BMW E34

BMW
BMW 5 Series (1987-1992)
E34
Sales designation:	5 series
Production period:	01 / 1988-06 / 1996
Class :	upper middle class
Body versions :	Limousine , station wagon
Engines:	Gasoline engines : 1.8-4.0 liters (83-250 kW) Diesel engines : 2.4-2.5 liters (85-105 kW)
Length:	4720 mm
Width:	1751 mm
Height:	1412-1421 mm
Wheelbase :	2761 mm
Empty weight :	1360-1685 kg
Previous model	BMW E28
successor	BMW E39

With BMW E34 third generation is 5er -series of BMW called. The official presentation to dealers and journalists took place in January 1988. The E34 series, like its predecessor E28 , belonged to the upper middle class . The appearance of the E34, which was created under Head of Design Claus Luthe and drawn by Ercole Spada , is based on the 7 series sedans of the E32 series . From September 1991 there was a second body variant, a station wagon, the Touring .

A total of 1,331,056 copies were built. The successor model was the BMW E39 .

Model history

General

Rear view

The BMW E34 was based on the 1986 BMW 7 Series ( BMW E32 ). The body was aerodynamically improved, i.e. the drag coefficient (c _w value) was 0.30 to 0.32, depending on the model, 18% lower than that of the BMW E28 , so that all models with a petrol engine available at the beginning would cover the 200 km / h mark exceeded. The front section with spoiler reduced the lift forces on the front axle by almost half. The body was designed to be stiffer than its predecessor and the overall rigidity was further increased by the bonded front and rear windows. The BMW E34 is three millimeters lower, ten centimeters longer and five centimeters wider than the E28, which benefited the interior and especially the rear. Up to 51 kg of insulation material ensured noise comfort. The front wheels were suspended from MacPherson struts and two wishbones (double-jointed front axle), at the rear there was a semi- trailing arm axle , referred to by BMW as the “precision control arm rear axle”. The springs were dampened with twin-tube gas pressure shock absorbers . All models were equipped with disc brakes all around.

The stiff body, the long wheelbase and the weight distribution of 50% on the front axle and 50% on the rear axle, and the chassis derived from that of the 7-series improved safety, maneuverability and comfort.

When the sedan was launched on the market in January 1988, the twelve-valve in-line six-cylinders ( BMW M20 520i, 525i and the larger BMW M30 : 530i and 535i), which were already known from other BMW series ( E23 , E32 ), were available. All gasoline engines were equipped with lambda-regulated three-way catalytic converters. Production of the individual E34 variants at BMW's Dingolfing plant started at different times: Production of the BMW 535i began on November 2, 1987, the 520i and 530i began in January 1988, the 525i from February '88 and the diesel model 524td from March '88. The 525tds was also available later. From October 1988 the 5 Series came on the US market.

Touring

BMW 5 Series Touring (1992–1996)

In September 1991, a five-door station wagon called touring was introduced, which came with a rear window that could be opened separately and was offered with an elaborately designed double sliding roof. It is noteworthy that when designing the touring, BMW dispensed with the Hofmeister kink on the D-pillar , which is a typical BMW style feature .

All-wheel drive version

The E34 was the first BMW 5 Series to be offered with all-wheel drive . This was only available as the 525iX in both body variants (sedan and touring). The system had an electrically operated multi- disc limited slip differential between the front and rear axles, as well as a hydraulically operated limited slip differential on the rear axle. During normal driving, the power distribution between the front and rear axles was 36% / 64%. Depending on the driving situation and the traction on the individual wheels, the control electronics could lock the center differential and the rear axle differential without the driver having to do anything. The additional weight for the all-wheel drive was 90 kg for the sedan and 75 kg for the touring. The production figures were 4,783 for the BMW 525iX Sedan (E34) and 4,583 for the BMW 525iX Touring (E34 / 2). For the successor E39 , however, no all-wheel drive was available - an all-wheel drive version ( xDrive ) was only offered again for the 5-series E60 .

