Hydrokenoral tonite

Hydrokenoral tonite
Hydrokenoralstonit cubical crystals up to 8 mm wide thomsenolite crystals from the cryolite - deposit Ivittuut , Arsukfjord, Arsuk , Sermersooq , Greenland , Denmark (step size: 5.2 × 3.6 cm × 3.3)
General and classification
other names	Ralstonite Atroarite AHF (hydrated aluminum hydroxy-fluoride)
chemical formula	□ 2 Al 2 F 6 (H 2 O) Na 0.5 (Al, Mg) 2 (F, OH) 6 · H 2 O Na x Mg x Al 2 − x (F, OH) 6 H 2 O
Mineral class (and possibly department)	Oxides and hydroxides
System no. to Strunz and to Dana	3.CF.05 ( 8th edition : III / C.03, ralstonite ) 06/11/12/01 ( ralstonite )
Crystallographic Data
Crystal system	cubic
Crystal class ; symbol	cubic hexakisoctahedral; 4 / m  3  2 / m
Space group	Fd 3 m (No. 227)
Lattice parameters	a  = 9.8455  Å
Formula units	Z  = 8
Frequent crystal faces	{111}, {100}
Twinning	no
Physical Properties
Mohs hardness	4.5
Density (g / cm 3 )	2.56 to 2.62 (measured); 2.554 to 2.56 (calculated)
Cleavage	imperfect after {111}
Break ; Tenacity	uneven; brittle
colour	colorless to (milky) white, discolored on the surface by iron oxides; Colorless in transmitted light
Line color	no information, white
transparency	translucent to translucent
shine	Glass gloss
Crystal optics
Refractive index	n  = 1.399 to 1.427
Birefringence	δ = abnormal
Optical character	isotropic, anomalous uniaxial or biaxial
Other properties
Chemical behavior	decomposed by sulfuric acid with evolution of hydrogen fluoride

Hydrokenoralstonite is a rare mineral from the mineral class of oxides and hydroxides . It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system with the composition □ ₂ Al ₂ F ₆ (H ₂ O), so it is an aluminate with A position characterized by vacancies and an X position characterized by fluorine ions and a Y position characterized by H ₂ O.

Hydrokenoralstonite was first found in the form of crystals up to 1.5 mm in size, which mainly show the octahedron . Its type locality is the cryolite - deposit Ivigtut at Ivittuut (Ivigtut) ( coordinates of the cryolite deposit Ivigtut ) on the south bank of Ilorput (Arsukfjords), district Ivittuut in the Sermersooq in autonomous part Greenland of the Kingdom of Denmark .

Etymology and history

Cubic hydrokenoral stonite on obelisk-shaped thomsenolite crystals from the Ivigtut deposit, Greenland (field of view: 2.4 mm × 3.0 mm)

At the beginning of the 1870s, the Reverend James Grier Ralston from Norristown , Pennsylvania / USA noticed tiny octahedral crystals associated with thomsenolite on a step from the Ivigtut cryolite deposit, which he could not identify and the step therefore passed to James Dwight Dana , professorship for Natural History and Geology at Yale University , sent. The latter handed over the identification step to George Jarvis Brush . After extensive mineralogical, optical and chemical investigations, Brush recognized the octahedron as a hydrous aluminum fluoride ("hydrous fluoride of aluminum") and thus as a new mineral, the first scientific description of which he published in 1871 in the American journal of Science. George Jarvis Brush named the new mineral in honor of James Grier Ralston (1815-1880), who had observed it first, as ralstonite ( English Ralstonite ).

Although Adolf Pabst in 1939 and Hans Pauly in 1965 recognized the crystal structure of ralstonite as belonging to the “pyrochlore type”, ralstonite was “forgotten” when the nomenclature of the “pyrochlore group” was revised to the new pyrochlore supergroup (pyrochlore supergroup) ". It was not until 2017, after the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) recognized it in 2016 , that Daniel Atencio , Marcelo B. Andrade , Artur Cezar Bastos Neto and Vitor Paulo Pereira renamed the ralstonite to hydrokenoral stonite and subdivided it into the ralstonite group within the Pyrochlore upper group. During the further revision of the nomenclature of the pyrochlore upper group (pyrochlore supergroup) it was also determined that the representative of the pyrochlore upper group with a B position dominated by M ³⁺ cations in the crystal lattice and below that the dominance of Al and one by F ^- Dominated X position are to be placed in the ralstonite group. However, since a mineral group must consist of at least two minerals, the ralstonite group cannot currently (2018) be regarded as a mineral group, as hydrokenoralstonite would currently be the only member of this group. Hydrokenoralstonite is therefore regarded as a non-assigned representative of the pyrochlore upper group. The name “Ralstonite” has been discredited.

