Hull
Hüle or Hüllweiher is a mostly artificially created small body of water on the arid plateaus of the Swabian Alb and the Franconian Jura . The still waters are located in built-up areas, in fields and in the forest. The hulls were fed by rainwater and lay on natural waterlogging points. As celestial ponds , they belong to the category of still waters. Most of the time, water was supplied to the pond via ditches and gullies. The sleeves were partially provided with a lettuce stroke . The waters were of great importance as a cattle trough or for the production of industrial water. With the connection of the Alb settlements to the water supply, the shells have lost their importance and today represent unique cultural and historical evidence of the Swabian Alb and the Franconian Jura.
description
term
Hüle or Hülbe - more rarely also Hühle , Hülb , Hilb or Hilbe - is a common name in the Swabian Alb for the ponds typical of this region .
On the Franconian Alb and in the area of the Mainfränkische Platten they are called Hüllweiher, Hühlen , Hülmen , Hülben , Hulen or Hüllen .
The names come from the Middle High German word hülwe and go back to the Old High German term huliwa for puddle , pool or swamp.
The spelling Hühle with an additional stretch h is mainly found in Bavarian Swabia . It is particularly widespread around the city of Günzburg and in the southern district of Dillingen on the Danube . From a geological point of view, however, these caves are in no way related to the waters on the arid Alb plateau, because the region to the right of the Iller and the right of the Danube is very water-rich. There is therefore only one linguistic connection within the Swabian dialect .
Emergence
The Swabian and Franconian Alb are karst landscapes. A large number of stalactite caves , drainless depressions and sinkholes are an expression of the karstification that has taken place. The geological subsurface of the Franconian Jura is determined by Mesozoic limestone and dolomite. In the highly permeable subsoil of the Franconian Jura and the Swabian Alb, the rainwater seeps away almost completely. The water table is located deep below the Alb plateau. Arid valleys without perennial rivers characterize the diverse hilly lands. There are therefore hardly any surface waters and springs on the karst-rich locations. A predominantly subterranean hydrology developed in the karst locations . Pronounced cave systems are the result of karstification. Spring horizons have formed in the areas where insoluble rocks come to the surface. Because of the groundwater lying deep in the karst, the water supply of the settlements on the Alb plateau was difficult.
The older hulls on the Swabian and Franconian Alb plateaus lay on natural waterlogging points that were created by sealing karst cavities and hollows as a result of fine sediment floating in. These are sinkholes with a water-impermeable layer of clay on the bottom, locally also called the water bottom . The clay is a remnant (residue) of the limestone weathering . It is contained in limestone in relatively small quantities, but, unlike the calcium carbonate , which limestone mainly consists of, does not dissolve during weathering. In these sinkholes "sealed" by the clay, water can remain, creating a pond.
The water retaining geological layer often encompassed a larger area than the cave. Thus an additional water reservoir was available.
A special feature are the somewhat larger shells in the area of the Swabian volcano on the western Swabian Alb (also called Kirchheim-Uracher volcanic area ). There are Maare d. i.e., they are of volcanic origin. The shells in this volcanic area, created from sinkholes, are a "mixed form"; over the years they have been sealed with tuff and basalt instead of clay, which is left over from the weathering of limestone.
The origin of the Hülen is causally related to the historical water supply , cattle breeding and agriculture on the Franconian and Swabian Alb. Presumably, the natural wetting points of the Alb were recognized by the inhabitants as early as the Bronze Age and the first still waters were created at these locations. The Hüllweiher represented a vital basis for the cultural landscape development of the Jura plateau in the early to high Middle Ages . For drinking water, sinkholes were used, which cut the water table. This as Brunnenerdfälle colloquially referred wells versions could develop deeper spring horizon. The hulls, on the other hand, served both in and out of town for the service water supply.
The natural Hülen were a prerequisite for the 7th century occurred colonization of the Swabian Alb, and later for the colonization of the Franconian Alb, because due to the strong karst formation of Jurassic - limestone seeps on the Alb plateau the rain water quickly. Apart from the so-called sources of hunger, there is hardly any surface water available. In the hulls, however, the precipitate could collect. They therefore formed the basis for numerous localities on the plateaus . In this way z. For example, the city of Laichingen , where the former cave only gave way to today's marketplace in the 1950s. Almost every village on the highlands of the Franconian Jura was equipped with an envelope pond. In some cases, individual farms had their own cave.
