Hurricane Cyril

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Cyril
Kyrill on January 18, 2007 at 12:30 UTC
Kyrill on January 18, 2007 at 12:30 UTC
storm Hurricane (North Atlantic Trogorkan )
general weather conditions west facing
Data
emergence January 15, 2007
Climax 17th/18th January 2007
resolution after January 22, 2007
peak gust 225 km/h ( Aletsch glacier / Konkordiahütte , 2850 m)
lowest air pressure < 960 hPa
Follow
affected areas Ireland , UK , France , Belgium , Netherlands , Luxembourg , Germany , Denmark , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Austria , Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , Hungary , Belarus , Ukraine , Romania , Russia
victim 47 fatalities
damage amount $10 billion macroeconomic

EUR 2.8 billion insured damage in Germany

Kyrill (also known as Lill-Per in Scandinavia ) was a hurricane that affected public life in large parts of Europe on January 18 and 19, 2007, with gusts of wind reaching speeds of up to 225 km/h. It caused damage of around 10 billion US dollars, 5.5 billion of which was in Germany. 47 people died and more than a million people were temporarily without electricity. Companies, authorities, schools, universities and kindergartens were closed early; there were significant disruptions in the transport sector: flights had to be cancelled, ferry services discontinued and roads closed. Rail traffic was temporarily suspended in some parts of Central Europe, affecting tens of thousands of travelers.

The low -pressure system that developed into the hurricane formed over Newfoundland on January 15, 2007 and then moved east. The first severe weather warnings were published on January 16 ; later, official severe weather warnings were issued for many parts of Central Europe. It reached Central Europe on January 18, 2007. The German Weather Service described the hurricane on the night of January 19 as the strongest since Lothar in December 1999. He later wrote that although Kyrill was a very strong and large-scale winter storm, it was not exceptional.

naming

The institute for meteorology of the Freie Universität (FU) Berlin assigns the names of the high and low pressure areas over Germany. The name of the storm, Kyrill ([ 'kɪrɪl ], Greek first name ), is due to a name sponsorship that a family wanted to give their father named Kyrill Genow for his 65th birthday for a high pressure area . However, since high-pressure areas are given female names in odd years (see Naming of weather events ), a low-pressure area was named after him.

course

At 7 a.m. on January 18, the center of the strong low-pressure system Kyrill with 966 hPa passed over Northern Ireland . The peak wind gusts on the southwest coast of England were already 109 to 120 km/h. In Germany , meanwhile, the low Jürgen moved to Eastern Europe and the wind, which had been blowing stormy up to that point, eased off temporarily.

Around midday, Kyrill was already over the southern North Sea, minimum pressures below 960 hPa were measured. At that time, the air pressure difference between North Friesland and the Upper Rhine was 42 hPa. Such a pressure difference has not existed in Central Europe for many years. In the run-up to the cold front, the peak wind speeds between Great Britain , northern France, Benelux , Switzerland and large parts of Germany, with the exception of the north-east, were widespread at values ​​of 90 to 110 km/h in the lowlands. Widespread hurricane gusts of between 120 and 150 km/h were measured in the low mountain ranges, in the Alps and on the North Sea coast. In the area of ​​the cold front, which reached from Great Britain across the North Sea to East Friesland at noon, hurricane gusts were measured in some areas down to the lowlands.

In Central Europe, mild air with up to 14 °C prevailed. The passage of the cold front (temperature contrasts) was correspondingly turbulent: in its area there was heavy rain , sometimes thunderstorms with rain volumes of up to 14.8 l/m² in one hour, e.g. B. in Ostrhauderfehn . By the afternoon there were hurricane-force gusts of up to around 115 km/h almost all over the country. The coasts and mountains were hit by the strong hurricane with up to 187 km/h, like on the Brocken in the Harz Mountains. In the course of the afternoon, the cold front crossed the north and west of Germany, with hurricane gusts of between 120 and more than 130 km/h occurring in some areas in the lowlands.

By 6 p.m. CET, the largest pressure gradient between northern and southern Germany - i.e. between List/Sylt-Ellenbogen (962 hPa) and Waldshut-Tiengen (1013 hPa) - was registered at 51 hPa, and between List/Sylt and Konstanz on Lake Constance 46 hPa .

