Story of Aubing
The history of Aubing , documented in writing, begins with a document from the year 1010. However, archaeological traces in the area of today's Munich district of Aubing go back further and suggest continuous settlement since pre-Roman times. A row grave field from the 5th to 7th centuries is of national importance.
In said document of April 16, 1010, King Heinrich II grants the ownership rights to Aubing to the Polling monastery . According to documents, however, Aubing remained in the Bavarian ducal estate, because in 1330 Ludwig the Bavarian donated Aubing to the Ettal Abbey as part of the founding equipment. The Ettal rule lasted almost 500 years until the secularization in Bavaria . When the independent community was formed in 1818, the former Hofmark Freiham was assigned to Aubing for the first time. With the rail connection from the second half of the 19th century, a strong population growth began, which is still ongoing. Since the beginning of the 20th century, new districts were founded, namely Neuaubing, Aubing-Ost, Am Westkreuz and, in the 21st century, Freiham .
For centuries, Aubing was the most populous village west of Munich. The Aubingen parish included the eastern neighboring villages from Allach to Laim . In neighboring Pasing , however, the number of inhabitants rose even faster after the construction of the railway, so that Aubing surpassed the end of the 19th century. In 1942, Aubing was incorporated into Munich, where it formed its own district until it became part of the Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied district in 1992.
Archaeological finds
The oldest traces of settlement in the district of Aubing can be found in 1995/1996 south of Bodenseestrasse ( Bundesstrasse 2 ) in the Freiham development area. The singular body burial from the end of the Neolithic period that was uncovered at that time included grave goods such as cord ceramic vessels, which date back to a period between approx. 2900 and 2300 BC. To date. In addition, about 40 house floor plans could be reconstructed there based on post pits , including those from the early Bronze Age . As a result, grave finds from the early urn field culture were found , as they also came to light in the wider area, for example in 2005 in a fountain under Aubinger Weg in the form of a clay stamp. The archaeological evidence suggests that there will be an interruption in the history of settlement for the next few centuries, which will only end in the Moosschwaige west of Neuaubing with grave finds from the much later Hallstatt period . In 2009 a pre-Roman foundation and three other, presumably Roman remains of buildings were found north of Bodenseestrasse. Other Roman finds as well as the legacies of the Bronze Age and the Younger Iron Age in the local area suggest that the Aubingen area was continuously populated very early.
In 2010, in the course of preliminary investigations by the State Office for Monument Preservation, finds from the Cord Ceramic Age were discovered north of Bodenseestrasse, east of Freihamer Weg. A stool burial of an adult man lying on his back with his arms and legs bent was in a circular ditch six and a half meters in diameter. Grave goods included an ax made of amphibolite , a hatchet made of gneiss , a dagger made of flint and the remains of a ceramic vessel.
The beginnings of the village of Aubing can be traced back to the 5th century AD. About one kilometer northeast of the town center, on the edge of today's development north of Bergsonstrasse, there was a row grave field from the 5th to 7th centuries with 862 graves in which 881 people were buried. Discovered in 1938 and also partially excavated, the site was completely demolished between 1961 and 1963 during subsequent archaeological investigations. The excavated objects are now in the Archaeological State Collection in Munich . The grave field gains regional historical significance because it is one of the largest in Bavaria from the period of upheaval between the end of Roman rule and the first traditional mentions of the Bavarians . Numerous grave goods, which can usually be classified up to about 40 years, give very precise insights into the way of life at that time. This also includes two bronze finger rings with Christian symbols, the oldest evidence of Christianity in the area of the Diocese of Munich-Freising , 200 years before the time of Saint Korbinian . Frequently found objects in women's graves are colorful glass beads from necklaces or garments, in wealthy women also fibulae . The men's graves from the 6th century AD included swords and other weapons. From the middle of the 7th century, the number of grave goods decreased significantly. The number of people buried suggests that the cemetery was used by several courtyards. These were probably already in the area of today's town center around the St. Quirin Church. However, the buildings were made of wood and other rotting materials, so that no traces have been preserved in Aubing.
- Early medieval grave goods from Aubing
Glass and amber beads
Strap ends with silver and brass inlays
Belt buckle with faces, iron with silver inlay
pendant
Strap ends, silver and bronze, decorated with pressed sheet metal
Golden garment clasp
A tower hill castle in the Aubinger Lohe, the foundations of which have been partially preserved, was probably built in the 10th / 11th. Built in the 14th century and abandoned in the 14th century. The current name "Teufelsburg" is not historically documented for the period of use, its origin is unclear. In addition to the obvious possibility of devil , a derivation of “Tuifel” (depression, pond) comes into question as a reference to the humid area of the Dachau Moos below. It may have served as a refuge for the Aubinger family and to secure the road that passed by. In the 19th century, a master mason from Aubingen was given the foundations made of tuff stone for an annual fee of 45 kreuzers to “exploit the stones”.
1010-1330
First documentary mention
The oldest documented mention of Ubingun that has come down to us is a document from King Heinrich II dated April 16, 1010 , sealed in the Reich Chancellery in Regensburg . The origin of the name Ubingun and thus of the Aubing derived from it is unclear , there is no evidence for the assumption that it was derived from the Bavarian male name Ubo.
According to this document, Heinrich returned property in eight villages to Polling Monastery which, according to the document, "apparently" belonged to the monastery earlier. This probably refers to an expropriation of the monastery by the former Bavarian Duke Arnulf I to finance his army during the Hungarian invasions . In addition to Aubing, the return concerned the places Polling , Weilheim , Rieden, Landstetten , Aschering and Wangen , all west and north of Lake Starnberg , as well as a Pfaffenhofen, probably Oberpfaffenhofen . The Aubinger tithe , which is to be paid to the monastery, is also mentioned. The 46 cm × 58 cm large certificate in Latin and diplomatic minuscule writing is in the Bavarian Main State Archives , inventory designation BayHStA Kl. Polling Urk. 1 .
It is questionable whether the transfer of property in Aubing to Polling Monastery described in the deed was more than a declaration of intent. The information is indefinite, no reference is made to specific buildings or lists of property, as was done in comparable cases of retransfer. Polling monastery had Pope Innocent II confirm its Aubingen claims from the document of 1010 in 1136 , a measure that is interpreted as a warning to the secular ruler to finally meet these claims. Instead, the property that Arnulf had taken from Polling Abbey probably remained in the fiscal estate of the Bavarian duchy . In contrast, the Aubinger tithe to be delivered to the Polling monastery can be traced in the following centuries. However, the transport costs to the nearest collection point, the Zehentkasten in Aschering, were often higher than the value of the goods. Finally, in the 18th century, Polling Abbey sold the rights to the Aubinger tithe to a Munich merchant.
Around 200 other documents are known up to 1500 in which Aubing or Aubinger are mentioned. The oldest Aubinger mentioned was Engilmar (us) de Ubingen. He was a ministerial (service man) in the Benediktbeuern monastery and gave his testimony to a foundation located there, which is verifiable between 1062 and 1090. This suggests that Benediktbeuern had property in Aubing, because then Engilmarus would have been obliged to do this service. Other servants with the name “von Aubing” have been identified for the monasteries of Beuern, Neustift, Schäftlarn and Weihenstephan . Heinrich von Aubing (Heinricus de Ubingen), mentioned between 1155 and 1174, was politically significant , a ministerial officer and follower of Duke Heinrich the Lion .
1180–1330: Wittelsbach Duke's Estate
In the year of the transfer of power in 1180 in the Duchy of Bavaria from the Guelph Heinrich the Lion to the Wittelsbacher Otto I , the knight Otto von Aubing (Otto miles de Ubingen) appeared as the first Wittelsbach ministerial. He testified to a donation by "his master", the Wittelsbach Count Palatine Friedrich II, to the Polling monastery. From this it is concluded that with the duchy the ducal estates in Aubing also fell to the Wittelsbach family. It is not known whether there were other landlords in Aubing in addition to the duke and the local church, nor is it known whether knight Otto was related to earlier von Aubing .
To get an overview of their goods, the Wittelsbach dukes were by their firm in Landshut Urbare customize, records of ownership and rights of the Duchy, the probative value had, similar to today's land registers . The first of these land records, created between 1227 and 1237, gives an impression of Aubing at that time. Aubing is for the first time verifiably assigned to the "Ampt ze Dachowe", later the Dachau Regional Court . Before the separation of jurisdiction and administration in the 19th century, the courts were also responsible for administration. Of the 62 “entire courts” in this office belonging to the duchy, 19, almost a third, were in Aubing. The next larger villages only had five such farms. Even if the Urbar Höfe did not mention other landlords, this suggests that Aubing was already an above-average village back then. The farms were not described further, but the annual taxes were precisely recorded. These totaled 18 pigs, 30 geese, 90 chickens, 1500 eggs as well as grain, beets and peas for the 19 farms, the amount of which is given in "Mutt des Duke", a measure of measure whose size is no longer known. It is noticeable that, in contrast to other villages, no cheese was obtained from Aubing, so there will not have been many dairy cattle. Cash payments were not part of the levies paid by the farms to the landlord, but money had to be paid as a levy for a "tree garden" and a mill.