Because the number of such water points was limited, numerous artificially created ponds were created based on the model of the natural shells in the course of later settlement waves. They were sealed with clay and were mostly a bit smaller than their natural counterparts. There are also mixed forms, with naturally occurring sinkholes being artificially sealed with clay. The creation of such waters was inevitable in earlier times, they formed the basis for the further settlement of the Alb plateau. Over time, significantly more artificial than natural shells were created.
Location and name
Today hulls are mostly surrounded by trees and were either outside as a field hull or as a village hull within a village - mostly in the center of the village. In many places there were several, for example in Römerstein -Donnstetten a total of four, in Stadelhofen -Wölkendorf five and in Holzkirch even eight. In some cases, a distinction was also made between public community shells - these were shared shells owned by the municipality - and private shells. In particular, larger or somewhat remote farmsteads often had their own bodies of water, which were then usually a bit smaller. Sometimes several courtyards shared a private hut.
The various Hülen were usually distinguished by the name of additions: the Dorfhülen with adjectives such as large huele, wide huele, deep huele or new huele - the Feldhülen normally with place names such as Schorrenhüle or Hagsbuchhüle .
External features
The sleeves have different sizes. The Bieberbacher Hüllweiher in the Forchheim district , for example, has an area of five by eight meters. With a diameter of 20 meters, the Hüllweiher is at Lilling ( Graefenberg ) in the district of Forchheim significantly greater. The average water depth varies between half a meter and two meters. Deeper shells are mostly on sinkholes (sinkholes). The still waters in the town center are often framed with vertical structures made of natural stone or concrete.
use
Types of use
Shells were primarily used for the supply of service water inside and outside the localities.
The field hulls were primarily used as cattle troughs , and also for the shepherds as a shady place to stay. The name Rosshüll for the cave near Zultenberg in the district of Kulmbach indicates its historical use as a horse drink .
The use of the village shells , however, was more diverse. The latter were used not only as drinking troughs but also as a water pond for extinguishing fires, and the syringe house was often right next to it.
Sometimes they were also used for washing textiles, as flax rotting or as a horse pond .
The cooling water for iron smelters was supplied by Hülen in the Veldenstein Forest in the Bayreuth district . In the Franconian Alb, enveloping ponds were used to wash grass . Herbs and thistles, including their roots, were pulled out of the earth and cleaned in the water so that they could then be fed to cattle.
In times of need, the water collected in them was also used as boiling and service water .
The hulls not only served as a water reservoir, but were also the communicative centers of the place. While the cattle were fetching water and watering, the villagers met and exchanged news. In summer they were a popular meeting place or festival area for the residents and the children used the water as a bathing area. In the Swabian Alb there are some festivals that still exist today, such as the Ascher Hülenfest, the Hülbener Hüle-Hock, the Zaininger Hüle-Hock, the Hülenfest in Radelstetten or the Hilbenfest in Frohnstetten .
In Bartholomä in the Ostalb district , the maypole festival is also celebrated at the Dorfhülbe. In winter they were also used for ice skating . Typically, geese and ducks also gathered around the pods.
In addition to the shells, the residents also collected the rainwater in cisterns , they stood right next to the houses and primarily served to supply drinking water . In other cases, however, the rainwater collected in the gutters was also artificially channeled into the hulls, which enabled their water volume to be increased in addition to the actual precipitation. During the periods of drought , the water for the hulls or the cisterns often had to be transported for kilometers with carts from other villages. It was difficult to transport the water barrels from the springs 150 to 300 meters deeper in the valley, especially in winter when the ascent routes were icy.
Maintenance and care
The hulls were tended by the village community in the past, provided that they were common land . The bottom of the water was desludged during dry periods and applied to the fields as organic fertilizer . In order to counteract the silting up of the small body of water by falling leaves and broken branches, the enveloping ponds in the Franconian Jura were kept free of trees. This should also prevent the roots of the woody plants from penetrating the sealing layer of clay.