The hurricane also made itself felt in Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria and Switzerland from the late evening hours of January 18th and in the night of January 19th. In Wolfsegg am Hausruck , Austria, a new all-time gust record was set at a lowland measuring station when the previous record from winter 1946 (Vienna, 146 km/h) was surpassed at 148 km/h. Peak gusts of 132 km/h were reached in Zurich – 112 km /h in Lucerne . 150 km/h were measured on the Jungfraujoch ; It was 144 km/h on the Säntis . On the Aletsch Glacier , 225 km/h – Kyrill's Europe-wide top gust – was reached at the Konkordiahütte at an altitude of 2850 m. Wendelstein (Germany) and Feuerkogel (Austria) reached peak wind gusts of just over 200 km/h.

During the night, the weather calmed down from northern Germany to the south. During the night, hurricane low-pressure system Kyrill quickly moved east across the Baltic Sea due to the still strong jet stream and was already over the Baltic States at 7 a.m. CET on January 19 at 961 hPa . The DWD forecast map of January 21, 2007 forecast Kyrill for January 22, 2007 at 12:00 UTC over the White Sea .

The unusual track (much more southerly than typical winter lows) and the large area of ​​​​the striking storm field are considered special features of Cyril.

Preparations for the storm

In order to avoid accidents, a wide range of safety precautions have been taken throughout Europe. In order to be able to react quickly to damage and accidents caused by the storm, numerous government and infrastructure facilities and companies have been given additional staff.

Numerous flights were canceled at London Heathrow and Frankfurt airports because the gusty winds made it necessary to increase the spacing between flight movements , which reduced airport capacity accordingly.

In Northern Germany current weather reports were sent out via amateur radio relays, radio amateurs prepared for the emergency radio /disaster radio operation.

Germany

Thousands were stuck in the train stations. The standing trains were opened for sleeping
Forest damage caused by storm Kyrill in Bürenbruch near Schwerte-Ergste
Storm damage near Diedrichsburg near Melle
Storm force effects in detail, Tharandter Forest
A previously completely forested slope on the Lahnberge near Marburg that was cleared by Kyrill

At noon on January 18, the 1,000 meter long and 60 meter high Reichenbach viaduct on the A 71 in the Thuringian Forest was closed after a truck with a trailer skidded due to a squall and the empty trailer tipped onto the bridge railing. In the afternoon, the Kennedy Bridge in Bonn was closed to pedestrians and cyclists as a precaution. At around 6 p.m. the Werratalbrücke Hedemünden ( A7 ) and the Werratalbrücke Hörschel followed the A4 . In Düsseldorf , the Düsseldorf-Flehe bridge over the Rhine , the Rheinknie bridge and the Oberkasseler bridge were closed in the early evening . The A 45 ("Sauerlandlinie") was blocked between Hagen - Süd and Siegen over a length of more than 75 km. The A45 has many high and therefore wind -prone valley bridges there and runs perpendicular to the wind direction from Kyrill.

Deutsche Bahn initially decided to let its ICE trains, which travel at up to 300 km/h, run at a lower speed, which caused delays. There were fears of storm damage to the railway infrastructure, which could have endangered vehicles.

In order not to endanger the railway staff and the passengers in the trains or in the stations and other railway facilities, around 9:00 p.m. (until 6:00 a.m. on the following day) long-distance traffic was stopped for the first time in the history of Deutsche Bahn throughout the entire city Route network discontinued as a precaution. Regional traffic was also interrupted in Bavaria and parts of North Rhine-Westphalia. In the other regions, the S-Bahn and regional traffic was largely continued in emergency operation, unless this later became impossible due to storm damage. From the following day, the railway used individual trains again in emergency operation. Due to the repair work and because the schedules could no longer be met, regular operation was not possible everywhere on January 19 either, and there were considerable delays throughout Germany.

In many schools, classes were canceled in whole or in part as a preventive measure. Parents in Berlin were given the freedom to keep their children at home because of the impending storm. In Bavaria, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Hamburg, Bremen and North Rhine-Westphalia, the ministries of education canceled afternoon classes nationwide to enable the students to travel home safely. Lessons were also canceled in some districts in Lower Saxony. The headmasters in Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia were free to cancel afternoon classes at their schools. In these federal states, too, afternoon classes were canceled in most schools to minimize the risk for the students, and kindergartens were also closed earlier. Teaching has also been discontinued at some universities and technical colleges.

