Kalk (Cologne)

This article covers the Kalk district of Cologne. For the eponymous district of Cologne, see Köln-Kalk (city district) .

Kalk district 802 of Cologne
Coordinates	50 ° 56 '34 "  N , 7 ° 0' 23"  E Coordinates: 50 ° 56 '34 "  N , 7 ° 0' 23"  E
surface	2.973 km²
Residents	24,360 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density	8194 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation	Apr 1, 1910
Post Code	51103, 51105
prefix	0221
Borough	Lime (8)
Transport links
Highway
Federal road
Railway connection	Cologne Trimbornstr. RB 25 S 12 S 13 S 19
Light rail lines	1 9
Bus routes	150 159 171 179 193
Source: 2017 residents . (PDF) Cologne district information

View from the northwest of the “flourishing” industrial city of Kalk in 1908, shortly before it was incorporated into the city of Cologne. In the foreground the chemical factory Kalk, half left the Church of St. Joseph

The historic water tower of the former Kalk chemical factory was rebuilt by the KölnArcaden, on the left are typical old buildings in Kalk, which were rebuilt using a simple construction method after the destruction in the Second World War.

Kalk is a district on the right bank of the Rhine within Cologne's district 8 of the same name . The place, which had only consisted of a few court communities and a pilgrim chapel for centuries , developed through industrialization in the mid-19th century into a prosperous industrial city, which was incorporated by the city of Cologne in 1910 .

During the Second World War , 90 percent of the district was destroyed. After it was rebuilt as quickly as possible, Kalk was one of the largest industrial locations in Cologne for decades. Since the recession in the 1970s and the associated plant closings, Kalk has been going through a structural change to a residential and administrative location. The high proportion of foreigners contributes to the development of a multicultural society. Due to the increased crime rate compared to other parts of the city and a high unemployment rate , Kalk is considered a district with special development needs . In the Social Report 2004, Kalk is referred to as an upwardly mobile district.

The cityscape is today characterized by residential buildings from the Wilhelminian era , apartment buildings from the 1950s and 1960s that fill gaps in war construction, a few industrial monuments , administrative buildings and large industrial wastelands.

geography

The original settlement core of the place lay on a railing of the lower terrace of the Rhine west of a now silted up arm of the Rhine. To the north of the Kalker Höfe there was a swamp area that stretched from the beech forest to Bensberg.

The Kalk district borders on the Höhenberg and Vingst districts in the east with the tracks of the Mülheim an der Ruhr – Cologne freight line . The embankment of the right Rhine route and the Sieg route separates the town in the south from the Humboldt / Gremberg district and in the west from Deutz . In the north, the border line to Buchforst runs along federal highway 55a .

history

Excerpt from the deed of donation, Kalka is mentioned in the 5th line as the 2nd word

First mention and name derivation

In a deed of donation, Archbishop Heribert of Cologne signed numerous benefices to the newly founded Deutz Abbey in 1003 , including the Deutz parish church with the tithe it was entitled to from the surrounding farms of Deutz, Kalk, Vingst, Poll, Rolshoven and Westhoven . The place name Villa Kalka or Calke, as the place was called in another document, is probably derived from the Middle High German word Kolk , because the Hofgut (Latin: villa ) was on the edge of a damp lowland. A second interpretation suggests the building material lime as the namesake. It could be that, during the construction of the Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium , the Romans used the area as a storage place for lime that was quarried in the limestone quarries in what is now Bergisch Gladbach.

From the high Middle Ages to the early modern period

The Kalker Höff existed in the area of ​​today's Höfestrasse and Engelstrasse to manage the land before it was transferred to Deutz Abbey . The question of whether it was a question of one farm or several farms is just as unanswered as the question of whether manorial or fiefdom from other ecclesiastical institutions or nobles existed in the Kalk area at that time .

The St. Severins monastery in Cologne must have owned land by the 13th century at the latest, because in 1298 it leased 50 acres of land for life to the choir bishop Winricus from Troisdorf. He committed himself to deliver nine Malter rye to the monastery every year (1 rhein. Malter ≈ 416 liters). Probably the same piece of land was given to the married couple Sophie and Heinrich Körngin on a long lease in 1330. In 1394 the Severinstift acquired the Hirtzhof in Kalk from the estate of the deceased knight Johann vamme Hirtze, and a year later the Kapitelshof. With these farms, the monastery also acquired large areas outside of Kalk. The entire property was redistributed at this point and given as a fief. The Kapitelshof, also called Stiftshof in some sources, was expanded from the Severinstift to the Fronhof for its possessions on the right bank of the Rhine. The Broicher Hof, east of the Kapitelshof, was mentioned for the first time in 1626 as another farm in the Kalk area. Presumably this farm is identical to the Hirtzhof, but this cannot be proven. It can be proven that the names Stiftshof, Hellingshof and Knevelshof refer to the Kapitelshof; the Broicherhof was renamed Wolfskehlhof from 1673.

A court court was assigned to the Kapitelshof in 1529 at the latest , which was responsible for legal questions of the lower jurisdiction of the courtyards on the right bank of the Rhine belonging to the St. Severin monastery. The court met three times a year under the chairmanship of a mayor , on the Thursdays after Epiphany , White Sunday and St. John's Day . The thing Bank of Hofgerichtes was on a court lime tree near the Kalker Kapelle. The court existed until the secularization of Severinsstift in 1803.