Facelift and eight-cylinder

BMW M5 with a narrow kidney

BMW 5 Series Touring with wide kidney grille

In addition to technical changes, the E34 underwent technical changes during its construction period - for example, the car battery in the versions with M30 and M60 engines is always under the back seat; the cars with the BMW M20 have the battery in the engine compartment and the vehicles with the M50 engines under the back seat on the passenger side - also small optical retouches.

As part of a first small facelift (also facelift called) for September 1991 were the doors a reinforcement (side impact protection), the exterior door handles were now made of plastic instead of metal and there were reference materials in the interior, the Central , the headlight range control , the cruise control and the Model lettering (italic instead of straight) changed.

In September 1992 the BMW E34 underwent a further facelift. As a visual revision, the exterior mirrors of the BMW E36 were installed, new hubcaps were available and the seats were changed. ABS was part of the standard scope of delivery in all E34s from May 1992, and the driver's airbag has now also been part of the standard equipment in all E34 models. The technical revision concerned the engines in particular: the six-cylinder BMW M50 engine was extensively modified and equipped with the VANOS variable camshaft control. From September 1992 the eight-cylinder in the BMW 530i and 540i ( BMW M60 ) were also available, whereby this engine was recognizable by a widened radiator grille ( BMW kidney grille ). As of May 1994, this distinguishing feature ceased to exist and all BMW E34s received the bonnet design with the wider kidney variant of the V8 models.

From January 1995, all BMW E34s were delivered with a passenger airbag in addition to the driver airbag, which meant that the storage compartment on the dashboard was no longer necessary. The production of the sedan of the E34 was stopped in December 1995. The Touring, however, continued to be produced until June 1996.

• 

  BMW 5 Series with narrow kidney grille (1992-03 / 1994)

• 

  Rear view

• 

  BMW 5 Series Touring with wide kidney grille (09 / 1992-06 / 1996)

• 

  Interior (530i eight-cylinder)

• 

  BMW 5 Series US version (1988–1992)

• 

  BMW 5 Series US version (1992–1994)

Alternative drive concepts

From autumn 1995 BMW offered with the 518g an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional drive in the form of a bivalent gasoline-natural gas drive. This made BMW the first European automobile manufacturer to mass-produce this technology. The 518g was not available with an automatic transmission and only as a touring. With an integrated safety gas tank, around 85% of the original cargo space was retained. The curb weight according to EC standards was 1620 kg, the petrol tank held 80 liters, the safety gas tank behind the rear seat bench 80 liters, which corresponds to 12.8 kg of natural gas. Compared to the pure gasoline drive, the range is extended - depending on the driving style - by 200 to 250 km. With a switch on the dashboard, it was possible to switch between gasoline and gas operation at any time - even while driving - although the engine required a small amount of gasoline to start and then switched to gas if necessary. It was therefore not possible to start the engine without petrol. The 518g Touring was built for almost a year. The sales success remained manageable with 298 copies.

For research purposes, BMW developed an E34 with a hybrid drive . This prototype BMW 518i Hybrid was a modified BMW 518i with a BMW M43 engine. The additional electric drive consisted of an asynchronous motor with 26 kW of power and 158 Nm of torque. The electric motor was arranged on the inlet side of the engine block parallel to the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine. A drive belt transmitted the power in an intermediate gear 1: 1 to a shaft, which was connected to the engine and the standard clutch via an additional, automatically shifting clutch. Thanks to the additional clutch, the four-cylinder could be disconnected with a purely electric drive. Despite an additional weight of 370 kg, the performance of the prototype was comparable to that of its petrol counterpart. The purely electric range was 30 km.

The M models of the BMW E34

In September 1988, the second generation of the BMW M5 sports sedan appeared as the most powerful and sportiest variant of the 5 series. This was particularly evident from the specially developed light alloy wheels with a turbine design. With these specially designed “paddle wheels”, the cooling air flow to the brake system could be improved by increasing the air speed at the brake disc by around 25%. The BMW M5 models were developed and built by BMW M GmbH .