Because of the hurricane, in some areas of Germany, including large parts of Bavaria , in southern Lower Saxony ( Holzminden district , Hameln-Pyrmont district and Hildesheim district ), in parts of Hesse ( Limburg-Weilburg district , Lahn-Dill district and Waldeck-Frankenberg ) and in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein on the following Friday school lessons ended. In the rest of North Rhine-Westphalia , as well as in Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia , the decision was left to the parents and adult students.

A storm surge warning was issued on the German North Sea coast. As a precaution, two federal multi-purpose ships took up positions on the high seas in order to be available for emergency towing operations. Contrary to what was expected at the time, there was no storm surge on the North Sea coast and there was also no high stress or threat to the East Frisian dikes on the North Sea and Ems . The storm swept across the German Bight faster than initially thought and the slackening wind allowed the water to drain away again before the tidal range fully set in. In Emden the water level reached two meters above the mean high water level and in Bremen it was 1.36 meters. The flood values ​​were around two meters lower than feared.

Austria

In Austria, it was assumed that Vorarlberg and the northern side of the Alps in particular would be affected by the winds, which could reach speeds of up to 141 km/h. Vorarlberg and Tyrol issued storm warnings for Thursday and Friday. Crisis teams have been set up in Vorarlberg, Lower Austria and Vienna in order to be able to efficiently coordinate emergency services in an emergency. In Vienna, 500 firefighters were ready for the storm; a further 500 reinforcements were planned in case of severe damage. The absence of students from school due to the storm was excused throughout Germany. The electricity supplier Energie AG Oberösterreich made 400 to 500 employees available for on-call service in the event of power failures. The Austrian Federal Railways imposed speed limits of 100 km/h in advance. For some routes, such as the Mariazell Railway, it was announced that rail services would cease from the morning of January 19. On the evening of January 18, the Minister of Education, Claudia Schmied , announced that classes should be held everywhere, but participation was optional. The top speed was finally measured at the Feuerkogel with 207 km/h.

Switzerland

The Swiss canton police had feared major damage in the east.

impact and damage

47 people died in the hurricane.

In March 2008, the total damage caused by the hurricane had not yet been determined. The overall economic damage is estimated by the Munich Reinsurance Company at ten billion US dollars .

  • The insurance losses were originally estimated at around four to eight billion euros ( AIR Worldwide ) or five to seven billion euros (Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft), and according to more recent calculations should amount to USD 5.8 billion.
  • The forestry damage (which is not insurable) was estimated at 58.8 million cubic meters of windblown timber .

Belgium

In Belgium, two people were killed by the hurricane.

Germany

Destroyed cars in Berlin-Lichterfelde
Bent pylon near Magdeburg -Ottersleben
Destroyed forest in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein

In Germany, 13 people died as a result of the hurricane:

In North Rhine-Westphalia alone, another six people died during the clearing work in the affected forests by mid-January 2008, and more than 700 accidents with injuries were counted.

The General Association of the German Insurance Industry (GDV) initially estimated the insured damage to be at least one billion euros. The estimate was later corrected to two billion euros after the member companies had reported the damage data. Ultimately, the German insurance industry made claims payments of €2.4 billion for over 2.3 million claims reports.

In his report “Winter Storms in Europe – History from 1703 to 2012”, Aon Benfield assumes an insured loss in Germany of 2.8 billion euros.

On the Elmshorn–Westerland railway line , a Deutsche Bahn InterCity crashed when it crashed into a tree that had fallen in the storm. There was only property damage.

After the Deutsche Bahn had restricted long-distance traffic in the afternoon, on the evening of January 18, 2007, for the first time in the history of the railway, all long-distance traffic was stopped due to a storm and regional traffic was significantly restricted. The trains only continued their journey to the next suitable station, where emergency accommodation, blankets and tea were provided for the passengers. Regional traffic in Bavaria has been completely disrupted, as has parts of North Rhine-Westphalia. The S-Bahn traffic was maintained as long as possible. At the new Berlin Central Station , a steel beam weighing almost two tons tore off and fell down. The station was evacuated as a precaution, and rail traffic was not resumed until January 19th.