A little away from the courtyards, on the road to Brück , stood the little holy house , first mentioned in 1423 , which housed the painted Pietà of the "painful Mother of God". The wayside shrine was probably built as a place of prayer for the residents of the infirmary located in the immediate vicinity. The residents of the house suffering from leprosy were no longer allowed to enter their home town of Deutz because of the risk of infection. They lived on alms that they begged from passers-by on the main route from Cologne to the Bergisches Land.

Kalker Chapel 1666

Map of Kalk from 1773

Kalk was particularly affected by the Thirty Years' War during the Swedish War . Records by Father Rupertus Hollwegh from 1715 indicate that on December 20, 1632, the Swedish troops under the leadership of General Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin from Electoral Saxony , after attacking Deutz, devastated the Kalker area.

In 1665 the plague broke out in the Rhineland, claiming numerous victims in the surrounding areas. Since Kalk was spared from this epidemic, the Kalk chapel was built in 1666/1667 as a thank you for the protection provided by the image of Mary on the initiative of the Vicariate General and Pastor Andreas Steprath . Since then, the wooden portrait of Our Lady has been said to have miraculous healing powers and so the chapel developed into a place of pilgrimage. The infirmary was destroyed by soldiers during the Dutch War in 1672. The chapel was rebuilt in 1704 after being destroyed by a hurricane in 1703. At that time, the place did not expand any further. Only the inn at the full stop was opened to feed the pilgrims. In 1760, Elector and Archbishop Clemens August had a list of all the courts in the Deutz office drawn up. This shows:

“Graphic, aristocratic or knight seats: none; clergymen: 1, owner Capitulum S. Severini; 1 Hoff belongs to Hackenbroch zu Köllen; common peasant houses: 5; Owner Christian Unckel, (three houses), Doctor Nuss, Neuhöffer's heirs. "

In 1784 the Kalker Höfe were hit by a natural disaster. After the Rhine had frozen over for months from Sankt Goar , the first onset of ice melt from the Moselle caused the ice near Cologne to pile up to a height of two to three meters due to the enormous pressure of the water. The Bollard Heads, a dam that had been built to protect Deutz and Cologne from flooding, then broke. The subsequent water flooded large areas on the edge of the former arm of the Rhine in Poll, Vingst and Kalk. The two streams of water met again between Stammheim and Mülheim. According to oral tradition, the Kalker Höfe were under water "right up to the second oven door" . It is not known how many Kalkers lost their homes or were killed.

French period from 1789 to 1815

During the French period, Kalk, like the other area on the right bank of the Rhine, became a battlefield for Austrian and French troops. After the French had crossed the Rhine on the night of September 5th to 6th, 1795, the Austrians were pushed back far into the Bergisches Land. After a counterattack by Archduke Karl , the French had to release territories that had already been conquered. The French army camped in the neighboring town of Mülheim for over three months. During this time the Kalker Höfe were often plundered by the French soldiers and the residents harassed. When the Austrians were finally driven out, the place was plundered several times by advancing troops, according to contemporary witnesses.

Lithograph of Our Lady of Sorrows

In an old chronicle it is reported that the figure of Our Lady of Sorrows was stolen by French soldiers in 1813. The soldiers' strength is said to have waned after just a few kilometers on the local border with Deutz. A farmer named Wiemich, who had observed this, is said to have said to the soldiers in Kölsch :

"If you don't mess up, then just do it with a little pressure and do that things then go to the zoröckbränge where it comes from."

(High German: If you got stuck, he would make a bead of straw for his maid, Trautchen, and put it on her head so that she could bring it back to where it came from.)

The soldiers accepted the suggestion, and it was thanks to farmer Wiemich and his maid that the figure of the painful Mother of God is still in Kalk today.

After Kalk belonged politically to the Electoral Cologne Office Deutz for almost 800 years , the administration was transferred to the Duchy of Nassau-Usingen during the French rule in 1802 and to the Grand Duchy of Berg from 1806 . Finally, in 1808, Kalk became part of Mairie Deutz, which was renamed Mayor Deutz after the end of the French occupation. In the course of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , the Severinsstift property on the right bank of the Rhine was secularized in 1803. Ownership of the farms and the land belonging to them was transferred to the tenants at the time.

Pilgrimage site and local recreation area from 1815 to 1850

Due to the private management of the farms, there was often no basis for regular pay for the farm workers. As the number of pilgrims to the painful Mother of God increased steadily, some former farm workers built simple wooden crates along the pilgrimage route in order to finance their livelihoods and set up coffee, tea and hot water dispensers there. Due to its rural character, Kalk became increasingly popular as a local recreation area with the families of Cologne merchants . On the weekends they combined the silent prayer with a picnic in the green. The primitive taverns did not meet the demands of the more elegant Cologne society, so that the first elegant coffee houses and restaurants were soon built. Some of these gastronomic establishments included beautiful gardens, cave structures, large-scale animal enclosures and aviaries in order to bring the rural "cattle" closer to the city children. Despite this development, the number of inhabitants increased only slightly. From 59 inhabitants counted in 1817 the number increased to 63 in 1831, only when some wealthy Cologne entrepreneurs built their country houses in Kalk, this number rose to 96 by 1843.

