School narration

The school narrative is an international company included, culture-specific differentiated genre of narrative literature and film , in a broader sense of drama and radio plays . In this genre, the school is the theme and the main venue. The actors involved in it, especially the teachers and students, are the main characters; Parents and representatives of school authorities in particular represent secondary characters.

School narratives can be addressed to adults as well as children and adolescents; some are aimed at all age groups as all-age literature . The addressing can often be recognized by whether the story is mainly from the perspective of the student or the teacher. The boarding school novel is a special form of school narration that can address all common school forms from elementary school to grammar school .

In addition to the school narrative as a genre, there is an abundance of literary, film or other media works (e.g. cabaret ) in which the school and its actors play a prominent role (see list of school narratives in literature and the media ), be it as Episode, as a sideline or as a thematic facet. Prominent literary examples include Karl Philipp Moritz ' Anton Reiser (1785f.), Theodor Fontane's Mathilde Möhring (1896), Ludwig Thomas Lausbubengeschichten (1905), Ernst Glaeser's year of birth 1902 (1928), Erich Maria Remarques Nothing New in the West (1928) ) or Martin Walser's A Fleeing Horse (1978). It is important to note these numerous works if you are interested in the artistic designs of the school as an educational institution.

Periodization and grouping

Different models of periodization and grouping are available . For example, a periodization analogous to literary epochs and a grouping according to school types, gender, thematic focus, cultures , ethnic groups or according to media and genres is conceivable .

The following classification dispenses with an explicit grouping. With regard to periodization, she draws connection lines between the development of the school narrative as such (e.g. regarding teacher and student figures) and far-reaching political and social cuts. As such, bearing in mind other possible subdivisions such as 1933 or 1945 as key data of the Third Reich , the years 1848/49 ( March Revolution ), 1918/19 (which are often used in (literary) and ( cultural ) history for periodization ) from a German perspective End of the German Empire ), 1967/68 ( 1968 movement ) and 1989/90 ( German reunification ).

School narratives until 1848

The Governess, or The Little Female Academy by Sarah Fielding , published in 1749 (German: 1761) is considered the first boarding school novel in world literature and also the first novel aimed at children . The novel Tom Brown's School Days by Thomas Hughes, published in 1857 (German: 1867), contributed to the establishment of the genre in world literature . In German-speaking countries, in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries, Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz with The Hofmeister or Advantages of Private Education (1774), Johann Gottlieb Schummel with a goatee, a comical and tragic story for our educational century (1779) and Jeremias Gotthelf with the sorrows and joys of a schoolmaster (1838).

School narratives until 1918

At the end of the 19th century, Emmy von Rhoden had great and lasting success with her boarding school novel The Defiant Head (1883; subtitle: A pension story for adult girls ). Else Ury also found a lot of accusation among the female audience with her Nesthäkchen series, in which Volume 2, Nesthäkchen's first school year (1915), is a school story. In the male audience, male alliance texts such as Von Junge, die werden. New stories from Dr. Fuchs (1909) and Die Kriegsprima and other stories by Dr. Fuchs (1915) favored by Fritz Pistorius , which contributed to the mental militarization of the youth and aroused enthusiasm for war.

Coeducation is not an issue in the early school narratives. It is told by pure boys or girls classes. The teachers in the school and boarding school novels for girls are sometimes strict and unyielding, but sometimes also understanding and socially integrative. The situation is different in the school narratives that have become increasingly popular for an adult readership since the end of the 19th century. These include works such as The Sorrow of a Boy ( Conrad Ferdinand Meyer , 1988), The First Day of School ( Arno Holz and Johannes Schlaf , 1889), The Preferred Student ( Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach , 1898), Freund Hein. A life story ( Emil Strauss , 1902), the gymnastics lesson ( Rainer Maria Rilke , 1902), Unterm Rad ( Hermann Hesse , 1906), the confusions of the pupil Törless ( Robert Musil , 1906) or the preferred student ( Joseph Roth , 1916). Some of these stories even end fatally for the focus students. They break because of the authoritarian, bureaucratically oriented actions of their teachers based solely on professional standards and the over-ambition of their parents. With his outstanding socially critical novel Professor Unrat (1904), filmed in 1930 by Josef von Sternberg under the title The Blue Angel as the individual tragedy of an aging owl, Heinrich Mann added a new facet to the genre by giving the genre only his official authority, personally but weak and unfounded high school teacher Raat - a satirical representative of Wilhelminism - let his passion for a dancer socially perish.

