Cardiff
| |
| Administration | |
| Constituent country | Wales |
|---|---|
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CARDIFF |
| Postal districts | CF1-CF24, CF99 |
| Dialling code | 029 |
| Vehicle code | CA-CO |
| Police Force | South Wales Police |
| Fire Service | South Wales Fire and Rescue Service |
| Ambulance Service | Welsh Ambulance Service |
| Demographics | |
| Population: - (2022) - Density |
Ranked Ranked / km² |
| Ethnicity | 91.57% White 1.99% Mixed 3.96% S. Asian 1.28% Black 1.20% Chinese or other. |
| Welsh language - Any skills |
Ranked 18th 16.3% |
| Politics | |
Cardiff Council http://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ | |
| Control | Labour |
| Welsh Assembly and UK Parliament Constituencies | |
| European Parliament | Wales |
Cardiff (English: Welsh:) is the capital, largest and core city of Wales. Located on the south coast of the country it is administered as a unitary authority. It is in the historic county of Glamorgan.
It was a small town until the early nineteenth century and came to prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region. It eventually grew to become the largest city in Wales and serves as a major centre of culture, sport and history in the United Kingdom. Cardiff was made a city in 1905, proclaimed capital of Wales in 1955 and is today the 10th largest city in the United Kingdom.
Geography
Cardiff is bordered to the west by the rural district known as the Vale of Glamorgan, to the east by the city of Newport, to the north by the South Wales Valleys and to the south by the Bristol Channel. The River Taff winds through the centre of the city and together with the River Ely flows into the freshwater lake of Cardiff Bay. A third river, the Rhymney flows through the east of the city entering directly into the Bristol Channel. A fourth river, the Lleucu has been culverted.
Cardiff is built on reclaimed marshland on a bed of Triassic stones; this reclaimed marshland stretches from Chepstow to the Ely estuary, which is the natural boundary of Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan. Triassic landscapes are usually shallow and low-lying which accounts and explains Cardiff's flatness. The classic Triassic marl, sand and conglomorate rocks are used predominantly throughout Cardiff as building materials. Many of these Triassic rocks have a purple complexion, especially the coastal marl found near Penarth. One of the Triassic rocks used in Cardiff is "Radyr Stone", a free-stone which as it name suggests is quarried in the Radyr district. Cardiff has also imported some materials for buildings: Devonian sandstones (the Old Red Sandstone) from the Brecon Beacons has been used. Most famously, the superbly elegant buildings of Cathays Park, arguably Britain's finest civic centre buildings are built of Portland stone which was imported from Dorset. A widely used building stone in Cardiff are the surreal yellow-grey Lias limestone rocks of the Vale of Glamorgan, including the very rare "Sutton Stone", a conglomerate of lias limestone and carboniferous limestone that is, apart from Radyr Stone, the only free-stone in south-east Wales (freestones can be cut to a perfectly smooth surface). The yellow-ish complexion of the lias limestone used mainly in the city centre gives Cardiff an unusually sunny, light and breezy complexion for a city in Britain.
Cardiff is situated near to the Glamorgan Heritage Coast, stretching westward from Penarth and Barry (which are commuter towns of Cardiff), with its striped yellow-blue Jurassic "lias" limestone cliffs that thrust outwards towards the Bristol Channel. The Glamorgan coast is the only part of the Celtic Sea that has exposed Jurassic (blue lias) geology. This west facing stretch of coast, which takes the brunt of brutal Atlantic westerlies and has reefs, sandbanks and serrated cliffs aplenty (like Cornwall) was a ship graveyard during the age of sail; ships sailing up to Cardiff during the industrial era often never made it as far as Cardiff as most were wrecked around this hostile coastline during brutal west/south-westerly gales. Consequently, just like its Celtic cousin in Cornwall, smuggling, deliberate shipwrecking and attacks on ships became a way of life for many people living in the small coastal villages of the Vale.
Cardiff is linked to the West Somerset/North Devon seaside resorts (such as Minehead, Ilfracombe and Lundy Island) via the paddle steamers Waverley and Balmoral which sail from Penarth pier, as they have done for over 150 years. Sailing across the Bristol Channel to North Devon is a much a part of Cardiffian life as a pint of Brains and watching rugby. In fact, Devon's tourist trade began in the 19th century when the paddle steamers spent weekends crusing the Bristol Channel taking the expanding population of Cardiff to places such as Lynmouth, Ilfracombe, Bideford and Clovelly.