In the period from 1815 to 1850, the population in neighboring Cologne increased from 48,000 to 100,000. In order to meet the increased demand for building materials, storage areas for lime, sand and bricks were set up around the urban area. The bricks were mostly produced on site in small brick factories . The still damp bricks were placed in the sun to pre-dry and then burned. It was more lucrative for the Kalker farmers to rent their fields to the brickworks as raw material, drying and storage space than to cultivate the fields themselves. When the brisk construction activity subsided in Cologne due to a lack of expansion options, the fields lay fallow and were later sold to Cologne entrepreneurs as inexpensive building sites.

Industrialization from 1850 to 1867

Lime outside the second line of the Cologne city fortifications

Chemical factory lime, 1859

Neu-Deutz colliery, 1858

In the middle of the 19th century, the rural community benefited from its proximity to the city of Cologne, as, according to the Prussian rayon regulations, no industrial settlements were allowed within the second rayon line. For this reason, the Cologne merchants used locations outside this line, such as Ehrenfeld , Mülheim am Rhein and Kalk, for their production facilities . The first factories for the textile, food and metal processing industries were built in the western part of Kalker Hauptstrasse, including the machine factory for mining by Sievers & Co (a nucleus of today's Deutz AG ) and in 1858 by Julius Vorster and Hermann Grüneberg founded Chemische Fabrik Vorster & Grüneberg (later Chemical Factory Kalk ), which produced potash nitrate . A porcelain factory ( Porzellanfabrik Kalk ) was founded around 1850 and existed there until 1900. A privately operated gas works was built in 1862 so that the gas supply for the emerging community could be ensured .

The demand for coal increased enormously in the steam engine age, and it was important for the factories to obtain it inexpensively from the local area. That is why a consortium looked for coal deposits around the industrial sites of Mülheim and Kalk between 1854 and 1856. After several unsuccessful boreholes, a brown coal seam was found in the east of the municipality , the size of which seemed to justify mining. On September 1, 1856, the mining rights were transferred to Wilhelm Eckardt. The Neu-Deutz union that was formed as a result began building the machinery and conveyor systems only a little later. When the machines went into operation, it turned out that the groundwater entering the approximately 36 meter long tunnel could not be sufficiently pumped out. This made lignite mining impossible. After only two years, one of two attempts to mine lignite underground in the Rhineland had failed. The Sünner brothers bought the colliery site in 1858 and built the Sünner brothers' brewery and distillery there .

Until 1857, together with the towns of Vingst and Poll, Kalk belonged to the mayor's office of Deutz, whose mayor was Gerhard Schaurte . When Deutz was granted city rights, the mayor's office was divided. From this point on, there was the city of Deutz with an administration under Mayor Schaurte and the rural mayor's office Deutz with the places Vingst, Poll and Kalk, which was administered by the city mayor's office Deutz in personal union. From 1843, when 96 people lived in the village, the number of inhabitants increased to 1800 due to industrialization until 1860. Since the Kalk children were still dependent on the educational institutions of the neighboring towns of Deutz and Vingst until 1850, they were in the immediate vicinity the Kalker Kapelle built the first school.

The community continued to be popular as a recreational area. To make it easier for the citizens of Cologne to travel to Cologne, two coffeehouse owners operated two horse-drawn bus lines from the mid-1860s . Since many young factory workers went overboard in their free time on Sundays and public holidays after drinking too much alcohol, a detention center was set up in the back rooms of an inn on the main street on the instructions of Mayor Schaurte.

Lime mayor's office from 1867 to 1880

Map around 1865

In 1867, the Deutz mayor's office was released from the previous administration and renamed the Kalk mayor's office. The new mayor Wilhelm Wiersberg was supposed to set up a municipal administration with a mayor's office in Kalk and, in addition to Kalk, also looked after the municipalities of Poll and Vingst, which had their own honorary mayor. Until the construction of the new town hall on Kalker Hauptstrasse in 1877, the municipal administration was housed in temporary rooms.

During the Franco-Prussian War in 1870/1871, a large prisoner-of-war camp with numerous barracks was built near Kalk. The prisoners of war were supplied by local bakeries and butchers. For the wounded soldiers and for the prisoners suffering from smallpox and dysentery in the camp, a military hospital was set up on the premises of Vorster & Grüneberg . On Sundays, services were held in French in the Marienkirche, which was completed in 1866 .

Immediately after the end of the war it was much easier for the Kalker manufacturers to get funds for the expansion of their industrial plants, because the demand for goods had increased enormously. This boom was stopped by the founder crisis in 1873, in which many banks became insolvent and additional financing was difficult to obtain. Some younger industrial companies were forced to close because the owners had invested their funds in stocks in the bankrupt banks.