Lack of water and hygienic problems
The hygienic conditions of the Hülenwasser were extremely poor in accordance with the usage habits; contemporary reports from the 19th century (based on the Swabian Alb) confirm its condition:
"They generally have very unclean, smelly and disgusting water, and look like large pools of crap because all the rubbish flows into it."
- or
“Woe to the stranger who, in one of the primitive Alb villages, where the thatched roofs predominate and one is solely dependent on rainwater, has a need for a glass of water. [...] The water that trickles down from the thatched roofs has turned straw yellow to coffee brown. Only those who have grown accustomed to the sight of this water can put their glass to their lips without disgust. "
- In this context, mockingly ironic statements such as
"For d'Leit it would be fine, but the cattle just drink!"
- or
"'S cattle saufts nemme - I know jô fir ôns abkocha ..."
Only the Alb water supply , which was gradually implemented from 1870 onwards, was able to remedy the lack of water availability ; from the end of the 19th century it pumped drinking water onto the plateaus of the Swabian Alb. In the Franconian Alb, however, the long-distance water supply was only realized much later due to the lower population density . The unsanitary water there led to a significantly higher infant mortality rate even in the 20th century . In Parsberg, for example, in 1906 this was 42 percent, in 1915 around 37 percent and in 1936 still around 30 percent. The analyzes of the Bavarian State Office for Water Supply on the planned long-distance water supply also vividly conveyed the water shortage on the plateaus of the Franconian Alb at that time:
“… Rocks often appear on the ridges and on their slopes; between the mountain ranges are so-called dry valleys, which are completely waterless because the water table is considerably lower. Only the bottom of the brook valleys, which have been cut even more deeply, carries groundwater, which rarely emerges as a source. In the whole area, as in the rest of the Jura, which are not supplied by water pipes, there is a terrible lack of water. The population has to laboriously collect every drop of rainwater in cisterns and open water holes.
In one place there is a fire pond that is also a cattle trough. It is fed by rainwater and from the surrounding dung sites . The water is therefore slurry-like. Most of the properties have cisterns in which the roof water, which is of a similar color, is collected. In most other places, the community hulls are laid out in such a way that they can be fed not only by rainwater, but also by the dung sites, so that, as one property owner put it, not a drop is lost.
When the rainwater runs out, the water for man and cattle must be fetched from far away from the streams. Thereby steep mountain ranges have to be overcome on bad paths. Each trip takes five hours. If someone does not have a wagon, he has to pay 7 to 8 Reichsmarks for the load .
The consequences of this water scarcity are obvious. The population is heavily in debt, looks poor and worn out. Just like their homes, their localities are also polluted. The area is therefore also called "Siberia". The cattle are small, emaciated and worked off above average. Residents, cattle and the area make a bleak impression ... "
Decline and present
In the Swabian Alb, with the establishment of the Alb water supply in 1871, there was the technical possibility of pumping water from the valley locations with high energy consumption. Thereupon the cases lost their importance. Most of it silted up again over the years or was backfilled - many of them disappeared, especially in the 1950s and 1960s.
Up until the Second World War , almost every Alb village in the Franconian Jura had a shell.
The field hulls mostly fell victim to land consolidation , the village hulls were built on, converted into green spaces or had to give way to the ongoing road expansion. Road widening, bus stops and other buildings resulted in the loss of numerous envelopes. In the middle of the 19th century there were still around 670 Hüllweiher ponds in the high areas of Upper Franconia, and in the 1990s the number of small bodies of water was reduced to a quarter of the former population.
As a result, there are only about 200 shells left in the Swabian Alb today, most of them in the eastern Alb area. The remaining are due to their particular animal - and plant life usually well protected, they are considered natural monuments ( Feldhülen ) and cultural monuments ( Dorfhülen ). An impressive example of a larger cave is in Römerstein-Zainingen. It is of natural origin, around 90 meters long, up to 40 meters wide and is considered the largest cave in the Swabian Alb. The Zaininger Hüle has also officially had the status of a cultural monument since 1979. Another well-known cave is the Ascher cave .
Some cases have recently been restored, for example in Heinstetten on the Zollernalb . There, the large Hilb , built around 1750, was first filled in around 1970 after several renovations and converted into a park . On the occasion of the 1200th anniversary in 1993, it was restored to its original state. The lower hull is also being rebuilt in Berghülen ; until 1950 it was one of the last of the four former village hulls.
