction of the Antonine Wall in Britain (142–144) and moving the Limes forward in Germania
- 139: Completion of the construction of Hadrian's mausoleum, today's Castel Sant'Angelo , burial place for the emperors up to Caracalla and their families
- 161–180: Mark Aurel : Beginning of the Marcomann Wars (168) and problems with the Parthians in the east
- 180–192: With Commodus , the son of Marcus Aurelius, the adoptive emperorship ends.
- 193: Four emperors are raised ( second year of four emperors )
- 193–235: Severer : Septimius Severus , Caracalla , Elagabal , Severus Alexander
- 202–203: Beginning of Christian persecution throughout the empire
- 227: Replacement of the Parthian Empire by the Sassanid Empire
- 235–284: Imperial crisis of the 3rd century and the time of the soldier emperors
- 238: year of six emperors
- around 250: abandonment of the areas east of the Rhine and north of the Danube
- around 255: First German army on Italian soil
- 259/260: Final abandonment of the Upper German-Raetian Limes ( Limesfall )
- around 260: The Calixtus catacomb is the first Christian community catacomb .
- around 275: Construction of the Aurelian Wall
- 284-305: Diocletian : Tetrarchy . Beginning of late antiquity
- 289: Galerius , the Caesar of the East, achieves an important victory over the Sassanids , which leads to considerable territorial gains for the Romans.
- from 303: persecution of Christians, but canceled until 311
- 306: Death of Constantius Chlorus . Constantine the Great is proclaimed emperor in York . Collapse of the tetrarchical order.
- October 28, 312: Battle of the Milvian Bridge ; Victory of Constantine over Maxentius and "experience of conversion"
- 313: The Christians are officially tolerated by Licinius and Constantine ( Edict of Tolerance of Milan ).
- 324–337: Constantine is ruler over the whole empire.
- 325: Council of Nicaea
- 330: Inauguration of the new capital, Constantinople, after around six years of construction
- 337: Baptism and death of Constantine in Achyrona, a suburb of Nicomedia . This is followed by a series of murders that decimate the Constantinian dynasty. Constantius II received the eastern part of the empire in 338, his two other brothers ( Constans and Constantine II ) the west.
- 351: Victory of Constantius II at Mursa over the usurper Magnentius. After the suicide of Magnentius in 353 , Constantius II became sole ruler.
- 361: Julian moves as the opposing emperor against Constantius, who, however, dies before the clash. Last renaissance of paganism in Julian's reign.
- 363: Julian's death during his Persian campaign. Jovian follows him and makes a peace with the Sassanids , through which the territories conquered under Galerius fall back to Persia.
- 364: Valentinian I becomes emperor. He successfully waged campaigns against the Teutons on the Rhine and installed his brother Valens as emperor in the east.
- from 375: beginning of the mass migration in the strict sense. The Huns destroy the Ostrogoth empire in southern Russia. Gratian becomes emperor in the west.
- 376: Danube crossing of the Goths and admission into the Roman Empire
- 378: Battle against the Visigoths near Adrianople , Emperor Valens is defeated and killed.
- 379: Gratian installs Theodosius as emperor in the east.
- 380: Theodosius, Gratian and Valentinian II adopt the edict of the Three Emperor , with which Christianity becomes the de facto state religion.
- around 380: Jerome writes the Vulgate , a translation of the Bible into the Latin spoken at the time.
- 382: Treaty of the Goths. Theodosius settled the Danube Goths as Foederati on Roman soil.
- 385–399: Siricius successfully emphasizes the primacy of the Roman patriarch over all others and describes himself as papa , pope .
- 393: Theodosius forbids the Olympic Games and other pagan ceremonies and festivals.
- 394–395: The Roman Empire for the last time under an emperor: Theodosius I , the great.
- 395: Division of the empire between the two sons of Theodosius. His son Arcadius receives the east, his other son Honorius the west. In the period that followed, there were latent tensions between the two kingdoms. Raids by the Goths under Alaric I in the Balkans .
Late antiquity
- 395–476: Western Roman Empire
- 400: task of Hadrian Walles in Britain . In 410 the Roman troops evacuate the island.
- December 31, 406: Vandals , Suebi and Alans cross the Rhine on New Year's Eve and invade Gaul .
- 408: Siege of Rome by the Visigoths
- August 24, 410: Conquest and sack of Rome by the Visigoths under Alaric I.
- 413: Foundation of the Burgundian Empire by King Gundahar
- 418: In Gaul, the Visigothic Empire is founded by a federate treaty of the Emperor Honorius . It is called the Tolosan Empire by historians after its capital, Tolosa ( Toulouse ) .
- 429: The Vandals cross from southern Spain to North Africa and conquer the Roman provinces there by 439.
- 435: Invasion of the Burgundians into the Roman province of Belgica ; Smashing their empire.
- 451: Battle of the Catalaunian Fields : The Huns under Attila and their allies are defeated and repulsed by the alliance of Romans, Visigoths and Franks under the Western Roman army master Aëtius .
- 453: Death of Attila, beginning of the collapse of the Huns
- 454: Emperor Valentinian III. kills Aetius.
