History of Karlsruhe
The history of Karlsruhe begins with the laying of the foundation stone of the castle tower on June 17, 1715 by Margrave Karl Wilhelm von Baden . The city emerged as a baroque planned city on the radial plan of a hunting facility in the Hardtwald . They originally took only the southern, fan-shaped area of 32 around the castle one outgoing avenues, which is why they also fan-shaped city is called. Karlsruhe became the residence of the small margraviate of Baden-Durlach in 1718 and gained in importance with its rise to the Grand Duchy of Baden in the 19th century. The capital city function was lost after the Second World War , but the city was compensated, among other things, by the settlement of the highest German federal courts.
Before the city was founded
Traces of settlement from the early Bronze Age (2200–1500 BC) can be found in the area of today's city of Karlsruhe . Shortly before the First World War , a weapons depot was discovered in which bronze ingots and two edge ridge axes were stored. Another hatchet was discovered later. Altogether there are several finds from Knielingen , Rüppurr and Durlach among others . In 1868 an old iron sword and soon afterwards an open bronze neck ring were found in Knielingen. In 1911 a cemetery was found with ten burials from the younger Iron Age .
A Roman bronze bucket from the 1st century AD was discovered in Knielingen, and soon afterwards a cemetery with 44 burials. Many other traces such as individual graves, brick kilns, coins etc. point to a Roman settlement. In 1927 a Roman stone cellar was excavated, which is a clear indication of an earlier settlement. Where graves were found, one could determine the boundaries of the settlement, as it was forbidden in the Roman Empire to undertake burials within a settlement. Due to the location of the finds, it is assumed that there was a Roman settlement on the Alb River . To the north of Karlsruhe near Friedrichstal you can still see the remains of an old Roman road .
In 1110, Count Berthold von Hohenberg founded the Gottesaue Monastery, which was confirmed by King Heinrich V on August 16 . Today Gottesaue Castle is located on the site of the former monastery . Originally 13 monks from the Hirsau monastery came to the monastery in what is now the area of the city of Karlsruhe and started clearing forests and farming. Due to the monastery, nearby settlements such as Mühlburg , Knielingen or Neureut began to grow.
In 1565, Margrave Karl II moved his residence from Pforzheim to Durlach. The city then experienced an economic and cultural boom.
In the Thirty Years' War Durlach and were Rintheim , Hagsfeld and Mühlburg destroyed. In 1670 Margrave Friedrich VII raised Magnus Mühlburg to the rank of town, but the hoped-for upswing failed to materialize. During the War of the Palatinate Succession , French troops destroyed Durlach, Gottesaue Castle, Rintheim, Mühlburg, Knielingen and Daxlanden in 1689 , but Rüppurr was not destroyed. The War of the Spanish Succession , which lasted until 1714, delayed the reconstruction of the destroyed residence in Durlach. The spacious new building of the Karlsburg Palace there remained unfinished.
Beginnings of the city
Following the example of Versailles and in line with contemporary tastes, the princes of Baden-Baden and Württemberg, who were neighboring and related to Baden-Durlach, had already built new residences in the open countryside at the beginning of the 18th century . In 1705, Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden-Baden moved his residence from the destroyed Baden-Baden to Rastatt Castle , and the village of Rastatt was converted into a planned Baroque town in front of the castle. Eberhard Ludwig von Württemberg , brother-in-law of the Karlsruhe city founder Karl Wilhelm von Baden-Durlach , had the Ludwigsburg residential palace built, in the vicinity of which Ludwigsburg emerged as a planned settlement from 1709 . Karlsruhe was the last of the city foundations on the Upper Rhine. The exact intentions behind the foundation and the chosen floor plan are not documented and leave room for speculation and the creation of legends.
The basically limited space in Durlach prompted Margrave Karl Wilhelm on January 12, 1711, to commission his court and building councilors to plan a new court town. In the vicinity of Durlach in the Hardtwald there was a hunting area of the margrave. A legend tells that the margrave fell asleep while riding and that in a dream a city appeared to him that was to be founded at this place. Another interpretation of the floor plan sees the “fan-shaped city”, whose streets emanate from the central castle like rays of sunshine, as the embodiment of the absolutist idea that the ruler stands like a sun in the center of the community.