Due to the economic downturn, the municipality of Kalk lacked considerable tax revenues that would have enabled the infrastructure to be expanded quickly. Only the main street and Victoriastraße (today's Vietorstraße ) were paved with pavement. The remaining part of the now 14 km long road network consisted of unpaved clay paths. After heavy rainfall, large areas of the town were not accessible. The draining water with the rubbish that was washed away collected in deeper hollows because it was difficult to seep into the ground due to the loamy soil. In order to remedy this unsanitary condition, a loophole was created in 1877 on the unpopulated local border to Mülheim. This was connected with a 284 meter long canal with the deepest point of Kalk at the corner of Mülheimer Straße / Hochstraße (today Kalk-Mülheimer-Straße / Peter-Stühlen-Straße ). In the same year the place got a connection to the mains water system of the city of Mülheim. The connection to the Mülheim sewage system followed three years later.

For a community with over 9,000 inhabitants and 17 industrial companies, Kalk had inadequate fire prevention measures. This consisted of a fire engine , a hemp hose, two fire picks and 30 leather fire buckets. The equipment was housed in different storage locations, so that organized fire fighting was not possible. In the event of a fire, the citizens of Kalk were therefore supported by the plant fire brigade of the Maschinenbauanstalt AG Humboldt . In order to change this desolate situation, the Kalk volunteer fire brigade was founded on November 19, 1877 on the initiative of five citizens of Kalk. Within a year, company and citizen donations made it possible to purchase the necessary equipment, build a fire station and connect 30 hydrants to the water supply system. The firefighters were trained by the Cologne professional fire brigade .

The accessibility of Kalk improved with the opening of the Rheinisches Bahnhof on October 1, 1875, which was operated by the Rheinische Eisenbahngesellschaft . After the nationalization of the railway company, the passenger station was renamed Kalk-Nord. On May 20, 1877, the Belgian company Ernst Hardt & Co set up the horse-drawn tram line from Deutz to Kalk, and at the same time the horse-drawn bus service was discontinued.

The city of Kalk from 1881 to 1910

Town hall, 1901

Coat of arms of the city of Kalk

In 1881, Kalk was granted city rights according to the Rhenish City Code due to its size. In 1882 Aloys Thumb took over the mayor's office from Bernhard Harling, which he had temporarily taken over since Wilhelm Wiersberg's death in 1880. The newly organized mayor of Kalk with the towns of Vingst and Poll was also looked after by the mayor of Kalk and his city administration. After the municipality of Poll was incorporated into Cologne together with the city of Deutz in 1888, the remaining municipality of Vingst could be administratively integrated into the city mayor's office, so Mayor Thumb dissolved the local mayor's office in Kalk. In the following years Thumb tried several times to incorporate the independent municipality of Vingst, but this failed due to the resistance of the Vingst citizens. That is why Vingst was spun off from the city mayor's office in 1900 and had to establish an independent mayor's office with its own administration. Mayor Thumb died that same year. His successor was Max Albermann , who remained mayor until it was incorporated into the city of Cologne.

Coat of arms of the city of Kalk

Since the city of Kalk did not have a historical local coat of arms or local seal that the administration could have used as a city coat of arms, the city council decided on March 1, 1882 to form a commission for the design of a coat of arms . The basis for the design of the coat of arms was to depict the pilgrimage chapel on a blue background in the shield head and symbols of industry in the silver shield base. The commission did not commission a well-known heraldist with the design, because the eight submitted drawings did not correspond to the principles of the coat of arms design. After the city council had decided on a draft, Mayor Thumb submitted it to the responsible district administrator of the Cologne district for approval. The draft was sent to the Royal Prussian Herald's Office in Berlin via the usual official channels . The herald's office essentially agreed, but had some suggestions for correction and therefore had the coat of arms redrawn in-house. For the color scheme, the following was specified: upper field in cobalt blue with dark blue shades. The masonry of the chapel is white, the door and window openings as well as the shadows are shown by darker hatching. The roofs are made of slate, the cross and the weather vane are gold-plated. The cogwheel, anvil, hammer and hammer are black, the hammer handles and the anvil block are tinted wood-colored in Terra di Siena . The top of the wall with five crowns is light brick red with shades of sepia brown. Wilhelm I awarded the city of Kalk the coat of arms on July 20, 1883 in his capacity as King of Prussia.

Urban development and infrastructure

In addition to the expansion of the technical infrastructure, one of the main tasks of the city administration was the establishment of a functioning social infrastructure, because at the same time as the city was developing, the economic downturn was over, as a result of which numerous job seekers from rural areas poured into the city. Not everyone found work, and so the population became increasingly poor. The city was financially supported by the churches and the local industrial companies, in particular by the Maschinenbauanstalt AG Humboldt and the Chemical Factory Kalk .

Nursing

St. Joseph Hospital, 1896

Evangelical Hospital, 1905

As early as 1864, several Franciscan sisters had been nursing the sick at home; five years later, several hospital rooms were set up for inpatient care in a rented house on Paradiesstrasse (today's Hollweghstrasse ). The nuns also looked after the sick in a municipal nursing home on Hochstrasse (today's Kapitelstrasse ). When Engels, the last farmer from Kalk, whose daughter was a Franciscan sister, donated a large piece of land in Paradiesstrasse, the Catholic St. Joseph Hospital with 60 beds was built in 1883, financed by the Catholic parish and the city . In 1896 the hospital was expanded to accommodate 200 patients. The Protestant congregation under Pastor Vietor's leadership had also been planning to build a hospital since the 1880s, but this failed due to funding. Only when the CFK made extensive funds available could the construction of the Protestant hospital with 56 beds be realized in 1904.