The phase described by George A. Desborough and Ora Rostad 1980 AHF (hydrated aluminum hydroxy-fluoride) and described by Orlando Renato Rigon Minuzzi and colleagues in 2003 Atroarit from the through the "Pitinga Mine" ( coordinates of the Pitinga mine ) developed A-type -Granite pluton "Madeira" at Presidente Figueiredo in the Brazilian state of Amazonas have also been shown to be hydrokenoral stonite.

The type material for hydrokenoralstonite (ralstonite) is stored under catalog number 1.4437 in the collection of Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.

classification

The current classification of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) counts the hydrokenoral stonite to the pyrochlore upper group with the general formula A _{2– m} B ₂ X _{6– w} Y _{1– n} , in which A , B , X and Y different positions in the structure the minerals of the pyrochlore upper group with A = Na, Ca, Sr, Pb ²⁺ , Sn ²⁺ , Sb ³⁺ , Y, U, □, or H ₂ O; B = Ta, Nb, Ti, Sb ⁵⁺ or W; X = O, OH or F and Y = OH ^- , F, O, □, H ₂ O or very large (>> 1.0 Å) monovalent cations such as K, Cs or Rb. To pyrochlore supergroup include not only Hydrokenoralstonit still Fluorcalciomikrolith , Fluornatromikrolith , Hydrokenomikrolith , Hydroxycalciomikrolith , Hydroxykenomikrolith , Kenoplumbomikrolith , Oxynatromikrolith , Oxystannomikrolith , Oxystibiomikrolith , Cesiokenopyrochlor , Fluorcalciopyrochlor , Fluornatropyrochlor , Hydrokenopyrochlor , Hydropyrochlor , Hydroxycalciopyrochlor , Hydroxykenopyrochlor , Hydroxymanganopyrochlor , Hydroxynatropyrochlor , Oxycalciopyrochlor , Fluorcalcioroméit , Hydroxycalcioroméit , Hydroxyferroroméit , Oxycalcioroméit , Oxyplumboroméite , Hydrokenoelsmoreit , Hydroxykenoelsmoreit and Fluornatrocoulsellit . Hydrokenoralstonite is currently an unassigned representative of the pyrochlore upper group. If there is evidence of another member of the pyrochlore upper group with Al ³⁺ dominance on the B position and F ^- dominance on the X position, the ralstonite group would be established within the pyrochlore upper group .

The 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , which is now outdated, but still in use in some cases, does not yet list the hydrokenoral stonite. The ralstonite belonged in the 8th edition of the mineral systematics according to Strunz to the general department of "hydrous double halides", where together with Carlhint time , chiolite , karasugite , neighborite , prosopite , rosenbergite , usovite and weberite the "chiolite-ralstonite group" with the System no. III / C.03 formed.

The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also does not yet contain hydrokenoral tonite. However, it assigns the ralstonite to the class of "halides", but there in the department of "complex halides". This is further subdivided according to the crystal structure, so that the mineral can be found according to its structure in the subdivision "Framework aluminofluoride ( tecto-aluminofluoride )", where it forms the unnamed group 3.CF.05 as the only member .

The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , does not yet know the hydrokenoral stonite, but classifies the ralstonite in the division of "Complex halides - aluminum fluorides". Ralstonite can be found here as the only member of the unnamed group 11.06.12 within the sub-section “ Complex halides - aluminum fluorides with different formulas ”.