Cardiff is a relatively flat city and its geographic features were influential in its development as one of the world's largest coal ports. Most notably this included its proximity and easy access to the coal fields of the south Wales valleys. Cardiff has a relatively dry climate compared to most of Wales,[1] with an average rainfall of 1,065 mm. It is also a relatively mild city,[2] with an average January temperature of 4.5 °C and an average July temperature of 16 °C[3]
Places adjacent to Cardiff | |
|---|---|
Districts
There have been seven major expansions to Cardiff's boundaries between the years 1875-1996. Before 1875 Cardiff was comprised of the two parishes of St John and St Mary and totalled an area of 7.86 km², however this had increased to 139.53 km² by 1996.[4] The first expansion, of 1875 included the areas of and around Canton and Roath. The expansion of 1922 took in the areas between Ely, Cardiff and Llanishen. The next expansion in 1938 incorporated Rumney in Monmouthshire into the city. Further expansion in 1974 included an arc from St Fagans in the west, through Lisvane in the north and St Mellons in the east. The most recent expansion of 1996 has brought the areas of and around Creigiau and Pentyrch into the city's boundaries.
Roughly speaking, "Inner Cardiff" can be considered to consist of the following wards: Penylan, Plasnewydd, Gabalfa, Roath, Cathays, Adamsdown and Splott ward on the north and east of the city centre, and Butetown, Grangetown, Riverside and Canton to the south and west. The inner-city areas to the south of the A4161 road known as the "Southern Arc" are, with the exception of affluent and trendy Cardiff Bay, some of the poorest districts of Wales with low levels of economic activity and high ethnic minority populations. The proximity of these areas to Cardiff Bay have led some critics of the project to argue that the regeneration scheme has failed as it has done little to improve the economic prospects of local people, and may have worsened problems of exclusion and alienation. On the other hand Gabalfa, Plasnewydd and Cathays have very large student populations, and Pontcanna in Riverside is a favourite for young professionals. Penylan which lies to the north east side of Roath Park is an affluent area popular with those with older children and the retired.
"Suburban Cardiff" can be broken down into three distinct areas. To the west lie Ely, Caerau and Fairwater which contain some of the largest housing estates in the United Kingdom. With the exception of some of the outlying privately built estates at Michaelston Super Ely and 1930s developments near Waun-Gron Road, this is an economically disadvantaged area with high numbers of workless households. Culverhouse Cross is a more affluent western area of the city. Radyr, Llandaff, Llandaff North, Whitchurch & Tongwynlais, Rhiwbina, Heath, Llanishen, Lisvane, and Cyncoed which lie in an arc from thenorth west to the north east of the centre can be considered the main middle class suburbs of the city. In particular, Cyncoed, Radyr and Lisvane contain some of the most expensive housing in Wales, and the last of these is likely to see considerable expansion in coming years with the council planning 4000 houses in the area. Further to the east lie the wards of Pontprennau & Old St Mellons, Rumney, Pentwyn, Llanrumney and Trowbridge. The latter 3 are again largely of public housing stock, although new private housing is being built in Trowbridge in considerable number. Pontprennau is the newest 'suburb' of Cardiff, whilst Old St Mellons has a history going back to the Norman Conquest.
To the North West of the city lies a region that may be called "Rural Cardiff" containing the villages of St Fagans, Creigiau and Pentyrch. The latter two are primarily "planned" communities developed from the mid 20th century and are popular with families looking for green space close to the city. St Fagans, home to the Museum of Welsh Life, is protected from further development.
History
The name Cardiff may be an Anglicisation of the Welsh name "Caerdydd". There is uncertainty concerning the origin of "Caerdydd"—"Caer" means "fort" or "castle," but although "Dydd" means "Day" in modern Welsh, it is unclear what was meant in this context. Some believe that "Dydd" or "Diff" was a corruption of "Taff", the river on which Cardiff castle stands, in which case "Cardiff" would mean "the fort on the river Taff" (in Welsh the T mutates to D).
Others favour a link with Aulus Didius Gallus, as it is known that the Romans established a fort in Cardiff when he was governor of the nearby province, in which case Cardiff might mean "the Fort of Didius". A Norman castle still exists, within the site of the earlier Roman fort, but was substantially altered and extended during the Victorian period by John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, and the architect William Burges. Original Roman work can, however, still be distinguished in the wall facings.
There is a second castle north of the city, called Castell Coch (Welsh: "the Red Castle"). The current castle is an elaborately decorated Victorian folly designed by Burges for the Marquess and built in the 1870s. However, the Victorian castle stands on the footings of a much older medieval castle possibly built by Ifor Bach, a regional baron with links to Cardiff Castle also. The exterior has become a popular location for film and television productions.
Situated on the narrowest part of the south Wales coastal plain, Cardiff had a crucial strategic importance in the wars between the Normans (who had occupied lowland Wales) and the Welsh who maintained their hold on the Uplands. As a result Cardiff claims to have the largest concentration of Castles of any city in Europe. As well as Cardiff Castle and Castell Coch the remains of Castell Morgraig, Bishop's Castle, Y Twmpath, Ruperra Castle and Saint Fagans Castle are still in existence while Whitchurch Castle and King's Castle have disappeared under later developments.