Poor relief

Since there was still no state aid in the 19th century, the poor were dependent on donations from wealthy citizens, caring employers, parishes and other groups. As early as 1874, an association for the poor was founded to manage a pfennig savings bank. This was a kind of self-help social fund into which the poor could pay pennies themselves in order to receive money in return for emergencies. This money and additional donations, for example, were used to pay for school milk for needy children. From 1885 the association organized so-called milk cures for poor children during the autumn holidays . Up to 300 children received half a liter of milk and a large bread roll in the morning. Long walks were then carried out under the supervision of teachers. Every year the association sent a number of scrofulous children to Bad Kreuznach for a cure .

For the publicly funded poor relief, at the suggestion of the chairman of the support association, Dr. Reipen applied the Elberfeld system , which was accompanied exclusively by volunteers, in order to save administrative costs. The urban area was divided into poor districts, each of which was looked after by several poor workers. The needy was recorded using a form in which they had to state their personal circumstances, the number of people to be supported and the reason for their poverty. With this information, a fair distribution of the welfare funds by the responsible poor district head was guaranteed. The grants were granted for 14 days each - after which the need was checked again. In addition, basic medical care was ensured for the needy. The system was financed with private donations and a subsidy that was redefined annually by the city and adapted to the circumstances.

Soup kitchen on Hochstrasse, 1905

Progymnasium Paradiesstrasse, 1902

Bismarckstrasse elementary school, 1905

Imperial Post Office, 1900

Crown Prince Barracks, 1902

Municipal slaughterhouse, 1900

As an additional social institution, the Humboldt company set up a soup establishment for the impoverished citizens in 1886 . There it was possible to get a meal for a small amount of money. This soup establishment was replaced in 1904 by a soup kitchen financed by the city. Other companies bought several truckloads of coal over the winter and distributed them to those in need. The Catholic community built the Catholic orphanage Maria Hilf with a capacity of 120 children. Evangelical orphans were housed in neighboring towns.

Education

The city of Kalk had great difficulties in adapting the capacity of the six elementary schools (five Catholic and one Protestant) to the constantly increasing number of pupils. As soon as the Prussian standard class size for elementary schools of around 80 pupils was reached, the city administration expanded the existing schools with additions or ancillary buildings. During the following school year, the average number of students per class increased to over 100 as a result of newly arrived children and a further expansion was necessary. The schools were run in a four-class system until 1895, in which two school years were taught in one class. With the arrangement of a seven-class system by the royal Prussian government, the class sizes could be reduced significantly, since only the 7th and 8th school years were taught together, but almost twice as many classrooms were required for the same number of students. Only with the construction of two directly adjacent elementary schools on Bismarckstraße (today's secondary schools Falckensteinstraße and Albermannstraße ) in 1902 and 1906 were sufficient rooms available for the Kalker elementary school students. In addition to the elementary schools, a Progymnasium for boys was opened at Easter 1896 , which also had a real department . Two years later, a girls' secondary school was also established.

After several industrialists had donated 1700 books to the city of Kalk in 1884, the first public library in the Rhineland was opened in rooms provided by the Humboldt company and looked after by four teachers from Kalk. In 1898, under the direction of Rector Heinrich Bützler, a training school was set up that was comparable to today's vocational school. In the early years, participation was still voluntary, but from the 1904 school year the city council made schooling for apprentices from Kalk. The school classes were divided according to occupation. To combat the educational deficit in children with learning disabilities , the auxiliary school on Paradiesstrasse was founded on the initiative of Heinrich Welsch , an administrator of the Kalker Volksbibliothek . Teacher Welsch became director of the school. Because of his social commitment he was given a musical memorial with the song "En d'r Kayjass Nummero Null" . The song was first published two years after his death in 1937 and is still one of Cologne's Carnival Greens today.

Public facilities and transport

In 1882, the Kalker city council decided for the first time a development plan for the city area, so that a structured structure could be guaranteed. Before that, the buildings were built along existing corridors and streets at their own discretion. The only orderly development up to this point was the railway colony built by the Cöln-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft in the northeast of the district. There, four residential buildings with the same plot size were combined into one block. The 20 apartment blocks were separated from each other by paved roads. After the council decision, all existing streets were developed and paved and new ones laid out. The heirs of the farmer Trimborn sold a large area of ​​land west of Rolshover Straße to the city of Kalk in 1888. In addition to numerous Wilhelminian -style houses, the Imperial Post Office was built on Corneliusstraße (today's Robertstraße ) in the years 1889/1890 in a neo-Gothic style . A small park was created on the forecourt of the post office, in which the monument to the worker of the Kalk Chemical Factory was erected in 1908 to mark the 50th anniversary of CFK .