In parts of the federal territory, the electricity failed because high-voltage lines could not withstand the force of the hurricane or falling trees damaged lines, for example in North Rhine-Westphalia , the Westerwald district , and in large parts of Thuringia and Hesse . In Brandenburg , Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt , more than 150,000 households were without electricity at times. There were also power outages in parts of Bavaria , which lasted up to twelve hours. In the Thuringian Forest and in the district of Salzwedel , some places were even cut off from the power grid for 36 hours, in southern Brandenburg for up to 2 days. On Sunday, January 21, 2007, some farms in the district of Oberberg were still being supplied with electricity by the THW because the public grid had not yet been restored.

Cologne 's Romano-Germanic Museum was damaged when flying wooden coverings broke through three large windows and fell onto the Roman Dionysus Mosaic .

A tornado formed in Wittenberg , coming from the west and moving parallel to the Elbe : In the Wittenberg-West district, more than 20 apartment buildings and several cars were severely damaged. In the Castle Church , several of the historic coat of arms windows were destroyed by flying objects. Some of the sandstone battlements of the castle tower fell down and broke through the roof of the UNESCO World Heritage church. The castle church was then closed for over a week. In the southern ramparts, a large number of old trees were sheared off at a height of five metres.

The hurricane caused considerable damage on the federal highway 54 between Schalksmühle and Bruges (Lüdenscheid) . A steep slope had slipped there due to uprooted trees and had buried the road. This landslide buried three vehicles. However, no one was injured as the occupants were able to get to safety. The clean-up work lasted until March 1, 2007, since special alpine machines had to be requested from Switzerland .

The longest blockage of a traffic route due to Kyrill affected the Schwarzbachwacht Pass on federal highway 305 . The road was closed for almost half a year to deal with large wind throws in difficult terrain and to erect a rockfall fence, which was necessary due to the increased risk of falling rocks.

In the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein , District Administrator Paul Breuer announced the disaster . Wind speeds of up to 205 km/h were measured on the Kindelsberg (618 m above sea level) near Kreuztal .

The hurricane had catastrophic consequences for the forest population. Around 37 million cubic meters of wood fell victim to the storm in the German forests . In the Thuringian Forest, around 500,000 solid cubic meters, i.e. around 215,000 tons of windblown wood , are expected . In the end, Kyrill left 6,300 hectares of bare land in Thuringia, 4,700 hectares of cleared forest and scattered tree litter on 200,000 hectares. The reasons for the damage there were, on the one hand, the softened forest floor caused by the heavy rainfall in recent weeks, and, on the other hand, the fact that many of the trees were already had been damaged by decades of air pollution and, thirdly, that the stands affected were spruce stands.

The greatest damage occurred in the forests of North Rhine-Westphalia (especially in Wittgenstein , in the Siegerland and Sauerland ), where with 12 million cubic meters or 25 million trees, about half of the German and a third of the European (30 million cubic meters) losses occurred. In February, the forestry offices in the main damage areas in South Westphalia set up numerous wet and dry storage areas, each with a capacity of up to 50,000 cubic meters, to store the storm wood for years. In the Waldeck-Frankenberg district , around 1 million solid cubic meters of wood were overturned. 50,000 cubic meters of this were stored in a wet storage area near Mehlen .

South Westphalia was hopelessly overwhelmed with the elimination of the storm damage, said the chairman of the Sauerland tourism on March 5, 2007. It was hopeless to transport all the storm wood away. The total of 15 million solid cubic meters corresponds to around 450,000 truckloads.

Wet wood storage near Bad Laasphe in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein
Timber loading in Siegen

Kyrill destroyed ten percent of the forest of the Ruhr Regional Association . The storm caused 150,000 solid cubic meters of broken wood. That is a larger amount of wood than is usually felled in one year on average. The Üfter Mark in the district of Wesel , the Hohe Mark and the Haard in the district of Recklinghausen were particularly affected ; the so-called southern forest districts in Hagen and the Ennepe-Ruhr district were also severely affected .

At a regional conference in Siegen on March 27, 2007, the Prime Minister of North Rhine -Westphalia, Jürgen Rüttgers , presented an aid package totaling 300 million euros to eliminate the damage caused by the hurricane in South Westphalia . Of this, 100 million euros will be made available for reforestation and path repair.