After the first division of Bavaria , a second land register was made for the Duchy of Upper Bavaria from 1269 to 1271 . The information on Aubing is similar to that in the first land register, but 29 farms are now listed. In the third ducal land register from the 1340s, it is only noted that “tota villa in Awbingen” (the entire village of Aubing, actually the entire manor in Aubing) now belonged to the Ettal monastery.
At the same time as the Wittelsbach dukes, other landlords can also be identified. In 1314 a "Wiesmahd" from the possession of the Altenhohenau monastery was given to the dukes Rudolph and Ludwig of Bavaria in exchange for other goods. According to the registers of the year 1315, Aubing made 20 “scaffas” of wheat to the diocese of Freising .
1330–1803: rule of the Ettal monastery
Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian († October 11, 1347) founded the Ettal Abbey in 1330 . In order to ensure economic survival, this was given as a basic equipment rural property and the associated rear residents. According to the Latin document, this also included "Tota villa in Awbingen cum omnibus suis pertinentiis ...", i.e. the entire village of Aubing with all its affiliations, three farms in Lochhausen , two farms and six Huben in Vberaeckern (today a district of Maisach ). In the case of “Tota villa”, i.e. the entire village, it must be taken into account that around a quarter of the Aubinger Höfe belonged to other gentlemen and therefore did not pass to the Ettal Abbey. For example, the documents of the Heilig-Geist-Spital in Munich show that it owned two Aubinger courtyards in 1390. It remained the Aubingen landlord until 1800. The Aubingen parish and various Munich citizens were also landlords. The ducal court conductor Orlando di Lasso or his heirs belonged to the latter from 1578 to 1617 . The tithe rights of the Polling monastery and the religious assignment of the parish of Aubing to the diocese of Freising remained unaffected by the donation to Ettal.
Until the nationalization of the Ettal monastery in 1803, the basic and legal rule of the Benedictine order applied . The majority of the Aubingers were serfs of the monastery. Its rule was rather mild compared to aristocratic rule. For example, it is not known that Ettal would have driven its farmers out of the house if they had financial difficulties. The Ettaler Hofmark also regularly provided financial support for the Aubingen school and teachers' salaries. Students in Aubing are documented as early as the 15th century, and a first Ludimagister ( schoolmaster ) is known by name from 1649 . Probably from around 1669 there was a school in the sacristan's house, which was probably initiated by the Ettal Benedictines, because the first teachers were in the service of the church as sacristans, organists or choirmasters. After a bad harvest in 1770, Ettal's support for Aubing is documented.
The Bavarian War (1420-1422)
During the Bavarian War , the Duke of the Sub-Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt , Ludwig the Bearded , invaded the Sub - Duchy of Bavaria-Munich with his army in August 1422 , which was led by his cousins Ernst and Wilhelm III. was ruled. The royal seat of Munich was well equipped for the defense, so Ludwig did not attack directly. But he wanted to interrupt the city's food supply, so he had the villages of Gauting, Germering, Pasing and Aubing burned down. It is not known how many lives and houses were destroyed in Aubing. What is certain is that the ship of the church at that time burned down; it was probably made of wood. Only the stone tower still preserved today (built after 1270) remained. In the Battle of Alling , two places further, the Munich dukes were able to finally beat their cousin Ludwig on September 19, 1422. The new nave of St. Quirin's Church was consecrated in 1489.
Distribution of power by Duke Sigismund, 1476
The ducal power was represented in Aubing by the Dachau regional court since the 13th century . Aubing was on the edge of the regional court, the neighboring Freiham and Pasing already belonged to the Starnberg regional court . The district court was responsible for public order and the high judiciary. It also controlled the lower courts, a village court in Aubing before the Ettal era that belonged to a nobleman. Owning a court was financially attractive due to the fees charged, but taxes also had to be paid to the duke. For 1440 it is proven that the village court was now in Ettal's possession. Elsewhere, namely at the Murnau Regional Court , Ettal was also responsible for the higher courts. In Aubing, however, there was a dispute between Ettal and the regional court about the responsibilities and the associated fees.
This dispute was settled in 1476 by a decision by Duke Sigismund . Sigismund had withdrawn from the government in favor of his younger brother Albrecht , lived in the nearby Blutenburg and was court lord of Dachau. He determined the responsibilities as follows: Ettal was awarded the lower jurisdiction for all Aubingers, also for the serfs of other landlords. Aubing thus became the closed Hofmark of Ettal. The district court retained high jurisdiction , i.e. all proceedings that could end with the death penalty. Confiscated property from these criminals remained with the lower court if they were arrested in the area of the lower court. The district judge and the Dachau officials were not allowed to enter the Hofmark, the transfer point for criminals was precisely defined. The district court retained sovereign tasks such as the drafting of the Aubingers for the ducal army, a list from the 16th century lists 81 able-bodied Aubingers by name. The supervision of the weights and measures was a joint task, the lower court was to pronounce the related penalties.
Ettal set up a joint judge's seat for all properties in the area of the Dachau Regional Court. Aubing was the largest of these properties, but it was on the edge, so the judge's seat was in the more central Maisach . There was also a copy of the Wittelsbach law. A bailiff of the Hofmark lived in Aubing , who took over the police function and also organized official days in the inn, to which the judge came to Aubing. Not all judges, however, made the journey to Aubing, so that the Aubing team then had to walk to Maisach, three hours away.
Other events of the 15th century
In 1433, Aubing briefly moved into the focus of Bavarian national history when the Aubing pastor and provost of the Ulrichskirche in Laim sold two properties in Untermenzing near the Blutenburg to the “honorable Virgin Agnes die Bernauerin ” . The corresponding certificate is the first evidence of the Bernauerin's first name.
Whether the plague claimed as many victims in Aubing in the 15th century as elsewhere is not reported in the known sources. The only mention of it is in a diary of the Aubingen pastor Michael Gotzmann, who writes that his father died of the plague in 1483.
Village rules around 1530
All Aubingen farmers were serfs of their respective landlords. The social reputation and the amount of the duties and taxes to be paid were based on the size of the property. As spokesperson for the Gmain, so the community of villagers were four village four selected in which it is Ganzhofbauern acted. The largest farm estates were referred to as whole farms; there were also half, quarter and sixth farms. There was a bath , who in addition to shaving and a bath also offered basic medical care, and a blacksmith . Other professions such as trader , miller , tailor or shoemaker can only be proven much later in Aubing or not at all. The residents were largely self-sufficient in this regard.
Living together in Aubinger Gmain was based on fixed rules. Ettal Hofmarksrichter Ulrich Steger, one at the University of Ingolstadt lawyer by training, held these rules in 1530 in a Ehaftordnung in writing. So it was not a new introduction, but a description of what was considered binding. These rules of detention contained five parts. The land order regulates how the agricultural areas and woodlands belonging to the Gmain community, the common land , should be used and maintained. For example, a full-time farmer was entitled to more pruning than a quarter farmer. Fines were provided for violations. The second part described the farmers' obligation to keep field fences in order to prevent game from entering the fields. After collecting the tithe, the farmers were allowed to drive their livestock onto the harvested fields. Felling of fruit-bearing trees was prohibited. The third part regulated which tradespeople were employed by the municipality. These included the bath and the blacksmith. The former received payments from the adult men, the latter received a fixed amount in kind from each farmer each year and did some of the work for free. The fourth part regulated the payment of service providers who only carried out their work in certain times of the year. These included the field keeper, the keeper of the community herd, the coupler for breeding cattle and the guard. The last part regulated the food for the judge in the tavern . The fines payable were to be used for this first. If these were not enough, the villagers had to step in.
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
In the Thirty Years' War burned Aubing from large parts. The first years of the war initially had little effect on daily life, as the acts of war took place in other parts of Germany. It has been handed down that in 1629 several Aubingers were confirmed in Dachau by Freising Prince-Bishop Veit Adam von Gepeckh . In May 1632 the army of the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf stood before Munich. The latter had promised to spare Munich in the event of the city being surrendered without a fight, which the city agreed to. However, the king allowed his soldiers to pillage the surrounding areas in the west on May 17th or 18th. There is a report from the pastor of Lochhausen, north of Aubing, about the loss of money, valuables, cattle and other things, but he does not mention any fires. No eyewitness reports have come down to us from Aubing, but there is a list from the Ettal Abbey from 1637 and a tax book from the Dachau Regional Court from 1670, which shows that at least 19 farms burned down. Historians estimate that of 80 existing properties, 40 or more fell victim to the fire.
Brunham, between Lochham and Pasing, was mentioned for the last time in connection with the events of 1632. Presumably it burned down and then was abandoned. The Brunhamer road from Aubing to Lochham is reminiscent of the former village. Between the autumn of 1632 and 1634, imperial troops marched through the area several times, whose soldiers were also guilty of stealing food.
In 1646 the Swedish army pulled through again. As in the first time, many Aubingers fled to Munich. In the files of the parish of St. Peter there are reports of one wedding and ten baptisms by Aubingers. Some sources suggest that Aubing suffered less damage during the second invasion of Sweden than in other places than during the first.