Others were created from scratch. In the Beuren open-air museum , for example, a village shell was recreated based on historical models, and there is also one in the Neuhausen ob Eck open-air museum, which opened in 1988 . Near the municipality of Berghülen , north of Blaubeuren , the Federation for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany also created a new field shell with the Silahopp shell in the Himpfertal. In May 2006 a so-called Hülen path was also signposted around Berghülen . In the course of the seven kilometer long path, a total of six hulls can be visited - information boards explain the flora and fauna of the hulls and their cultural and historical significance.
Conservation aspects
As open water points - created by human hands, shaped close to nature or natural -, shells accommodate ponds and ponds largely corresponding to flora and fauna. In this southern German karst region, they play a special role in terms of biotope and species protection , as they often represent the only permanent water-bearing still water there. They are often small in size and have relatively steep banks. Due to the changing water levels, some small bodies of water fall dry during the summer.
fauna
The aquatic and semi- aquatic locations on the dry plateaus often offer the only spawning opportunities for amphibians . Typical types include the pioneer species like yellow-bellied toad ( Bombina variegata ), natterjack toad ( Bufo calamita ) and green toad ( Bufo viridis ) and grass - and water frog . The endangered crested newt (Triturus cristatus) as well as pond ( Lissotriton vulgaris ) and mountain newt ( Ichthyosaura alpestris ) use the small bodies of water. In addition, the shells are distinguished by a rich dragonfly fauna . In addition to the intensity of use, the existence of a certain minimum size and structural diversity play a role for the biodiversity of dragonfly waters. In the Swabian Alb, 26 dragonfly species were detected on the shells, in the Franconian Alb in Upper Franconia 17 dragonfly species were observed. These include: Lestes Dryas ( Lestes dryas ), Small Emerald Damselfly ( Lestes virens ), Southern Emerald Damselfly ( Lestes barbarus ), scarce blue-tailed damselfly ( Ischnura pumilio ), spear-Azurjungfer ( Coenagrion hastulatum ), Great damselfly ( Erythromma najas ) and yellow-winged darter ( Sympetrum flaveolum ). A number of water beetle species occur in the small bodies of water .
flora
Large sedge and reed stands can be found in the shore zone. Mention may be made here particularly Lythrum Portula ( Peplis portula ), Toad Rush ( Juncus bufonius ), sand-rush ( Juncus tenageia ) and various Zypergras TYPES ( Cyperus spp.).
Protected areas
In Baden-Wuerttemberg, "Hülen and ponds including the bank vegetation" belong to the biotopes placed under special protection according to the Nature Conservation Act (§32). Since they can be viewed as a silting zone as small still waters with a correspondingly shallow depth (and therefore also show all silting stages from vibrating lawns to reed areas or small wetlands marked by reeds), the protection status always applies here, unlike in the case of larger lakes, to the entire area . In the Bavarian Nature Conservation Act, the protection regulations for ponds apply mutatis mutandis - although hulens are not mentioned separately here. A large part of the shells in the northern Swabian Alb are protected as natural monuments. In the 1980s, the Stuttgart Regional Office for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management described all of the 280 or so envelopes in this area or at least still legible in the area, including their vegetation. By questioning older residents and, above all, by map studies, around 450 lost shells could be detected. In cooperation with several authorities and municipalities, many heavily overgrown or buried hulls were dredged as part of this project.