Language
Cardiff has a chequered linguistic history with Latin, English, Welsh, and Norse dominating at different times. Although it was the Romans who established the "castle on the Taff" it was the Vikings who first began developing the maritime trade from which the town (later to become a city) was to derive its prosperity. The Vikings - who controlled the Bristol Channel - used Cardiff as a raiding base, a port and a trading post. Many street-names in Cardiff are of Viking origin including Dumballs Road and the oldest street in the city, Womanby Street. Womanby Street is a corruption of the original Norse name Humandaby Street. Some believe that Welsh was the majority language from the thirteenth century until the city's explosive growth in Victorian times. As late as 1850 five of the twelve Anglican churches within the current city boundaries conducted their services exclusively in Welsh, while only two worshipped exclusively in English.
A substantial Irish population settled in Cardiff during the 19th century. They were drawn to Cardiff by the work available on major building and engineering projects in the docks and the city itself. The Irish are credited with having introduced the distinctive flat-vowelled "Cardiff accent". By 1891 the percentage of Welsh speakers had dropped to 27.9% and only Lisvane, Llanedyrn and Creigiau remained as majority Welsh-speaking communities. The Welsh language became grouped around a small cluster of Chapels and Churches, the most notable of which is Tabernacl in the city centre, one of four UK churches chosen to hold official services to commemorate the new millennium. Following the establishment of the city's first Welsh School Ysgol Gymraeg Bryntaf in the 1950s Welsh has slowly regained some ground.
Aided by Welsh-medium education and migration from rural Wales, the number of Welsh speakers in Cardiff rose by 14,451 between 1991 and 2001; Welsh is now spoken by 11% of Cardiffians. The highest percentage of Welsh speakers is in Creigiau, where over 20% of the population are able to speak the language.
Capital city status
King Edward VII granted Cardiff city status on 28 October 1905. It was then proclaimed capital city of Wales on 20 December 1955, by a Written Reply by the Home Secretary Gwilym Lloyd George. Caernarfon had also vied for this title.[5] Cardiff therefore celebrated two important anniversaries in 2005.
The city is county town of Glamorgan, although this role has diminished since council reorganisation in 1974 paired Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan together as the new county of South Glamorgan. Further local government restructuring in 1996 resulted in Cardiff City's district council becoming a unitary authority.
On 1 March 2004, Cardiff was granted Fairtrade City status.
Demographics
Cardiff's population is a growing one, with a likely population of roughly 321,000 in 2006 representing an increase of over 10,000 since the 2001 final revised Census estimates of 310,400, which makes it by far the largest city in Wales. The Council has also predicted growth of 16,000 in the decade following 2011, which, extrapolating current growth rates until that date would give a population of the city of 349,000 in 2021. The population of the urban area (which officially includes Dinas Powys & Penarth) will thus pass 380,000 within the next 15 years. If one also includes Newport and the other large towns in an unofficial larger South-East Wales metropolitan area the population would approach 1,416,100 by the same date
The ethnic make-up of Cardiff's population, at the time of the 2001 census was: 91.6% white, 2% mixed race, 4% Asian, 1.3% Black, 1.2% Chinese or other ethnic origin.
Official estimates derived from the census are controversial. The city council has published two articles that argue the 2001 census seriously under reports the population of Cardiff and, in particular, the ethnic minority population of some inner city areas. If this work is given credence, a current official population of approximately 340,000 with up to 11% ethnic minority would be preferred.[9] [10]
| Year | Population | Year | Population | Year | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 6,342 | 1941 | 257,112 | 1981 | 274,500 |
| 1851 | 26,630 | 1951 | 267,356 | 1991 | 272,557 |
| 1901 | 172,629 | 1961 | 278,552 | 2001 | 310,400 |
| 1921 | 227,753 | 1971 | 290,227 | 2006 | 321,000 (estimate)
>Historical population (Accessed 7 June 2006)</ref> |
Religion
Since 1922 Cardiff has included the suburban cathedral 'village' of Llandaff, whose bishop is currently Archbishop of Wales. There is also a Catholic Cardiff Cathedral Since 1916 Cardiff has been the seat of a Catholicarchbishop, but there appears to have been a fall in the estimated Catholic and Jewish population of the city (two synagogues (one in Cyncoed and one on Moira Terrace), as opposed to at least three in the mid-twentieth century). There are a significant number of Nonconformist chapels, an early twentieth century Greek Orthodox church and about ten mosques.
In the 2001 census 66.9% of the city's population described themselves as Christian, below the Welsh and UK average, while 3.7% described themselves as Muslim, significantly above the Welsh average but in line with the UK average. The proportion of people declaring themselves to be Hindu, Sikh and Jewish were all considerably higher than the Welsh averages, but less than the UK figures. 18.8% stated they had no religion, while 8.6% did not state a religion.
