Feldberg (mountain in the Black Forest)
| Feldberg | ||
|---|---|---|
 Aerial view with Seebuck (front) Feldberg summit (left) and Baldenweger Buck (right); Far in the background, beyond the high fog in the Upper Rhine Rift , the Vosges |
||
| height | 1493 m above sea level NHN | |
| location | Baden-Wuerttemberg , Germany | |
| Mountains | Black Forest | |
| Dominance | 97 km → Rigi | |
| Notch height | 930 m ↓ northeast of Lippertsweiler | |
| Coordinates | 47 ° 52 '25 " N , 8 ° 0' 14" E | |
|
||
| particularities | highest mountain in Germany outside the Alps, transmitters at the summit | |
The Feldberg is 1493 m above sea level. NHN the highest mountain in Baden-Württemberg . It also represents the highest elevation of all German low mountain ranges, making it the highest mountain in Germany outside the Alps . The mountain in the southern Black Forest also gives its name to the associated municipality of Feldberg .
geography
location
The Feldberg is located southeast of Freiburg im Breisgau , in the area of the municipality of Feldberg (Black Forest) in the Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald district , surrounded by the towns of Hinterzarten (northeast), Titisee (east), Menzenschwand and Bernau (south) and Todtnau (southwest). The Feldberg-Ort district is located about 2 km southeast of the summit at an altitude of 1277 m.
The Feldbergfuß can be reached by car via the B 317 leading from Titisee to Lörrach (Basel) over the Feldberg Pass . The highest station on a standard gauge line of the Deutsche Bahn , the Feldberg-Bärental station ( 967 m above sea level ) of the Dreiseenbahn, can be reached by train . There is a bus connection from there. The Seebuck can be reached from Feldberg-Ort with a short cable car . The summit of the Feldberg can be accessed by a paved access road for the facilities there, but private individuals can only reach it on foot or by bike.
Surface shapes
Between the Feldberg summit , also called the highest , and its foothill Seebuck ( 1449 m above sea level ), just under two kilometers further to the south-east , the terrain first slopes down to Mittelbuck ( 1472 m above sea level ), from which the Baldenweger Buck ( 1460 m above sea level ) descends above sea level ) branches off north, and on to the depression of the Grüble ( 1419 m above sea level ). From the Seebuck, the Feldberg drops steeply to the northeast to the Feldsee . Deeply cut valleys also extend to the northwest towards Freiburg ( Zastlertal , St. Wilhelmer Tal ) and to the southwest towards Basel ( Wiesental ).
Mountain height
Official sources provide various information on the height of the Feldberg. In the topographic maps of the LUBW and BfN geoportals, for example, a height of 1493 m is given on a small scale , 1494 m on a medium scale and 1494.2 m on a large scale (less than about 1: 18,000) . In the geoportal of the LGL there is a height of 1,494.2 m in all scales . The height of 1,494.2 m, which corresponds to the most recent data, may, however, also include artificial embankments, which were taken into account in today's laser scanning measurements.
On the summit plateau of the Feldberg is an artificially created roundabout ( ⊙ ) on which several granite blocks are placed. On one of them there is a memorial plaque of the Black Forest Association , which marks the Feldberg at 1493 m as the highest point in Baden-Württemberg. On the approximately one meter high granite block in the middle of the roundabout there is a round orientation board with the following inscription in its center: Feldberg 1495 M.
use
On the Seebuck is the Feldbergturm, a former radio tower that serves as a lookout tower and has housed a Black Forest ham museum since 2013 .
The numerous radio relay systems used by the German , French and US armed forces during the Cold War have now been dismantled. The Feldberg can be recognized today by the old and new television tower and the Bismarck monument on the Seebuck.
In total, there are more than 28 ski lifts and slopes with alpine difficulty levels on and around the Feldberg ( FIS route near Fahl ). The actual Feldberg summit is outside the ski areas. Several trails around the Feldberg summit and the Herzogenhorn ( 1415 m above sea level ) (federal performance center) opposite the Feldberg are ideal for cross-country skiing . The Feldberg is a popular ski touring area with slopes of an alpine character, including from the Feldberg summit to the Zastler Loch .