Place and street names
Place and field names
Because of the former meaning of Hülen, the addition of Hüle or Hüll can be found in some characteristic place names of the respective Alb plateaus. In some cases, there are also modifications that have arisen over the years, the waters themselves were never referred to as Hill or Hül :
| Swabian Alb |
Northern Franconian Alb Franconian Switzerland |
Southern Franconian Alb Altmühlalb |
|---|---|---|
| Berghulen | Egloffsteinerhüll (to Egloffstein ) | Breitenhill |
| Breithülen (to Heroldstatt ) | Eichenhüll (to Stadelhofen) | Buchenhüll (to Eichstätt ) |
| Hilbenhof (to Buchheim / Neuhausen ) | Graefenbergerhüll (to Graefenberg ) | Hagenhill |
| Pods | Grossenhül (to Wonsees ) | Irlahüll (to Kipfenberg ) |
| Hülbenhof (to Hayingen ) | Hüll (to Betzenstein ) | Kevenhüll (to Beilngries ) |
| Hülen (to Lauchheim ) | Kleinhül (to Wonsees) | Sheepshill |
| Ohnhülben (to Dürrenwaldstetten ) | Moraviahüll (to Wattendorf ) | Sornhüll |
| Steinhilben (to Trochtelfingen ) | Elbersberg-Weidenhüll (to Pottenstein ) | |
| Tiefenhülen (to Ehingen ) | Leienfels-Weidenhüll (to Pottenstein) | |
| Wohlmuthshüll |
The field name Hohenhuler Steig (near Berghülen) also refers to the Hohenhülen desert to this day . The Hilbenhof settlement near Schwäbisch Hall , the hamlet of Hüll (a district of Wolnzach ) and the Aussiedlerhof Gut Hüll (near Gilching ), on the other hand, are not geographically related to the arid Alb plateau - the cultural-historical-linguistic background of the names is identical.
Street names
In numerous places, street names also testify to the (earlier) existence of a cave. With one exception, these street names can all be found in the Swabian Alb or in Bavarian Swabia. This is primarily due to the fact that the villages in question on the Franconian Alb are consistently smaller and therefore mostly use no or hardly any street names:
| on hell | on Hülbe | on Hühle | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At the cave | Bernloch (to Hohenstein ) | On the shell | Bartholomä | At the cave | Berg (to Pfaffenhofen ) |
| By the cave | Ash | At the shell | Feldstetten (to Laichingen) | At the cave | Großkissendorf (to Bibertal ) |
| By the cave | Radelstetten (to Lonsee ) | Hülbengasse | Zainingen | At the cave | Gundremmingen |
| Hülenbergstrasse | Repent | Hülbenplatz | Steinhilben (to Trochtelfingen) | At the cave | Rettenbach |
| Hülengasse | Pfronstetten | Hülbenstrasse | Bitch | At the cave | Rischgau (to Villenbach ) |
| Hülengässle | Justingen (to Schelklingen ) | Hülbenstrasse | Deilingen | Cave | Babenhausen |
| Hulenstrasse | Sontheim an der Brenz | Hülbenstrasse | Ennabeuren (to Heroldstatt) | Hühlenstrasse | Heidenheim an der Brenz |
| Hülenweg | Arnegg (to Blaustein ) | Hülbenstrasse | Gomadingen | Hühlenstrasse | Lauingen |
| Hülenweg | Hofstett-Emerbuch (to Amstetten ) | Hülbenstrasse | Ochsenberg (to Königsbronn ) | Huehlestrasse | Erlaheim (to Geislingen ) |
| Hülenweg | Dürrenstetten (to Münsingen) | Hülbenweg | Lauterburg | Hühleweg | Vineyards (to Ichenhausen ) |
| Hülenweg | Jungingen | Hülbenweg | Sontheim (to Steinheim ) | Hühleweg | Röfingen |
| Rieder Hühle | Jettingen | ||||
| To the cave | Glöttweng (to Landensberg ) | ||||
| Huehlstrasse | Unterwiesenbach (to Wiesenbach ) | ||||
| on Hilb | on shell | ||||
| At the Hilb | Frohnstetten (to Stetten ) | At the bird's envelope | Pürschläg (to Illschwang ) |
Often several names at the same time indicate an (earlier) Hüle, for example in Lauterburg, right next to the already mentioned Hülbenweg, there is also the name Hirtenteichstraße . This is also particularly clear in Rottenburg -Weiler (still located in the foothills of the Alb ), where four street names in the immediate vicinity of one another remind of the former existence of a cave : Hülen trees, Teichstrasse, Lehmgrube and Hülbehof . The trees that are typically arranged around a hollow were referred to as sleeve trees. The dike path in Hülen is also an indication of an artificially sealed cave.
There are also several fools' guilds named after Hülen in the region , such as the Hilbenschlecker e. V. in Frohnstetten as well as the fool groups Schwarzhülahutzeln and Hülenschlapper of the fools club Steinhilben.