In view of the billions in damage caused by hurricane Kyrill, the federal government called for EU aid for the affected regions. Federal Finance Minister Peer Steinbrück (SPD) puts the total damage in Germany at 4.3 billion euros. 70 percent of this damage occurred in the Sauerland and in the Siegen-Wittgenstein district. Almost eleven million solid cubic meters of wood fell in this region.

On April 13, 2007, the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance reported that the risk of forest fires had increased significantly due to the damage in the forests that had not been completely removed and the unusually dry April . On the one hand, in the event of a fire, rescue workers would be hampered by the wood, which is several meters high in places, and on the other hand, the dried out wood represents fire material.

At the end of April, the head of the Hilchenbach forestry office informed the district committee in the Siegen-Wittgenstein district that around 20% of the around 1.6 million solid cubic meters of fallen wood had been processed in the area of ​​the office. Before the hurricane, they earned around 55 euros gross per cubic meter after deduction of costs, after the hurricane and with the oversupply only 32 euros.

To deal with the damage caused, Germany received 166.9 million euros from the EU Solidarity Fund .

France

In northern France, two drivers died in accidents caused by the hurricane. The traffic of the Eurostar from Paris through the Channel Tunnel to London had to be stopped.

United Kingdom and Ireland

Departures board at King's Cross railway station on January 18, 2007

The hurricane killed 14 people in the UK.

192 flights were canceled at London airports , but Manchester and some other airports were also affected. Power went out in much of Britain as falling trees and flying debris damaged power lines. The counties that were most affected were Surrey , Yorkshire , Lincolnshire and Lancashire , as well as large parts of Wales . Also affected by closures were rail services and various sections of the  M1 and  M25 motorways (where the Dartford Crossing bridge on the Thames was closed).

Location of the MSC Napoli container ship in distress at the time of the Mayday report

In the English Channel , the container ship MSC Napoli got into distress and was abandoned by the crew .

The ferry service between Dover and Calais was temporarily suspended, and there were also delays on the other ferry routes in the English Channel . Likewise, the ferry traffic between the English Fishguard and the Irish Rosslare Harbor came to a standstill. In Dublin , the port had to be completely closed. Two fishing boats sank in the Irish Sea . Seven fishermen died in the process. A third boat also sank trying to rescue the sailors; however, its crew could be saved.

In Northern Ireland , the storm reached speeds of up to 152 kilometers per hour. The storm also caused power outages and downed trees.

According to initial estimates, the British insurance industry assumed the damage would be around one billion pounds.

Luxembourg

In Luxembourg , only windbreaks and flooded cellars were reported.

Netherlands

Storm damage in Delft ( Netherlands )

In the Netherlands, the storm claimed seven lives.

The national crisis center issued a nationwide severe weather warning on Thursday and asked the population not to go outside if possible. A crane fell on a building on the campus of Utrecht University. In The Hague , shop windows broke due to the high wind speeds. In Amsterdam, the main station had to be closed due to damage to the roof. In the evening, rail traffic collapsed completely. Numerous motorways also had to be closed due to flooded lanes and overturned trucks. Ferry traffic to the islands of Terschelling and Vlieland was completely suspended and could only be resumed on Friday night.

Austria

Windblown summit cross on the Hoher Zinken in Styria ( detail: 3 centimeters of wrought iron bent over )
Destroyed machine hall in Upper Austria after Cyril.

Severe weather alert was issued for almost the entire federal territory. Vorarlberg, North Tyrol, Salzburg as well as Upper Austria, Lower Austria and Vienna were mostly warned with the highest warning level. A disaster alarm was triggered by the state warning centers. Around 10 p.m., the first gusts of wind reached the northern areas of Austria, causing major damage , especially in the Mühlviertel and Waldviertel . The hurricane reached its greatest strength between midnight and 4 a.m.

The power went out again and again in large parts of Upper and Lower Austria as well as in Salzburg and Styria . Especially in heavily forested regions, there was sometimes no power supply until the morning hours of Friday. In Austria, the hurricane has claimed no lives. Two people were injured in Braunau am Inn (Upper Austria). North Tyrol and Vorarlberg , like Switzerland, were only hit by an offshoot of Cyril. There was only one fatality, who died while cleaning up after the storm. In the night of January 19, wind peaks of around 140 km/h were measured in the lowlands, and even up to 216 km/h in the mountains - measured on the Gaisberg in Salzburg . A wind speed of 207 km/h was measured on the Feuerkogel near Ebensee am Traunsee when the measuring system was damaged by the storm and failed.