Chemism

Eleven microprobe analyzes on hydrokenoral tonite grains from the “Pitinga Mine” resulted in mean values ​​of 2.14% Na ₂ O; 0.02% K ₂ O; 0.55% Rb ₂ O; 3.20% MgO; 0.01% CaO; 52.63% Al ₂ O ₃ ; 36.47% F; 22.70% H ₂ O; (O ≡ F) -15.35%; Sum = 102.36%. On the basis of six (F + OH) anions per formula unit, the chemical analysis for hydrokenoralstonite resulted in the empirical formula (□ _1.87 Na _0.12 Rb _0.01 ) _{Σ = 2.00} (Al _1.86 Mg _{0 , 14} ) _{Σ = 2.00} [F _3.46 (OH) _2.54 ] _{Σ = 6.00} (H ₂ O), which was simplified to □ ₂ Al ₂ F ₆ (H ₂ O). The latest empirical formula for a hydrokenoral tonite from the type locality is with (□ _1.30 Na _0.70 ) _{Σ = 2.00} (Al _1.30 Mg _0.70 ) _{Σ = 2.00} [F _4.18 (OH) _1.82 ] _{Σ = 6.00} (H ₂ O) stated. Hans Pauly had already pointed out that ralstonite from various localities e.g. T. has large fluctuations in the chemical composition. According to Herta Effenberger and Friedrich Kluger, there are also considerable differences in the composition within a mineral grain. Hydrokenoral tonite from the “Pitinga Mine”, on the other hand, forms chemically homogeneous crystals.

Hydrokenoralstonit is next Rosenbergit , AlF [F _0.5 (H ₂ O) _0.5 ] 4 · H ₂ O, and Zharchikhit , AlF (OH) ₂ , and the "UM1990-28-OHF not described as a mineral: Al ", Al (OH, F) ₃ and" Unnamed (Basic Aluminum Fluoride Monohydrate) ", Al (OH) _0.5 F _2.5 · H ₂ O, the only mineral with the element combination Al - F - H - O. Hydrokenoralstonite is the only representative worldwide for the element combination Al - F - H - Mg - Na - O. Chemically similar are here u. a. Fluoro-Nyboite , NaNa ₂ (Mg ₃ Al ₂ ) (AlSi ₇ O ₂₂ ) (F, OH) ₂ , and Jarlite , Na (Sr, Na) ₇ MgAl ₆ F ₃₂ (OH, H ₂ O) ₂ .

Within the pyrochlore upper group there are theoretically a multitude of substitution possibilities due to the four different positions to be occupied. Across all subgroups, hydrokenoralstonite is the Al-dominant analogue of the W ⁶⁺ -dominated hydrokenoelsmoreite, the Ta ⁵⁺ -dominated hydrokenomicrolite and the Nb ⁵⁺ -dominated hydrokenopyrochloride.

Crystal structure

Crystal structure of Hydrokenoralstonite as a cation-centered polyhedral representation

Hydrokenoralstonite crystallizes in the cubic crystal system in the space group Fd 3 m (space group no. 227) with the lattice parameter a = 9.8455  Å and eight formula units per unit cell .

In the crystal structure of Hydrokenoralstonite, corner-sharing (Al, Mg) (F, OH) ₆ - octahedra form a three-dimensional framework with cavities in the form of distorted cubes. The eight-coordinate sodium atoms occupy these cavities in the framework described.

Even small ralstonite crystals do not have a uniform chemical composition, but rather different H ₂ O and Na contents as well as variable occupations of positions 16c and 48f with Al or Mg and F or O _h atoms. The atoms on the B position are octahedrally coordinated by six X atoms, the position of the B atoms being predominantly occupied by Al and that of the X atoms being predominantly occupied by F atoms. The coordination figure around the Na atoms is formed from six X atoms. Their arrangement can be described as a weakly corrugated equatorial ring around the Na atoms. The O _w atom is octahedral surrounded by six X atoms, which can act as acceptor atoms of the weak hydrogen bonds , whereby the very different composition of ralstonite results in the formation of different, but generally weak hydrogen bonds. The great variability in the chemical composition of ralstonite requires a z for the incorporation of atoms with such different atomic radii. T. strong deformation of the crystal lattice.

properties

morphology

Hagemannite, a mixture of impure thomsenolite with hydrokenoral stonite and goethite (size: 7.1 cm × 4.7 cm × 2.8 cm)

Hydrokenoralstonite develops crystals up to a maximum of 3 mm in size at its type locality, the main shape of which is the octahedron . Cube -shaped crystals with the hexahedron {100} as the supporting form or combinations of both forms as a cuboctahedron , where either the octahedron or the hexahedron is the form that determines the costume, are rarer (compare the crystal drawings on the right). Twinning was not observed. Crystals up to 1 cm in size are mentioned elsewhere. At the type locality, the hydrokenoral stonite crystals sit mostly on thomsenolite crystals, are speared by such or are fused with them or contain thomsenolite as an inclusion. That of Charles Upham Shepard described 1866 Hagemannit has proven mix of thomsenolite, goethite and Ralstonite proved.