School narratives 1918 to 1968

The school narratives that were published after the First World War feature polyvalent teacher figures. In addition to the authoritarian type, there is the socially integrative type. Broken teachers suffering from the school situation have already occurred. The teacher Josef Blau from Hermann Ungar's novel Die Klasse (1927) is an example of such a character . He suffers from delusional states, believing himself to be in a constant battle with his class, and has to take leave and be represented by a stronger, “healthier” colleague. Friedrich Torberg tells in his novel Der Schüler Gerber, which was also made into a film by Wolfgang Glück decades later (1981) (original title: Der Schüler Gerber has graduated ; 1930), the story of a teacher-pupil power struggle that ends fatally for the pupil Kurt Gerber. His opponent, the mathematics teacher Artur Kupfer, called "God Copper", has sadistic but also ambivalent traits, as he helps Gerber pass the Matura (high school diploma). In this context, Christa Winsloe's play Yesterday and Today (premiered in 1930 under the title Ritter Nérestan ) should also be mentioned. The play was filmed in 1931 by Leontine Sagan and Carl Froelich under the title Girls in Uniform and was made famous by Géza von Radványi 's film remake (1958) with Romy Schneider , Lili Palmer , Sabine Sinjen and Therese Giehse in leading roles. On the one hand, it is about the erotic love between a young boarding school student and one of her teachers, on the other hand, it is also about accounting for the educational ideas in the German Empire, especially for girls. Franz Werfel's novel Der Abituriententag should also be emphasized . The story of a youth debt (1928), which takes place at the beginning of the 20th century and the mid-1920s and which, in addition to teacher figures, critically examines student figures shaped by Wilhelminism.

In his classic book for children and young people, The Flying Classroom (1933; see below), Erich Kästner, in the form of the boarding school teacher Dr. Johann Bökh (called "Justus", the Righteous) appear an unreservedly fatherly and caring teacher. Wilhelm Speyer also addresses children and young people with his novel Der Kampf der Tertia (1927), which tells of solidarity and the obligation to work to protect the weak. In the 1930s, Magda Trott increasingly designed an arch-conservative image of women in her Pucki (youth book series) volumes, which already appeared in volumes such as Pucki's first school year (1935) and Pucki goes to high school (1936). The picture book The Bunny School (1924) by Albert Sixtus and Fritz Koch-Gotha takes on a special role and is still very popular today.

For the period from 1933 to 1945, in addition to Ödön von Horvath's Jugend ohne Gott (1937), a relentless criticism of youth spoiled by National Socialism , above all the novel Die Feuerzangenbowle (1933) by Heinrich Spoerl and the film adaptation, which is still extremely popular to this day, are the same Title (1944) directed by Helmut Weiss is remarkable. The effect of the film, which is closely based on the novel, for which an earlier film adaptation by Robert Adolf Stemmle (1934) and a later film adaptation by Helmut Käutner (1970) are no competition, especially from the charisma of its main actor Heinz Rühmann , from the bizarre brilliantly portrayed teacher figures ( Erich Ponto , Paul Henckels ), in general from the transfiguration of school life, which is relocated to a "good" past that can only be indirectly understood (German Empire), as well as from the atmospheric music by Werner Bochmann .

In the first two decades after the Second World War , the topic of school did not play a prominent role in German-language literature aimed at adults. In contrast, it is more relevant in the area of ​​children's and youth literature, for example with Oliver Hassencamps Die Jungens von Burg Schreckenstein (1959) and especially with Anna Maria Jokl's novel The Perl Mother Color. A children's story for almost everyone (1948). The mother-of-pearl color , filmed in 2008 by Marcus H. Rosenmüller under the same title, tells the story of the emergence of National Socialism in the early 1930s using a school story.

The topic of school reached a larger adult audience in the Adenauer period , for example, through BRD cinema or television films such as Kurt Hoffmann's Kästner film The flying classroom (1954; further films in 1973 by Werner Jacobs and 2003 by Tomy Wiegand ) in the Kästner himself appears as an author and narrator, as well as through Axel von Ambesser's Der Pauker (1958) and Ladislas Fodors / Georg Marischkas Die Abiturientin (1958).