In the spring of 1992, the displacement and power were increased again. From this point on, the M5 was also available as a touring - in contrast to the successor series E39 . However, only 891 copies of the M5 Touring were made.

See also : BMW M5

Due to safety and environmental regulations in North America, the M5 was only offered on the European market during 1993, i.e. the M5 version with a 3.8-liter engine was never available in Australia or the USA. For these markets, special equipment variants of the BMW 540i with V eight-cylinder were produced:

• A special model BMW M540i with 6-speed manual transmission and M-chassis was offered exclusively for Canada . Between April and July 1995, 32 copies were made.
• In the USA the BMW 540i M-Sport appeared with a Nürburgring chassis derived from the M5 , M-Technic special equipment and the optical features of the M5. Between September and November 1995, 200 units (plus 5 pre-series vehicles) were produced. 139 vehicles had a 6-speed manual transmission, 66 received a 5-speed automatic transmission from ZF .
• The BMW 540i Manual Limited Edition was offered on the Australian market . The 70 vehicles produced - all right-hand drive with manual transmission - received the interior fittings of the BMW M5 and were individually numbered.

• 

  BMW M5 (1988-1992)

• 

  BMW M5 (1994-1996)

• 

  BMW M5, US version

• 

  BMW M5 Touring

The E34 today

At the time of its market launch, it was considered to be technically and optically very advanced and brought BMW - together with the 7 Series model (E32) released two years earlier - a significant increase in reputation. Even today, the performance of the E34 is above average, especially the long-distance comfort as well as the reliability and ease of maintenance of the technology make the E34 a comfortable touring car.

On the German used car market, the E34 are currently achieving the highest prices after the last facelift , especially the 525i with Executive equipment or the 540i with 6-speed manual transmission. The price of the M5 and ALPINA models is significantly higher.

With the introduction of the environmental zones , the diesel models of the E34 no longer play a major role on the used car market, as they receive a maximum of Euro 2 and therefore only a red sticker. They are also often noticed by defective injection pumps and cannot keep up with current common rail diesel engines in terms of consumption or performance . All diesel engines installed in the E34 work according to the swirl chamber method .

The E34 was only partially galvanized , so depending on the care and year of manufacture , rust can occur in the tank cap recess (this was glued in), on the lower door edges, on the fender, on the jack mounts, under the rear bumper and, especially when touring, on the tailgate. Later years of construction can be more affected by rust than earlier ones, as BMW switched production to water-based paints in 1993.

BMW Art Cars

The BMW E34 has been redesigned twice as a BMW Art Car :

• 

  BMW Art Car (BMW 535i) Matazō Kayama from 1990

• 

  BMW Art Car (BMW 525i) by Esther Mahlangu in the BMW Museum in Munich

Engines

Petrol engines

The BMW E34 was designed as a pure six-cylinder series and all engines were equipped with the latest electronic injection systems at the time. At the beginning the output range ranged from 129 to 211 hp, supplemented at the end of 1988 by the BMW M5 with the 315 hp S38 B36 engine.

From May 1990 onwards, the BMW M20s were replaced by the newly developed inline six-cylinder engines with 24 valves and chain drive of the camshafts in the 520i ( M50B20 , 2.0 l / 110 kW) and in the 525i ( M50B25 , 2.5 l / 141 kW). From March 1993 the 518i with the four-cylinder engine M40B18 (1.8 l / 83 kW) , which had been manufactured for export from 1989, was also offered in Germany; in April 1994 it was replaced by the BMW M43 B18 (1.8 l / 85 kW) replaced. The 518i touring was only offered with a manual transmission.

From September 1992 was the first time V8 engines ( M60B30 , 3.0 l / 160 kW and M60B40, 4.0 l / 210 kW) available for the 5 Series, the six-cylinder received Va riable No camshafts, s control VANOS .

The 518g, which was available from autumn 1995, could be operated with either petrol or natural gas (CNG = Compressed Natural Gas ). The engine was derived from the 518i (engine type M43B18), which was particularly suitable for bivalent drive due to its torque curve.