The damage estimated by the insurance industry is likely to be 100 million euros and about the same as that of the storm damage caused by Hurricane Daria in 1990. The forest damage amounted to 3.4 million cubic meters of harvest and was therefore less than Vivian / Wiebke 1990 with about 7 .5 million  sm .

On January 18, 2017, the Austrian Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics ZAMG published a summary report on hurricane Kyrill and its effects ("Today ten years ago: Storm 'Kyrill'") as well as a detailed report.

Poland

A crane worker in Katowice died when a 25 meter high crane collapsed. Another was seriously injured. The power supply was cut off in several Polish cities. Among others, Breslau , Legnica and Wałbrzych in Lower Silesia were affected . A total of six people died in Poland as a result of the hurricane.

Switzerland

The peak of Kyrill was probably around midnight in Switzerland.

The airline Swiss canceled 105 flights. About 6000 passengers were affected. According to the media, Switzerland was only marginally affected by Kyrill's foothills. Despite this, the 20-ton control car of a passenger train was hit by a gust in Appenzellerland and lifted off the rails. The train driver suffered shock and minor injuries, there were no passengers on board. Various railway lines were interrupted, so that buses had to be used.

There were no fatalities in Switzerland; according to the media, only two people were slightly injured in Zurich. The city police received around three dozen damage reports. There were also a number of roads blocked by fallen trees and damaged cars. There was a power outage in the city of Lucerne.

Czech Republic

Forest in the Czech Republic after hurricane Kyrill

Three people died from falling trees in the Czech Republic . The heavy rain caused the river levels to rise. A maximum wind speed of 216 kilometers per hour was measured on Snezka . Fallen trees damaged overhead wires or blocked the rails on several railway lines, including on the Pilsen – Cheb , Tábor – Benešov lines and between České Budějovice and Pilsen near Nepomuk . In forestry , Kyrill caused around 5 million cubic meters of windblown wood, which is around 70 percent of the amount of wood felled annually.

After the mild winter, a bark beetle plague was expected anyway ; the Minister of Agriculture ordered an accelerated removal of the windblown wood. About a million people were temporarily without power.

Ukraine

In Ukraine , the hurricane disrupted the Druzhba oil pipeline , which transports oil to Western Europe.

Cyrillic Paths

Typical image of windbreak by Cyril: the forest on the 749 meter high Lindenberg in the Thuringian Forest near Ilmenau

In some forest areas that were particularly badly devastated by the storm, parts of the windbreak were not cleaned up, but opened up for tourism. There, the respective area can be walked on an educational trail, which largely runs over steps, ladders and footbridges, so that the visitor can get an impression of the violence of the storm. Examples of Cyrill paths (also called Kyrill paths ) in Germany:

Others

Young spruce culture (“Picea abies”) at the edge of a windbreak area twelve years after Cyrill

Overall, the 2006/07 winter season brought numerous intense, fast-moving lows, such as the hurricane Yanqiu (October 26/27), Britta (October 30/November 1), storm Vera (December 8), the storm/hurricane series Jessica – Karla – Lotte (December 29 – January 1) and hurricanes Franz (January 11) and Per (January 14). Cyril was the strongest of them.

In the autumn and winter of 2006/2007, westerly weather conditions were recorded over Europe with an above-average frequency. The violent development of some of these low-pressure areas was u. a. favored by the relatively warm waters of the North Atlantic . The latter is attributed to global warming .

See also

web links

Commons : Kyrill (Orkan)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Hurricane "Kyrill" struck Europe  - message