Economy
As the Capital City of Wales, Cardiff is the main engine of growth in the Welsh economy and conveys economic, social and cultural benefits across the wider region. The economy of Cardiff and adjacent areas makes up nearly 20% of Welsh GDP and 40% of the City’s workforce are daily in-commuters from the surrounding South Wales area.
Cardiff is increasingly benefiting from a raised international profile and has enjoyed significant growth over the last decade or more, spearheaded by the redevelopment of Cardiff Bay. Widely regarded as one of the United Kingdom’s most successful regeneration projects, the redevelopment of Cardiff Bay has involved the revitalisation of 1,100 hectares of decaying and derelict land in the City’s former dockland area with residential, retail, commercial and leisure developments. A major feature of the regeneration project has been the £220 million Cardiff Bay Barrage, which has created Europe’s largest City Centre waterfront.
Total employment in Cardiff rose from 149,000 in 1991 to 173,200 in 2001 and between 2000 and 2001 employment levels in the City grew by 3% - more than double the rate across Great Britain (1.3%). Following the decline of the City’s heavy industry in the latter part of the 20th Century, the economy of Cardiff is now dominated by the service sector (see table of employment by industry below) with just 9% of employees – 15,650 individuals – engaged in manufacturing activities.
Public Administration, education and health is the largest sector in Cardiff, providing employment for 32% of the City’s workforce. Cardiff is the main financial and business services centre in Wales and as such, the sector provides employment for 20% of the City’s workforce.
One in five employees (20.4%) in Cardiff are based in the distribution, hotels and restaurants sector, highlighting the growing retail and tourism industries in the City. Cardiff has a thriving retail and shopping centre, and the City has once again been named as the sixth best shopping location in the UK in the latest Experian Retail Ranking Analysis.
Industry
Cardiff was originally a small town - much smaller than Swansea and Merthyr Tydfil. What changed it was the demand for iron, brought to the sea by packhorse from Merthyr. The Ironmasters, the proprietors of the smelters in Dowlais and Merthyr, wanted to reduce the cost of carrying iron by road to ships berthed in the estuary of the River Taff at Cardiff. They sought permission of Parliament to build a 25-mile long canal from Merthyr (510 feet above sea-level) to the Taff Estuary at Cardiff.
Work on building the Glamorganshire Canal began in 1790, took eight years and involved installing 50 locks. The Cardiff Sea Lock, which enabled barges to unload iron into sea-going ships, was built at Harrowby St (Harrowby - a Viking place-name - had been the original Norse trading post in Cardiff). Eventually the Taff Vale Railway replaced the canal barges and massive marshalling yards sprang up as new docks were developed in Cardiff - all prompted by the soaring world-wide demand for South Wales coal.
Cardiff's port, known as Tiger Bay, became the busiest port in the world and - for some time - the world's most important coal port. Indeed, Cardiff's Coal Exchange was reputedly the first host to a business deal for a million pounds Sterling.
The Tiger Bay area also housed one of the UK's earliest immigrant communities. After a long period of neglect as Cardiff Bay, it is now being regenerated as a popular area for arts, entertainment and night-life. Much of the growth has been thanks to the building of the Cardiff Barrage.
Present day
Today, Cardiff is the principal finance and business services centre in Wales, and as such there is a strong representation of finance and business services in the local economy. In December 2003, 33,850 individuals were employed in the sector - higher than the proportion across both Wales (9.6%) and Great Britain (15.4%).
Legal & General, Admiral Insurance, HBOS, Zurich, ING Direct, The AA, Principality Building Society, 118118, British Gas, SWALEC Energy and BT all operate large contact centres in the city. Other major employers include NHS Wales and the National Assembly for Wales. Cardiff is home to the Welsh Media. BBC Wales, S4C and ITV Wales have their studios in the city and the UK's largest Film, TV & Multimedia sector outside London. Employment in the sector has grown significantly in recent years, and currently provides employment for 2.1% of the City's workforce - higher than the level across Wales (1.1%) and marginally lower than that across Great Britain as a whole (2.2%).
Retail also plays a strong role in the city's employment, with it being crowned the 8th best place to shop in UK according to recent surveys, and this ranking is likely to rise into the top 5 once the St David's 2 shopping development is completed. The majority of Cardiff's shopping portfolio is in the city centre around Queen St and St Mary's St. There are also numerous suburban retail parks, serving the city.
The city is also host to S A Brain, a brewery with premises in Cardiff since 1882.