After clearing work for a hunting facility in the Hardtwald had been carried out since January 28, 1715, the margrave personally laid the foundation stone for a new hunting and pleasure palace on June 17, 1715 . On the same day he had already donated the House Order of Loyalty there , whose motto Fidelitas soon became part of the Karlsruhe coat of arms.
The construction management of the castle, which was initially made of wood except for the stone tower, was taken over by Friedrich von Batzendorf and Hans Schwartz. Due to the lonely location, the poor infrastructure and the fact that the government offices were still in Durlach, the margrave decided to found a new residential town near the castle . On September 24, 1715, he issued a letter of privilege in which he assured everyone who settled in the new city, tax breaks and freedoms. He guaranteed the future residents religious freedom , their own lower court, free building land and timber, tax exemption for 20 years, free trade and duty free, provided they built according to the regulations of the planned city and had sufficient funds. He also promised that there should be no serfdom or compulsory labor for the citizens of the city and that every citizen should have a right to be heard. The letter of privilege already bears the first features of modern constitutions: the personal and economic freedoms are remarkable for this time and testify to the pioneering role of Baden liberalism . As early as September 12, 1718, the citizens of the city asked for the establishment of a city council , which was approved by the margrave. The first meeting of the council took place on November 24, 1718.
In 1719 the newly founded fan-shaped city already had almost 2,000 inhabitants. Not only did they come from the surrounding area, but almost one in five also came from countries outside the empire, above all from France and Poland . The first mayor of Karlsruhe in 1718, Johannes Sembach , was born in Strasbourg . When building their houses, the citizens had to build one-story with mansard roofs in order to ensure a uniform cityscape. There were tax breaks for the poor; they were mainly settled at the southeast end of the city ( Klein-Karlsruhe or “Dörfle”), where a socially problematic district developed. The people who settled there and erected temporary buildings were subject to compulsory payment (from 1752 taxable as a substitute) and were not citizens of Karlsruhe on an equal footing. The city flourished: In 1721 the first church was built on Kreuzstraße and a water tower was built on Lammstraße . In 1722 the grammar school was moved from Durlach to Karlsruhe. The construction of a town hall of its own was discussed in 1725 and completed next to the planned town church in 1728 after discussions about the location of the buildings.
In 1733 the margrave fled to Basel when French troops entered the area on the right bank of the Rhine during the War of the Polish Succession . He did not return until September 1736, after Karlsruhe narrowly escaped destruction. At that time there were problems in the city as the letters of privilege of 1715 were interpreted differently. Therefore, the margrave issued a new letter of privilege in 1722, which confirmed the old one and regulated details. Among other things, it was precisely defined how much money had to be available to settle in the city (200 guilders or 500 guilders for Jews ) and that freedom of the body had to be proven for foreigners who settled in the city . In addition, the margrave assured that the city could elect the mayor , builder , court and city council itself.
In 1746 Karl Friedrich von Baden took over the government. In 1750, he ensured that a new stone castle was built on the old foundations of the wooden castle. Since problems arose in the city during this time and another petition was submitted by the city council on December 2, 1751, because the old privileges would expire next year and there would be conflicts with the "protective citizens", i.e. mainly the poor population of Kleinkarlsruhe, the margrave drafted a new letter of privilege. There he again assured freedom of religion, the free election of mayors, builders, city councilors and police officers as well as free construction timber, provided the forest was not damaged. However, the exemption from taxes and customs duties was not extended.
In the following years numerous infrastructure measures were carried out. On January 21, 1756, Karl Friedrich issued an ordinance providing grants for those who built a stone house. The building material for the houses came from quarries in Grötzingen and the Pfinztal. In addition, a stone ship canal was dug from Durlach to Karlsruhe in 1750 and a straight, well-developed road was laid along the canal in 1767. After the merger of the margravates of Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden in 1771, the city became the seat of the margraviate of Baden and flourished. In the following years numerous social and cultural facilities were built; In 1789 a hospital was donated at state expense, followed in 1786 by a kind of health insurance for the citizens of Karlsruhe based on the model of the “widows' fund” established in 1785. As early as 1763 a printing press was established in Karlsruhe ; two years later the princely library from Durlach was also brought to Karlsruhe.
In 1789, the situation in the problem district "Kleinkarlsruhe" also improved. The citizens were now allowed to elect their own mayor and a year later they were granted citizenship if they worked commercially for another five years. In 1795 the place received the status of a village community, but it was not until 1812 that Kleinkarlsruhe was united with Karlsruhe. Still the social problems remained; The red light district of Karlsruhe is still located in part of the “Dörfle” today .