The "Leibgeldregister" (Leibgeldregister) of the Dachau Regional Court, a directory of taxable households, still counts 44 Aubingen names in 1640, only half as many as in 1619. In 1649 there are 30, in 1657 41 again. It is not certain whether households that are no longer listed are no longer available were, or perhaps were not listed because of war-related poverty. A large part of the Aubingen residents was no longer mentioned after 1632, and several Aubingen family names can no longer be traced after the Thirty Years' War. In Ettal registers it is often said that “the whole of the city went dead (burned) and everything died”. But new names are also appearing. In one case it is documented that the newcomer came from Tyrol . In addition to the Ettal monastery, the landlords of the Aubingen farmers were also the Munich parishes of Heilig Geist and St. Peter as well as some Munich citizens. After the war, they tried to stimulate agriculture by rebuilding residential and farm buildings. Nevertheless, for several decades it was not possible to resume pre-war agriculture. So an area south of the village, near the current Bodenseestraße, fell into bush. Until the 19th century there was undeveloped areas in the village, which were probably created by fire in the buildings.
18th century wars
Little is known about Aubinger damage from the war events of 1703/04 in the War of the Spanish Succession (see also Bavarian Diversion in the War of the Spanish Succession ) and 1741–1745 in the War of the Austrian Succession . Lists have only been handed down from the respective pastor in Aubingen, in which compulsory taxes, stolen food, animals and objects as well as a burned down farm, which the pastor was obliged to lend, are listed. It cannot be assumed that other Aubingers fared better. In 1744, marauding soldiers stabbed a 22-year-old Aubinger who was traveling to Munich in a cart.
The Aubingen parish from the Middle Ages to the 20th century
In addition to the Ettal monastery and the Dachau regional court, the Aubingen parish of St. Quirin was the third influential factor in the area in the Middle Ages and early modern times . This extensive original parish , which belonged to the diocese of Freising , not only included Aubing itself, but also numerous neighboring towns from east to north. In the Conradin register of the diocese of 1315 five branches were mentioned: " Pasing , Allach , two Menzing , Laim with cemeteries". The two Menzings are Obermenzing and Untermenzing . In addition, it was recorded how many grain and money taxes the parish had to pay to the diocese. Later, as belonging to the parish are also proven: Blutenburg and Pipping ( St. Wolfgang ) with their own churches and parts of Friedenheim and Langwied without a church . The southwestern Freiham , however, belonged to the northern parish of Lochhausen . In 1438 a Beneficium was set up in Pasing : a separate priest, who still belonged to the Aubingen parish, came to the local Church of the Birth of Mary.
The earliest Aubingen pastor known by name is a "Chunrad" who appears as a witness in documents in 1311 and 1330. St. Quirin was a wealthy parish, which brought in benefices corresponding to the pastor . A Dachau district judge described them as the richest benefice in the district court. The pastor's post was alternately assigned by the bishop and the duke. Both used this to feed minions. Therefore, there were also Freising canons and court chaplains of the duke among the Aubingen pastors . Some of them were inspired by Leutpriestern represented locally, while they lived on their master at the court, especially around 1500. For example, Michael Gotzmann was from 1506 Vicar (deputy) by Stephan Sundersdorfer, a Freisinger canons, which in a matrikel of 1524 described financial and personal circumstances of the parish. In 1525 Gotzmann, born in 1480 as a serf in Aubing, was a pastor himself. He was probably the uncle of George Gotzmann , Graecized Georgius Theander, Professor of Theology and Vice Rector of the University of Ingolstadt , who was also born in Aubing (Theander = God man).
Theander had studied in Vienna and brought back an early mathematical script from there in 1537, which today belongs to the collection of the Austrian National Library as part of the manuscript CVP 5277 . Also known as exegete known Theander was among others ducal Commissioner of Commission of the Diocese of Freising, the Aubinger parish in the time of the Counter-Reformation visitierte 1560th From their reported report it emerges that the entire parish with branches had 850 "Communicanten", ie people who received communion (not first communion). This suggests a total population of over 1000. In addition to the pastor in Aubing, there was a chaplain in Menzing and two "Fruemesser" in Pasing and Aubing. Wolfgang Gotzmann, probably also a nephew of Michael Gotzmann, was the pastor of Aubing from 1581 to 1616. The family name is still present in Aubing today thanks to the Gotzmannstrasse and the "School on Gotzmannstrasse" located next to it.
The Hofmark of those of Berchem was east of Aubing. It grew until it finally included all Aubingen branch locations on the Würm. From 1672 they also owned the Blutenburg. In 1686, Pastor Prugg noted in the baptismal register that two Turkish boys were baptized in the "baronial Berchem'schen Schloßkapelle". The two boys had brought "Your Excellency Herr Baron von Berchem in the siege and capture of Neuhäusl Fortress in Hungary", that is from the campaign against the Turks . Ali and Osman became Anton and Joseph. In 1690 in Aubing itself, Mehmet became Johannes Antonius Turco in the same way.
| Souls | Houses | |
|---|---|---|
| Aubing | 866 | 147 |
| Langwied | 86 | 13 |
| Allach | 409 | 72 |
| Laim | 222 | 33 |
| Pasing | 1325 | 158 |
| Pipping | 39 | 8th |
| Obermenzing | 263 | 44 |
| Untermenzing | 229 | 43 |
A state “goods conscription” from 1752 lists 106 properties for Aubing, nine of which were owned by the parish landlord. In addition, there was real estate in the Allach and Obermenzing branches.
The Aubingen pastor Michael Prumer noted in 1817 that his parish needed young, sprightly clergymen because of the great remoteness of the villages. Josef Steinbacher quotes in 1914 a "Diocesan description by Westermayer", probably from 1874, at least before 1880, in which the size of the places belonging to the Aubingen parish is given (see table). It was also noted that 8 Langwieder houses belonged to the parish of Lochhausen, while 5 Friedenheimer houses with 50 souls still belonged to the parish of Aubing. The affiliations were therefore stable for centuries.
The first change took place in 1880, when Pasing became its own parish, with branches in Laim and Obermenzing. In 1914, Allach and Untermenzing were still with the parish of Aubing, looked after by an expositus and an assistant priest. Langwied now belonged completely to Lochhausen, like Freiham since the Middle Ages. The Neuaubingen wooden church of St. Joachim and Anna, consecrated in 1921, became its own parish in 1922, today St. Konrad.
1803 / 18–1942: Independent municipality
secularization
As part of the secularization in Bavaria initiated by Montgelas , the Ettal rulership over Aubing ended in 1803. Aubing was assigned to the area of the new Munich Regional Court, the forerunner of the Munich district . 53% of the Aubingen properties passed from church or monastery property to state property. The rest belonged to Munich citizens and the Starnberg Rent Office . The Ettal forest property in the Aubinger Lohe also became state property. The living conditions in Gmain , the village community, changed significantly as a result. The tax burden of the farmers, however, initially remained the same, only that the taxes now had to be paid to the Electorate of Bavaria . The five guilders allowance that the school teacher had previously received from the Ettal monastery was now also taken over by the state. State administrators collected the outstanding amounts of money and deliveries in kind that the farmers still had at the monastery. The chapter "Aubingian Underthans Strikes" was not completed until 1824.
The reforms in the new Kingdom of Bavaria led to the first precise measurement of Bavarian communities. During this so-called original survey, Aubing had 97 properties with a total of 270 buildings in 1809.
For the years 1801 to 1810 Josef Steinbacher made a list of the deaths for the entire parish of Aubing from the parish registers. For these ten years he counted 980 births, 612 died children (62%) and a total of 901 deaths. So 68% of all those who died were children. A comparison with another source suggests that “children” only refer to children up to the age of one. As causes of death in children, he cites child peeling , frishness , whooping cough and “inadequate help with childbirth”. The most common cause of death in adults was ' dropsy '.
Church planting
As a result of the Bavarian municipal edict of 1818, the municipality of Aubing was also created , with its own self-government. The community committee was elected by all taxpaying citizens, essentially landowners. At the top was an elected community leader . By 1870 there were seven village chiefs who were respected local farmers. Ten mayors are on record between 1870 and the incorporation into Munich in 1942 .
When the community was founded, the Hofmark Freiham, to which Gut Freiham and the Moosschwaige belonged, also came to Aubing. In contrast, large areas in the north of the former district no longer belonged to it. In addition to agriculture, the professions of bathing , fisherman, farrier, butcher, shepherd , tailor, weaver and landlord are documented. The first big investment was the construction of a school in 1821/22 (today's Altostraße 16, school and sacristan's house until 1894). In addition to primary schooling, the community also had poor and sick care. So it came about that despite the rather poor financial resources of the community finances, a poor house was set up. Unmarried mothers in need also received support. Peat for heating as well as cleaning and scouring sand from the Aubinger Lohe were delivered to Munich .
From 1816 to 1848 the lower jurisdiction lay with the Counts of Yrsch , the owners of Gut Freiham.
The Freiham estate had belonged to the Aubing community since 1818.
The old school house from 1822 in a photo from 1914
The old school house is now used by the Bavarian Red Cross .