Protected areas
Most of the Feldberg area has the status of a nature reserve due to its subalpine vegetation . The Feldberg nature reserve is the oldest and largest nature reserve in Baden-Württemberg and has been looked after by a full-time nature conservation warden (Feldberg ranger) since 1989. Since 2001, the nature conservation center of the Southern Black Forest has been responsible for the nature conservation center in the House of Nature , which also serves as the administrative seat of the Southern Black Forest Nature Park . In addition to an interactive permanent exhibition there, there has been the nature adventure trail "The Wichtelpfad im Auerhahnwald" directly behind the house since 2005.
panorama
The Feldberg offers one of the most comprehensive panoramas in Germany, especially in winter when the weather is inversion . In the west, beyond the Upper Rhine Rift , you can see the entire Vosges from the Alsatian Belchen / Ballon d'Alsace to the Donon and the Odilienberg . Behind it you can occasionally see the southern Palatinate Forest or “Vosges du Nord”. In the north you can see the Hornisgrinde , in the northeast the whole chain of the Swabian Alb , especially the Lemberg , to the right of it the Hegau volcanoes .
The Alps extend in the south, from the Alpspitze and the Zugspitze in the east over the Allgäu Alps , the Lechquellen Mountains , Verwallgruppe and Silvretta ; then in the western Alps the Alpstein with the Säntis , the mountains around the Walensee , the Glarner Alps with Ringelspitz , Glärnisch and Tödi , the Piz Gannaretsch , the Urner Alps , Bernese Alps , Grand Combin and Mont Blanc up to the Freiburg Pre-Alps in the southwest. The Swiss Jura stretches in front of the Western Alps and then especially to the right of Mont Blanc, with the Chasseral as the highest point. The panorama thus stretches from Italy to southwest Germany and from Austria to France .
Geology and tectonics
The basement of the Feldberg consists of gneiss . It's around a billion years old. Overall, the Feldberg, or the region in which the Feldberg stands today, has been lifted out four times and removed three times in the course of the earth's history. What we see today can be called the “third Feldberg”. The "first Feldberg" was created in the Precambrian as a collision mountain range . This was completely removed. The "second field mountain" was created during the Devonian and Carboniferous in the course of the Variscan mountain formation . This was again removed and during the Mesozoic era, red sandstone , shell limestone , Keuper , Lias , Dogger and Malm were deposited in the resulting sedimentation area . Parts of these sediments are marine deposits from inner-continental seas, the others are of continental origin. The third, today's Feldberg stage was formed as a long-range effect of the Alpid mountain formation during the Tertiary . The sediments mentioned above were gradually removed after they were excavated and today the basement is almost exclusively found. The Feldberg is still being lifted today, but this is offset by the removal. Due to erosion and aeolian erosion , the Feldberg is leveled , so that large areas can be observed.
Glacial morphology
During the maximum of the Würm Ice Age , a 1000 km² glacier covered the Black Forest. Therefore, a lot of glacial influences can be seen in the Black Forest. There are several objects to illustrate the glacial morphology of the Feldberg. First of all, this includes the Feldsee . He is by ice which the Kar rear walls in Lee has pushed down, exariert Service. In this way, the ice gradually created the 33 m deep Feldsee. A moraine on the shore of the Feldsee testifies to this development. The Feldseemoor , a few meters further on, is also a holdover from the Ice Age. Here you can see the terminal moraine of the “mini glacier” from the Feldsee. It dammed water and formed a bog . The glacial history of the Würme Ice Age 10,000–11,000 years ago on the Feldberg was as follows: The creation of the Feldsee happened when the "Feldberg Glacier" expanded. The subsequent field lake moor was the next stage. Then the glacier formed a terminal moraine near Waldhof. This was exceeded again in the Falkau advance, which marked the maximum. Then the glacier retreated again.
Climate and vegetation
climate
The annual average temperature on the Feldberg is around 3.9 ° C (30-year average for the period 1981–2010). It has risen by 0.6 ° C compared to the period 1961–1990. The climate is subatlantic, the temperature fluctuations are less than in the valley. In winter the duration of sunshine is very high due to the low condensation point . This is one of the reasons why it is relatively mild on the Feldberg in winter, with significantly lower minimum temperatures being measured in the surrounding high valleys. The average annual amount of precipitation is 1637 mm and is therefore very high in a Germany-wide comparison. Lower values are registered at over 97% of the measuring stations of the German Weather Service. Much of it falls as snow. There has been snowfall every month since the weather records began. On the long-term average, there is a closed snow cover on the Feldberg for 157 days per year. Due to the exposed location, gale-force winds can occur all year round.
|
Average monthly temperatures and precipitation for Feldberg Wetterwarte ( 1489.6 m ) 1981–2010
Source: German Weather Service (reference location)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The weather station measured the following extreme values:
- The highest temperature was 27.4 ° C on July 31, 1983.
- The lowest temperature was −30.7 ° C on February 10, 1956.
- The greatest snow depth was 350 cm on March 9 and 10, 1970.