19th century
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After the Peace of Lunéville was concluded in 1801 and some areas on the right bank of the Rhine were added to Baden, tax revenues increased and in 1806 Baden was elevated to the status of a Grand Duchy . During these years numerous new buildings were built out of stone, in 1804 the subsidy from the state "Baukasse" increased again and higher buildings were subsidized more. In 1806 a lyceum and a meat hall were built, later also a chancellery, synagogue, various churches and in 1822 also the Ständehaus , the seat of the later Baden state parliament, and the new town hall . The buildings of the classicist architect Friedrich Weinbrenner , who planned the Protestant town church (1816), the town hall and the old synagogue, still shape the cityscape of Karlsruhe today. Between 1823 and 1825, the current landmark of Karlsruhe, the pyramid on the market square , designed by him , was built. With her, the construction of the market square was completed on March 7, 1825. In 1822 the house he built was opened in Karlsruhe. It was the first newly built parliament building in Germany. It was the seat of the Baden Estates Assembly , which was provided for in the very liberal constitution issued by Grand Duke Karl in 1818 . The Liberalism of Baden also ensured that in 1862 complete equality for the Jews took place.
In 1825, the first German technical university was founded in Karlsruhe by Grand Duke Ludwig von Baden . In 1832 the Polytechnic School was raised to the status of a higher technical college; In 1836 she moved into the building erected by Heinrich Hübsch in today's Kaiserstraße , where it is still located today. In 1885 it was finally renamed "Technical University". From September 3rd to 5th, 1860, the Karlsruhe Congress took place in the Ständehaus , the first international meeting of chemistry.
In 1848 Karlsruhe was also affected by the unrest of the Baden Revolution . The first demonstrations and arson in the Baden Foreign Ministry took place in March, and the first armed conflicts broke out a year later. On May 13, 1849, revolutionary-minded soldiers were also involved in the uprisings; Grand Duke Leopold fled that night via Germersheim to Lauterbourg in France , clearing the way for the revolutionary state committee, which took over the city the next day. A provisional government was formed on June 1 and met in the Ständehaus on June 10, but Prussia marched into the city on June 26 and put down the uprisings. On August 18, 1849, the Grand Duke was finally able to return to the city. On August 19, he ceremoniously entered Karlsruhe with the future Kaiser Wilhelm I.
After the first public railway was set up in England in 1825, it was decided in 1838 to build a Baden state railway . For this purpose, a train station was built between Ettlinger and Rüppurrer Tor , which was inaugurated on April 1, 1843. During this time, the Karlsruhe Südstadt , which originally served as a railway settlement, was also built. In 1884/85 the station was expanded and rebuilt, but since there were conflicts between road and rail traffic due to the heavily frequented level crossings (the Ettlinger Strasse level crossing was closed for 6 hours a day), it was decided in 1902 to relocate the main station to the south, in 1913 was completed. The fairground and a city garden were set up on the site of the former train station . The railroad marked the beginning of the industrialization that began in 1860 . Due to the accompanying population growth and the gradual scarcity of land, numerous incorporations took place, including in 1886 with Mühlburg . In 1901, Karlsruhe with 100,000 inhabitants crossed the border to the city .
20th century
As the city grew, the infrastructure was also expanded: the first electric tram in Karlsruhe was put into operation as early as 1900 (a horse-drawn tram had been in operation since January 21, 1877); on April 10, 1901, the first municipal power station was inaugurated. Shortly afterwards, on May 1st, 1901, the Rhine port was opened after two years of construction.
On July 22, 1907, the day the verdict in the Carl Hau murder case was pronounced , a street tumult ( Hau riot ) broke out in Karlsruhe out of curiosity and the public's thirst for sensation , in which even military units, due to excessive demands on the police forces to restore peace and order. namely two companies of the 1st Baden Leib Grenadier Regiment No. 109 , had to be opposed and which went down in history as "Street Fight in Peace" ( Ferdinand von Notz ). Such a crowd of curious people - observers spoke of 20,000 people - had never before occurred in any criminal trial in the German Reich .