Aubing in the "main report on the cholera epidemic of 1854 in the Kingdom of Bavaria"
The cholera epidemic of 1836/37 hit Aubing only to a small extent. In the next epidemic in 1854, however, 68 people died within three months in the parish of Aubing, 42 of them (according to another source 39) in Aubing itself. Thus, the disease killed about every twentieth Aubinger. The survivors then vowed to celebrate an annual high mass for the patron saint against epidemics, St. Sebastian .
| 1836/37 | 1854 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| place | Residents | dead | Residents | dead |
| Aubing | 609 | 1 | 787 | 30th |
| Freyham | 70 | 2 | ||
| Lochhausen | 0 | 78 | 1 | |
| Langwied | 0 | 120 | 1 | |
| Allach | 401 | 3 | 416 | 6th |
| Untermenzing | 216 | 10 | 266 | 4th |
| Obermenzing | 280 | 8th | 127 | 1 |
| Pasing | 411 | 5 | 0 | |
| Laim | 0 | 0 | ||
| Munich | 84,437 | 802 | 106.715 | 2223 |
In 1856 the royal commission for scientific research on Indian cholera presented the first part of its main report on the cholera epidemic of 1854 in the Kingdom of Bavaria . The death rates mentioned in this report (see table) are often incomplete, but they provide information about the regional spread of the disease. These figures also show that the disease raged particularly badly in Aubing, the proportion of deaths in the total population was twice as high as in Munich.
Therefore, the member of the commission, Max Pettenkofer, visited Aubing personally in June 1856. The main report mentioned contains a "presentation" with his findings. At that time it was still unclear how the cholera spread from one person to the next and what other factors might play a role. The nature of the soil and living conditions were discussed and described in the report. Therefore, the presentation also offers interesting insights beyond the relation to illness.
Pettenkofer quotes a report by the court doctor Dr. Wreath. While Dr. Kranz reports from other places such as Schwabing and Sendling of "many poor", he writes about Aubing:
- “There are no real arms in Aubing. Everyone has his or her decent, nutritious diet and adequate clothing. The whole population is engaged in agriculture and is otherwise a strong human tribe; Except for spring fever ( malaria ) there are few other diseases to Aubing. ” And elsewhere:
- “The relocations to Aubing are for all houses except (outside) the apartments, 10-20 steps away from the house, at or on the fertilizer sites . In the only rectory, the toilet is next to the kitchen and the sewer goes through under the house. "
During his visit to Aubing, Pettenkofer first reconstructed with the help of Pastor Gigl exactly when and where cases of cholera had occurred. He counted 39 deaths spread over 18 houses and found that all affected houses were in the northern, lower part of the village, while the southern, higher part remained free of cholera. Investigations of the wells belonging to each house showed that the water table in the wells in the lowest part of the village was around three feet below the surface, while in the higher-lying area it was over 17 feet. The villagers reported that the cholera year was very wet and that the well levels were generally several feet higher. Pettenkofer also determined a flow of groundwater from the higher, southern, unaffected part to the affected lower, northern part.
Pettenkofer discusses the possibility that the risk of infection depends on the level of public traffic and rejects this, since no cases occurred either in the mayor's house, in the parsonage or in the tavern. He concludes:
- Aubing is therefore again clear evidence that personal intercourse alone is not sufficient to develop an epidemic - as necessary as it may be for this - that other factors must also play a necessary role, and at least one of these is local Texture is.
Although he considers the influence of the height of the groundwater to be probable elsewhere in his presentation, he does not discuss the possibility of a pathogen being transmitted with the water.
Connection to the railway, Pasing rises
For centuries, Aubing was the capital in the west of Munich. In 1836 Aubing had 609 inhabitants, Pasing only 411 inhabitants.
The railway played an important role in further development. The first section of the Munich – Augsburg railway from Munich via Pasing to Lochhausen opened on September 1, 1839. Although the line touched the Aubinger area, the trains did not stop there. Pasing, on the other hand, benefited from the new rail connection, the population grew rapidly, to 12,090 by 1925. In 1861 Pasing got its first own Catholic pastor, in 1881 it was appointed an independent parish with the branch churches of Laim and Obermenzing. A Protestant parish was added in 1907. In 1905 Pasing was raised to the status of town.
On May 1, 1873, the Munich – Buchloe line opened and Aubing was connected to the railway. The railway line, built on the route of an originally planned canal, led past the place immediately south of the buildings at that time; the Aubing station was not far from the parish church of St. Quirin removed. Aubing was easy to reach, the population began to increase and was 1700 at the beginning of the 20th century.
Most of the residents still lived from agriculture. Living in Aubing was cheap compared to the royal residence city of Munich and therefore popular with middle income groups, so that a lot of building land changed hands. In 1861 the first general practitioner settled in Aubing, before the population was cared for by Badern . From 1901 to 1910 there were a total of 1112 births, 502 children (45%) and a total of 626 deaths in the municipality of Aubing. "Children" probably mean those in their first year of life. The death rate among children fell during this period from initially over 50% to under 40% from 1907. The contemporary chronicler Steinbacher attributed this to “increased wages” and the associated more favorable living conditions.
industrialization
Aubing Chemical Factory
The Aubing Chemical Factory was probably the oldest industrial settlement in Aubing. In 1894 the Jewish merchant Julius Einhorn from Munich bought the Betzenhaus , a small farm east of the village center of Aubingen , and built a factory next to the farm in 1895. The area north of the Munich – Buchloe railway line was given its own siding in 1920. In 1905 Einhorn sold the factory to the chemist Moritz Bloch, who continued to expand the company until Aryanization in 1938 and then emigrated to New York , where he died in 1942. The factory, which specializes in adhesives and pharmaceuticals and has a worldwide sales network, was run by Bloch's son Kurt from 1949 and then by his executor until 1978 and then closed. The site was sold to a developer. Today only the street names there, Fabrikstrasse and Industriestrasse, bear witness to the family business.
Aubinger brickworks
In 1898 the first company of the Aubing brickworks was founded to manufacture bricks from the clay-rich soil south of the Aubing train station . The tongue of clay, which in earlier times made it possible to grow grain in the first place, has now been dismantled. The "Neue Münchner Aktien - Ziegelei" acquired an area of 142 days (about 48 hectares ) south of the Aubing train station . In the same year, the company name was changed, again around 1913, then to "Neue Münchner Aktien - Ziegelei AG in Munich", as the company's headquarters were in Munich. In 1934 it was moved to Aubing, shortly before the decision to liquidate the company in the same year. After the company had been sold, the company was liquidated in 1942. The buyer initially leased the site so that production continued after the Second World War until 1962. There was still enough clay available, but production was no longer profitable.
The area to be exploited stretched from Pretzfelder Strasse in the north to Wiesentfelser Strasse in the south, bounded in the east by the Limes School and other buildings and in the west as far as Neideckstrasse (today's street names). The brickworks itself was in the north of this area, southwest of the intersection of Pretzfelder Strasse and Streitbergstrasse. It included drying barns and kilns as well as a high chimney. The clay, which was extracted with pickaxes and shovels , sometimes had to be transported several hundred meters there by trolley . The resulting terrain can only be seen today on Streitbergstrasse and Neideckstrasse.
The date of the start of production has not been passed down, it is known that production took place for 1901. Municipal records show 50 workers over the age of 16 for this year, five between 14 and 16 and three under 14. The number of workers fluctuated greatly, in the following year it was only three, only to rise again to 50 to 60 afterwards. In the years before the First World War, the number of employees here was on average higher than in the Aubing chemical factory, which at that time had around 10-20 employees as the Süddeutsche Ceresinwerke Aubing. Most of the workers in the brick factory were probably seasonal workers from the Italian Alps. From 1901 a letter from the Kgl. District Office Munich, which prescribes minimum standards for their accommodation, from which it can be concluded that the working conditions were poor.
During the First World War the company was idle. After that, due to some modernizations, only 30 to 40 workers were hired, apart from a temporary shutdown during the Great Depression of 1932/33. In 1934 a newspaper article describes that "... the wages for around 30 to 50 workers, who for the most part return to Aubing for their weekly wages" are an essential factor for the economic life of the community. In November 1939 the company was stopped again due to a lack of labor due to the war. Production resumed probably from 1948 and ran until 1962.
In 1963 the brickworks was demolished and there are now houses on the site. What has been preserved, however, is the building of the company restaurant "Zur Lüfte", which was built in 1903 in Pretzfelder Strasse and is still a restaurant today.
Central workshop Aubing
On July 3, 1903, the railway line from Pasing to Herrsching am Ammersee opened through the south of the Aubingen region . Even before that, in 1901, the Bavarian State Parliament decided to build the “V. Central workshop of the royal. bayer. Staatsbahn ”, the later railway repair shop, south of this railway line, on the site of Gut Freiham . The property was developed by Hugo Knight and Edler von Maffei had acquired the Freiham 1887, made available at low cost. As the owner of the very loss-making Ammersee / Amper shipping company , he had an economic interest in this railway line. Since the railway had its own planning authority , no approval had to be obtained from the municipality of Aubing.
