1449

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Heads of State · Nekrolog

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1449
Archduke Siegmund of Tyrol marries Eleanor of Scotland .
Ulug Beg's observatory in Samarkand is destroyed.
1449 in other calendars
Armenian calendar	897/898 (turn of the year July)
Ethiopian calendar	1441/42
Aztec calendar	8th flint - Chicuei Tecpatl (until the end of January / beginning of February: 7th pipes - Chicome Acatl )
Buddhist calendar	1992/93 (southern Buddhism); 1991/92 (alternative calculation according to Buddhas Parinirvana )
Chinese calendar	69th (70th) cycle Year of the Earth-Snake己巳 ( at the beginning of the year Earth-Dragon 戊辰)
Chula Sakarat (Siam, Myanmar) / Dai calendar (Vietnam)	811/812 (turn of the year April)
Iranian calendar	827/828
Islamic calendar	852/53 (turn of the year 23/24 February)
Jewish calendar	5209/10 (September 17/18)
Coptic calendar	1165/66
Malayalam calendar	624/625
Seleucid era	Babylon: 1759/60 (turn of the year April) Syria: 1760/61 (turn of the year October)
Spanish era	1487
Vikram Sambat (Nepalese Calendar)	1505/06 (turn of the year April)

Events

Politics and world events

Western Europe

• May 20 : Alfonso V of Portugal defeats his uncle Peter of Coimbra in the Battle of Alfarrobeira and begins to rule independently.

Siege of Château Gaillard

• Hundred Years' War : Charles VII recaptures the cities of Rouen , Verneuil and Château Gaillard for France .
• In Toledo there is a pogrom against Jews who have converted to Christianity ( marranos ).

Holy Roman Empire

• February 12th : Siegmund , Archduke of Austria and Regent of Tyrol and Upper Austria , marries his first wife Eleanor of Scotland .
• July 6th : In the Battle of Castione , the Ambrosian Republic , which emerged from the Duchy of Milan , triumphs over the federal town of Uri during the Ennetbirgischen campaigns .
• September 1 : The Battle of Waldstetten in the Upper German towns war is an array of the imperial city of Schwabisch Gmund , located on the way home from Waldstetten , where the computational bergische destroyed castle on the calibration Hölzle, from one of Göppingen have hastened Army Department of Count Ulrich V surprised by Württemberg . Over half of the roughly 600-strong contingent were killed or captured, and almost all of the valuable military equipment fell into the hands of the enemy.

Byzantine Empire

Statue of the emperor in Mitropoleos square in Athens

• January 6th : Constantine XI. is to succeed his deceased brother in the previous year . John VIII to the Byzantine crowned emperor. Before his own emperorship, Constantine was the despot of the Byzantine province of Morea on the Peloponnese peninsula . The coronation takes place before his departure for Constantinople in the capital Mistra there, in order to forestall any objections of the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Mehmed II , which at that time had already occupied almost all of Asia Minor .

Asia

• July: The Oirat Mongol leader Esen Taiji starts a large-scale invasion of China in three parallel advances . He himself leads a force that will advance to Datong in northern Shanxi in August . When news of the advance of the Mongols at the court of the Ming Emperor came, the most powerful official, the eunuch Wang Zhen , encouraged the 22-year-old Emperor Zhengtong to lead his army against the Mongols . The Chinese armed forces are then hastily assembled. The command consists of 20 experienced generals and a large group of high-ranking civil servants who are subordinate to Commander-in-Chief Wang Zhen.
• August 3rd : Esen's army destroys a poorly equipped Chinese force at Yanghe within the Great Wall of China . On the same day, the emperor appoints his half-brother Zhu Qiyu as his deputy and leaves Beijing the next day in the direction of the Juyongguan pass fortress . The aim of the mission is a short, sharp march west across the Xuanfu garrison to Datong , from there an advance into the steppe, and finally return to Beijing via a southern route via Yuzhou .
• August 20 : The army sets out on its way back after continuing the expedition was judged to be too dangerous, not on the planned southern route, but on a northern route.
• August 30th : The rearguard of the army is attacked and destroyed by a troop of Mongols.
• September 1st : Esen Taiji defeats the Ming at the Battle of Tumu and takes the Chinese Emperor Zhengtong prisoner. The Mongols, unprepared for such a victory and the capture of the emperor, are first trying to extort ransom for Zhengtong.
• Zhengtong's younger brother Jingtai takes power in the Ming Dynasty .

science and technology

• After unrest and uprisings in Samarkand , the observatory of long-time governor and viceroy Ulugh Beg is destroyed.

religion

Amadeus VIII of Savoy as antipope Felix V (woodcut from Schedelsche Weltchronik , 1493)

• The last historical antipope , Felix V , resigns at the age of 66, although his resignation is made easier by the granting of several privileges. Pope Nicholas V is recognized by the Council in Lausanne , which Felix elected ten years ago. The council dissolves and marks the end of the council period.
• In Toledo the limpieza de sangre was first written down as a statute. According to this, converted Jews and Muslims could never become “real” Christians because “True Faith” would be inherited biologically.
• Court Monastery is founded in Ireland .

Born

Date of birth saved

• January 1 : Lorenzo il Magnifico , Italian politician and city lord of Florence († 1492 )
• January 6th : Christoph the Strong , Wittelsbach nobleman, brother of Duke Albrecht the Wise of Bavaria († 1493 )
• January 15 : Katherina von Baden , Countess von Werdenberg-Sargans († 1484 )
• February 7th : Adriana von Nassau-Dillenburg , Countess of Hanau-Münzenberg († 1477 )

• September 20 : Philipp I, the younger , Count von Hanau-Münzenberger († 1500 )
• September 25 : Niccolò Machiavelli , Florentine politician and cousin of the author of the same name († 1516 )

• October 21 : George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence , English nobleman († 1478 )
• November 11 : Catherine of Podebrady , Queen of Hungary († 1464 )
• November 14 : Sidonie of Bohemia , Duchess of Saxony and Margravine of Meissen († 1510 )

Exact date of birth unknown

• Magnus Hundt , German philosopher, anatomist and theologian († 1519 )
• Johann IV. , Count of Holstein-Pinneberg († 1527 )
• Conrad III. , Count of Tübingen, Lord of Lichteneck († 1506 )
• Aldus Manutius , Venetian printer and publisher († 1515 )
• Margaret of Saxony , Electress of Brandenburg († 1501 )
• Aleidis Raiscop , German Benedictine and writer († 1507 )
• Bernardo Rucellai , Florentine scholar († 1514 )

Died

• January 3 : Anne Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick , English noblewoman (* 1444 )
• January 4th : Cäcilie von Brandenburg , Duchess of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (* around 1405 )

• April 23 : Jean Cadard , French court master, court doctor and royal adviser (* 1374 )
• May 8 : Alexander MacDonald, 10th Earl of Ross , Scottish nobleman (* around 1390 )

Peter of Portugal

• May 20 : Peter of Portugal , Prince of Portugal and first Duke of Coimbra, ruled Portugal as Prince Regent (* 1392 )

• July 19 : Kaspar Schlick , first civil chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire (* around 1396 )
• August 13 : Ludwig IV , Count Palatine and Elector Palatinate (* 1424 )

• October 27 : Ulugh Beg , Timurid prince in Samarkand, known as an astronomer and as the founder of the Ulugbek Madrasa (* 1394 )
• October 31 : Elisabeth of Brandenburg , Duchess of Liegnitz and Teschen (* 1403 )

• November 7 : Konrad von Erlichshausen , Grand Master of the Teutonic Order (* around 1390 / 1395 )

Web links

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