During the First World War , the city was exposed to numerous attacks by its armaments factories (including the German arms and ammunition factories ) and its important train station. On June 15, 1915, the first air raid on Karlsruhe took place. 29 people died because of the lack of protective measures. Significant damage was caused, among other places, in the Kriegsstrasse . On June 22nd, 1916, there was the most costly attack of the war, when about 40 bombs hit the area at Ettlinger Tor , where a performance by the Hagenbeck circus was taking place. 120 people, including 71 children, were killed and 169 people injured. A total of 168 people died in 14 air raids in Karlsruhe.
After the First World War, Karlsruhe was in the demilitarized zone, the border of which ran east of Durlach .
Weimar Republic
On November 9, 1918, a workers 'and soldiers' council and a “welfare committee” were founded in Karlsruhe . A large demonstration took place in the forecourt of the train station and revolutionary speeches were given. The November Revolution in Karlsruhe was largely bloodless, but there was a shooting in front of the palace when Heinrich Klumpp and some men tried to arrest the Grand Duke. The day after the demonstration, a provisional government was appointed and met in the town hall. A day later, Grand Duke Friedrich II left the city with his wife and abdicated on November 22nd. Karlsruhe was no longer a royal seat. The following year, on January 5, 1919, there were elections to the Baden National Assembly , in which the SPD in Karlsruhe performed best. The SPD also achieved the best result in the elections to the German National Assembly on January 19, 1919. Two months later, on April 13, 1919, the Baden constitution was adopted by over 90% of the population. After the election on May 18, 1919, the city council was composed as follows: SPD 6, USPD 1, KPD 1, Center 6, German Democratic Party 7 and German National People's Party 1.
In Karlsruhe too, hyperinflation had a devastating effect on the supply situation for the Karlsruhe population. On July 6th and 7th, 1920 there were demonstrations against the high prices as well as looting. In addition, since March 3, 1923, wheat, coal and other goods that were in the Rhine port were withheld by the French occupation forces. On September 27, 1923, the city set up a winter emergency aid, but it had little effect. Following a demonstration on November 17, two bakeries and two butchers were looted. Only with the introduction of the Rentenmark did the situation in Karlsruhe improve.
The Karlsruhe fire brigade was founded on September 26, 1926 . Its head office is still today in Ritterstraße in a listed building built by Hermann Billing . Before that, after the court theater was destroyed by fire in 1847, there was only one volunteer fire brigade .
On March 3, 1928, Adolf Hitler gave a speech in the Karlsruhe Festival Hall. In the Reichstag elections on September 14, 1930, the NSDAP was ahead of the SPD for the first time; in the citizens' committee elections on November 16, 1930 she also occupied 28 out of 84 seats. In the city council elected by the citizens' committee, they won 8 out of 24 posts. Two years later, the NSDAP received 40.3% of the vote in July and 37.7% in November. But even in 1933 the NSDAP could not achieve an absolute majority, neither in Karlsruhe nor in Baden.
On September 5 and 6, 1931, the first German ring tennis championships took place in Rappenwört. The sport was brought in the 1920s by the technical mayor of Karlsruhe Hermann Schneider under the name "Deck Tennis" from a boat trip from New York to Germany. Since he was involved in the planning of the Rheinstrandbad Rappenwört, which was founded in 1929, he planned numerous ring tennis fields and made the sport known.
Nazi era
On January 30, 1933, a torchlight procession took place in Karlsruhe to celebrate Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor. In March, a large pro-National Socialist demonstration took place on Schlossplatz , in which 30,000–40,000 citizens took part. On March 11, 1933, Robert Wagner formed a provisional government; Little by little, the democratic MPs in Karlsruhe were placed under supervision and replaced by successors loyal to the regime. On June 17th, a book burning took place on Schlossplatz . At the time of National Socialism , Karlsruhe was the capital of the Baden-Alsace district .
In 1933, around 3,300 Jews lived in Karlsruhe. In May 1939 there were still 1,375 people, many of whom had emigrated. With the exception of about 100 remaining Jews who lived in “ mixed marriage ” or were not transportable, they were deported to the Gurs extermination camp as part of the Wagner-Bürckel campaign or later came to Theresienstadt and Dachau . The Sinti and Roma , who were mainly resident in the “Dörfle”, were deported to Auschwitz in May 1940 . The synagogue in Karlsruhe was demolished in 1939; it was not set on fire during the Reichspogromnacht because there was a gasoline depot near it.