In order to maintain a further economic pillar alongside industry, the city of Kalk tried to become a garrison location . After difficult negotiations with the Prussian government, the Kronprinzen-Kaserne was built on Kaiserstrasse (today's Eythstrasse ) between 1894 and 1896. Two battalions of the 5th Westphalian Infantry Regiment No. 53 were stationed in the barracks complex . At the same time, the area between the barracks and the main street was provided with sophisticated residential developments, primarily for officers and senior civil servants.

The hygienic conditions in the local butcher shops were rated as bad by the city council as early as 1883, which is why a commission was commissioned to plan the construction of a city slaughterhouse. In the same year, the city bought a plot of land on Mülheimer Strasse for this construction project. The plans were apparently carried out in great detail, as the construction of the municipal slaughterhouse did not begin until 1897. The slaughterhouse was officially opened on May 4, 1898. Since the city administration suspected that the high infant mortality that occurred in the summer months of 1906 was due to poor milk quality, a baby milk facility was set up on the slaughterhouse premises for the controlled delivery of hygienic, faultless milk. In the summer of the following year, it turned out that the low-quality milk was not the only cause of the high infant mortality rate, as this increased compared to the previous year. Only with a comprehensive range of advice on baby care and a premium for breastfeeding mothers could the death rate be reduced significantly. While the milk from the infant milk facility initially had to be collected from various dispensing points, from 1908 it was delivered free of charge to customers.

On April 1, 1900, the city bought the Kalker Gaswerk from the heirs of the engineer Otto Kellner. After extensive modernization measures, the gas production of the plant could be increased by 40 percent to over 1,400,000 cubic meters within a few years. Despite the expansion, the city's needs could no longer be met from 1905, so that a connection to the gas pipeline network of the city of Cologne was necessary. Additional coke oven gas could be sucked in via this connection , which was stored in a gasometer if necessary .

in the front left the Kalk-Süd train station around 1900

Horse tram in front of the Kalker Kapelle before 1902

Main street, shortly before the opening of the Brücker suburban railway, 1905

Since the city had had a second passenger station with Kalk-Süd since 1886 and freight traffic by rail increased sharply at the turn of the century, the Prussian State Railroad decided to shut down the old Kalk-Nord passenger station and replace the Kalk-Nord marshalling and freight yard in the same place. North to build. This was raised on an embankment over the area of ​​3.2 square kilometers. At the same time, a large depot was built on the southern part of the freight station . The Kalk-Nord depot had the usual depot equipment features and a 32-hour locomotive shed that could be reached via two turntables. The station and the depot (initially called the depot) were handed over to their destination in 1910.

The city of Cologne took over the horse-drawn tram from Deutz to Kalk in 1900. Electrification and the extension of the route to Cologne's Heumarkt began immediately , so that in 1902 the first small electric train reached Kalker Hauptstrasse. This route was extended to the Königsforst in 1904, and a route to Brück was opened in 1906.

When the capacity of the Kalk / Vingst community cemetery on Kirchstrasse (today Kapellenstrasse ), established in 1857, was no longer sufficient, the town was donated a plot of land in neighboring Merheim in 1900 by brewery owner Joseph Bardenheuer to build a new cemetery. When Mayor Aloys Thumb died on November 3, 1900, he was buried in the new area. The official opening of the Kalker Friedhof took place in honor of the mayor, who was very popular with the population, on the fifth anniversary of his death, November 3rd, 1904. The inscription on the mayor's gravestone reads: "Our Mayor Thumb - the thanking city of Kalk".

Incorporation to Cologne

As early as 1888, when Deutz and Poll were incorporated, the city of Cologne had negotiations with Kalk about a possible incorporation, but without success. Since then, this topic has been raised several times in the Cologne citizenship, but no further steps have been taken, although 50 percent of the Limestone city area was owned by Cologne citizens. It was not until the city of Mülheim am Rhein had initiated negotiations in 1908 about incorporation into Cologne that a commission was formed in the Cologne City Council to examine this matter. Provided that Kalk and Vingst would also be interested in incorporation, the Commission should extend this examination. With a resolution of April 10, 1908, the Kalk city council approved the examination and entered into the negotiation. After a year, the city council had a draft contract on May 1, 1909, which was approved by a majority on May 10, 1909. Among the 17 paragraphs of the treaty, the following was extremely important for the citizens of Kalk:

• " The taxpayers in the Kalk urban area pay a maximum rate of 134% as a community surcharge on income tax until May 31, 1925" (comparison Cologne in 1909: 155%, Mülheim am Rhein: 190%)

The contract also included the construction of a public bathing establishment between Deutz and Cologne by 1913, the construction of a promenade to Gremberg, the construction of playgrounds and the maintenance of the Kalk slaughterhouse by April 1, 1917; The city of Cologne also committed itself to spending 30,000 marks annually on road construction work. The municipal officials Kalks had to be taken over into the service of the city of Cologne and received the better salary according to the Cologne order.

At the time of the abandonment of town charter on April 1, 1910, 33 industrial companies were located in Kalk, and 27,700 residents lived in the town. This made Kalk one of the largest and most prosperous industrial cities in the entire state of Prussia.

Since the nursing capacity of the Evangelical Hospital was no longer sufficient in 1911, the Hermann-Grüneberg-Stiftung and the Julius-Vorster-Stiftung financed the expansion of the east wing to 200 beds. Deaconesses from Kaiserswerth were employed as nursing staff .