See also
literature
- On (= place names ). on envelope. In: Collection sheet of the Historical Association Eichstätt. 52, 1937, p. 14 f.
- Bernd Kleinhans: The Hülben. Biotopes as historical documents. In: Beautiful Swabia. Year 1993, Issue 4, pp. 74–79.
- Herbert Rebhan, Steffi Albrecht: Small bodies of water in a karst landscape and their importance for nature conservation. In: Reports of the Bavarian Academy for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (ANL). Year 1996, issue 20, pp. 229-238.
Web links
- Information about the Zaininger Hüle ( Memento from December 17, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
- on the history of the origins of the Hülen on the Swabian Alb ( Memento from March 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Historical cultural landscape elements in Bavaria . In: Bavarian State Office for the Environment (Hrsg.): Heimatpflege in Bayern. Series of publications by the Bavarian State Association for Homeland Care . 1st edition. tape 4 , 2013, ISBN 978-3-931754-54-9 , pp. 94 f .
- ↑ a b c d Rainer Schreg: Hülen and Tuff - Man and the water on the Swabian Alb. (PDF) Heimat- und Altertumsverein Heidenheim an der Brenz eV, 2010, accessed on October 6, 2018 .
- ^ DWB: German dictionary by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. I-XVI, Leipzig 1854–1960, and list of sources (2nd edition, ibid.) 1971; Reprint Munich 1984, I-XXXIII. DWB 2 : revision, Leipzig.
- ↑ Middle High German Concise Dictionary by Matthias Lexer
- ↑ Etymology of the field name Hülacker ( Memento from September 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Alfons Baier: A short history of the Franconian Alb. Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, accessed on October 6, 2018 .
- ↑ Hüllweiher in Ottendorf. Hof Wasserwirtschaftsamt, accessed on October 6, 2018 .
- ↑ a b History of the Schopflocher Moors ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Description of Hülen on www.tiefenhoehle.de ( Memento from May 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Description of the Donnstetter Maar ( Memento from September 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b Wölkendorf - History of rule and settlement geography (PDF; 3.8 MB)
- ↑ Information on the municipality of Holzkirch in the Alb-Donau district ( Memento from February 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b Etymology of the field names in Heidenheim
- ↑ Oberamtsbeschreibung Münsingen 1825, quoted in Ernst Waldemar Bauer , Helmut Schönnamsgruber (Hrsg.): The great book of the Swabian Alb . Konrad Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0236-2 .
- ^ Oscar Fraas: The Alb water supply in the Kingdom of Württemberg. 1873. quoted from Winfried Müller: 125 years of the Alb water supply . Hinderer Verlag, Korntal 1995, ISBN 3-9801639-3-8 .
- ^ History of long-distance water supply in Baden-Württemberg
- ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: IHK Ulm - Hülen on the Blaubeurer Alb )
- ↑ a b A short history of the Frankenalb
- ↑ a b c Herbert Rebhan, Steffi Albrecht: Small bodies of water in a karst landscape and their significance for nature conservation . Ed .: Bavarian Academy for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management. Laufen 1996, ISBN 3-931175-26-X , pp. 229-238 .
- ↑ a b Biotopes in Baden-Württemberg - silting areas of standing water, shells and pools
- ↑ Self-introduction of the BUND local group Berghülen
- ↑ Baden-Württemberg Nature Conservation Act, appendix. to §32, p. 173. ( Memento of the original of July 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Status: December 13, 2005; PDF; 737 kB.)
- ↑ Bavarian Nature Conservation Act ( Memento from September 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (status: February 23, 2011).
- ↑ a b H. Mattern, H. Buchmann: The hulls of the north-eastern Swabian Alb, inventory, conservation measures I. Albuch and adjacent areas. Publ. Nature conservation landscape maintenance bath. Württ., 55/56 1983, 1982, pp. 101-166.
- ↑ H. Mattern, H. Buchmann: The hulls of the north-eastern Swabian Alb inventory, conservation measures II. Härtsfeld. With additions to the Albuch and information on other parts of the Alb. Publ. Nature conservation landscape maintenance bath. Württ., 62 1987, 1986, pp. 7-139.
- ↑ History of the Berghülen community