The first air raid on Karlsruhe took place on July 30, 1940, but did not cause any damage. The air raid of August 6, 1941, killed 27 people, the first fatal air raid. At the end of the year, part of the palace square was even used for growing vegetables because of the poor supply situation. In the following four years a total of 1745 people were killed. On the morning of April 4, 1945, French troops ( 1st French Army under General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny ) marched into Karlsruhe and encountered little resistance from the Volkssturm , the police and the Wehrmacht ; 11 people died. After the division of the occupation zones in Germany, Karlsruhe was in the American zone .
After 1945
After the war, Karlsruhe became part of the newly founded state of Württemberg-Baden . Its capital became Stuttgart, which meant that Karlsruhe lost this rank. To compensate for this, numerous authorities were relocated to Karlsruhe. In 1950 the Federal Court of Justice came to Karlsruhe, on September 28, 1951 the Federal Constitutional Court . After a referendum , the state of Baden-Württemberg was created in 1952 . Karlsruhe was the seat of the administrative district of North Baden there until 1972, and since January 1, 1973 it has been the seat of the administrative district of Karlsruhe .
The relocation of industry and research was also promoted. Karlsruhe was able to prevail against Munich as the location of the German nuclear research center . It was supposed to be built on the Karlsruhe district on the Rhine north of Maxau, but the Rhine proved to be unsuitable for reactor cooling due to sewage from Alsatian potash mines . The nuclear research center was therefore built in the Hardtwald north of the Karlsruhe city limits. In 1956 the building permit was issued, and in 1961 the first independent chain reaction took place. On the site originally intended for the nuclear research center, DEA and Esso each built a refinery between 1959 and 1962 (today summarized as MiRO ), which were supplied with crude oil via a pipeline from Marseille . Karlsruhe was thus one of the largest German refinery locations. The oil port was built north of the refineries in 1963 .
The 1967 Federal Horticultural Show took place in Karlsruhe. A new “horticultural office” was opened especially for this purpose; the city garden and the palace garden were redesigned.
In 1969, the city of Karlsruhe received the for their efforts towards European integration European Prize . It organizes Europe Day and Europe Week and promotes school and student exchanges.
On April 7, 1977, Federal Prosecutor General Siegfried Buback was murdered on the way to work together with his driver and a judicial officer by terrorists of the Red Army faction . Until 1998 the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office was housed in the Federal Court of Justice; From 1994 to 1998 a new building was built in the south-west of the city, which is surrounded, among other things, by a 5 meter high wall.
The Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen party was founded on January 12 and 13, 1980 in the town hall in the Karlsruhe Congress Center .
In 1983, the technology factory start-up center was set up in the former Singer sewing machine factory in Oststadt, which has since made it easier for over 250 companies to start up and thus create more than 5,000 jobs. It is one of the largest start-up centers in Germany and works with the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , the University of Applied Sciences and the Fraunhofer Society .
On October 6, 1984, Kaiserstraße was completely redesigned from Kronenplatz to Europaplatz into a pedestrian zone, which is still characteristic of the cityscape today.
On August 2, 1984 Werner Zorn received and sent the first German email from CsNet from the address "zorn @ germany" at the University of Karlsruhe . Its content was something like "Welcome to CSNET" .
From July 20 to 30, 1989, the third alternative World Games took place in Karlsruhe , an international competition for athletes whose sports are not represented in the Olympic program. 1,965 athletes took part in 19 disciplines. The competitions took place in the Europahalle , among other places .
On December 22, 1993, the development company Söllingen was founded, which presented plans for the expansion of the 40 km southwest of Söllingen, a former Canadian air base, into a national airport. With the construction of the Karlsruhe / Baden-Baden airport in 1997, Karlsruhe was connected to the international air traffic network. In 1998 the line operation was started.
21st century
In 2003, the Karlsruhe Exhibition Center was built in the Forchheim district of Rheinstetten, just a few meters from the Karlsruhe district. The fair has four halls, each with a size of 12,500 m². The neighboring dm-arena, which can accommodate 14,000 people, is also part of the exhibition grounds.