School narratives 1968 to 1990

For literature aimed at adults, texts such as Barbara Frischmuth's Die Klosterschule (1968), Hugo Dittberners Das Internat (1974), Günter Herburger's main teacher Hofer (1975; filmed under this title by Peter Lilienthal in the same year ) are available for this period in German-speaking countries , Hermann Burgers Schilten. School report for the attention of the Inspectors' Conference (1976; filmed by Beat Kuert under the title Schilten in 1978 ), Moritz Krügers Schulflucht (1978), Brigitte Kronauer's wife Mühlenbeck in the case (1980) or Alfred Andersch's The Father of a Murderer (1980; filmed under this title in 1987 by Carlheinz Caspari ). As the title already suggests, Frischmuth and Dittberner deal, in part biographically motivated, with special school forms and their abusive educational methods. Herburger and Andersch are negotiating historical materials that go back further back to the early 20th century, to Alsace around 1910 and to Munich at the end of the 1920s. Again, it is about authoritarian, z. Attitudes and structures partly linked to class relationships that culminate in National Socialism . Burger's provincial novel, set in Aargau , Switzerland , provides the psychography of an obsessive teacher figure and thus that of an entire region, indeed an entire country. Stories set by Krüger and Kronauer in the 1970s tell of a young teacher who got into serious personal and professional crises.

In the area of children's and youth literature , school is less present as a topic in this period than in other periods; other topics, especially those of a socially critical and intercultural nature, dominate, at least in Germany . From the GDR , for example, Uwe Kant's youth novel Das Klassenfest (1969) should be mentioned, in which the school and family problems of a boy and a young teacher who takes care of the boy are told from different subjective perspectives, although he himself takes care of the boy in different ways Is fraught with problems. The novel, which reacts indirectly to state-official, fine-talked claims about school and social reality, was filmed in 1971 by DEFA director Rainer Simon under the title Men without a Beard . Paul Maar's successful book One Week Full of Saturdays (1973) and Irina Korschunow's and Edith Schindler 's children's book For Steffi Begins the School (1982) are typical examples of the German publications . On the first day of school Steffi is confronted with a whole series of inconveniences at Korschunow's, but after she has mastered all the difficulties, she can cheerfully announce: “Tomorrow I will go back to school”. Maar also reports on a success story: Sams, who is intrepid to the limit of being a penetrant, not only succeeds in turning Mr. Taschenbier on both feet by turning him from a fearful man into a self-confident man, but also in the dreary everyday school life.

In 1968 the cinema series Die Lümmel von der Erste Bank (directors: Werner Jacobs , Harald Reinl , Franz Josef Gottlieb ) opened with the Jacobs film To Hell with the Paukern (based on a satirical novel by Herbert Rösler ). Six more films followed in this series by 1972, including Jacobs' Hurra, die Schule brennt (1969) and Reinl's Wir hau'n die Pauker in the pan (1970). The series relied on comedic entertainment with some critical undertones towards an outdated pedagogy and authoritarian, conservative teachers. In the remake of the novel The Flying Classroom (1973) with Joachim Fuchsberger in the role of Dr. Bökh again directed Werner Jacobs. The modernization of the material is particularly evident in the newly added international references: At the beginning, the student Johnny Sportwetten flies to Germany from the USA, while Martin Thaler's parents are trying to start a business in Africa.

Hardly young with the school reality and the reality of life girl is compatible the thirteen-part theatrical erotic series Schoolgirl Report (1970-1980), at the Walter Boos and Hofbauer Ernst led Directed and, inspired by a book by Günther Hunold , as soft porn under mainly served voyeuristic needs under the guise of documentary reporting. This also applies to the Eberhard Schröder film Schüler-Report (1971), which is the counterpart to the schoolgirl films.

Peter Zadek's first feature film Ich bin ein Elefant, Madame (1968), which is based on Thomas Valentin's novel Die Unberatenen (1963) and was awarded the Silver Bear at the Berlinale in 1969 , uses a grammar school in Bremen to deal with the theme of a student revolt of the 1960s aimed at extensive democratization and liberalization . Among other things, he creates the image of a heterogeneous teaching staff that alternates between authoritarian and traditional and liberal and progressive.