- 455: Vandals and Alans under Geiseric plunder Rome
- 472: Burgundians sack Rome during a civil war between Ricimer and Anthemius
- 476: end of the Western Roman Empire , Odoacer sets Romulus Augustus from, explained to Rex Italiae and submits to Ostrom.
- 482–511: Clovis I established a Frankish empire in Gaul.
- 489–553: The Ostrogoths rule Italy with their kings
- 493–526: Theodoric the Great rules over Eastern Gothic Italy
- 527–565: Imperial reforms under Emperor Justinian I.
- 531–579: The Persian empire of the Sassanids reaches the height of its power.
- 533/534: Recapture of Africa by Eastern Roman troops
- 535–552: Recapture of Italy by imperial armies ( Restauratio imperii )
- 537: Siege of Rome by the Ostrogoths, great destruction
- 540: The Eastern Gothic residence city of Ravenna is conquered by the Eastern Roman general Belisarius .
- 541: Justinian abolishes the office of consul . Justinian Plague outbreak
- 550: Last documented chariot race in the Circus Maximus
- 565: Death of Justinian I , end of late antiquity
- 568: The Lombards invade Italy. End of the Great Migration
middle Ages
- 610–641: Emperor Heraclius asserts the great power of the Byzantine Empire . Beginning of the new military and administrative order of the Reich.
- 632: Death of Muhammad and beginning of Islamic expansion
- 697: For the first time in the Republic of Venice , Paulicius, a doge, is elected to organize the defense.
- 698: Carthage is conquered by the Arabs .
- 711: The Arab invaders defeat the Visigoths under Roderich in the Battle of the Guadalete , conquering the Visigoth Empire on the Iberian Peninsula
- 719: The Anglo-Saxon monk Bonifatius is commissioned by Pope Gregory II to proselytize the pagan Germans.
- 751: Aistulf , King of the Lombards , conquers Ravenna and Romagna from Byzantium . Pippin the Younger places the last Merovingian shadow king Childerich III. from.
- 756: Pippinsche donation, the Papal States occurs
- 773: Beginning of the Longobard campaign of the Franks
- 774: Charlemagne conquers the northern Italian Longobard Empire; he is now king of the Franks and Lombards .
- 776: Charlemagne conquers the Duchy of Spoleto .
- 787: The Sabinerland and the south of Tuscany become part of the Papal States.
- 793: Vikings raid the English monastery of Lindisfarne ; Beginning of the Viking Age
- December 25, 800: Charlemagne is in Rome by Pope Leo III. crowned Roman emperor .
- from 827: sacking of the Saracens in Sicily ; little by little they conquer almost the whole island until the Normans take over rule in 1091.
- 951: Otto the Great wins rule over northern Italy and establishes the connection with the German Empire ( Holy Roman Empire ).
- 962: Otto the Great is in Rome by John XII. crowned emperor.
- 993: The first canonization in church history ( Ulrich von Augsburg ) is given by Pope John XV. proclaimed.
- 1020: Normans in southern Italy
- 1053: The Normans force the Pope to recognize their properties in Italy.
- 1054: Pope Leo IX. excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople, considered to be the beginning of the Oriental Schism
- 1075: Gregory VII writes the Dictatus Papae , beginning of the investiture dispute between church and emperor
- 1077: Walk to Canossa through Heinrich IV.
- 1088: The University of Bologna emerges as the first medieval university through the merging of individual faculties.
- 1091: Norman rule in Sicily
- 1096: Departure for the First Crusade , which Urban II had proclaimed the year before
- 1122: Worms Concordat
- 1123: The First Lateran Council ends the investiture dispute .
- 1155: Friedrich I. Barbarossa is crowned Roman-German Emperor in Rome.
- 1198-1216: Innocent III. , probably the most important Pope of the Middle Ages, declares himself to be God's representative on earth .
- 1204: The Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade conquer and sack Constantinople .
- 1220: Frederick II is crowned emperor in Rome; it is said to be the last imperial coronation in the west until the coronation of Henry VII in 1312.
- 1228: canonization of Francis of Assisi
- 1300: Pope Boniface VIII celebrates the jubilee year , also known as the Holy Year , for the first time .
- 1302: Boniface VIII formulates the Bull Unam Sanctam , in which he asserts the claim to the universal supremacy of the Pope .
- 1303: The University of Rome is founded.
- 1309: Beginning of the Avignon papacy
- 1323: Pope John XXII. speaks Saint Thomas Aquinas .
- 1347: Beginning of the first plague epidemic ( Black Death ) in Europe for 600 years in Sicily (until 1353)
- 1378: Return of the Curia from Avignon to Rome, occidental schism until 1417
- End of the 14th century: beginning of the Renaissance , overcoming the medieval worldview through a return to antiquity
- May 29, 1453: Constantinople is conquered by the Ottomans under Sultan Mehmed II .
Modern times
- 1471: A collection of sculptures of ancient Greek and Roman gods by Pope Sixtus IV lays the basis for the Capitoline Museums .
- 1483: Inauguration of the Sistine Chapel
- 1517: The Augustiner - monk Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses , the beginning of the Reformation .