- The highest measured wind speed was 217 km / h on January 3, 2018 ( storm depression Burglind ) . On December 26, 1999 ( Hurricane Lothar ) a speed of 212 km / h was measured, but the anemometer failed during the maximum of the hurricane.
vegetation
As its name suggests, the Feldberg summit is not forested. The name comes from the Middle High German Velt and means "larger unforested area". The sharp transitions to the forest show that it is not a natural tree line . Because of its height alone, the Feldberg would not be free from forests; a tree line would be expected here, about 100 km north of the nearest northern Alpine peaks, at an altitude of about 1650 to 1700 m.
Nevertheless, there are a number of special locations that are naturally, without human intervention, forest-free and accommodate most of the special features of the Feldberg flora. These special locations include flat bogs, transitional bogs and raised bogs, rock faces, wind heaths, snow soils in leveling hollows and avalanche runways. The summit area is surrounded by a mixed forest of beeches , mountain ash , sycamore , spruce , silver fir and Douglas fir , with the conifers predominating.
However, many clearings can be traced back to human intervention such as the forest pasture that was common in the past . There are also large, forest-free areas around every homestead . This is due to the formerly intensive livestock farming in these regions. The cattle ate away the small trees and prevented the forest from growing back. Today you can find pioneer vegetation there , typically with mountain ash . There are also small bushes and other low vegetation with cripple growth ( poor grassland ).
Herb plants worth mentioning are arnica , alpine dock , alpine milk lettuce and alpine lettuce , marsh gentian and yellow gentian . There is also the Clusius gentian , which was not originally native here. The yellow gentian has now multiplied so much that once a year a third of the plants are removed with the help of the mountain forest project and the roots are made available to a local distiller for the production of the gentian schnapps . The reason is that the yellow gentian is spurned by cattle because of its bitter taste and displaces other forage crops.
The special vegetation in the moors was formed in the course of a typical vegetation sequence . After the glacial exaration and the subsequent deposition of terminal moraines, which have since then dammed up the water, especially on the field lake moor , an oligotrophic fen was created in which reeds and grasses can still absorb the nutrients from the groundwater. Peat forms from dead plants ( biogenic sediments ) , and the level of the moor gradually rises above the groundwater level. This creates a raised bog with ombrotrophic plants, which are dependent on rainwater and have to take care of the nutrients available in the atmosphere.
In many places, protected forests have been set up, which are now developing naturally. Landscape conservation is practiced in many places, on the one hand to repair erosion damage caused by tourism and on the other hand to keep the landscape open to species that are often endangered and in need of light.
Anthropogeography
Man has made use of some of the geological features of the Feldberg area. The Seebach, which flows from the Feldsee into the valley, was dammed for flood rafting . The landscape is kept open and touristically attractive by landscape management and the lush forest is used by forestry, albeit not too intensively.
The main source of income for the Feldberg economy today is tourism. It is estimated that 1 to 1.5 million visitors annually to the Feldberg area. There are conflicting goals between the tourist use and the interests of nature conservation.
Summer tourism
The mountain is accessible to hikers through numerous mountain huts ( Baldenweger Hütte , Rinkenhütte , Zastler Hütte , St. Wilhelmer Hütte , Todtnauer Hütte , Naturfreundehaus Feldberg) and hiking trails, including the rock path over the Feldsee and the Alpine path , which runs through some of the last alpine landscapes Character in the Black Forest. The 12-kilometer Feldberg-Steig leads around the summit and the Feldsee. There are also some paved access roads to the inns and other facilities on and around the Feldberg summit.
Winter tourism
The structural development of the Feldberg area for winter sports has had a particularly strong impact on the landscape for several decades. The Feldberg piste ski area includes 14 lifts, five of which are on the Seebuck . The area is popular with cross-country skiers who cross the southern slopes of Feldberg and Seebuck between Feldbergpass and Stübenwasen on the Stübenwasenspur . Winter hiking with snowshoes is also widespread, and snowkiting is becoming increasingly popular. Alpine skiing though is the oldest form of winter sports in the region, but is operated by relatively few skiers today.