• Costume and habit of Hydrokenoralstonite crystals
• 

  Octahedral crystal with {111} as the only surface shape

• 

  Octahedral crystal with subordinate {100}

• 

  Combination of {111} and {100} in equilibrium

• 

  Cubic crystal with subordinate {111}

• 

  Cubic crystal with {100} as the only surface shape

physical and chemical properties

The crystals of Hydrokenoralstonite are colorless or even white and can be discolored yellowish or brownish or even iridescent on the surface due to iron oxides . Your stroke color is always yellow. The surfaces of the translucent to transparent Hydrokenoralstonite show a glass-like luster , which corresponds very well with the low value for the refraction of light (n = 1.399 to 1.427). Hydrokenoral stonite is likely to be isotropic due to its membership of the cubic crystal system and has no birefringence , but is often anomalous uniaxial or biaxial. Under the polarizing microscope , the mineral is colorless in the transmitted light, but has a z. T. complicated sector construction.

Hydrokenoralstonite has an imperfect cleavage according to the {111} octahedron. The mineral breaks like amblygonite , with the fracture surfaces being uneven. With a Mohs hardness of 4.5, the mineral is one of the medium-hard minerals, stands between the reference minerals fluorite (hardness 4) and apatite (hardness 5) and, like these, can be more (hardness 4) or less (hardness 5) easily with a pocket knife scratch. The measured density is 2.56 to 2.62 g / cm³, the calculated density is 2.554 g / cm³ to 2.56.

There is no information on possible fluorescence in short or long wave UV light .

In front of the soldering tube on carbon, ralstonite gives a white coating, turns white in the pliers and colors the flame yellow, but it cannot be melted. Colored blue with cobalt solution. Completely soluble in phosphorus salt in both the oxidizing and reducing flames to form a colorless pearl; soluble in the soda pearl with foaming. Turns white in a closed tube without melting and first gives off acidic water, then plenty of vapors with the same effect and a white sublimate , whereby the walls of the tube are etched. Is decomposed by sulfuric acid , H ₂ SO ₄ , with evolution of hydrogen fluoride . In the solution, sodium ammonium phosphate (Sal microcosmicum) causes a white crystalline precipitate of magnesium ammonium phosphate .

Education and Locations

Daily facilities of the type locality of hydrokenoral stonite - the Ivigtut cryolite deposit in the summer of 1940

Hydrokenoral stonite is found in miarolithic cavities, fluorine-rich alkali or granite pegmatites , where it is one of the most recently formed minerals, and aged , fluorine-rich zones of granites. These include B. its type locality Ivigtut, the cryolite- cryolite- pegmatite in the Ilmen Mountains in the Urals, Russia, or high-sodium granites in the Oslo region in Norway. He was as late hydrothermal displacement in carbonatitic dikes such. b. found in "Goldie carbonatite", Fremont Co., Colorado / USA, as well as in a hydrothermal antimony deposit in silicified (silicified) limestones ("Miniera di Le Cetine di Cotorniano" near Siena, Italy). Hydrokenoral stonite was also found in many fumaroles or deposits linked to fumaroles (e.g. on the Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano , Kamchatka region , Russia ; on the Kīlauea volcano , Hawaii , USA ; on the El Misti volcano near Arequipa , Peru ; on Vesuvius , Campania , Italy ; on Mount Erebus , Antarctica ; in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes , Alaska and on Usu Volcano , Hokkaido , Japan ). Finally, hydrokenoral stonite forms as a product of the low-temperature alteration of basaltic to rhyolitic rocks in acidic, fluorine-rich environments. At the volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka on Kamchatka, hydrokenoral stonite is found as an alteration product of basalt and andesite basalt, which was formed by the action of HF in volcanic gases at temperatures of 200-300 ° C. However, hydrokenoral tonite can form in all low temperature, acidic, fluorine-rich environments.

Typical accompanying minerals of the hydrokenoral stonite in its type material are thomsenolite and cryolite. In the Brazilian “Pitinga Mine” hydrokenoral stonite is associated with halloysite , galena and sphalerite . Further paragenesis minerals at other sites are pachnolite , chiolite , elpasolite , colquiriite , gearksutite , weberite , prosopite and fluorite as well as siderite , quartz , limonite , wulfenite and cassiterite .