Diesel engines

Three diesel engines were on offer for the BMW E34 over the production period:

• From March 1988 to September 1991 the 524td ( M21D24 , 2.4 l / 85 kW),
• which was replaced by the 525tds ( M51D25 , 2.5 l / 105 kW) from September 1991 .
• From March 1993 the 525td (M51D25, 2.5 l / 85 kW), a less powerful variant without an intercooler, was also available.

First there was the unchanged BMW M21 from the previous model BMW E28 (524td) - swirl chamber engine with turbocharging without charge air cooling , which is not a new development, but essentially a further development of the BMW M20 petrol engine . In 1991, BMW replaced this engine in the 5 Series (525tds) with the new design BMW M51 , also a swirl chamber engine , which, however, also has charge air cooling in addition to being charged. The same model was offered by BMW from March 1993 without a charge air cooler in the E34 (525td), the performance remains the same as the M21, but the new engine is more torque.

Technical specifications

Petrol engines

model	Displacement	Engine code	Cyl.	Valves	Power at 1 / min	Torque at 1 / min	V max	0-100 km / h	construction time	body
518i	1796 cc	M40 B18	4th	8th	83 kW (113 hp) at 5500	162 Nm at 4250	L : 194 km / h [191 km / h] T : 190 km / h [- km / h]	L : 12.4 s [14.1 s] T : 13.4 s [- s]	08.1989-03.1994	Limousine, Touring (from 9/91)
518i	1796 cc	M43 B18	4th	8th	85 kW (115 PS) at 5500	168 Nm at 3900	L : 198 km / h [192 km / h] T : 192 km / h [- km / h]	L : 12.3 s [13.7 s] T : 13.2 s [- s]	04.1994-06.1996	Limousine, touring
518g	1796 cc	M43 B18	4th	8th	74 kW (100 PS) at 5500 A 85 kW (115 PS) at 5500	142 Nm at 3900 A 168 Nm at 3900	T : 183 km / h A 192 km / h [- km / h]	T : 16.2 s A 13.6 s [- s]	11.1995-06.1996	Touring
520i	1990 cc	M20 B20	6th	12	95 kW (129 hp) at 6000	164 Nm at 4300	L : 203 km / h [198 km / h]	L : 11.9 s [13.9 s]	01.1988-04.1990	limousine
520i	1991 cc	M50 B20	6th	24	110 kW (150 PS) at 5900	190 Nm at 4700	L : 211 km / h [207 km / h] T : 205 km / h [202 km / h]	L : 10.6 s [12.0 s] T : 11.3 s [12.6 s]	05.1990-08.1992	Limousine, touring
520i	1991 cc	M50 B20 (TÜ)	6th	24	110 kW (150 PS) at 5900	190 Nm at 4200	L : 211 km / h [207 km / h] T : 205 km / h [202 km / h]	L : 10.6 s [11.7 s] T : 11.3 s [12.4 s]	09.1992-06.1996	Limousine, touring
525i	2494 cc	M20 B25	6th	12	125 kW (170 hp) at 5800	222 Nm at 4300	L : 221 km / h [217 km / h]	L : 9.5 s [11.3 s]	01.1988-04.1990	limousine
525i	2494 cc	M50 B25	6th	24	141 kW (192 hp) at 5900	245 Nm at 4700	L : 230 km / h [225 km / h] T : 221 km / h [218 km / h]	L : 8.6 s [9.9 s] T : 9.2 s [10.0 s]	05.1990-08.1992	Limousine, touring
525iX	2494 cc	M50 B25	6th	24	141 kW (192 hp) at 5900	245 Nm at 4700	L : 220 km / h [217 km / h] T : 216 km / h [212 km / h]	L : 9.5 s [10.8 s] T : 10.0 s [11.3 s]	10.1991-08.1992	Limousine, touring
525i	2494 cc	M50 B25 (TÜ)	6th	24	141 kW (192 hp) at 5900	250 Nm at 4200	L : 230 km / h [225 km / h] T : 221 km / h [218 km / h]	L : 8.6 s [9.5 s] T : 9.2 s [9.9 s]	09.1992-06.1996	Limousine, touring
525iX	2494 cc	M50 B25 (TÜ)	6th	24	141 kW (192 hp) at 5900	250 Nm at 4200	L : 220 km / h [217 km / h] T : 215 km / h [211 km / h]	L : 9.5 s [10.3 s] T : 10.0 s [10.9 s]	09.1992-06.1996	Limousine, touring
530i	2986 cc	M30 B30	6th	12	138 kW (188 hp) at 5800	260 Nm at 4000	L : 227 km / h [224 km / h]	L : 8.6 s [10.8 s]	01.1988-08.1992	limousine
530i	2997 cc	M60 B30	8th	32	160 kW (218 hp) at 5800	290 Nm at 4500	L : 235 km / h [232 km / h] T : 227 km / h [225 km / h]	L : 7.7 s [8.8 s] T : 8.3 s [9.0 s]	09.1992-06.1996	Limousine, touring
535i	3430 cc	M30 B35	6th	12	155 kW (211 hp) at 5700	305 Nm at 4000	L : 235 km / h [231 km / h]	L : 7.7 s [9.1 s]	01.1988-09.1992	limousine
540i	3982 cm³	M60 B40	8th	32	210 kW (286 hp) at 5800	400 Nm at 4500	L : 240 km / h B C  [240 km / h B C ] T : 240 km / h B C [240 km / h B C ]	L : 6.3 / 6.4 s [6.8 / 6.8 s] T : 6.4 s [7.0 s]	09.1992-06.1996	Limousine, touring
M5	3535 cc	S38 B36	6th	24	232 kW (315 hp) at 6900	360 Nm at 4750	L : 250 km / h B	L : 6.3 s	10.1988-08.1992	limousine
M5	3795 cc	S38 B38	6th	24	250 kW (340 hp) at 6900	400 Nm at 4750	L : 250 km / h B T : 250 km / h B	L : 5.9 s D : 6.1 s	09.1992-08.1995	Limousine, touring