The stop (today Neuaubing ) was opened in 1905, the Centralwerkstätte Aubing in 1906. The number of employees at this repair shop of the Royal Bavarian State Railways grew in 1906 from 351 to over 500 in 1913 and over 1500 after the demobilization of the Bavarian army in 1919. In the first World War II prisoners of war were used on a large scale . When the Reichsbahn was founded , the facilities became known as the Neuaubing Reichsbahn repair shop , which was later taken over by the Deutsche Bundesbahn . In addition to Dornier, the large repair shop was the most important local employer for generations, helping to shape the lifestyle in Aubing in the 20th century. As early as the end of the 1960s, the railway checked whether the repair shop should be closed, but in 1969 those responsible decided in favor of a reduced inventory, which should bring economic locational advantages in the course of modernization and reorganization. After the collapse of the Iron Curtain in 1990, the voices for a shutdown and the reduction of capacities became louder again. From 1997 the plant was assigned to the DB Reise & Touristik transport division as a C plant . Until the beginning of 2001, 530 employees were still working on the repair of passenger coaches; In June of the same year, the board of directors of Deutsche Bahn AG decided to close the Neuaubing plant by the end of the year.
Compagnie Internationale des Wagon-Lits et des Grands Express Européens
In addition to the state repair shop, from 1913 to December 31, 2000, there was a repair shop of the French International Sleeping and Dining Car Company ( Compagnie Internationale des Wagon-Lits et des Grands Express Européens ) ISG (CIWL), which later went under the name ISG and DSG mbH Werkstätten Neuaubing operated.
Sleeping cars with teak car bodies were built in Neuaubing until 1924 , before the company finally switched to all-steel construction. The more than 600 employees also converted and built new sleeping and dining cars. The plant closed in 1925, followed by temporary use as a warehouse before the Dornier works began (see next chapter). Maschinenbau Neuaubing, which was founded in 1945, again carried out maintenance on behalf of ISG, and from 1947 the plant belonged to ISG again. Due to bomb damage, she initially had to work partly in the open air. From 1957 there was a cooperation with the German Sleeping Car and Dining Car Company (DSG).
In 1966, the refurbishment of DSG dining cars was no longer necessary, as these passed into the possession of the Federal Railroad. In 1974, the independent DSG operation of sleeping cars also ended . In 1990, 150 employees repaired between 380 and 400 wagons for ISG every year; In addition, cars from the TUI-FerienExpress and the Mittelthurgau travel agency were refurbished. Due to the sharp drop in night-time travel in the following ten years, the plant lost its profitability and was closed at the end of 1999.
In mid-2013, the Munich hall operator Wolfgang Nöth leased the site.
Dornier works
In 1934 an independent company of the Dornier-Werke leased factories of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagon-Lits et des Grands Express Européens , which, like the railway workshops, were located south of the Pasing – Herrsching railway line, but immediately east of Brunhamstrasse. In 1935, operations began with the production of the Dornier Do 23 hull . In 1937 the systems in Neuaubing were bought. The plant was in direct spatial connection with Neuaubing and was also referred to as the Neuaubing plant. The land east of Brunhamstrasse and south of the railway line belonged to the town of Pasing at that time, even if the Pasing development was far away. This area and a strip east of Brunhamstrasse on both sides of Bodenseestrasse came to Aubing later. In 1938 the Dornier workforce numbered 2800 employees. During the war, the plant produced Junkers Ju 88 and Messerschmitt Me 410, among others . The factory buildings were bombed and were confiscated by the Americans after Munich was taken.
After 1945 the Allies banned the production of aircraft, which in Neuaubing could not be resumed until early 1956 with the successful Dornier Do 27 . It was the first mass-produced German aircraft since 1945. Production of the Do 27 ran out in Neuaubing in 1966. From 1958 the factory was already busy with the successor Dornier Do 28 . The first experimental whiz kid in the world, the Dornier Do 31 , gained its shape from 1962 in the Neuaubingen facilities and in the company's own Oberpfaffenhofen aircraft yard . In 1991 the Dornier shareholders' meeting transferred the Neuaubingen factory to Deutsche Airbus GmbH . In 1993, shortly before the closure, 1,161 employees were still building parts for Airbus. Today there is a “business park” on the site of the former plant, which rents out commercial space.
The beginnings of Neuaubing and the establishment of further residential areas
A first housing estate, the so-called colony, was built for the workers and officials of the Centralwerkstätte in today's Papinstrasse, south of the new railway line and two kilometers from Alt-Aubing . The new district of Aubing-Süd also grew north of the railway line . The name Neuaubing soon caught on and became official in 1915. Since the new citizens from all parts of Bavaria did not have any taxable property, they could not become community citizens in the German Empire . They were not allowed to vote until 1919, during the Weimar Republic . As a state enterprise, the railway was exempt from local taxes. The municipality should, however, provide the necessary infrastructure. As was to be expected, there was friction, for example with school supplies.
The Eisenbahner-Baugenossenschaft München (ebm), founded in 1908, played an important role in the procurement of housing. Its settlement along Limesstrasse south of Plankenfelserstrasse was built in several stages from 1908 until after the Second World War. The change from a farming village to a commercial location and the associated population growth also made a number of public construction projects necessary. In addition to the road network, this included a church, a school and a waterworks with the Aubinger water tower from 1910, which can be seen from afar. The necessary expenses burdened the community so much that in 1914 the local council submitted an application for incorporation to the financially strong neighboring Pasing, which has now become a town. Due to the poor financial situation in Aubingen, however, the local city council refused to do so.
North of the Munich – Buchloe railway line, in the far east of Aubing, the new Aubing-Ost settlement was built in 1909. At the eastern end of today's Aubing-Ost-Straße, the settlement area extended north and south. The Free Association Aubing-Ost founded in 1913 (since 1956 the Aubing-Ost settlement association) supported the settlement by buying and selling land and procuring materials. In 1933, 250 residents lived in 50 houses. During the Third Reich, the north-eastern part of the settlement was demolished to make way for a new rear depot. Until the 1970s, the settlement was separated from the rest of the development by fields. With the opening of the Leienfelsstraße S-Bahn stop in 1972, the settlement was connected to the rapid transit network.
Just a few hundred meters north of the railway workers' workshop, a settlement with around 140 houses was built for the employees of the Dornier factory in 1937/38. The settlement was officially named after the then National Socialist Prime Minister Ludwig Siebert , but was also referred to as the Dornier settlement. The current name is Siedlung am Gößweinsteinplatz . A few years later, during the Second World War , the barracks of the Neuaubing forced labor camp , which has been preserved to this day, were built immediately to the west of the Dornier settlement .
Dispute over the Neuaubingen school building
In the course of the establishment of the central workshop and the associated population growth, the Munich District Office had already recorded the arrival of 100 school-age children in 1904 . Therefore, the district office asked the community of Aubing several times to build a new school. However, the community committees did not want to: They took the position that those responsible for the establishment of the Centralwerkstätte also had to finance the necessary infrastructure. The district office helped the community financially by providing grants and having a free plan drawn up for the community. Finally, the railway agreed to participate. The community finally agreed, but had to take out loans that were financed by levies from the taxable citizens - that is, property owners other than the railway.
The Aubing pastor offered the parish the property, in 1906 the "Aubing Freiham School" was inaugurated. Due to the location between Alt-Aubing and the new settlement, this led to a merging of both areas in the following years.
The school initially offered seven school years. In 1909, the board of directors of the Aubing youth welfare association approached the High Royal Government of Upper Bavaria with an urgent request to introduce an eighth school year in all of Aubing. Since boys were only allowed to learn a trade at the age of 14, they would have a year off at the end of school, at an age when they “needed the strictest supervision and loving guidance”, but often both parents would have to work. Idleness and futility as the initiator of misery should be avoided by obliging those boys who did not work in agriculture but wanted to learn a trade to attend an eighth grade. In 1910 there were already 120 students. 30 Protestant children went to school in neighboring Pasing. In 1928/29 the number of classrooms was doubled to eight through an initial expansion, and 321 students were recorded.
The political situation from 1914
At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, 82 men from Aubing, including fathers of families with up to eight children, were drafted into the army, others followed. 88 Aubingen war participants lost their lives in the war. This corresponded to about a tenth of the adult male population, because in the municipal elections in 1919 there were 874 men eligible to vote. The deterioration in the supply situation caused by the trade blockades against the German Reich led to the rationing of all raw materials and food in the community. Since there were many women working, the Dillingen Franciscan Sisters' “children's custody” was visited by around 120 children every day. There the children also received a meal, which was made possible by monthly donations of 250 Reichsmarks, which the owner of the chemical factory Aubing Moritz Bloch made available. Dr. Bloch later became an honorary citizen of the community. Nevertheless, he had to cede his factory in the Third Reich because he was Jewish (see Chemische Fabrik Aubing ). During the war, 54 Russian prisoners of war from a camp in neighboring Puchheim were used in agriculture .
After the November Revolution of 1918 with the proclamation of the “ Free People's State of Bavaria ” by Kurt Eisner , an 18-member workers-peasant council first applied for the resignation of the mayor and the community committee in January 1919. But this was immediately rejected by the district office . After the proclamation of the Munich Soviet Republic on April 7, 1919, the community committee was again called upon to resign under threat of violence. Mayor Josef Widmann had already handed over the management to the 2nd Mayor Jakob Dallmayer in February. Four commissions made up of community committee members and councils were supposed to take care of various tasks of the community. However, according to a protocol dated April 28, the community committee was reinstated. A little later, on May 1st, the White troops entered Aubing. On the same day, the community committee passed a resolution calling for three arrested workers' councils to be released.
| be right | Seats | |
|---|---|---|
| Bavarian People's Party (BVP) | 343 | 5 |
| Farmers' union | 267 | 4th |
| USPD | 197 | 3 |
| SPD | 145 | 2 |
| Interest group | 52 | - |
In the municipal council elections in June 1919, women were also entitled to vote and eligible for election for the first time, and it was not until 1924 that a woman was elected for the first time, but not elected. In 1919, out of 1418 eligible voters, including 874 men and 617 women, 1008 valid votes (71%) were cast (see table). In the parallel mayoral elections, Georg Seeholzer from the Bauernbund received the most votes with 617.