Excerpt from the step shown in the info box with cubic hydrokenoral stonite and columnar thomsenolite crystals

Label written by Felix Edelmann, factor of the state mineral defeat in Freiberg, for the level shown in the info box

Lavender-colored prosopite with amazonite (left) and Thomsenolite and Hydrokenoralstonite crystals (right) from the “Morefield Mine” near Winterham in Virginia / USA

As a rare mineral formation, the Hydrokenoralstonite could be described so far (as of 2018) from around 50 sites. The type locality for Hydrokenoralstonit is the cryolite - deposit Ivigtut at Ivittuut (Ivigtut) on the south bank of the Ilorput (Arsukfjords), District Ivittuut in Sermersooq in autonomous part of Greenland the Kingdom of Denmark . In Germany the only known place of discovery for hydrokenoral stonite is the "Anna pit" near Alsdorf near Aachen , North Rhine-Westphalia . In Switzerland , the mineral occurs only in the Wannigletscher - Scherbadung (Pizzo Cervandone), Kriegalptal, Binntal, Valais area. There are no known sources of hydrokenoral stonite in Austria .

Further discovery points for Hydrokenoralstonite are:

• of Mount Erebus , James Ross Island , Victoria Land , Antarctic Peninsula , East Antarctica , and active fumaroles on active volcano Deception Iceland , South Shetland Islands , Antarctic Peninsula, West Antarctica , both in the Antarctic
• "Tom's Phosphate Quarry" near Kapunda , northern Mount Lofty Ranges , South Australia , and the "Mount Bischoff Mine" near Waratah in the district of the same name, Waratah-Wynyard Municipality , Tasmania , both in Australia
• the "Mina Colquiri" near Colquiri , Province Inquisivi , Department La Paz , Bolivia
• the “Pitinga Mine” near Presidente Figueiredo in the state of Amazonas and the pegmatite “Serra Branca” near Pedra Lavrada in the mineral province of Borborema, Paraíba , both in Brazil
• the Pico do Fogo on the island of Ilha do Fogo , Ilhas de Sotavento , Cape Verde
• the pegmatite "Murskelouhos" and the topaz-bearing stockscheider pegmatite, both in the stick-shaped "Kymi" granite near Kotka , Etelä-Suomen lääni , Finland
• the "Hilarion Mine" ( Modern Greek Ορυχείο Ιλάριον ) in the field of Kamariza Mines near the village of Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza) ( Modern Greek Αγ. Κωνσταντίνος (Καμάριζα) Λαύρι ) close to Plaka in the area of Sounion in Mining District Lavrion , Region Attica , Greece
• the stratovolcano Hekla in the municipality of Rangárþing ytra as well as the ash cone of the Eldfell on the island of Heimaey and the lava tube "Grillid" (Cave S-4) on the island of Surtsey , both on the Westman Islands , all in Suðurland , Iceland
• the stratovolcano Monte Vesuvio, Monte Somma - Vesuvius complex, Naples , and San Prisco , Province of Caserta , Phlegraean Fields , both Campania , the "Area del Monte Cervandone", Alpe Devero , Baceno , Valle Devero, Valle Antigorio , Ossola Valley , Province of Verbano -Cusio-Ossola , Piedmont region , and the "Miniera di Le Cetine di Cotorniano" near Chiusdino , Province of Siena , Region Tuscany , all in Italy
• High-temperature fumaroles on the Showa-shinzan ( Usu-shinzan ) stratovolcano , former Iburi province , Hokkaidō , and the granite pegmatite district Tanakami-yama near Ōtsu , Shiga prefecture , Kinki region , Honshū , both in Japan
• Miaroles in a granite near Gwantu, Kaduna , Kaduna , Nigeria
• Elpidite- rich monzonites on the Gjerdingselva (Gjerdingen) river, Nordmarka, Lunner , Oppland , Norway
• the burning coal dump of the Marcel hard coal mine in Radlin , Silesian Voivodeship , Poland , which is part of the Rybnicki Okręg Węglowy (Rybnik Coal District)
• the shield volcano of the Piton de la Fournaise on the French overseas department of La Réunion
• the alkaline rock massif Burpala on the Maigunda river, a left tributary of the Mama , Buryatia , Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e), Siberia Federal District , Russia
• the caldera of Elbrus , Kabardino-Balkaria Republic , Russia
• the Northern fumarole field on the first cinder cone and the Second cinder cone on the north breakthrough of the Great fissure eruption (Great Fissure), volcano Tolbachik , Kamchatka , Far Eastern Federal District , Russia ( Russian Первый и Второй шлаковный конус Северного прорыва, Толбачик, Камчатка )
• Old men in the tin - deposit "Yaroslavskoe" in Erzdistrikt Voznesenskii, Primorye , Federal District Far East , Russia
• the niobium - tantalum - zirconium deposit "Ulug-Tanzek", Republic of Tuva , Federal District Siberia, Russia
• the Katugin (Katuginskoe) Ta-Nb deposit in Chita Raion (former Chita Oblast ); and the Zharchikhinskoe molybdenum deposit, both in the Transbaikalia region , Siberia Federal District, Russia
• the pit no. 69 (GI Gasberg's Topaz cryolite Pit), Ilmen Nature Reserve , Ilmengebirge , Chelyabinsk region , South Ural Federal District Urals , Russia
• the island of Tristan da Cunha , St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
• the “Slipfontein” fluorite deposit on the Slipfontein 551 KQ farm area near Brits (Brits District), Western Bushveld Complex , Bojanala Platinum District , Northwest Province , South Africa
• the ore field “Perzhanskoe” ( beryllium deposit “Perga”), Zhytomyr Oblast , Ukraine
• the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes , Dillingham Census Area , Alaska , United States (USA)
• the "Shattuck Mine" and the "Southwest Mine" near Bisbee , Warren District, Mule Mountains , Cochise County , and the Sunset Crater within the San Francisco Peaks , Coconino County , all in Arizona , USA
• the "Pegmatit 30-4", the "Cryolite Mine" (pegmatite 65-2) and the "Eureka tunnel" (pegmatite 1-15) at St. Peter's Dome in the district of the same name, El Paso Co. , and the carbonatite Goldie im Fremont County , all in Colorado , USA
• the Kīlauea volcano and unspecified lava tubes in Hawaii County , Hawaii , USA
• "Big Southern Butte", Butte Co. , Idaho , USA
• the "Green Prospect" in the Lake District, Churchill County , the "Blazer Prospect" in the Iowa Canyon District, Lander County , and the "Zapot Pegmatite" in the Gillis Range, Fitting District, Mineral Co. , all in Nevada , United States
• the "Little Blanca Mountain Prospects" in the Sierra Blanca Peaks, Hudspeth County , Texas , USA
• the "Spider Mine" in the Honeycomb Hills and the Thomas Range, both in Juab County , Utah , USA
• the “Morefield Mine” in the pegmatite of the same name near Winterham, Amelia County , Virginia , USA