In 2003 Cardiff combined with the Vale of Glamorgan had a GDP of £8.335 billion GBP. The GDP per head was £18,794, making the city more affluent than the UK as a whole, at 116% of the UK average or 146% of the Welsh Average.[6]
| Year | Regional Gross Value AddedTemplate:Fn | AgricultureTemplate:Fn | IndustryTemplate:Fn | ServicesTemplate:Fn |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 4,797 | 11 | 1,121 | 3,666 |
| 2000 | 6,584 | 11 | 1,260 | 5,313 |
| 2003 | 8,335 | 11 | 1,410 | 6,913 |
Culture
Cardiff has a strong and varied culture, with sites varying from the historical Cardiff Castle and out of town Castell Coch to the more modern Wales Millennium Centre and Cardiff Bay which have raised the cities cultural profile considerably as a major tourist destination in the UK. It is also one of the UK's principal tourist destinations after London and Edinburgh, attracting over 11 million tourists in 2005. Cardiff was a finalist in the European Capital of Culture 2008.
Attractions
Cardiff is home to Cardiff Castle, the National Assembly for Wales, St. David's Hall, the National Museum and Gallery, and Cathays Park (including municipal buildings modelled on those in New Delhi), and the Cardiff Metropolitan Cathedral. The Welsh National Opera moved into the Wales Millennium Centre in November 2004.
Cardiff Castle is a major tourist attraction in the city and is situated in the heart of the city centre, near to the main shopping streets of Queen St and St Mary's St.
Other major tourist attractions are the Cardiff Bay regeneration sites which include the recently opened Wales Millennium Centre and the National Assembly for Wales and many other cultural and sites of interest including the Cardiff Bay Barrage and the famous Coal Exchange. The New Theatre was founded in 1906 and completely refurbished in the 1980s. Until the opening of the Wales Millennium Centre in 2004, it was the premier venue in Wales for touring theatre and dance companies, and is located in the city centre.
Other venues which are popular for gigs include Cardiff International Arena and the Millennium Stadium.
Festivals
The Big Weekend Festival, is held annually in late July/August in the city centre and is the place for many theme park events, rides and regularly attracts annually over 200,000 visitors. The annual Cardiff Festival claims to be the UK's largest free outdoor festival and plays host to a range of different festivals including the Children's Festival that takes place in the grounds of Cardiff Castle.
Cardiff hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1883, 1899, 1938, 1960 and 1978, and is set to host it again in 2008. Cardiff is unique in Wales in having two permanent stone circles used by the Gorsedd of Bards during Eisteddfodau. The original circle stands in Gorsedd Gardens in front of the National Museum while its 1978 replacement is situated in Bute Park.
Every other year, Cardiff plays host to the BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition, a world renowned event on the Opera Calendar.
Cardiff Philatelic Society is the oldest Philatelic Society in Wales. It was formed in 1899.
The city now hosts The Cardiff Design Festival and began showcasing the best of Welsh design during the summer of 2005. Since then the festival has grown into a diverse range of designers exhibiting their wares at the 2006 portable exhibition.
Parks
Cardiff's centre is a particularly green one with Bute Park, formerly the castle grounds, extending northwards from the top of one of Cardiff's main shopping street (Queen Street); when combined with the adjacent Llandaff Fields to the north west it produces a massive open space skirting the river Taff. The popular name of Taffy, for the Welshman abroad has its origins in the name of the river. Other popular parks include Roath Park in the north, donated to the city by the 3rd Marquess of Bute in 1887 and which includes a very popular boating lake; Victoria Park, Cardiff's first official park; and Thompson's Park, formerly home to an aviary removed in the 1970s.
It is possible to cycle from Cardiff to Brecon almost completely off road on the Taff Trail, a cycle route which follows the River Taff and many of the old disused railways of the Glamorganshire valleys.
In 2006 Cardiff won the prestigious Entente Floral award for large cities the beauty of its parks and floral displays.
Music and nightlife
The Cardiff music scene is established and wide-ranging. It is the home to the BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera. It has produced several leading acts itself and, as a Capital City, has acted as a springboard for numerous Welsh bands to go and become famous both nationally and internationally. These include Charlotte Church, The Automatic, Catatonia, Super Furry Animals, Jem, Funeral for a Friend, Lostprophets, Bullet for My Valentine, Stereophonics, Manic Street Preachers, Budgie, and Shakin Stevens among others.
Cardiff has a strong nightlife, well established in the UK, let alone Wales, and is home to many bars, pubs and clubs. Most clubs and bars are situated in the city centre, especially St Mary's St, and more recently Cardiff Bay has built up a strong night scene. The Brewery Quarter on St. Mary's Street is a recently developed venue for bars and restaurant with a central courtyard. Charles' St. is also a popular part of town, known for its gay clubs and bars, namely "Exit" and "Club X", rivalling Brighton for it's UK gay scene.