In the municipal council elections on December 7, 1924, only three groups stood for election, namely a “civil association” (9 seats), the SPD (3 seats) and the KPD (2 seats). The mayor has now been elected by the local council, and Josef Schmidt from the civil association received 8 votes. In the last free Aubing municipal council election on December 8, 1929, five groups took part again: The "Wahlgemeinschaft Aubing" (6 seats), the SPD (3 seats), the "Economic bloc Aubing", the "Free Association Aubing" (2 seats) and the KPD (1 seat). Josef Schmidt was re-elected mayor with 11 votes.
Beginning of National Socialism
On March 15, 1930 a local branch of the " Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten " in Aubingen was founded, followed by a local group of the NSDAP on September 30, 1930 . Some of their politicians were previously active in other groups. For example, the later NSDAP mayor Heinrich Graf previously ran for the Free Association of Aubing. As a counterbalance to National Socialist associations, the trade unions, SPD, Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold , Freie Turnerschaft and other associations founded a local section of the Iron Front in Neuaubing on July 23, 1932 . For the seizure of power on January 30, 1933, the SA and SS organized torchlight procession in Aubing and Neuaubing.
| be right | percent | |
|---|---|---|
| NSDAP | 989 | 33.6 |
| SPD | 699 | 23.8 |
| Bavarian People's Party | 573 | 19.5 |
| KPD | 435 | 14.8 |
| Other | 244 | 8.3 |
In the Reichstag election of March 5, 1933 , 3,331 eligible voters cast 2940 valid votes. In Aubing, the NSDAP became the strongest party, but only received a third of the votes, about 10% less than the German average. On March 23, the local groups of the Free Turner and the KPD were banned as part of the Enabling Act . After the “renewal” of the municipal council on April 22nd, only the NSDAP and BVP were represented, Heinrich Graf (NSDAP) became mayor. Four and a half years later, the Ministry of the Interior removed him from office due to a real estate affair. In July 1933, BVP was also banned.
Five days after the Reichstag elections, the first arrests and house searches took place in Aubing. The Aubinger-Neuaubinger Zeitung of March 15, 1933 reported that in Aubing and Lochhausen together “8 communists were taken into protective custody”. Elf Aubinger, who were imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp between 1933 and 1944 , are known by name. As far as can be traced, her imprisonment was between eleven months and three years and nine months. One of them died in Dachau.
The Neuaubingen union secretary and Reichsbanner leader Josef Lampersberger was a courier for the Sopade , the exile executive of the SPD in Czechoslovakia , in the summer of 1933 . Warned of his arrest, he remained in the Czech border area. Through his father of the same name he contacted like-minded people and also sent them illegal leaflets through him. One of those contacted was Gustav Körner from Neuaubingen , who in turn knew Franz Faltner , the head of the Munich resistance group called " Red Rebels ". The group distributed leaflets in Munich until it was exposed in April 1935 and 31 members were arrested, including Körner and his father Lampersberger. The further fate of the Lampersbergers is not known. Körner spent three years in Amberg prison , then in Dachau concentration camp and finally “on probation” in the 999 penal battalion . He survived.
In November 1938 the Jews Moritz and Kurt Bloch were forbidden to enter their company and Kurt was taken to the Dachau concentration camp. Both later emigrated (see Chemische Fabrik Aubing ).
From 1942: Munich district
Incorporation
After the seizure of power of the Nazis in 1933, the rulers have sought the capital of the movement to increase. In 1936 Riem was incorporated, then in 1938 Feldmoching , Allach , Untermenzing , Obermenzing , Großhadern , Solln and also Pasing, making Munich and Aubing neighboring communities.
In April 1937, initial talks were held between the city of Munich and the municipality of Aubing about incorporation into Munich . Representatives Aubings were an amalgamation open to first. But this changed when it was not possible to agree on an incorporation contract and the majority of the Aubingen population was against it. In the end, the competent Reich governor in Bavaria, Ritter von Epp , decided the incorporation on April 1, 1942 without an incorporation agreement. The announcement of the incorporation in the newspaper was forbidden. After the end of the war, the American administration initially offered a settlement and reinstatement in the previous state, but the city of Munich prevented this.
Second World War
Between 1941 and 1945 around 700 forced laborers and prisoners of war were used in Aubing and neighboring Lochhausen. They were housed in seven camps, of which only the Neuaubing prisoner of war camp remains today. There were mainly French prisoners of war who worked in the Reichsbahnwerk. Prisoners of war from a camp in Freiham were used in agriculture. Inmates of a labor camp on Brunhamstrasse and a summer camp on today's Hohensteinstrasse (Neuaubing) worked in the Dornier factory. One camp was located on the premises of the chemical factory, inmates of another camp in Alt-Aubing (Schwemmstrasse) were also used there as well as in agriculture and as community workers. A winter camp was in Aubing-Ost (today Hellensteinstrasse). In addition to France, important countries of origin were Serbia , Croatia , Poland , Russia and the Ukraine .
In 1943/44, bombs dropped on the Reichsbahn repair shop, the Dornier works, an anti-aircraft gun position in the area of today's Neuaubing-West settlement and a substation in the Aubinger Lohe. At least 53 people died. About 400 soldiers from Aubing lost their lives in the war.
On the morning of April 30, 1945, the first soldiers of the 7th US Army came to Aubing. The day before, several hundred SS men had entered Aubing to defend it against the Americans. Aubingen residents initially tried in vain to persuade them to move on. This was finally achieved by a local police lieutenant by incorrectly reporting American troop movements. The situation for the population remained tense. Between May and October that police lieutenant Beckerbauer recorded nine murders, four attempted murders, 90 looting and 95 cases of street robbery. He also reported that former prisoners of war had helped evict looters several times.
The schoolhouse of today's Limes School survived the Second World War unscathed and was used as a refugee camp in 1945 after the end of the war. School operations were resumed in October 1945. Including the former teacher's and handicrafts room, ten rooms were available to teach 1010 children in 16 classes with an average of 46 students working in shifts in the mornings and afternoons.
New residential areas
In the far east of Aubing, south of the Munich - Buchloe railway line and bordered to the east and south by the Pasing - Herrsching railway line, lies the Am Westkreuz settlement . Before 1964, there was only one farm in this area, the Kreuzhof, on the site of what is now a playhouse. The first apartments in the new settlement were moved into in 1966; a total of 12,000 residents were planned. The responsible planning company, Südhausbau GmbH, named the estate after a road crossing planned nearby, but it was never realized: Gotthardstrasse, which ends today in Laim, was supposed to cross Bodenseestrasse ( Bundesstrasse 2 ) there.
Between 1965 and 1983, apartments for around 22,000 residents were built in the two settlements Am Westkreuz and Neuaubing-West .
The first concrete considerations for the establishment of a new Freiham district in the fields west of Neuaubing took place in 1963. It would take until the 21st century before development began (see Freiham ).
When the Munich boroughs were redistributed in 1992, the boroughs of Aubing (39) and the borough of Lochhausen-Langwied (40) were merged to form the common borough of Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied (22). Since then, Aubing is no longer an independent regional authority .
Development of the population
| year | Aubing | Lochhausen- Langwied |
Aubing- Lochhausen- Langwied |
Munich |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 700 | ≈200 | |||
| 1530 | ≈400 | |||
| 1810 | 758 | |||
| 1900 | 1,431 | |||
| 1910 | 2,644 | |||
| 1925 | 3,928 | |||
| 1933 | 5,789 | |||
| 1939 | 9,443 | |||
| 1950 | 11.305 | 4,553 | 15,858 | 831.937 |
| 1956 | 12,146 | 3,658 | 15,804 | 962.860 |
| 1961 | 13,049 | 4,200 | 17,249 | 1,085,014 |
| 1970 | 27,403 | 4,336 | 31,739 | 1,314,518 |
| 1987 | 30.181 | 5,369 | 35,550 | 1,242,818 |
| 2000 | 37,425 | 1,247,934 | ||
| 2008 | 38,327 | 1,367,314 |
For the period of use of the row burial ground described above, i.e. up to around 700, an average number of inhabitants of slightly over 200 was calculated based on the number of graves. Around 1240 the so-called 1st Duke Surbar (an Urbar is a list of property rights) for Aubing indicated 19 farms owned by the sovereign (other properties were not counted), almost 30% of the sovereign farms in the caste office in Dachau . In 1530 Aubing had just over 400 inhabitants, making it one of the largest villages in the Dachau district court . After the losses in the Thirty Years War, this strength was not reached again until the 18th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, in 1810, “479 residents, 165 children and 114 servants”, a total of 758 people, were counted.