use

Due to its rarity, hydrokenoral tonite is of no practical importance and only of interest to the mineral collector.

See also

• Systematics of the minerals
• List of minerals

literature

• George Jarvis Brush : On ralstonite, a new fluoride from Arksut-Fiord . In: American Journal of Science Series 3 . tape 2 (102) , no. 7 , 1871, p. 30–31 , doi : 10.2475 / ajs.s3-2.7.30 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 190 kB ; accessed on November 30, 2018]).
• George A. Desborough, Ora Rostad: Hydrated aluminum hydroxy-fluoride, a ralstonite-like mineral at Big Southern Butte, Snake River Plain, Idaho . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 65 , no. 9-10 , 1980, pp. 1057-1058 (English, minsocam.org [PDF; 168 kB ; accessed on December 1, 2018]).
• Hans Pauly: Ralstonite from Ivigtut, South Greenland . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 50 , 1965, pp. 1851–1864 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 887 kB ; accessed on December 1, 2018]).
• Daniel Atencio, Marcelo B. Andrade, Artur Cezar Bastos Neto, Vitor Paulo Pereira: Ralstonite Renamed Hydrokenoralstonite, Coulsellite Renamed Fluornatrocoulsellite, and Their Incorporation Into the Pyrochlore Supergroup . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 55 , no. 1 , 2017, p. 115–120 , doi : 10.3749 / canmin.1600056 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 629 kB ; accessed on November 26, 2018]).