Media
Cardiff is the base for a number of national tv broadcasters including BBC Wales, ITV1 Wales, S4C, and Capital TV - Cardiff's own local television service. The main local newspaper, the South Wales Echo and the national paper the Western Mail are based in the Western Mail and Echo building in the city centre. Red Dragon FM is the main radio stations serving South Wales, is based in the Atlantic Wharf. A number of other radio stations also serve and are based in Cardiff including Real Radio, BBC Radio Wales and BBC Radio Cymru.
Cardiff has been repeatedly mentioned in the revival (2005-) of the BBC TV programme Doctor Who, the series having been chiefly filmed in and around the city (it is made for the BBC network by BBC Wales). The mentions are a bit tongue-in-cheek, of the "So, after 900 years travelling time and space I'm going to die... in Cardiff !" variety – the show's producer and chief writer, Russell T Davis, is from Swansea. The 2006 spin-off show, Torchwood, is also filmed in Cardiff and set in the real-life modern city (as was one episode of Doctor Who: "Boom Town"). It has been claimed that 1 out of 5 tourists to Cardiff choose to visit after seeing it on TV (The Sun, Monday 17 April 2006).
There are also a number of magazines based in the city including Jazz UK, Buzz magazine and Primary Times.
Sports
The city has a regional rugby union team, the Cardiff Blues, who play in the Celtic League at their Cardiff Arms Park stadium. Cardiff also has several amateur rugby clubs too. Cardiff has one main professional football club, Cardiff City F.C. who currently play in the English Coca-Cola Championship and are also known locally as the Bluebirds. Their stadium is at Ninian Park in South Cardiff, but are currently in a process to build a new stadium across the road in Leckwith which is due to be opened in 2009. Cardiff has numerous smaller clubs such as Grange Harlequins A.F.C., Ely Rangers A.F.C., Taff's Well A.F.C., Pentwyn Dynamo F.C., Cardiff Corinthians and Inter Cardiff (who all play in the Welsh Football System). Cardiff also has a county cricket side, Glamorgan CCC, who play at the city centre's Sophia Gardens ground, and will undergo a multi-million pound improvement in time to host a Test Match as part of The Ashes in 2009. Cardiff also plays host to a rugby league side, Cardiff Demons and a professional ice-hockey team, the Cardiff Devils.
Cardiff is the principal home of the sport of Welsh or British Baseball, and hosts the annual England-Wales international game every four years, usually at Roath Park.
Cardiff hosted the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. The Wales Empire Swimming Pool was demolished to make way for the Millennium Stadium. The pool is Swansea will remain as the Welsh National Pool until the 50 metre replacement pool will be built in Cardiff Bay as part of the International Sports Village. Of the venues used for the Games only the cycling track at Maindy remains. Cardiff also plays host to motorsport's World Rally Championship as part of Wales Rally GB.
The city also features an international sporting venue, the 74,500 capacity Millennium Stadium, where the Welsh rugby team and the Welsh national football team plays. The 1999 Rugby Union World Cup final was held at the Millennium Stadium, and also doubles up as a venue for other concerts and festivals. The first ever indoor special stages of the World Rally Championship were held at the Millennium Stadium in September 2005.
The Cardiff Marathon takes place in the city every October and attracts several thousand participants and spectators.
Government and politics
Cardiff is host to the National Assembly for Wales, which is situated in Cardiff Bay. The building which is now known as the Senedd (parliament in Welsh) was opened on March 1 2006, by the Queen. The executive and civil servants of the Welsh Assembly Government are based in Cardiff's Cathays Park while the Assembly Members, the Assembly Parliamentary Service and Ministerial support staff are based in Cardiff Bay.
Cardiff City Council is based at County Hall in Atlantic Wharf, Cardiff Bay.
Cardiff elects 4 AM's to the Welsh Assembly and 4 MP's to the UK Parliament. There is also an electoral region for Cardiff, South Wales Central, that provides top-up seats to parties in the Assembly. Cardiff is part of the Wales constituency in European Parliament elections.
Local government
Since local government reorganisation in 1996, Cardiff has been governed by Cardiff City Council. Voters elect 75 councillors every four years, with the next elections due to be held in 2008.
Following the 2004 local elections, no individual political party has a majority on Cardiff City Council. The Liberal Democrats have 32 councillors (33 were elected, but one councillor crossed the floor to Plaid Cymru) and have formed a minority administration, Labour have 27, the Conservatives have 12 and Plaid Cymru have 4. The Leader of the Council, Cllr Rodney Berman, is from the Liberal Democrats.
National Assembly for Wales
The National Assembly for Wales has been based in Cardiff Bay since 1999. Cardiff elects 4 constituency AMs to the Assembly, with the individual constituencies for the Assembly being the same as for the UK Parliament. All of the cities residents have an extra vote for the South Wales Central region which increases proportionality to the Assembly. The next Welsh Assembly elections are due to be held on 3 May 2007.