Slope skiing
Cross-country skiing
In the Feldberg area there are two of the highest trails in Baden-Württemberg :
- The Köpfleloipe (4 km, between 1260 and 1300 m, 50 vertical meters, classic, medium-difficult)
- The "Freestyle-Runde Feldberg" (since 2006, 1.7 km, at the foot of the Seebuck, opposite the Feldberger Hof , classic and skating , easy)
There are also four connecting trails:
- Connecting cross-country trail from Feldberger Hof to Todtnauer Hütte and the Stübenwasenspur (part of the Schonach – Belchen long-distance ski trail ) and on to Todtnauberg , Muggenbrunn and the Schauinsland , classic and skating, medium-difficult
- Connecting trail from the Feldbergpass to the Herzogenhorn trails and on to Bernau , classic and skating, difficult
- Caritashaus – Raimartihof cross-country ski run and on towards Hinterzarten (part of the Hinterzarten – Schluchsee long-distance ski trail ), classic and skating, difficult
- Connecting trail from the Caritashaus to the Äulemer-Kreuz trail (continuation of the Hinterzarten – Schluchsee long-distance ski trail ), to Menzenschwand or to Altglashütten , classic, easy
A section of the 100 km long distance skiing trail Schonach – Belchen (between Rinken and Todtnauer Hütte ) runs over the Grüblesattel between Feldberg and Seebuck .
Ski mountaineering
The oldest winter sport practiced in the Feldberg area is ski mountaineering , for which there are good conditions in the snow-sure Black Forest. The slopes of the Feldberg and its neighboring peaks were skied long before the creation of cross-country ski trails and the construction of lifts.
In 1891 the French diplomat Raymond Pilet was the first to climb the Feldberg on skis. After the founding of the SC Todtnau , the oldest still existing German ski club, ski mountaineering became more and more popular in the Black Forest. Pioneers of this sport also tried their hand at the steep slopes of the Feldberg and its neighboring peaks, Seebuck and Baldenweger Buck , with its reinforced walls .
Usual starting points for ski tours in the Feldberg area are the parking lots Rinken (valley town Hinterzarten ), Stollenbachlifte (valley town Oberried ) or Rütte (valley town Todtnauberg ). The most famous runs in the area are: (from Feldberg to Zastler Loch ) Direttissima and water reserve run, (from Baldeweger Buck) Damenhang and Tännlefriedhof and (from Seebuck) Sioux-Hang. An easy and now very popular descent leads from the Feldberg summit to the northwest over the Immisberg and Tote Mann to Stollenbach. There are also traditional tour destinations on the Belchen, Herzogenhorn, Hinterwaldkopf and Kandel.
Alpine dangers
The Feldberg is often underestimated in terms of alpine dangers - like many low mountain ranges. The easy accessibility by public transport , car and cable car suggests harmlessness. Often visitors are inappropriately equipped. The main dangers in the Feldberg area are sudden weather changes , storms or slipping on smooth, icy ground. In the vicinity of higher structures (transmitters etc.) there is a risk of ice fall . In foggy weather, visibility can drop to a few meters, so that the route is no longer recognizable. Poles for orientation are therefore set up on the marked paths outside the forest areas.
Every winter, major avalanches occur several times in the Feldberg area. Affected are v. a. the slopes of the Zastler valley, but also other leeward steep slopes such as the Feldseekessel am Seebuck , Herzogenhorn and Baldenweger Buck . Snowfall, especially in westerly winds, causes cornices to form on the leeward sides (e.g. "Zastler cornices"), which can break off. Several fatal avalanche burials are known, most recently in January 2015 with two deaths. There is no special avalanche report for the Black Forest .
The mountain rescue service in the Feldberg area is ensured by the Black Forest mountain rescue service .
Transmitter
Weather measurement
_Radarstation_und_Feldbergturm_(cropped).JPG)
On the summit of the Feldberg, where the weather has been measured since 1915, there has been a weather observation station of the German Weather Service since 1937 ( WMO code number: 10908). A weather radar system is located next to the weather station, which is part of the radar network of the German Weather Service. It is housed in the 21 meter high Friedrich-Luise-Turm, which replaced its dilapidated predecessor in 1913 and was named after Grand Duke Friedrich I and his wife Luise of Prussia . It had to be sold by the Black Forest Association in 1959 because of the strategic importance of the Feldberg.
In autumn 2012, the radar system in the Luisenturm was modernized. In order to still be able to receive weather data in the meantime, a provisional steel lattice mast with its own radome was installed in May 2012 . On November 20, 2012, the new dual polarization radar device installed in the Luisenturm was put into operation. At the same time, the fail-safe radar was decommissioned on November 20, 2012 and the lattice mast dismantled the following week.
Since February 1, 2014, the weather station has been officially operated automatically and without staff.
reception
Many artists painted the Feldberg, including Hans Thoma (1839–1924) and Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805–1873), who grew up near the Feldberg. The painters Franz Eberlin (1896–1930) and Karl Hauptmann (1880–1947) moved to the Feldberg massif in order to better devote themselves to their work. Numerous illustrations also come from the Lahr Thoma student Wilhelm Wickertsheimer (1886–1968) and the later Hermann Dischler from Hinterzarten .