A census in 1900 showed 1431 inhabitants, in the following 1910, five years after the opening of the Central Railway Workshop, there were already 2644, including 168 Protestant. Between the world wars, the population more than doubled again, from 3928 people in 1925 to 9443 inhabitants in 1939.
After the incorporation in 1942, the population rose relatively slowly to 13,094 until the 1960s. In the 1970 census , the new settlements at Am Westkreuz and Neuaubing-West had a massive impact: within ten years, the population grew to over 27,000, i.e. more than doubled. From 1950 to 1970, the population for the districts "Aubing" and "Neuaubing", that is north and south of the Munich - Buchloe railway line, were reported separately. These figures confirm that the strong population growth is essentially limited to "Neuaubing", where in 1950 7557, 1961 8707 and 1970 22,436 inhabitants were counted. In "Aubing" the population rose in these twenty years from 3748 to 4606 inhabitants.
The 1987 census showed the whole of Aubing to have 30,181 inhabitants, a further increase of 10% in the previous 17 years. After the city districts of Aubing (39) and Lochhausen-Langwied (40) were amalgamated in 1992 to form the common city district of Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied (22), the numbers were only shown together. The earlier Lochhausen-Langwieder numbers are therefore also required for the comparison.
In the smaller Lochhausen-Langwied the census of 1987 showed 5,369 inhabitants. Both districts together had a population of 35,550 five years before they were united.
The publications of the City of Munich published in different years give slightly different figures for the same census; according to another source, the total number of inhabitants in the 1987 census was 37,421. The extrapolation of the statistics resulted in 37,425 inhabitants on December 31, 2000 and 38,327 on December 31, 2008 for the common city district.
For the current situation, see also the section residents in the article Aubing .
Dealing with the story
Steinbacher teacher
In 1905 Josef Steinbacher from Upper Palatinate , previously the district principal teacher in Aindling , began his service in Aubing as “teacher, choir regent and messenger”. Before his death in Aubing in 1922, he was also to become the community secretary and founder of the association. In 1914 he published his 144-page booklet “Aubing Pfarrdorf near Munich. How it came about, how it was and how it is. ”And thus the first major treatise that dealt with the story of Aubingen. In the foreword he expressed his concerns about the rural exodus that was prevalent in the “Bavarian Fatherland” at the time, and finally his hope and motivation: “By knowing our homeland, we will come back to love our homeland.”
Steinbacher made further extensive records. A first revision was published in 1929 by his successor teacher Moser in the magazine "Altheimatland". The original manuscripts were discovered in 1980 in the estate of one of his daughters in nearby Planegg . In 1981 the Aubingen Parish Church Foundation published "Steinbacher's History of 99 Aubings Houses". In 1983 the foundation also published a reprint of Steinbacher's first booklet. A five-volume “Chronica Aubingensis” by Steinbacher was published in 2003 by the Aubinger Archive . Taken together, Steinbacher's writings are a valuable source of information for local history. In 1982 an Aubinger Strasse was named after him.
Aubinger Archive
In 1992 the district committee of the urban district of Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied organized a photo competition on the past of Aubing on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the incorporation. Both the competition and the associated exhibition “From Village to City - 50 Years of Aubing in Munich” in April 1992 were well received. The organizers took this as an opportunity to open the Aubinger Archiv e. V., which has since been dedicated to "the collection and archiving of historical and contemporary documents on the subject of Aubing and Neuaubing". Between 1995 and 2006, the archives brought out about two dozen fonts that are available on the website.
1000 years of documentary mention
Just in time for the 1000th anniversary of the first documentary mention of Aubing in 2010, the Förderverein 1000 Jahre Urkunde Aubing e. V. founded in order to "shape the 2010 festival year with your own contributions and to coordinate the supporting program". Numerous events held during the festival year included an exhibition in April / May 2010 “From the Beginnings to the Beginning of the 19th Century” and another in September 2010, which dealt with the period from secularization to after the Second World War. At the first exhibition, some of the archaeological finds from the row burial ground in Aubing were shown to the public for the first time. The second exhibition was designed by members of the Aubinger Archive.
Web links
- District 22: Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied. In: KulturGeschichtsPfad. City of Munich, 2012, accessed on June 14, 2012 .
- Website 1000 years of Aubing. Förderverein 1000 years Aubing certificate, accessed on October 22, 2010 .
- The certificate from 1010. In: Internet site 1000 years of Aubing. Förderverein 1000 years Aubing certificate, accessed on October 22, 2010 .
literature
- Friends of 1000 years of Aubing certificate (publisher): 1000 years of Aubing. From a medieval village to part of a big city . Friends' Association 1000 Years of Aubing Certificate, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-030204-6 .
- Publication series of the Aubinger Archive ( website ), including in particular:
- Josef Feneberg: The ettalische Hofmark Aubing . In: Aubinger Archive e. V. (Ed.): Heinrich von Aubing - Aubing in the time of the basic and legal rule of Ettal . Munich 2003, p. 41-176 .
- Hermann Dannheimer: The Bayuwar row grave field of Aubing, City of Munich. In: State Collection Munich. Monographs of the Prehistoric State Collection Munich, Volume 1. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1998.
- Seventy-five years of the Munich-Neuaubing railway repair shop. Eisenbahn-Kurier Verlag. Freiburg im Breisgau 1981, ISBN 3-88255-800-8 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Christof Clausing: Investigations into the Urnfield Age graves with weapons from the Alpine ridge to the southern zone of the Nordic Circle. John and Erica Hedges. Oxford 2005, ISBN 1-84171-703-7 , p. 13.
- ^ Toni Drexler: Fürstenfeldbruck district. Archeology between Ammersee and Dachauer Moos. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-2079-7 , p. 57.
- ↑ Walter Irlinger, Stefan Winghart: A statuette of Athena from the southern Bavarian Alpine foothills as well as settlement and grave finds from the middle to late Latène period from Dornach, Aschheim community, Munich district. In: Germania. Volume 77/1, 1999, p. 77 (footnote)
- ↑ Ina Hofmann, Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation: The west of Munich has always been a preferred settlement area. Poster in the historical exhibition of the 'Förderverein 1000 Jahre Aubing e. V. ' on the occasion of the 1000 year celebrations in Aubing, April 2010.
- ^ Herbert Liedl: Again spectacular finds . In: Aubing-Neuaubinger Zeitung . 84th year. Munich September 2, 2011, p. 7 .
- ^ Brigitte Haas-Gebhard: With 500 years delay, Aubing's 1000th birthday . In: Förderverein 1000 years certificate Aubing e. V. (Ed.): 1000 years of Aubing. From a medieval village to part of a big city . Friends' Association 1000 Years of Aubing Certificate, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-030204-6 .
- ↑ a b Herbert Liedl: Heinrich von Aubing . In: Aubinger Archive e. V. (Ed.): Heinrich von Aubing - Aubing in the time of the basic and legal rule of Ettal . Munich 2003, p. 7-24 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Herbert Liedl: Aubing has name day. The first documentary mention in 1010 . In: Förderverein 1000 years certificate Aubing e. V. (Ed.): 1000 years of Aubing. From a medieval village to part of a big city . Friends' Association 1000 Years of Aubing Certificate, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-030204-6 .
- ↑ Siegfried Bschorer: The certificate of King Heinrich II. In: Förderverein 1000 Jahre Urkunde Aubing e. V. (Ed.): 1000 years of Aubing. From a medieval village to part of a big city . Friends' Association 1000 Years of Aubing Certificate, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-030204-6 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Poster in the exhibition of the Förderverein 1000 Jahre Aubing e. V. on the occasion of the 1000 year celebrations in Aubing, April 14th to May 2nd, 2010: “From the beginnings to the beginning of the 19th century” . A printed version is published by the association.
- ↑ a b c Herbert Liedl: The Aubinger Urbarshöfe . In: Aubinger Archive e. V. (Ed.): Heinrich von Aubing - Aubing in the time of the basic and legal rule of Ettal . Munich 2003, p. 25-40 .
- ^ Regesta sive Rerum Boicarum Autographa e Regni Scriniis fideliter in Summas contracta , Volume V, Munich 1836, September 13, 1314, p. 237.
- ↑ Martin von Deutinger: The older registers of the diocese of Freysing. Volume 3, Munich 1850, p. 217.
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 47f, 54f, 61–63, 65, 78, 121
- ↑ Feneberg, p. 94.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Anton Fürst: farming village - settler country - urban outskirts. Aubing - Quo vadis? In: Förderverein 1000 years certificate Aubing e. V. (Ed.): 1000 years of Aubing. From a medieval village to part of a big city . Friends' Association 1000 Years of Aubing Certificate, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-030204-6 .
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 56ff, 96.
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 56ff, 85, 95f.
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 56ff, 84ff.
- ^ Deed of purchase from the parish of Aubing. In: Ernst Geiß: Contribution to the history of Agnes Bernauer . In: Upper Bavarian Archive . tape 7 , 1846, pp. 303–304 (after Alfons Huber, Agnes Bernauer im Spiegel der Quellen. Straubing 1999, p. 16). In addition Marita Panzer, Agnes Bernauer. Regensburg 2007, pp. 43–45, with reference to Johannes Erichsen: Outlines of Blutenburg history . In: Claus Grimm (Ed.): Blutenburg. Contributions to the history of Menzing Castle and Hofmark . House of Bavarian History, Munich 1983, p. 26th ff .