Web links

Commons : Ralstonite  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Mineral Atlas: Hydrokenoralstonite (Wiki)
• Hydrokenoral tonites. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed May 2, 2020 . 
• David Barthelmy: Hydrokenoral Sonite ( Ralstonite ) Mineral Data. In: webmineral.com. Retrieved May 2, 2020 . 
• Hydrokenoral Sonite ( Ralstonite ) search results. In: rruff.info. Database of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and chemistry of minerals (RRUFF), accessed on May 2, 2020 . 
• American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database - Hydrokenoralsonite ( Ralstonite ). In: rruff.geo.arizona.edu. Retrieved May 2, 2020 . 

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} George Jarvis Brush : On ralstonite, a new fluoride from Arksut-Fiord . In: American Journal of Science Series 3 . tape  2 (102) , no. 7 , 1871, p. 30–31 , doi : 10.2475 / ajs.s3-2.7.30 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 190 kB ; accessed on November 30, 2018]).
2. ↑ ^{a b} Orlando Renato Rigon Minuzzi, José Maximino Tadeu Mirras Ferron, Artur Cezar Bastos Neto, Vitor Paulo Pereira: Primeira Notícia da Descoberta de Waimirita e Atroarita, Dois Novos Minerais na Mina de Pitinga, AM, Brasil . In: Pesquisas em Geociências . tape 30 , no. 1 , 2003, p. 99–101 , doi : 10.22456 / 1807-9806.19584 (Portuguese, ufrgs.br [PDF; 512 kB ; accessed on November 28, 2018]).
3. ↑ ^{a b c} George A. Desborough, Ora Rostad: Hydrated aluminum hydroxy-fluoride, a ralstonite-like mineral at Big Southern Butte, Snake River Plain, Idaho . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 65 , no. 9-10 , 1980, pp. 1057-1058 (English, minsocam.org [PDF; 168 kB ; accessed on December 1, 2018]).
4. ↑ ^{a b} Adolf Pabst : A fluoride with pyrochlore structure . In: Nature . tape  143 , 1939, pp. 520-521 , doi : 10.1038 / 143520c0 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 887 kB ; accessed on December 1, 2018]).
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s} Daniel Atencio, Marcelo B. Andrade, Artur Cezar Bastos Neto, Vitor Paulo Pereira: Ralstonite Renamed Hydrokenoralstonite, Coulsellite Renamed Fluornatrocoulsellite, and Their Incorporation Into the Pyrochlore supergroup . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 55 , no. 1 , 2017, p. 115–120 , doi : 10.3749 / canmin.1600056 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 629 kB ; accessed on November 26, 2018]).
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Ralstonite . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 70  kB ; accessed on December 1, 2018] as ralstonite ).
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Carl Hintze : Ralstonite . In: Handbook of Mineralogy by Dr. Carl Hintze . Elements - sulfides - oxides - haloids - carbonates - sulfates - borates - phosphates: Second division oxides and haloids. 1st edition. tape  1 , second division. Veit & Co., Leipzig 1915, p. 2529-2533 .
8. ^ ^{A b} Hans Pauly: Ralstonite from Ivigtut, South Greenland . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 50 , no. 11-12 , 1965, pp. 1851–1864 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 887 kB ; accessed on December 1, 2018]).
9. ^ Donald David Hogarth: Classification and nomenclature of the pyrochlore group . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 62 , 1977, pp. 403-410 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 849 kB ; accessed on September 3, 2018]).
10. ^ ^{A b} Daniel Atencio, Marcelo B. Andrade, Andrew G. Christy, Reto Gieré, Pavel M. Kartashov: The Pyrochlore supergroup of minerals: Nomenclature . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 48 , 2010, p. 673–698 , doi : 10.3749 / canmin.48.3.673 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 1,4 MB ; accessed on August 30, 2018]).
11. ^ Andrew G. Christy, Daniel Atencio: Clarification of the status of species in the pyrochlore supergroup . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 77 , no. 1 , 2013, p. 13–20 , doi : 10.1180 / minmag.2013.077.1.02 (English, cnmnc.main.jp [PDF; 85 kB ; accessed on August 30, 2018]).