School narratives of the present

With that of Kurt Bartsch wrote ZDF - TV series Unser Lehrer Doktor Specht with Robert Atzorn in the lead role of the attractive sympathy carrier Dr. Markus Paul Specht, which has been broadcast in 70 episodes for eight years since 1991 (directors: Werner Masten , Vera Loebner , Karin Hercher ), the school narrative gained new popularity in Germany. One of the reasons for this was that Dr. Specht was also seen as a private person, for example in various love deals and in different types of schools in different places in Germany. The decisive factor for the success of the series, however, was that numerous everyday conflicts and situations as well as current affairs (reunification, migration, multiculturalism etc.) were told realistically, as well as topics that were taboo on television for a long time ( drugs , AIDS , sexuality in school / between Teaching staff and students etc.) were openly addressed. Our teacher Doktor Specht continued the successful concept on television with the ARD series Die Stein with Julia Stemberger as Katja Stein, broadcast from 2008 to 2011 and comprising 26 episodes in 2 seasons (authors: Gabriele Herzog , Scarlett Kleint , Sebastian Orlac , Thomas Hernadi , Johannes Lackner ) as well as from the private broadcaster RTL with the series Der Lehrer, which has been broadcast in 5 seasons since 2009 (a 6th season is announced for 2018), in which Hendrik Duryn embodies the teacher Stefan Vollmer.

In the co-production by Arte and Hessischer Rundfunk, which is reminiscent of a chamber play , The Conference (2004) by Niki Stein based on a screenplay by Bodo Kirchhoff , one is based on age, gender, professional self-image, character traits, mental dispositions, ideological and pedagogical basic convictions as well as private Life drawn a very differentiated picture of an entire college. This college, which turns out to be a heterogeneous, divided bunch without a role model, but with professionally or privately injured, burdened and guilty people to varying degrees, has to decide whether a bulky, self-confident student who, as part of a theater group rehearsal, has a Allegedly raped classmate, committed this act and must therefore be expelled from school.

In Lars Kraume Good morning, Mr. Grothe ( West German Broadcasting in 2007) and Connie Walther Zappelphilipp ( Bayerischer Rundfunk 2013) parts is about an extreme problem students - a young person here and a child there - and to the many efforts of a teacher or a teacher to integrate this problem pupil into the class against the resistance of classmates, colleagues and / or parents and to provide support beyond the school. Both teachers arrogate themselves and fail, among other things because they themselves are problematic and contradictory both privately and in their professional self-image and because they are not aware of the risks and the consequences of their well-intentioned actions.

Tim Trageser's television film Die Lehrerin ( ZDF 2011) based on the book by Laila Stieler , which deals with the consequences of a school rampage motivated by bullying among students , was also broadcast in a radio play version by RBB . The focus is on the teachers who are friends Katja and Andrea Liebnitz. Due to an exchange of hours, Katja, not Andrea, becomes the victim of an act of violence with a pistol when she throws herself between the shooter and his target, his tormentor. Andrea Liebnitz, who suffers from burnout and therefore wanted to give up her job, plunged into a crisis that resulted in a suicide attempt. After her rescue, she decides, strengthened, to continue practicing her teaching profession.

Christoph Röhl's Die Chosen ( Neue Deutsche Filmgesellschaft 2014), which pretends to be just a fictional film, but the setting and the number of characters very recognizable from the decades of abuse at the renowned Odenwald School , proved to be very problematic . For this reason, the film was banned even after it was first broadcast on television, and it was accused by scholars of "making disgraceful capital from terrible real-historical events" by using cinematic and dramaturgical means that do not register and stimulate intellectually, but "Sensation-seeking, voyeuristic, denunciating and blind indignation-promoting nature" are.

Since the 1990s, the topic of school has become a long-running hit not only on television, but also in cinema, literature and radio plays. The comedies Bora Dagtkins Fack ju Göhte (2013) and Fack ju Göhte 2 (2015) as well as Sönke Wortmann's Frau Müller muss weg were very successful . (2015) based on the play Frau Müller muss weg (2011) by Lutz Hübner .