- 1527: Sacco di Roma , Charles V's mercenaries plunder and devastate Rome.
- 1540: The Jesuits founded by Ignatius von Loyola in 1534 are recognized as an order by the Pope. Beginning of the Counter Reformation
- 1553: The Villa Giulia is completed.
- 1574–1599: Construction of the Conservator's Palace based on plans by Michelangelo
- 1582: Gregory XIII. introduces the Gregorian calendar .
- 1600: San Marino adopts its written constitution.
- February 17, 1600: Giordano Bruno is burned as a heretic on the Campo de 'Fiori
- 1622: Pope Gregory XV. founds the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (Congregatio de Propaganda Fide) , today the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples for Missionary Mission.
- 1626: Pope Urban VIII inaugurates St. Peter's Basilica, which was built in 1506 when the foundation stone was laid .
- 1651: The four rivers fountain in Piazza Navona is inaugurated.
- 1725: Completion of the Spanish Steps
- 1738: The excavations in Herculaneum begin
- 1748: The excavations in Pompeii begin
- 1750: The Villa dei Papiri in Herculaneum is discovered
- 1798: The Roman Republic is proclaimed, but one year later, in the second coalition war , it goes under again.
- 1808: French troops occupied Rome by Napoleon Bonaparte
- 1809: Unification of the secularized Papal State with the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy
- 1815: Restoration of the Papal States at the Congress of Vienna
- 1860: procession of a thousand under Giuseppe Garibaldi
- 1861: Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy under Victor Emanuel II with the capital Turin (from 1864: Florence)
- 1869–1870: First Vatican Council
- 1870: A referendum resolves the unification of the Papal States with Italy, the end of the Papal States and the Risorgimento
- 1871: Rome becomes the capital of the new Italy.
- 1882: Italy joins the previous dual alliance ( German Empire and Austria-Hungary ), making it a triple alliance .
- 1900: Lazio Rome , one of the city's two major football teams, is founded.
- 1907: Maria Montessori opens her first school and day care center in Rome ( Casa dei Bambini in San Lorenzo).
- 1911: Italy annexes Tripoli and the Cyrenaica , both parts of the Ottoman Empire . The Italian-Turkish war breaks out. Inauguration of the Monumento Vittorio Emanuele II
- 1912: End of the Italo-Turkish War with the Treaty of Lausanne . The Ottoman Empire renounced its North African possession (in today's Libya) in favor of Italy.
- 1914: Completion of the Villa Massimo , seat of the German Academy Rome Villa Massimo
- 1915: Italy joins the Entente and thus leaves the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary , entry into the First World War
- 1918: Signing of the Armistice of Villa Giusti between Italy and Austria-Hungary
- 1922: March on Rome by the fascists. Mussolini is from Viktor Emanuel III. appointed Prime Minister.
- 1927: AS Roma , one of the city's two major football teams, is founded.
- 1929: The Lateran Treaty between Mussolini's fascist Italy and the Pope creates the independent state of Vatican City . Concordat between the Holy See and Prussia
- 1933: Reich Concordat between the Holy See and Germany
- 1935: Tripolitania and Cyrenaica , Italy's North African colonies, are merged to form the Libia colony . Italian troops invade Abyssinia .
- 1936: Rome-Berlin axis
- 1939: Italy annexes Albania . The " Steel Pact " between Italy and Germany is signed.
- 1943: Allied troops land in Sicily, Mussolini's deposition. German occupation in Rome. Declaration of war by the new government on the German Reich.
- 1944: Liberation of Rome by US troops, which was previously declared a "free city" by the Wehrmacht commanders.
- 1946: The last Italian king Umberto II leaves the country, Italy becomes a republic .
- 1947: The Treaty of Paris Italy loses its colonies.
- 1949: Italy becomes a founding member of NATO .
- 1955: Italy becomes a member of the United Nations . Opening of the Metropolitana di Roma
- 1957: Conclusion of the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Community and the European Atomic Energy Community
- 1960: In Rome the XVII. Summer Olympics take place.
- 1962–1965: Second Vatican Council
- 1966: The Roman Curia abolishes the 500-page index of forbidden books that had been in existence since 1559 .
- 1978: Former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro is kidnapped and murdered by the Red Brigades . Karol Józef Wojtyła becomes the first non-Italian Pope since 1523.
- 1981: Assassination attempt on the Pope: Mehmet Ali Ağca shoots Pope John Paul II during a general audience in St. Peter's Square . The Pope survives seriously injured.
- 1984: Italy and the Vatican sign a new concordat : Rome is not considered a Holy City and Catholicism is no longer the state religion in Italy. World Youth Day is celebrated in Rome for the first time .
- from 1992: The exposure of corruption and party financing scandals ( Tangentopoli and Mani pulite ) brings about a fundamental reorganization of the Italian party landscape.
- 2000: For the XV. World Youth Day brings 2 million visitors to Rome.
- 2005: Pope John Paul II dies. Josef Ratzinger is elected as his successor; he calls himself Benedict XVI.
- 2013: Benedict XVI. step back. Jorge Mario Bergoglio is elected the new Pope and calls himself Francis .