L = Sedan, T = Touring
Values ​​in [] apply to vehicles with automatic transmission

^A. Values ​​apply to natural gas operation (GUS quality)

^B. Electronically limited

^C. from 3/1994: 250 km / h

Diesel engines

model	Displacement	Engine code	cylinder	Valves	Power at 1 / min	Torque at 1 / min	V max	0-100 km / h	construction time	version
524td	2443 cc	M21 D24	6th	12	85 kW (115 PS) at 4800	220 Nm at 2400	L : 192 km / h [190 km / h]	L : 12.9 s [13.9 s]	03.1988-08.1991	limousine
525td	2498 cc	M51 D25	6th	12	85 kW (115 PS) at 4800	222 Nm at 1900	L : 194 km / h [190 km / h] T : 188 km / h [183 km / h]	L : 12.9 s [13.9 s] T : 13.7 s [14.7 s]	04.1993-06.1996	Limousine, touring
525tds	2498 cc	M51 D25	6th	12	105 kW (143 hp) at 4800	260 Nm at 2200	L : 207 km / h [205 km / h] T : 202 km / h [200 km / h]	L : 11.0 s [11.6 s] T : 11.6 s [12.2 s]	09.1991-06.1996	Limousine, touring

L = Sedan, T = Touring
Values ​​in [] apply to vehicles with automatic transmission

Alpina

Alpina B10

model	Displacement	cylinder	Power at 1 / min	Torque at 1 / min	V max	construction time	number of pieces
B10 3.0 all-wheel drive	2997 cc	6th	170 kW (231 hp) at 5800	312 Nm at 4200	235 km / h	10.1993-05.1996	64
B10 3.5 / 1	3430 cc	6th	187 kW (254 hp) at 5800	325 Nm at 4000	252 km / h	04.1988-12.1992	572
B10 4.0	3982 cm³	8th	232 kW (315 hp) at 5800	410 Nm at 4600	268 km / h	04.1993-08.1995	45
B10 4.6	4619 cc	8th	250 kW (340 hp) at 5700	480 Nm at 3900	277 km / h	03.1994-04.1996	27
B10 biturbo	3430 cc	6th	265 kW (360 hp) at 6000	520 Nm at 4000	291 km / h	08.1989-03.1994	507

Existence in Germany

The stock of BMW E34s is listed according to manufacturer (HSN) and type code numbers (TSN) in Germany according to the Federal Motor Transport Authority . Types with fewer than 100 vehicles were not reported from 2005 to 2018, for example Alpina (HSN 7656). Until 2007, the inventory included the number of vehicles registered as well as the number of temporary shutdowns. Since 2008, the inventory has only included "flowing traffic" including the seasonal license plates.