From the First World War to the Great Depression

With the beginning of the First World War , many of the local industrial companies switched their production to war-relevant goods. The men fit for military service were drafted, which led to a shortage of staff in the factories. Women were increasingly employed in the workplaces, who received only 60 percent of the comparable male wage for the same work performance. At the beginning of the war the population had hoped that the war, similar to the French War of 1870/1871, would end victoriously after a short time, this turned out to be a fallacy in 1915 . The extremely high demand for war material led to an acute shortage of raw materials. Many companies therefore had to reduce their product range or completely switch over. The scythe factory Wippermann made instead of knives, sickles and scythes now cartridge cases , the chemical plant lime produced ammunition and explosives and developed in the Maschinenbauanstalt Humboldt , production was limited to locomotives and floor presses. Other factories had to be shut down completely due to the lack of raw materials. There were also bottlenecks in the food supply, so that many basic foods had to be rationed. To prevent a famine, mobile city kitchens, so-called goulash cannons, were set up throughout the district so that the population could get a warm stew at least once a day. The displeasure of the workers about the poor pay, the lack of free time and the inadequate food supply led to the first strikes in the factories in May 1917. In June the tram drivers and the ammunition workers joined the CFK . When more than 12,000 workers from the metal industry from Kalk and Deutz took part on July 6, the employers gave in and fulfilled the demands.

During the First World War, almost 3800 soldiers of the Westphalian Infantry Regiment No. 53, which was based in the Kronprinzen barracks in Kalk, died. After the war ended, the barracks were used by the British occupying forces. The economically weakened industry tried to switch production back to civil goods despite the still existing lack of raw materials, which turned out to be very difficult. As a result, returning former prisoners of war found it difficult to find a new job. Many people had invested their savings in war bonds during the war , hoping that if the war was successful, they would get a high return, but lost everything in defeat.

In 1922/1923, inflation was so high as a result of the war-related national debt that more and more people lost their jobs. There were demonstrations in November 1922, initially in Kalk, and later also in the Deutz and Ehrenfeld districts and in downtown Cologne. These demonstrations escalated into the Cologne hunger riots , which resulted in the looting of shops and bloody skirmishes with the police. With the Rentenmark introduced in 1923 and its replacement by the Reichsmark , the situation eased and the economy gradually recovered. The introduction of new production methods, for example assembly line work, was also beneficial for the development of some Kalker companies. The working hours of the employees were increased again to ten hours a day in 1923, thereby reducing the number of unemployed only insignificantly. Some Kalker companies joined the business syndicates, such as IG Farben . These companies benefited from the production and price agreements made there, while other non-organized Kalker companies had to close their doors forever due to a lack of competitiveness. After the global economic crisis that occurred in 1929, many citizens of Kalk were once again unemployed. Around half of the working population earned their money during this time as a day laborer or was completely out of work.

At this time, Kalker Hauptstraße gradually developed into a residential and commercial street, as many of the industrial companies previously located there had gone bankrupt or had relocated their production facilities to other parts of the city due to a lack of expansion space. At the end of the decade, the first department store in the district opened on the former factory site of the Kalker Trieurfabrik on Kalker Hauptstrasse - the Leonhard Tietz department store (now Kaufhof AG ).

time of the nationalsocialism

The NSDAP quickly met with approval in some residential areas, for example in the railroad settlement, and was accordingly well organized. The party found no support in the traditional “red” working-class districts, such as between Kalk-Mülheimer Strasse and Vietorstrasse. The Nazi groups, who regularly move through the quarter to provoke, were pelted with paving stones by local residents. Organized resistance, such as that from the Edelweiss pirates in Ehrenfeld, did not develop in Kalk, however.

Numerous citizens were harassed, deported to concentration camps and murdered because of their beliefs, their origins, their political views or their homosexuality . An example of this is the fate of the Jewish Katz family of six, from which the parents Jakob and Berta and the siblings Bernhard and Amalie were taken to concentration camps and died there. Another son named Max worked in the office of the Kalk Chemical Factory . He was forcibly transferred to the factory's fertilizer cellar. As a result of the work that was hazardous to health, he fell ill with liver and stomach cancer and died in 1941. Only his daughter Johanna Katz survived as she was hidden by her non-Jewish husband until the end of the war. As a reminder, the Geschwister-Katz-Strasse was named after the family. The artist Gunter Demnig laid three stumbling blocks as a reminder of the family in front of the former house at Remscheider Straße 67. A total of around 200 Kalk citizens were killed during the Nazi era, or were pronounced dead because their fate could not be clarified.

In the iron processing industry, armaments were increasingly produced again in the pre-war period. The most important company was the Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz (KHD) plant, which was merged in 1938 and produced locomotives and engines for submarines and tanks. The Second World War , which broke out in 1939 and which meant work at the front for many working people, resulted in renewed staff shortages in the factories. This time this was not only compensated by the use of women, but also with forced labor from the occupied territories. As early as May 1940, KHD requested forced laborers who were used for war-essential production. Up to 1,500 forced laborers, mostly of Polish origin, were employed in the Kalks factories. These were housed in 17 barracks camps together with many other forced laborers who had to work primarily for the Reichsbahn . The capacity of the forced labor camps in Kalk was 3200 people.