On June 17, 2003 the groundbreaking ceremony took place for the ECE shopping center " Ettlinger Tor ", which opened its doors on September 7, 2005 after a construction period of a good two years as the largest inner-city shopping center in southern Germany. About 130 shops for retail, gastronomy and service are housed on three levels. The sales area covers around 33,000 square meters. In addition, there is another 4,000 square meters for services and gastronomy. About four years ago was on 27 September 2001 in the former main post office at Europaplatz with the Post Gallery opened its first downtown shopping center with about 51 shops on 26,000 square meters in Karlsruhe.
In 2008, the Special Olympics National Games with 3,600 athletes were opened in the dm-Arena in Karlsruhe by the then Prime Minister Günther Oettinger .
On May 25, 2009, the city received the title “ Place of Diversity ” awarded by the federal government .
In 2002, a referendum took place on the construction of the combined solution , a large-scale project in the city center of Karlsruhe, in which Kaiserstraße is given a tram tunnel with a southern branch to relieve traffic. In addition, the Kriegsstrasse , the east-west axis of the city, is to run underground and receive an above-ground railway line. The referendum was successful, and on January 21, 2010, then Prime Minister Günther Oettinger, State Secretary Rainer Bomba and Karlsruhe Mayor Heinz Fenrich broke the first sod for the major project on Europaplatz .
Incorporations
Formerly independent municipalities or districts, in the city of Karlsruhe incorporated were
| year | places | Increase in ha |
|---|---|---|
| August 28, 1812 | Little Karlsruhe | 8.25 |
| January 1, 1886 | Mühlburg (city) | 211.25 |
| January 1, 1907 | Beiertheim | 159.97 |
| January 1, 1907 | Rintheim | 169.18 |
| January 1, 1907 | Rueppurr | 799.70 |
| January 1, 1909 | Green angle | 121.57 |
| January 1, 1910 | Daxlanden | 1,068.27 |
| April 1, 1929 | Bulach | 529.42 |
| April 1, 1935 | Knee lenghts | 2,087.17 |
| April 1, 1938 | Hagsfeld | 781.51 |
| April 1, 1938 | Durlach (city) | 2,934.40 |
| January 1, 1972 | Stupferich | 645.76 |
| January 1, 1972 | Hohenwettersbach | 412.32 |
| 1st January 1973 | Wolfartsweier | 195.29 |
| 1st January 1974 | Grötzingen | 1,135.79 |
| 1st January 1975 | Wettersbach (= Grünwettersbach and Palmbach ) | 753.02 |
| February 14, 1975 | Neureut | 1,922.28 |
(Lord) Mayor
After the castle was founded in 1715, a settlement was built near it, in which a mayor was appointed from 1718. From 1812, the mayors received the title of Lord Mayor .
See also
literature
- Dorothea Wiktorin (Hrsg.): Atlas Karlsruhe - 300 years of city history in maps and pictures. Emons, Cologne 2014, ISBN 978-3-95451-413-7 .
- City of Karlsruhe City Archives (Ed.): Karlsruhe. The city history. Badenia, Karlsruhe 1998, ISBN 3-7617-0353-8 .
- Kurt Kranich : Karlsruhe: Fateful Days of a City , Karlsruhe 1973 (and new edition Karlsruhe 1982)
-
Gottfried Leiber : Friedrich Weinbrenner's urban development work for Karlsruhe .
- Part 1: Baroque town planning and Weinbrenner's first classicist designs. Braun, Karlsruhe 1996, ISBN 3-7650-9041-7 .
- Part 2: The city development and city expansion plans 1801–1826. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2002, ISBN 3-8053-2903-2 .
- Friedrich von Weech : Karlsruhe. History of the city and its administration. 3 volumes, Karlsruhe 1895–1904 ( digitized version )
- Rolf-Heiner Behrends (Ed.): Hand ax - urn - sword. Archeology in the Karlsruhe region . Badenia Verlag, Karlsruhe 1996, ISBN 978-3-89735-305-3 .
- Jürgen Stude: History of the Jews in the Karlsruhe district. Regional culture publishing house, Ubstadt-Weiher 1997. ISBN 978-3-929366-67-9 .
- Heinz Schmitt (Ed.): Jews in Karlsruhe. Contributions to their history up to the Nazi seizure of power . Badenia-Verlag, Karlsruhe 1988, ISBN 978-3-89735-339-8 .
- Peter Pretsch, Meinrad Welker: Carl Benz and Carlsruhe. Info Verlag, Karlsruhe 2011, ISBN 978-3-88190-640-1 .