12. ↑ Ulf Hålenius, Frédéric Hatert, Marco Pasero, Stuart J. Mills: IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) NEWSLETTER 32: New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2016 . In: Mineralogical Magazine . tape 80 , no. 5 , 2016, p. 915–922 , doi : 10.1180 / minmag.2016.080.084 (English).
13. ↑ Stuart J. Mills, Frédéric Hatert, Ernest H. Nickel, Giovanni Ferraris: The standardization of mineral group hierarchies: application to recent nomenclature proposals . In: European Journal of Mineralogy . tape 21 , 2009, p. 1073-1080 , doi : 10.1127 / 0935-1221 / 2009 / 0021-1994 (English, researchgate.net [PDF; 532 kB ; accessed on December 1, 2018]).
14. ^ Ralstonite search results. In: rruff.info. Database of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and chemistry of minerals (RRUFF), accessed on May 2, 2020 .  
15. ↑ ^{a b} Herta Effenberger, Friedrich Kluger: Ralstonite: a contribution to the knowledge of composition and crystal structure . In: New yearbook for mineralogy, monthly books . tape 1984 , no. 3 , 1984, pp. 97-108 , doi : 10.1016 / 0377-0273 (76) 90004-4 .
16. ↑ ^{a b c} Hydrokenoralstonites. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed May 2, 2020 .  
17. ↑ Peter A. Williams, Peter Leverett, James L. Sharpe, Davis M. Colchester, John Rankin: Elsmoreite, cubic WO ₃ · 0.5H ₂ O, a new mineral species from Elsmore, New South Wales, Australia . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 43 , no. 3 , 2005, p. 1061-1064 , doi : 10.2113 / gscanmin.43.3.1061 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 106 kB ; accessed on December 1, 2018]).
18. ↑ Marcelo B. Andrade, Daniel Atencio, Nikita V. Chukanov, Javier Ellena: Hydrokenomicrolite, ( ◻, H ₂ O) ₂ Ta ₂ (O, OH) ₆ (H ₂ O), a new microlite-group mineral from Volta Grande pegmatite, Nazareno, Minas Gerais, Brazil . In: The American Mineralogist . tape 98 , no. 6 , 2013, p. 292–296 , doi : 10.2138 / am.2013.4186 (English).
19. ↑ Cristian Biagioni, Nicolas Meisser, Fabrizio Nestola, Marco Pasero, Martin Robyr, Philippe Roth, Cédric Schnyder, Reto Gieré: Hydrokenopyrochlore, ( □, #) ₂ Nb ₂ O ₆ · H ₂ O, a new species of the pyrochlore supergroup from the Sahatany Pegmatite Field, Antananarivo Province, Madagascar . In: European Journal of Mineralogy . tape 30 , no. 4 , 2018, p. 869–876 , doi : 10.1127 / ejm / 2018 / 0030-2761 (English).
20. ^ Paul Heinrich von Groth : Contributions to the knowledge of natural fluorine compounds (continuation): The cryolite group . In: Journal for Crystallography and Mineralogy . tape  7 , no. 1-6 , 1883, pp. 457-493 , doi : 10.1524 / zkri.1883.7.1.457 .
21. ^ Charles Upham Shepard : Mineral Notices: 1. On Hagemannite, a new mineral from Arksutfjord, Greenland . In: American Journal of Science Series 2 . tape  42 (125) , 1883, pp. 246-247 , doi : 10.2475 / ajs.s2-42.125.246 (English).
22. ^ Clifford Frondel : New data on elpasolite and hagemannite . In: The American Mineralogist . tape  33 , no. 1-2 , 1948, pp. 84–87 (English, minsocam.org [PDF; 232 kB ; accessed on November 30, 2018]).
23. ↑ JJ Naughton, VA Greenberg, R. Goguel: Incrustations and fumarolic condensates at kilauea volcano, Hawaii: field, drill-hole and laboratory observations . In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . tape 1 , no. 2 , 1976, p. 149-165 , doi : 10.1016 / 0377-0273 (76) 90004-4 (English).
24. ^ ^{A b} Brian Hitchon, LR Holloway, Peter Bayliss: Formation of ralstonite during low-temperature acid digestion of shales . In: The Canadian Mineralogist . tape 14 , no. 3 , 1976, p. 391–392 (English, rruff.info [PDF; 211 kB ; accessed on December 1, 2018]).
25. ↑ Localities for Hydrokenoralstonite. In: mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed May 2, 2020 .  
26. ↑ Find location list for Hydrokenoralstonite at the Mineralienatlas and at Mindat (accessed December 1, 2018)