footnotes

  1. ↑ a b DWD weather map January 21, 2007, 0:00 UTC , website of Freie Universität Berlin, retrieved on March 1, 2008
  2. ↑ a b MeteoSwiss gust peaks map
  3. ↑ a b DWD, weather reports 9 p.m., Arkona ( Memento from January 15, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ↑ a b Swiss Re : Winterstorm Kyrill over northern Europe ( Memento of 3 January 2010 at Internet Archive ), retrieved 3 March 2008
  5. ↑ a b c Munich Reinsurance Company: Press release natural catastrophe claims balance sheet 2007  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@2Template: dead link/www.munichre.com  December 27, 2007
  6. ↑ Winter storms in Europe. History from 1703 to 2012. (PDF) Aon Benfield, January 2013, pp. 18–19 , retrieved 11 March 2014 .
  7. ↑ Bernhard Weller et al. (2016): Building construction in climate change . Springer Vieweg , ISBN 978-3-658-13010-7 , pp. 266 ( online ). US dollars in purchasing power at the time.
  8. ↑ Gerhard Müller-Westermeier (Deutscher Wetterdienst): Description and climatological assessment of the hurricane "Kyrill" (p. 5)
  9. ↑ Website of the Wetterpate campaign at the FU Berlin, which assigns the names of the low-pressure areas in 2007 (retrieved on March 1, 2008)
  10. ↑ Der Tagesspiegel : 'Kyrill' was a present for his 65th birthday: 'We meant well' , January 19, 2007
  11. ↑ NZZ  : Relaxation after hurricane Kyrill , January 19, 2007
  12. ↑ Meteomedia : Hurricane KYRILL. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008 ; retrieved May 5, 2017 .
  13. ↑ CNN 26 Flee sinking ship as storm batters UK. January 18, 2007, archived from the original on January 26, 2007 ; retrieved 9 May 2017 .
  14. ↑ Der Spiegel : The latest from 'Kyrill' at a glance , January 18, 2007
  15. ↑ a b The effects of storm Kyrill on the autobahns . eisenachonline.de, police reports , accessed on January 18, 2012
  16. ↑ Die Welt : The storm has Germany firmly in its grip
  17. ↑ Senate of Berlin : School attendance in extreme weather conditions: parents decide , January 18, 2007
  18. ↑ Die Welt : Storm 'Kyrill' claimed dozens of lives , January 19, 2007
  19. ↑ ORF From Vorarlberg to Burgenland@1@2Template: dead link/orf.at ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , January 18, 2007 
  20. ↑ news.atPeak speed of 207 km/h on the Feuerkogel: nowhere in Austria was the wind stronger!, January 19, 2007
  21. ↑ AIR Worldwide, quoted from insurance companies – Kyrill costs up to eight billion euros , Focus Money online, January 23, 2007, 09:20
  22. ↑ Storm damage: "Kyrill" costs insurance companies up to seven billion euros . In: The World . January 26, 2007
  23. ^ a b Martin Hillmann, AFZ-DerWald 22/2007 , pp. 1190-1191; AFZ 5/2007, p. 250; AFZ 3/2007, p. 153; quoted after Kyrill's damage balance - more detailed forest considerations by Martin Hubrig, posting in event analyses:Wetterzentrale Forum , January 18, 2008 10:27 am
  24. ↑ Twee doden door de Zware storm. VRT Nieuws, January 18, 2007, retrieved January 18, 2007 .
  25. ↑ taz: Hurricane 'Kyrill' keeps helpers on their toes January 18, 2007
  26. ↑ Report by the dpa of January 11, 2008, printed in the national section of the newspaper Soester Anzeiger of January 12, 2008
  27. ↑ Tagesschau : 'Kyrill' cost at least one billion euros (tagesschau.de archive) January 19, 2007 19:45 CET
  28. ↑ Stormy times - prevent damage and insure properly ( Memento from April 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), GDV press release from November 7, 2008, retrieved on April 10, 2017.
  29. ↑ Winter storms in Europe. History from 1703 to 2012. (PDF) Aon Benfield, January 2013, pp. 18–19 , retrieved 11 March 2014 .
  30. ↑ a b n-tv : 'Kyrill' is getting stronger , January 18, 2007
  31. ↑ Die Welt : Rail traffic completely collapsed , January 18, 2007
  32. ↑ n-tv: Three days after "Kyrill" - power is flowing again January 21, 2007
  33. ↑ http://www.udo-leuschner.de/energie-chronik/070105.htm
  34. ↑ Insurers estimate damage at one billion euros. Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 20, 2007