In literary terms, a large number of school-related texts have recently appeared which are aimed at adults and / or young people and can be assigned to different genres. There are psychological thrillers such as The Widow, the Teacher, the Sea (2003) by Mareike Krügel , Im Gehege (2004) by Martina Borger and Maria Elisabeth Straub and Homework (2005) by Jakob Arjouni ; the satire teachers' room (2003) by Markus Orths ; ambitious novels and short stories such as Juli Zeh's Spieltrieb (2004), Siegfried Lenz 's minute of silence (2008), Klaus Böldl's The Night Teacher (2010), Judith Schalansky's Der Hals der Giraffe (2011), Nina Bußmann's Große Ferien (2012), Anna Katharina Hahns Am Schwarzen Berg (2012), Jan Böttcher's Das Lied vom Do und Lassen (2013) and Judith Taschler's Die Deutschlehrerin (2013); finally adolescent novels in which part of the plot is set in the school, e.g. Wolfgang Herrndorfs Tschick (2010), Lola Renns Three Songs Later (2013) and Stefanie de Velasco's Tiger Milk (2013).

Radio plays such as Kai Hensel 's Klamms Krieg ( Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk 2001), Sven Stricker's minute of silence (Norddeutscher Rundfunk 2009), Beate Andres ' Der Hals der Giraffe ( Südwestrundfunk 2012) or Inga Helfrich's Ich Wir Ihr Sie (Bayerischer Rundfunk 2013), some of which are based on literary originals are based, round off the picture that is created from the artistic side of the teaching life.

International school stories

In the Slavic, Scandinavian, Anglo-American and Asian regions, school narratives of a literary and cinematic nature have a long tradition. Many titles, which are aimed at adults and / or children and young people, and which are partly realistic-documentary, partly problem-oriented and / or partly entertaining, have been translated or dubbed into German and offered in German cinemas or television.

Well-known literary texts translated into German are, for example, Thomas Hughes ' Tom Brown's school years. From an old rugby boy. On the presentation of the current state of education in the upper classes of England ( Tom Brown's Schooldays , 1857; German Gotha 1867), Enid Blyton's book series Hanni and Nanni ( St. Clare’s , 1941–1945; German Munich 1965–1967), Astrid Lindgrens We children from Bullerbü ( Alla vi barn i Bullerbyn , 1947; German Hamburg 1955) and Madita ( Madicken , 1960, German Hamburg 1961), Tschingis Aitmatows The First Teacher ( Первыйучитель , 1962; German Leipzig 1965), Jan Guillous Evil ( Ondskan , 1981; German Munich 2000), Morton Rhues Die Welle. Report on a teaching attempt that went too far ( The Wave , 1981; German Ravensburg 2005), Jan de Zangers Then just with violence ( Desnoods met geweld , 1986; German Kevelaer 1987), Roald Dahls Matilda ( Matilda , 1988; German . Reinbek 1989), Nancy H. Klein tree Dead poets Society ( Dead poets Society , 1989; dt. Bergisch Gladbach 1990), Johanna Nilsson . ... and out you're a relentless novel about bullying and exclusion ( Hon går genome Tavlan , ut ur form ), 1996; German Munich 1998, Joanne K. Rowlings Harry Potter ( Harry Potter . Novel series, 1997–2016; German Hamburg 1999–2016), Mats Wahls Swedish for idiots ( Svenska för idioter , 2003; German Munich 2007) and Joyce Carol Oates ' Sexy ( Sexy , 2004; German Munich 2006).

It is also true of international film that it wants to portray, problematize, criticize or just entertain, and in doing so turns to very different types of schools in different social contexts. It is very noticeable that since the 1970s school has increasingly been an issue in US film, especially within the teenage genre high school movie or in high school musical ( Grease , 1978) and thus from the pupil's perspective in the context of general adolescence problems ; School has more of the function of a backdrop. The most famous example is probably Nicholas Ray's Rebel Without a Cause ( ... because they don't know what they're doing ; 1955). But there are also a number of US films in which teacher figures are the focus of interest. It is also noticeable that in certain countries such as France, for example, at the beginning of the 21st century school is becoming a cinematic fashion topic.