- ↑ Feneberg, p. 52.
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 72f, 166f.
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 89-94.
- ^ A b c d Josef Feneberg, Barbara Sajons: The village of Aubing in the Thirty Years War . In: Förderverein 1000 years certificate Aubing e. V. (Ed.): 1000 years of Aubing. From a medieval village to part of a big city . Friends' Association 1000 Years of Aubing Certificate, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-030204-6 .
- ↑ Aubing in those days - Brunham. In: Aubing-Neubinger newspaper. February 3, 2006. ( Online version ( Memento of March 8, 2005 in the Internet Archive ))
- ^ Feneberg, p. 118.
- ↑ Feneberg, p. 115f.
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 59-61, 66.
- ^ Regesta sive Rerum Boicarum Autographa e Regni Scriniis fideliter in Summas contracta , Volume V, Munich 1836, November 1, 1311, p. 209.
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 54f.
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 61–63, 68f, 106.
- ↑ Christoph Schöner: Mathematics and astronomy at the University of Ingolstadt in the 15th and 16th centuries. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-428-08118-8 , p. 482.
- ^ Siegfried Hofmann: History of the city of Ingolstadt. 1506-1600. Verlag Donaukurier, Ingolstadt 2006, ISBN 3-936808-17-1 , p. 433.
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 104-107.
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 140, 144.
- ↑ Josef Steinbacher: “Aubing, parish village near Munich. How it came about, how it was and how it is. ”Print the graph. Art Institute Jos. C. Huber , Dießen am Ammersee . Reprint 1983, publisher: Catholic Parish Church Foundation St. Quirin. EOS-Verlag, 8917 St. Ottilien, p. 64.
- ↑ Feneberg, pp. 138f, 166ff.
- ^ A b c d Josef Steinbacher: "Aubing, Pfarrdorf near Munich. How it came about, how it was and how it is. ”Print the graph. Art Institute Jos. C. Huber, Dießen am Ammersee. Reprint 1983, publisher: Catholic Parish Church Foundation St. Quirin. EOS-Verlag, 8917 St. Ottilien
- ↑ a b c Elvira Auer: Light and Dark. Forgotten places in Neu-Aubing. Brochure for the exhibition of the same name. Munich 2010. Printing: Directorate City Chancellery Munich. Can be obtained from the author, elviraauer@hotmail.de
- ↑ Feneberg, p. 155ff.
- ↑ a b c d e Edith Matyschik: Back then . In: Parish letter of the parish of St. Quirin . Volume 38, February 2010, p. 11–13 ( online [PDF]).
- ^ A b Josef Steinbacher: “Aubing, parish village near Munich. How it came about, how it was and how it is. ”Print the graph. Art Institute Jos. C. Huber, Dießen am Ammersee. Reprint 1983, publisher: Catholic Parish Church Foundation St. Quirin. EOS-Verlag, 8917 St. Ottilien, pp. 98f.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Poster in the exhibition of the Förderverein 1000 Jahre Aubing e. V. on the occasion of the 1000 year celebrations in Aubing, September 2010.
- ↑ a b c d e f Barbara Sajons: Paths to significant sites in Aubing and Neuaubing. From house board to house board . In: Förderverein 1000 years certificate Aubing e. V. (Ed.): 1000 years of Aubing. From a medieval village to part of a big city . Friends' Association 1000 Years of Aubing Certificate, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-030204-6 .
- ↑ a b Herbert Liedl: A look into Aubing's story . In: Welcome parish letter from the parish of St. Quirin . October 2009, p. 7-10 ( online [PDF]).
- ↑ a b c d Werner Dilg, with the support of Herbert Liedl: The Aubinger Geschichtspfad. 1000 years at 1000 meters . In: Förderverein 1000 years certificate Aubing e. V. (Ed.): 1000 years of Aubing. From a medieval village to part of a big city . Friends' Association 1000 Years of Aubing Certificate, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-030204-6 .
- ↑ a b c Main report on the cholera epidemic of 1854 in the Kingdom of Bavaria: Repaid by the Royal Commission for Scientific Studies on Indian Cholera and edited by Aloys Martin , Volume 1. 1856. Literary artistic establishment of JG Cotta ' cen bookstore. online version .
- ^ Adolf Thurner: History of Obermenzing and History of Pasing . ( Website [accessed May 14, 2010]).
- ^ Pasinger Archive: Local History - Pasing in the crash course . ( Online [accessed May 14, 2010]).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Herbert Liedl: The beginnings of Neuaubing 1906–1942 . In: Primary school on Limesstrasse (Hrsg.): Festschriftkalender Primary school on Limesstrasse. 100 years of school (1906–2006). 30 years of day care center (1976-2006) . Munich 2006.
- ↑ Kreisbote.de
- ↑ Sabine Bloch, Peter Knoch: Chemical factory Aubing. In: Bernhard Schossig (Ed.): Moved into the light. Jewish life in the west of Munich. Book accompanying the exhibition in the Pasinger factory in 2008. Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-8316-0787-7 , pp. 99-100.
- ↑ a b c d e Josef Feneberg: On the history of the Aubinger brickworks . In: Aubinger Archive e. V. (Ed.): Aubinger Archive e. V. Collection of contemporary and historical documents. 1999 . 5th edition. 2007, p. 5-17 .
- ↑ State capital Munich: Brochure on Kulturgeschichtspfad 22 , p. 72.
- ↑ Herbert Liedl: "God bless Christian work". 100 years of the Aubing Catholic Workers' Association . In: Parish letter of the parish of St. Quirin . July 2009, p. 13–17 ( online [PDF]).
- ↑ a b c End on the Isar. The Munich-Neuaubing repair shop on the verge of collapse. In: Lok-Magazin 7/2001. Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung 2001, p. 51.
- ↑ Sleeping Car Company: In the footsteps of the Orient Express , Abendzeitung Munich, September 30, 2013.
- ^ A b Joachim Wachtel: Claude Dornier: a life for aviation. Aviatic Verlag, Planegg 1989, ISBN 3-925505-10-5 , p. 227.
- ^ Winfried Nerdinger: Place and memory: National Socialism in Munich. Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg 2006, ISBN 3-7025-0528-8 , p. 110.
- ↑ Joachim Wachtel: Claude Dornier: a life for aviation. Aviatic Verlag, Planegg 1989, ISBN 3-925505-10-5 , p. 301.
- ↑ Joachim Wachtel: Claude Dornier: a life for aviation. Aviatic Verlag, Planegg 1989, ISBN 3-925505-10-5 , p. 304.
- ↑ Joachim Wachtel: Claude Dornier: a life for aviation. Aviatic Verlag, Planegg 1989, ISBN 3-925505-10-5 , p. 308.
- ↑ a b Helmuth Stahleder : From Allach to Zamilapark . Ed .: City Archives Munich. Buchendorfer, Munich 2001, ISBN 978-3-934036-46-8 .
- ↑ Siedlergemeinschaft Aubing-Ost e. V. (Ed.): Aubing, East in the course of time. History of the settlement and the settlement community from 1909 - today. Documentation of the exhibition from 3./4. July 2010 . Munich 2010.
- ↑ a b Chronicle of the Limes School . In: Primary school on Limesstrasse (Hrsg.): Festschriftkalender Primary school on Limesstrasse. 100 years of school (1906–2006). 30 years of day care center (1976-2006) . Munich 2006.
- ^ Kurt Faltlhauser : Views from the west of Munich . Verlagsanstalt Bayerland GmbH, Dachau 1993, ISBN 3-89251-171-3 .
- ^ A b c d Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. muenchen_stadt.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ a b c d e Population figures in the city districts since 1939 . In: Statistisches Amt, Landeshauptstadt München (Hrsg.): Statistisches Handbuch der Stadt München . Munich 1975, p. 498-499 .
- ↑ a b Elmar Huss: On the population development in the Munich city districts in comparison of the censuses of May 27, 1970 and May 25, 1987 as well as since the last census . In: Statistisches Amt, Landeshauptstadt München (Hrsg.): Münchner Statistik . tape 1989 , no. 5 . Munich 1989, p. 317-322 . Web link ( Memento from July 14, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
- ↑ a b Statistisches Amt, Landeshauptstadt München (Ed.): Statistisches Taschenbuch 2002 . Munich ( online ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF]). Statistisches Taschenbuch 2002 ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Statistisches Amt, Landeshauptstadt München (Ed.): Statistisches Taschenbuch 2009 . Munich ( online ( memento from July 19, 2011 in the web archive archive.today ) [PDF]). Statistical Pocket Book 2009 ( Memento of the original from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Website of the Münchner Wochenanzeiger, wochenanzeiger-muenchen.de , accessed on November 30, 2010.
- ^ Association chronicle of the Aubinger Archive e. V. In: Aubinger Archive e. V. (Ed.): Heinrich von Aubing - Aubing in the time of the basic and legal rule of Ettal . Munich 2003, p. 177 .
- ^ Website of the Aubinger Archive, aubinger-archiv.de accessed on December 11, 2010.
- ↑ Website of the Friends' Association 1000 Years of Document Aubing e. V. aubing1000.de , accessed on December 11, 2010.