Political representation
Cardiff is presently split into four parliamentary constituencies which form the electoral basis for elections to the United Kingdom Parliament and the National Assembly for Wales.
The constituencies and their representatives are:
- Cardiff Central: MP Jenny Willott, AM Jenny Randerson
- Cardiff North: MP Julie Morgan, AM Sue Essex
- Cardiff South and Penarth: MP Alun Michael, AM Lorraine Barrett
- Cardiff West: MP Kevin Brennan, AM Rhodri Morgan
Famous politicians who have represented Cardiff constituencies include:
Transport
See also: Transport in Wales
Cardiff is the major transport hub in Wales and is the focus for many arterial road and rail routes that connect the city to the rest of South and West Wales and England.
Road
The M4 motorway is the principal motorway in the region that connects Cardiff with towns in West Wales such as Swansea and Carmarthen, and also cities inEngland, principally, Bristol and London. Cardiff is served by junctions 29-34 inclusive and is about 30-45 minutes from the Severn Bridge.
The A48(M) motorway is another motorway within the city, acting as a short spur off the M4 to the city centre. The A470 is another major road within the city that provides an important link with the Heads of the Valleys, Mid and North Wales.
As with many other cities car traffic has caused congestion problems and as such the council has designated bus lanes to improve transport into and out of the city centre. The council has also revealed plans to introduce congestion charging, as in London, but only once there has been significant investment in the city's public transport network.
There are several road and rail bridges that cross the River Taff in Cardiff. These include the Clarence Road bridge, a comparatively modern bridge which replaced a swing bridge. The original bridge was named after the Duke of Clarence.
Cycling and walking
Much of Cardiff's central shopping zone is pedestrianised, and further pedestrianisation is planned as part of the current St Davids 2 regeneration scheme.
Provision for cycling within the city is good, and the practice itself is made easier by the relative flatness of Cardiff. Despite its positive policies on health and environment, Cardiff Council continues to implement major transport and regeneration projects without properly integrating the urban cyclist.
The Taff Trail runs for 55 miles (88km) alongside the river Taff, from Cardiff Bay to the market town of Brecon in the Brecon Beacons National Park. On Sundays in summer the Beacons Bike Bus enables cyclists to take their bikes into the Beacons and then ride back to Cardiff along the Trail.
Rail and bus
Cardiff has a comprehensive bus network, with council-owned Cardiff Bus providing the vast majority of routes in the city and out as far as Newport, Penarth, Barry and Llantwit Major. Cardiff Bus has recently introduced "bendy buses" on the popular 17 and 18 routes to Canton, Ely and Caerau and on the Cardiff Bay route.
National Express provides direct services to most cities in the UK, including high frequency services to nearby Swansea and Merthyr Tydfil.
Cardiff has it's own metro system under the name of Valley Lines, which is operated by Arriva Trains Wales. There are eight lines which serve the 22 stations in the city, as well as towns in the South Wales Valleys.
Cardiff Central is the largest railway station in Wales with 9 platforms and one of the busiest in the UK. It provides direct services to major cities such as Bristol, Birmingham, London, Manchester, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Edinburgh and Glasgow, as well as serving as an interchange for services from South and West Wales.
Cardiff Queen Street railway station is the second busiest in Wales and is hub for routes via the Valley Lines services that connect the South Wales Valleys and the Cardiff suburbs with the city centre and is situated on the north-eastern end of the city centre which is quite convenient for shoppers. This station also provides services to Cardiff Bay (from Platform 3), these do not call at Cardiff Central.
Cardiff benefits from having a centralised and integrated transport system. The central bus and train stations are sited together, at Central Square, in the centre of the city, allowing passengers to easily utilise both methods of transport in journeys.
Proposals to include a light-rail network in the city have been shelved due to rising costs.
Air
Cardiff and South & West Wales are served by Cardiff International Airport (CWL), the only large airport in the whole of Wales. It provides links domestially and internationally. It is situated in the village of Rhoose, 10 miles west of the city. There are regular bus services linking the airport with the Cardiff Central Bus Station as well as a train service from Rhoose Cardiff International Airport railway station to Cardiff Central.
Education
Universities and colleges
Cardiff is home to three major institutions of higher education: Cardiff University, founded by Royal Charter in 1883,[7] is a "red brick" university and member of the Russell Group of leading research led universities; University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC) gained university status in 1992; The Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama is a conservatoire established in 1949 and is based in the grounds of Cardiff Castle. The University of Glamorgan will also have a Cardiff campus from 2007. The City also has two dedicated further education (FE) only colleges: Coleg Glan Hafren and St David's College, although FE is offered at most High Schools in the city.