In addition, the main belt asteroid (10666) Feldberg was named after the mountain.
literature
- District Office for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management Freiburg (Ed.): Nature and Nature Conservation - The Feldberg in the Black Forest . Waldkircher Verlag, Waldkirch 1992, ISBN 3-87885-258-4 .
- Arno Bogenrieder ao: The Feldberg in the Black Forest. Subalpine island in the low mountain range. State Institute for Environmental Protection Baden-Württemberg, Institute for Ecology and Nature Conservation, Karlsruhe 1982. (= The nature and landscape protection areas of Baden-Württemberg, Volume 12). ISBN 3-88251-046-3 .
- Karl Müller (Ed.), The Feldberg in the Black Forest. Studies in natural sciences, agriculture, forestry, history and settlement history . On behalf of the Badisches Landesverein für Naturkunde und Naturschutz, L. Bielefelds Verlag, Freiburg i. Brsg., 1948.
- Regional council Freiburg (ed.): The Feldberg - Subalpine island in the Black Forest. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2012, ISBN 978-3-7995-0757-8 .
- August Vetter: Feldberg in the Black Forest. Self-published by the community of Feldberg (Black Forest), Feldberg im Schwarzwald 1996.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Dominances and celebrities according to Highrisepages.de ( Memento from October 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b Map services of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ( information )
- ↑ The title of the highest elevation of all German low mountain ranges wore the Schneekoppe before the loss of territory as a result of the Second World War .
- ^ August Vetter: Feldberg in the Black Forest. Self-published by the community of Feldberg (Black Forest), Feldberg im Schwarzwald 1982, p. 512.
- ↑ State Institute for the Environment Baden-Württemberg (LUBW) ( information )
- ↑ Geoportal Baden-Württemberg ( information )
- ↑ Photo of the memorial plaque on the Feldberg, on commons.wikimedia.org
- ↑ Photo of the orientation table on the Feldberg, on commons.wikimedia.org
- ↑ Martina Philipp: Feldberg: Tradition: Feldberg Tower: Black Forest Ham Museum is open. Badische Zeitung, June 28, 2013, accessed on April 29, 2016 .
- ↑ a b Profile of the nature reserve in the LUBW's list of protected areas .
- ↑ Precipitation: long-term mean values 1981–2010 (reference location). German Weather Service, November 9, 2015, accessed on December 3, 2015 .
- ↑ [1] , read in the archive of the Feldberg weather station of the DWD.
- ↑ https://www.dwd.de/DE/wetter/thema_des_tages/2018/9/22.html
- ↑ https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/klimastatusbericht/publikationen/ksb1999_pdf/02_1999.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1
- ↑ Otto Schnekenburger: Good for the cow - and a schnapps with it. Badische Zeitung, September 29, 2019, accessed on September 30, 2019 .
- ^ Regional Council Freiburg (ed.): The Feldberg - Subalpine Island in the Black Forest. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2012, ISBN 978-3-7995-0757-8 , p. 433.
- ↑ Premium hiking trail Feldberg-Steig on the highest mountain in the Black Forest | Hiking experience in the Upper Black Forest - Home - Hochschwarzwald Tourismus GmbH. Retrieved June 15, 2014 .
- ^ Günter Baumann: Alpine ski tours and variant runs in the Black Forest . [Self-published], [Balingen-Frommern] 2006, ISBN 3-00-020144-0 .
- ↑ Todtnau, the cradle of German skiing , on the homepage of SC Todtnau
- ^ Matthias Schopp: Black Forest with Vosges. 40 selected ski tours . Bergverlag Rother, Munich 2019, ISBN 978-3-7633-5931-8 .
- ↑ Two people die in avalanche accidents in the Black Forest - badische-zeitung.de. Retrieved February 1, 2015 .
- ^ Chronicle of the Black Forest Association , schwarzwaldverein.de, accessed on August 25, 2012.
- ↑ Ralf Morys: Feldberg: Hochschwarzwald: New tower on the Feldberg: Temporary weather radar , Badische Zeitung, May 15, 2012, accessed on August 25, 2012.
- ↑ E-mail from the press and public relations department of the German Weather Service dated January 2, 2013, the support team has a corresponding proof under ticket: 2013010610003254 .
- ↑ Southwest: Weather observation: Weather station on the Feldberg closes - badische-zeitung.de. Retrieved February 1, 2014 .
- ^ Vetter, p. 469.
Web links
- Feldberg on Peakbagger.com (English)
- Feldberg lift network
- Feldberg Tower with Ham Museum
- Nature Conservation Center of the Southern Black Forest