Web links
- Karlsruhe: City Chronicle . Website of the city of Karlsruhe
- Historical city maps . Media office of the city of Karlsruhe
- City history and history portal in the Stadtwiki Karlsruhe
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Citizens' Association Grünwinkel: Grünwinkel . Info Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-88190-539-8 .
- ↑ Lars Adler: The Fidelity Knights in the historical memory of the fan-shaped city . In: A look into the history , No. 93, December 23, 2011: City foundation and order foundation
- ^ The letter of privilege from 1715 for the settlers in Karlsruhe . Original text on the website of the city of Karlsruhe, as of February 3, 2005, accessed on January 23, 2011.
- ↑ Brief history of the city of Karlsruhe . Website of the city of Karlsruhe, accessed on July 31, 2012.
- ↑ Manfred Koch: On the history of the Karlsruhe "Dörfle" ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Website of the City of Karlsruhe, City Archives & Historical Museums, as of March 23, 2010, accessed on January 23, 2011.
- ↑ Eugen H. Th Huhn: Karlsruhe and its surroundings: history and description. With plan and map . C. Macklot, 1843.
- ^ On June 8, 1849, Wilhelm was appointed commander of the "Army of Operations in Baden and in the Palatinate ". In a few weeks he subdued the rebels' troops in the Palatinate and Baden (compare Baden Revolution ). With the capture of the Rastatt fortress , the last bastion of the revolutionaries, by troops under his leadership, the March Revolution in Germany was finally crushed.
- ↑ Peter Pretsch: Friedrich Eisenlohr - Architect of the Baden Railway ( Memento of the original from August 5, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Website of the city of Karlsruhe, July 21, 2009, accessed on January 23, 2011.
- ↑ Rudolf J. Schott: On the southern development of Karlsruhe city center ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Website of the City of Karlsruhe, City Archives & Historical Museums, as of June 26, 2007, accessed on January 23, 2011.
- ↑ Harald Ringler: Construction plans and building regulations as urban planning master plans ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Website of the City of Karlsruhe, City Archives & Historical Museums, as of March 26, 2008, accessed on January 23, 2011.
- ↑ Ernst Otto Bräunche: Civil Air protection measures in Karlsruhe between the First and Second World War . Website of the city of Karlsruhe, as of April 6, 2005, accessed on January 5, 2018.
- ↑ Ute Grau, Barbara Guttmann, Susanne Asche, City Archives Karlsruhe: Against Fire and Flame: The Extinguishing System in Karlsruhe and the Professional Fire Brigade. Karlsruhe 2001, ISBN 978-3-88190-272-4 .
- ↑ Klaus Eisele: Karlsruhe in the crisis years of the Weimar Republic and the rise of the NSDAP 1928 - 1930. Dissertation, 2002.
- ↑ The history of ring tennis . As of October 7, 1996, accessed January 23, 2011.
- ↑ karlsruhe.de / Josef Werner: Swastika and Jewish Star (PDF) pdf, 48 MB.
- ^ The synagogues in Karlsruhe until 1938/40 . Alemannia Judaica, as of July 9, 2010, accessed on January 23, 2011.
- ^ Karlsruhe: City Chronicle 1930-1939 . Retrieved October 1, 2012.
- ↑ The aerial warfare over Karlsruhe ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed December 20, 2018.
- ^ Karlsruhe: City Chronicle 1940–1949 . Retrieved October 1, 2012.
- ^ City of Karlsruhe - City Archives: Karlsruhe. The city history. 1998, p. 589 ff.
- ^ City of Karlsruhe - City Archives: Karlsruhe. The city history. 1998, pp. 595-597
- ^ City of Karlsruhe - City Archives: Karlsruhe. The city history. 1998, pp. 598-600
- ^ Sabine Klein: Interview “My email address was zorn @ germany” . Article on tagesschau.de from August 2, 2009.
- ↑ Marlene Freeman-Nagel: Goal achieved! JHRöll Verlag, 2005, ISBN 978-3-89754-801-5 , p. 25.
- ↑ Start of the Special Olympics National Games 2008 . ABB press release dated June 16, 2008, accessed January 23, 2011.
- ^ Alfred Becker, Harald S. Müller: Concrete structures in the underground. KIT Scientific Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-3-86644-214-6 .
- ↑ Lord Mayor of the City of Karlsruhe since 1809 ( Memento of the original dated November 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