Cardiff University was home to Millicent McKenzie who was possibly the first female in Britain to be addressed as ‘Professor’, becoming associate Professor in 1904 and full Professor in 1910.[8] Famous alumni of Cardiff University include Neil Kinnock, Glenys Kinnock, millionaire businessman and philanthropist Julian Hodge, the BBC newsreader Huw Edwards, and fellow BBC personalities Jeremy Bowen and Adrian Chiles.
Schools
Cardiff has eighty-three state primary schools (two bilingual, ten Welsh medium),[9] and twenty state secondary schools, of which two are Welsh medium.[10] There are also a number of independent schools in the City, including Llandaff Cathedral School and Howell's School, a single-sex girls' school (until sixth form). Notable schools include Whitchurch High School, the largest in Wales, and Fitzalan High School one of the most multi-cultural state schools in the UK; Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf the largest Welsh medium secondary in the country.
As well as academic institutions, Cardiff is also home to other educational and learning organisations such as Techniquest, a hands on science discovery centre that now has franchises throughout Wales.[11] Techniquest is also part of the Wales Gene Park in collaboration with Cardiff University, NHS Wales and the Welsh Development Agency (WDA).[12]
International Baccalaureate Organization
Cardiff is also home of the largest regional office of the International Baccalaureate Organization (IB). The curriculum and assessment center, which is responsible for overseeing the creation and grading of various IB assessments is located in Cardiff, as are the offices of various professional support services. [12]
Health
There are seven major hospitals in the city. The University Hospital of Wales, which is also known simply as 'The Heath' or the 'UHW', is the third largest hospital in the UK and deals with most Accidents and Emergencies. Llandough Hospital is located in the south of the city. The city's newest hospital, St David's Hospital (built behind the former building) is located in the Canton area and provides services for the elderly and children. Cardiff Royal Infirmary closed in 1999 but reopened as a medical centre in 2003. There is also Rookwood Hospital, Llandaff and Velindre Hospital, and Whitchurch Hospital. BUPA has a hospital in the city which is located in Pentwyn.
Twinning
Cardiff has twinning arrangements with:*
Regions
Cities
Bergen, Hordaland, 
Norway- File:Nantes6.gif Nantes, Pays de la Loire,
France 
Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, 
Germany- File:National emblem of the People's Republic of China.png Xiamen, Fujian,
China
Natives of Cardiff (Cardiffians)
- Dannie Abse
- Leo Abse
- Wilfred Abse
- Shirley Bassey
- Craig Bellamy
- Jeremy Bowen
- Dave Burns
- Charlotte Church
- Gillian Clarke
- Roald Dahl
- Dave Edmunds
- Ken Follett
- Ryan Giggs
- Ioan Gruffudd
- Frank Hennessy
- Owain Arwel Hughes
- John Humphrys
- Colin Jackson
- Greville Janner
- William Goscombe John
- Bobi Jones
- Griff Rhys Jones
- John Kay
- Rob Lacey
- Donna Lewis
- Richard Marquand
- Lorna Morgan
- Rhodri Morgan
- Terry Nation
- Ivor Novello
- Pino Palladino
- Paul Radmilovic
- Edward V. Robertson
- Jon Ronson
- Bernice Rubens
- Howard Spring
- Clive Sullivan
- Shakin' Stevens
- R. S. Thomas
- John Toshack
- Toy Mic Trevor
- Terry Yorath
References
- ^ [1] Met Office statistics
- ^ [2] Met Office statistics
- ^ [3] Weather Statistics
- ^ [Davies, J. (2002) Cardiff – A Pocket Guide, University of Wales Press/Western Mail].
- ^ Cardiff as Capital of Wales: Formal Recognition by Government. The Times. 21 December 1955.
- ^ Office for National Statistics, 2001. In 2004, the GVA of Cardiff grew at 1% faster than the average for the UK so that it was 117% of UK GVA or 150% of UK GVA. (or [www.cardiff.gov.uk/ObjView.asp?Object_ID=3743]. (PDF)
- ^ Cardiff University [4]
- ^ [Cunningham V. and Goodwin J. (2001) Cardiff University – A Celebration, Cardiff University External Relations Division]
- ^ Cardiff Council [5]
- ^ Cardiff Council [6]
- ^ Techniquest [7]
- ^ Wales Gene Park[8]
See also
- List of cultural venues in Cardiff
- List of Parliamentary constituencies in South Glamorgan
- List of places in Cardiff
- Cardiff city centre
- Cardiff Bay
- National Assembly for Wales
- Cardiff music scene
- Wikitravel:Cardiff
External links
- Cardiff, BBC
- Cardiff Council site
- Cardiff world site
- Menter Caerdydd (Welsh Language Initiative for Cardiff)
- View of Cardiff from Space
- Website on the history and districts of Cardiff, with extensive photographs
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