HSN / TSN	model	kW	1.1.2005	1.1.2006	1.1.2008	1.1.2009	1.1.2010	1.1.2011	1.1.2012	1.1.2013	1.1.2014	1.1.2015	1.1.2016	1.1.2017	1.1.2018	1.1.2019	1.1.2020
0005/472 1	520i	95	25,868	21,109	10.183	8,533	6,586	5,482	4,306	3,387	2,699	2,207	1,903	1,635	1,446	1,297	1,190
0005/473	525i	125	21,068	16,913	8,032	6,758	5,288	4,333	3,378	2,682	2.151	1,808	1,539	1,371	1,191	1,077	1.003
0005/474	530i	138	3,065	2,455	1,149	942	749	603	485	400	312	272	228	201	181	172	163
0005/475	535i	155	10,579	8,639	4,296	3,655	3,005	2,456	2,032	1,646	1,323	1,159	1,001	917	833	797	763
0005/476	524td, 525td	85	7,473	5,972	2,661	1,979	1,432	1,158	909	714	570	487	401	344	304	216	200
0005/490	518i	85	3,272	3,006	2,150	1.941	1,651	1,515	1,304	1,087	914	779	672	558	457	378	312
0005/491	518i	83	3,820	3,480	2,253	1,981	1,593	1.406	1,188	956	771	626	510	420	366	299	261
0005/492	520i	110	71,395	62,636	36,816	31,991	26,337	23,048	19.194	15,292	12,151	9,879	8.223	7,089	6.115	5,195	4,478
0005/493	525i	141	40,463	34,961	19,347	16,766	13,878	11,983	9,945	7,933	6.252	5,196	4,365	3,790	3,322	2.986	2.714
0005/514	525tds	105	12,887	10,866	5,320	4,075	3,067	2,369	1,805	1,355	991	807	656	549	458	358	309
0005/515	520i Touring	110	16,386	15,684	12,363	11,543	10,229	9,194	7,789	6,387	4,902	3,915	3,032	2,365	1,848	1,460	1,214
0005/516	525i Touring	141	10,862	10,321	7,915	7,299	6,396	5,631	4,674	3,649	2,742	2,100	1,615	1,292	1,043	887	757
0005/521	525iX	141	957	858	503	428	376	347	288	237	189	160	136	119	107	103	87
0005/522	525iX Touring	141	1,328	1,231	878	784	665	571	457	376	284	220	183	156	126	104	90
0005/523	525tds Touring	105	16,446	14,501	7,862	6,120	4,755	3,693	2,723	1.917	1,384	995	742	562	436	327	264
0005/526	530i	160	3,785	3,354	1,856	1,634	1,443	1,255	1,062	861	701	573	517	463	399	363	345
0005/527	540i	210	2,705	2,398	1,429	1,300	1,133	956	836	716	591	516	483	463	428	408	398
0005/528	530i Touring	160	1.952	1,834	1,358	1,232	1,087	928	749	578	452	365	293	244	223	192	164
0005/533	518i Touring	83	1,783	1,707	1,326	1,204	1,016	868	681	529	386	269	199	155	126	96	72
0005/534	525td Touring	85	2,218	1,960	1,087	851	657	524	387	276	194	139	111			37	29
0005/539	540i Touring	210	1,068	991	747	678	632	554	449	395	335	304	275	239	221	196	187
0005/545	518i Touring 2	85	2,472	2,399	2,039	1,930	1,703	1,555	1,368	1,140	941	745	589	486	399	325	253
0575/304 3	M5	232	224													44	46
0575/306	M5	232	831	693	305	268	249	229	205	190	169	168	160	155	156	153	158
0575/307	M5	250	606	531	258	237	218	194	176	163	153	158	161	156	154	151	150
7909/302 4	M5	250	226	204	112											52	54
7909/304	M5 Touring	250		255	115	106										18th	18th
Total number approved vehicles			263,739	228,958	132,360	114,235	94.145	80,852	66,390	52,866	41,557	33,847	27,994	23,729	20,339	17,691	15,679
source