Representative examples of international film since the 1930s, some of which are also highly sophisticated in terms of film aesthetics, are Jean Vigo's Zéro de conduite: Jeunes diables au collège ( insufficient conduct ; FR 1933), Sam Woods Goodbye, Mr. Chips ( goodbye, Mr. Chips ; UK 1939), Richard Brookses Blackboard Jungle ( The Seed of Violence ; USA 1955), Vincente Minnellis Tea and Sympathy ( Different from the others ); (USA 1956), Jack Arnold's High School Confidential ( With Seventeen on the Abyss ; USA 1958), James Clavells To Sir, with love ( Challenged / Young Thorns (film) ; USA 1967), Lindsay Andersons If… (UK 1968), Allan Arkushs and Joe Dante's rock 'n' roll high School (USA 1979), Alex Grass Hoffs The wave ( Die Welle , USA 1981), Yutaka Osawas Sensei the teacher ( the teacher (1983) ; J 1983), John G. Avildsens Lean on me ( The tough principal ; USA 1989), Peter Weirs Dead Poets Society ( Der Club der toten Dichter ; USA 1989), Daniel Petries Toy Soldiers ( Boy Soldiers ; USA 1991), Nicolas Philiberts Ëtre et avoir ( To be and have ; FR 2002) , Mikael Håfströms Ondskan ( Evil / Faustrecht ; S, DK 2003), Christophe Barratiers Les Choristes ( The children of Monsieur Mathieu ; FR 2004), Laurent Cantets Entre les murs ( The class ; FR 2008), Jean-Paul Lilienfelds La journée de la jupe ( Today I wear skirt !; FR, B 2008),