  35. ↑ WDR.de : Fear for Dionysus
  36. ↑ Response of the federal government to a small question, July 9, 2007, printed paper 16/6030
  37. ↑ Free word: disaster for the forest  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , January 20, 2007@1@2Template: dead link/www.freie-wort.de  
  38. ↑ Thüringer Allgemeine of December 21, 2007, p. TC7 No mercy on the forest
  39. ↑ WDR: [1] , March 6, 2007
  40. ↑ WDR: 100 million euros for storm damage , March 27, 2007.
  41. ↑ Westfalenpost: Federal government demands EU millions because of Kyrill ( memento of September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), March 31, 2007
  42. ↑ Civil Protection Magazine of the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance 2/2007 p. 42
  43. ↑ Extraordinary natural phenomena. Archived from the original on April 15, 2011 ; retrieved June 16, 2017 .
  44. ↑ Le Figaro : Le calme revient après la tempête Kyrill ( Memento of September 29, 2007 at the Internet Archive ), January 19, 2007 (French)
  45. ↑ Tagesschau, January 19, 2007, 8 p.m
  46. ↑ BBC News : Nine dead as UK struck by storms , 18 January 2007
  47. ↑ BBC News : England battered by wind and rain , 18 January 2007
  48. ↑ Irish Independent (eircom.net): Transport chaos as country battered by 140kmh gales , 19 January 2007
  49. ↑ BBC News : Severe gales lead to power cuts , 18 January 2007
  50. ↑ Sky News : Massive Bill For Storms , January 20, 2007
  51. ↑ RTL Luxemburg: (no access to the report)
  52. ↑ De Volkskrant, January 20, 2007
  53. ↑ ORF : Severe damage from hurricane 'Kyrill' , January 18, 2007
  54. ↑ Tagesschau, January 19. 2007, 8 p.m
  55. ↑ Rederij Doeksen houdt veerboten aan de wal. Leeuwarder Courant, January 18, 2007, archived from the original on September 29, 2007 ; Retrieved 14 June 2017 (Dutch).
  56. ↑ Heavy damage after hurricane night  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ORF , undated@1@2Template: dead link/www.orf.at  
  57. ^ Damages at least 100 million euros , ORF , January 23, 2007
  58. ↑ Sixth environmental control report by the Federal Minister for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management to the National Council , Chapter 7. Forest , Fig. 9, p. 321. In: Federal Environment Agency: Various publications. Volume 067, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-85457-593-9 ( web document , pdf 0.8 MB)
  59. ↑ Ten years ago today: Storm "Kyrill" — ZAMG. In: zamg.ac.at. Retrieved January 19, 2017 .
  60. ↑ 10 years of Kyrill - a detailed report. In: zamg.ac.at.
  61. ↑ Wichury w Polsce – pierwsza ofiara. onet.pl Archived from the original on 2007-01-24 ; Retrieved April 17, 2017 .
  62. ↑ Krajobraz po wichurze – 6 ofiar smiertelnych. Archived from the original on January 25, 2007 ; retrieved March 21, 2017 .
  63. ↑ Tages-Anzeiger : Storm swept train off track , January 19, 2007
  64. ↑ SpiegelOnline : The latest from 'Kyrill' at a glance , January 18, 2007
  65. ↑ NZZ : Kyrill sweeps over Switzerland ( Memento of September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), January 18, 2007
  66. ↑ Tages-Anzeiger Storm swept train off track , January 19, 2007
  67. ↑ Idnes Online : Tri obeti vichrice v Cesku. , January 18, 2007 (Czech)
  68. ↑ Mladá fronta Dnes : Vítr lámal stromy i recordy. Na Snežce mel 216 km/h , 19 January 2006
  69. ↑ mainly in Karlovarský kraj , Plzeňský kraj , Jihočeský kraj and Vysočina kraj
  70. ↑ Mladá fronta Dnes : Gandalovic navrhne vláde lesní nouzi pro ctyri kraje , January 22, 2007 (Czech)
  71. ↑ Hospodárske noviny : Dodávky elektriny budou plne obnoveny do nedele , January 19, 2006
  72. ↑ web.de: Kyrill interrupts Russian oil deliveries to Eastern Europe  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , January 19, 2007@1@2Template: dead link/magazine.web.de  
  73. ↑ Thomas Sävert: Winter Storms . saevert.de (updated list, retrieved December 24, 2015).
  74. ↑ Gerhard Müller-Westermeier (Deutscher Wetterdienst): Description and climatological assessment of the hurricane "Kyrill"