¹ Manufacturer key number (HSN) 0005: Bayerische Motorenwerke AG

²Including 518g Touring .

³ Manufacturer key number (HSN) 0575: BMW Motorsport GmbH

^4thManufacturer key number (HSN) 7909: BMW M GmbH Gesellschaft f. individual automobiles

literature

• Hans J. Schneider: BMW 5 series - technology + types, sedan and touring models of the BMW 5 series up to 1997 , ISBN D / A / CH 978-3-7688-5789-5.

Web links

Commons : BMW E34  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Wiki with additional information about the BMW E34

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} The veil is lifted: This is the new 5 Series! In: BMW AG (Ed.): Bayernmotor . BMW employee newspaper. No.  December 12 , 1987, ZDB -ID 558618-5 , p. 1–4 ( bmw-grouparchiv.de [accessed February 1, 2017]).
2. ↑ Ercole Spada, the letter. Letter from Ercole Spada to the BMW 5 Series E34 IG . e34-ig.de, accessed on February 4, 2017 .  
3. ↑ Gluing for a firm hold . Rear and front window installation E34. In: BMW AG (Ed.): Bayernmotor . BMW employee newspaper. No.  10 , October 1988, ZDB -ID 558618-5 , p. 4 ( bmw-grouparchiv.de [accessed on February 4, 2017]).
4. ↑ ^{a b c d} Striking and independent: the new 5 Series . In: BMW AG (Ed.): Bayernmotor "Extra" . BMW employee newspaper. No.  January 01 , 1988, ZDB -ID 558618-5 , p. 1–4 ( bmw-grouparchiv.de [accessed February 1, 2017]).
5. ↑ Autumn press conference makes it clear: Investments '88 will be above gross income . Only since October in the USA: The new 5 Series. In: BMW AG (Ed.): Bayernmotor . BMW employee newspaper. No.  11 , November 1988, ZDB -ID 558618-5 , p. 3 ( bmw-grouparchiv.de [accessed on February 4, 2017]).
6. ↑ ^{a b} BMW AG (ed.): News from the BMW 5 series: BMW 518i engine with fine tuning, all 5 series with the new kidney grille, innovations at the old price . April 29, 1994 ( bmw-grouparchiv.de [accessed on February 17, 2017] press release, archive signature UP-1563-10).
7. ↑ Meeting point car bodies . In: BMW AG (Ed.): The BMW newspaper . For BMW employees. No.  4 , April 1996, ZDB -ID 1288646-4 , p. 7 ( bmw-grouparchiv.de [accessed on August 10, 2016]).
8. ↑ ^{a b c} BMW AG (Ed.): The BMW automobiles with bivalent gasoline-natural gas drive . February 1995 ( bmw-grouparchiv.de [accessed on February 6, 2017] vehicle brochure, archive signature AK-1229-10).
9. ↑ BMW AG (Ed.): Supplementary Operating Instructions 518g touring . August 1995 ( bmw-grouparchiv.de [accessed on February 6, 2017] archive signature AB-1154-99).
10. ↑ Peter Weidenhammer, Karl-Heinz Augustin: mot exclusively drove the BMW prototype with hybrid drive - "Back from the future" . In: Verlag Motor Presse Stuttgart (Ed.): Mot . No. 4 , 1995, ISSN  1861-6143 , pp. 82–85 ( metricmind.com ( Memento from February 19, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 1.4 MB ; accessed on February 6, 2017]).
11. ↑ So that the brakes always stay nice and cool: »Paddle wheels« for the M5 . In: BMW AG (Ed.): Bayernmotor . BMW employee newspaper. No.  11 , November 1988, ZDB -ID 558618-5 , p. 4 ( bmw-grouparchiv.de [accessed on February 4, 2017]).
12. ↑ M50: With four valves to new technology banks . In: BMW AG (Ed.): Bayernmotor . BMW employee newspaper. No.  3 , March 1, 1990, ZDB -ID 558618-5 , p. 4 ( bmw-grouparchiv.de [accessed on August 10, 2016]).
13. ↑ Andreas in Bimmer : The BMW Sportdiesel: From 524td E28 to 530d E39 to BMW M550d F10 , published on January 21, 2012, accessed on April 9, 2015
14. ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2005 by manufacturer and type with selected features. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes, special issue 4 for series 2, January 1, 2005. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, May 2005, pp. 13–15 , archived from the original on March 18, 2006 ; accessed on December 29, 2014 . 
15. ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2006 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and displacement classes. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, special issue 4 for series 2, January 1, 2006. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, June 2006, pp. 48, 89, 91 , archived from the original on October 9, 2006 ; accessed on December 29, 2014 . 
16. ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2008 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and displacement classes. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2008. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, June 2008, pp. 51, 95, 97, 98 , accessed on December 29, 2014 . 
17. ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2009 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and cubic capacity. (PDF) In: Statistical Communications of the Federal Motor Transport Authority FZ 2, January 1, 2009. Federal Motor Transport Authority, July 2009, pp. 54, 100, 103 , accessed on December 29, 2014 . 
18. ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2010 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and cubic capacity. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2010. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2010, pp. 54, 100, 102, 103 , accessed on December 29, 2014 . 
19. ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2011 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and cubic capacity. (PDF) In: Statistical Communications of the Federal Motor Transport Authority FZ 2, January 1, 2011. Federal Motor Transport Authority, July 2011, pp. 58, 105, 108, 109 , accessed on December 29, 2014 . 
20. ↑ The number of passenger cars on January 1, 2012 by manufacturer, trade name, selected features and cubic capacity. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2012. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2012, pp. 61, 109, 113 , accessed on December 29, 2014 . 
21. ↑ Passenger car inventory on January 1, 2013 by manufacturer, trade name and selected features. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2013. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2013, pp. 17, 24, 25 , accessed on December 29, 2014 . 
22. ↑ Passenger car inventory on January 1, 2014 by manufacturer, trade name and selected features. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2014. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2014, pp. 20, 27, 28 , accessed on December 29, 2014 . 
23. ↑ Passenger car inventory on January 1, 2015 by manufacturer, trade name and selected features. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2015. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2015, pp. 19, 27, 28 , accessed on September 19, 2015 . 
24. ↑ Number of passenger cars on January 1, 2016 by manufacturer, trade name and selected features. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2016. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2016, pp. 19 , 27-29 , accessed on April 12, 2017 . 
25. ↑ Number of passenger cars on January 1, 2017 by manufacturer, trade name and selected features. (PDF) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 2, January 1, 2017. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, July 2017, pp. 20 , 29-30 , accessed on February 21, 2018 . 
26. ↑ Inventory of motor vehicles and motor vehicle trailers by manufacturer and trade name, January 1, 2018. (XLSX; 7.3MB) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 6, January 1, 2019. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, January 1, 2018, accessed on March 8 , 2019 July 2019 . 
27. ↑ Inventory of motor vehicles and motor vehicle trailers by manufacturer and type. (XLSX, 1.9MB) In: Statistical reports from the Federal Motor Transport Authority FZ 6, January 1, 2019. Federal Motor Transport Authority, accessed on June 18, 2019 . 
28. ↑ Inventory of motor vehicles and motor vehicle trailers by manufacturer and type, January 1, 2020. (XLSX; 2.8MB) In: Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt FZ 6, January 1, 2020. Federal Motor Vehicle Office, January 1, 2020, accessed on June 23, 2020 .