literature

• Maria Bertling : All-Age Literature. The discovery of a new target group and their reception modalities . Springer, Berlin 2016. ISBN 978-3-658-14333-6 .
• Klaus-Michael Bogdal : Generational Conflicts in Literature . In: Der Deutschunterricht vol. LII / H 5, 2000, pp. 3–20.
• Hans-Heino Ewers : Adolescence Fiction and Youth Literature: Some Basic Considerations from a Historical Perspective . In: Mitteilungen des Institut für Jugendbuchforschung , 1991, no. 1, pp. 6-11.
• Carsten Gansel : Uwe Johnson's early work, the IV. Writers' Congress 1956 and the tradition of the German school novel around 1900. In: Internationales Uwe-Johnson-Forum 2 , 1992, pp. 75–129.
• Dagmar Grenz : youth literature and adolescent novel . In: Mitteilungen des Institut für Jugendbuchforschung , 1991, no. 1, pp. 11-14.
• Hans-Ulrich Grunder (Ed.): "The guy is crazy". The image of the teacher in literature and pedagogy . Baltmannsweiler 2011. ISBN 978-3-8340-0846-6 .
• Günter Helmes , Günter Rinke (Ed.): Smart, Smarter, Failed? The contemporary image of schools and teachers in literature and media . Hamburg 2016. ISBN 978-3-86815-713-0 .
• Hans-Georg Herrlitz , Wulf Hopf , Hartmut Titze , Ernst Cloer (eds.): German school history from 1800 to the present. An introduction . Juventa Verlag, Weinheim 2005 (4th edition), ISBN 3-7799-1724-6 .
• Atsushi Imai : The Image of the Aesthetically Sensitive Adolescent: German School and Adolescent Novels at the Beginning of the 20th Century . Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2001. ISBN 978-3-8244-4452-6 .
• Klaus Johann : Limit and Stop: The Individual in the “House of Rules”; on German-language boarding school literature . Winter, Heidelberg 2003. ISBN 978-3-8253-1599-3 .
• Heinrich Kaulen : Youth and adolescence novels between modern and post-modern . In: 1000 and 1 book . 1999, H. 1, pp. 4-12.
• Friedrich Koch : School in the cinema. Authority and education. From the “Blue Angel” to the “Feuerzangenbowle” . Weinheim and Basel 1987. ISBN 978-3-407-34009-2 .
• Günter Lange : adolescent novel . In: Yearbook for Finnish-German Literature Relations , 33, 2001, pp. 6–20.
• Jana Mikota : Teachers as perpetrators - students as victims, or is it the other way around? School in contemporary literature . In: Der Deutschunterricht , vol. LXVI, H 1, 2014, pp. 70–78.
• York-Gothart Mix : The Nation's Schools. Criticism of Education in Early Modern Literature . Metzler, Stuttgart, Weimar 1995. ISBN 3-476-01327-8 .
• York-Gothart Mix: The subject, the head teacher and the myth of uneducated naturalness: psychopathography and decadence in the school novel of the early modern age . In: The Decadence is here , ed. by Gabriele Radecke , 2002, pp. 125–142.
• Ansgar Nünning : narrative theory . In: Klaus Weimar , Harald Fricke , Klaus Grubmüller , Jan-Dirk Müller (eds.): Reallexikon der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft . Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 1997, pp. 513-517. ISBN 3-11-010896-8 .
• Günther Oesterle (Ed.): Youth. A romantic concept? Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1997. ISBN 978-3-8260-1371-3 .
• Manfred Schmeling , Kerst Walstra : narrative theory . In: Klaus Weimar, Harald Fricke, Klaus Grubmüller, Jan-Dirk Müller (eds.): Reallexikon der deutschen Literaturwissenschaft . Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 1997, pp. 517-519. ISBN 3-11-010896-8 .
• Monika Sommer: Literary youth images between Expressionism and New Objectivity: Studies on the adolescent novel of the Weimar Republic . Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt a. M., Berlin a. a. 1996. ISBN 978-3-631-49465-3 .
• Gwendolyn Whittaker: Overburdening - Subversion - Empowerment. School and literary modernity , VR Unipress, Göttingen 2013. ISBN 3-8471-0095-5 .
• Thomas Zabka (Hrsg.): School in the newer children's and youth literature . Baltmannsweiler 2008. ISBN 978-3-8340-0484-0 .
• Thomas Zabka, Anne-M. Wallrath-Janssen (Ed.): Attention school. Pictures of an educational institution in recent children's and youth literature . Baltmannsweiler 2008. ISBN 978-3-8142-2138-0 .
• Franz-Michael Konrad : History of the school: from antiquity to the present . CH Beck Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-55492-6 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Whittaker (2013) writes “Schulliteratur”, Mix (1995) “Schulgeschichten”. “School narration” includes those terms that gave rise to confusion (school literature = literature read in school; school stories = historical development of real schools) and expands them to include electronic media. See also the introduction to Helmes / Rinke (2016) and related terms such as adolescence novel , Bildungsroman , Erziehungsroman .
2. ↑ See under “Literature”, for example, Ansgar Nünning (1997) and Manfred Schmeling , Kerst Walstra (1997).
3. ↑ See under “Literature” Maria Bertling (2016).
4. ↑ See the studies given under “Literature”.
5. ↑ For questions of periodization according to literary epochs or according to political-social parameters cf. e.g. Rainer Rosenberg : Epoch breakdown. In: Deutsche Vierteljahresschrift 61, 1987, pp. 216–235; Michael Titzmann : Problems of the concept of epochs in literary historiography . In: Karl Richter , Jörg Schönert (Ed.): Classic and Modern . Stuttgart 1982, pp. 98-131. ISBN 978-3-476-00534-2 ; Helmut Kreuzer : On the periodization of modern literature . In: Helmut Kreuzer: Changes in the concept of literature. Five articles on current problems in literary studies . Göttingen 1975, pp. 41-63. ISBN 978-3-525-33362-4 .
6. ↑ See, for example, under "Literature" Helmes, Rinke: Introduction . In: This: Smart, Smarter, Failed? , Pp. 7–12 and Mikota: Teachers as perpetrators - students as victims, or is it the other way around? School in contemporary literature .
7. ↑ For almost all of the German-language school narratives listed below in literature and electronic media cf. the individual contributions in Günter Helmes, Günter Rinke (Hrsg.): Clever, clever, failed? Igel Verlag, Hamburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-86815-713-0 .
8. ↑ Günter Helmes: “I really thought that the job would suit me. But guess what: I can't stand children! ”Thoughts on newer and newest German-language TV and feature films on the subjects of“ being a teacher ”and“ school ”. In: Smart, Smarter, Failed? The contemporary image of school and teaching in literature and media , ed. by Günter Helmes and Günter Rinke. Hamburg, Igel-Verlag 2016, pp. 157-204, in particular pp. 196-203, quotation p. 203. ISBN 978-3-86815-713-0 .