In 1940 pilgrimages to the Kalk Chapel were banned. The chapel was destroyed by an aerial bomb on August 8, 1941, only the statue of Mary remained. Due to the local war industry and the exposed location on two railway lines, lime was one of the main targets of British and American bombers in the region. A total of 20 bombing raids were carried out on the district, in which 90 percent of the industrial plants and civil buildings were severely damaged or completely destroyed. Kalk experienced the worst bomb attack, in which large parts of the KHD plant were also destroyed, on the night of July 3rd to 4th, 1943. The civilian population was evacuated to rural areas to protect against further bombing attacks, so that at the end of the war only about 300 people lived in Kalk. The Evangelical Hospital was almost completely destroyed in October 1944. In Attendorn, the hospital board rented a convict as an alternative hospital until 1946.

post war period

Settlement houses on Steinmetzstrasse, 2007

Former KHD production hall

The last CFK building in 2007, has since been demolished

Building of the former Catholic hospital in 2007, now demolished

Evangelical Hospital, Chapel, 2008

Shortly after the end of the war, the first residents, mostly women with their children, returned to the severely damaged limestone in 1945. The so-called rubble women cleared the district with the support of the men who had already returned home. The debris was transported into the green belt on the right bank of the Rhine with provisionally built rubble tracks . As a result of the heap, mountains of rubble were created there , such as the Vingster Berg. After the first industrial plants were put back into operation, the economy gradually improved. The factories were initially without a leader, as their owners were often arrested as military chiefs or had gone into hiding. Works or local committees took over the management and ensured that the basic supply of the district was ensured. In 1946, a part of the municipal hospitals began operating on the site of the former Cologne-Ostheim air base .

When most of the prisoners of war returned to their home in Kalk, reconstruction got under way more quickly. However, in contrast to the pre-war years, the metalworking and chemical industries were almost exclusively based in Kalk. In order to meet the increasing demand, a large number of workers were required in the factories. Bomb-damaged houses were quickly rebuilt as living space for the workers. The restoration of the partly complex pre-war facades was often foregone. As a replacement for completely destroyed buildings, houses were built using a simple construction method. In contrast to the neighboring districts, no new housing estates were built in Kalk after the war due to a lack of large building sites. Only the settlement between Steinmetzstrasse and Remscheider Strasse that existed before the war was extended by a few apartment blocks.

In order to satisfy the changed consumption and leisure behavior of the population in times of the economic miracle , various new shops, restaurants and several cinemas opened in the village. At the beginning of the 1960s, the first guest workers came to Kalk, as there were no longer enough German workers due to full employment . Due to the number of available jobs and the low rental prices, Kalk developed into a district with a high proportion of migrants.

The 1970s and 1980s

The recession that began in the 1970s had serious effects on the lime industry and its workers. It turned out that focusing on just two industries was not conducive to the place. First of all, the industry tried to improve the profit situation by optimizing the production processes. When this did not succeed, the first waves of rationalization occurred and outdated production facilities were shut down. Since 1978 the increasing cost pressure has led to the closure of entire factories:

• In 1978 the metal foundry Peter Stühlen closed its production facility
• In 1979 the steel construction company Albert Liesegang was closed.
• In 1983 the battery factory Gottfried Hagen in neighboring Humboldt / Gremberg filed for bankruptcy.
• In 1983, Klöckner Humboldt Deutz AG began a cost-cutting project in which a total of 3400 jobs were to be cut. As part of this measure, the production of tractors was relocated to Lauingen in Bavaria in 1996 .
• 1993: After various workforce reduction projects resulted in only 680 of the originally 2,400 employees still working at the chemical factory Kalk , the plant, which was now owned by BASF , was finally closed.

With that, the largest industrial plants had disappeared from the Kalker Boden. In addition, the livelihoods of many subcontractors dependent on the large companies were deprived. In total, over 8500 people lost their jobs.

During this time, the sales of the Kalker retail trade fell due to rising unemployment. The construction of the subway , which began in the mid-1970s, further reduced sales . The shafts were not carried out with tunnel boring machines , as is common today , but removed above ground. As a result, Kalker Hauptstrasse was a major construction site for years and very unattractive for potential customers of the shops, whereupon many shops finally closed. There were bigger problems with the underground construction because, just as with the underground coal mining that had failed 120 years earlier, groundwater penetrated the construction pits. Therefore the tunnel had to be sealed additionally. After the tunnel was completed in August 1980, the main road was now only two lanes instead of four, which meant that the sidewalks could be widened, which was advantageous for the adjacent shops.

In 1979 the new wing of the Protestant hospital was opened on Buchforststraße. At the same time, the outdated Catholic St. Joseph Hospital was closed. The old wing of the Protestant hospital was replaced by another new building in 1989. The large hospital has six main departments ( internal medicine , geriatrics , surgery , gynecology , anesthesia and radiology ) as well as a large emergency room. Other areas are covered by attending doctors . An ecumenical chapel has been established within the hospital . In 1983, operations began in the newly built central building of the Cologne-Merheim hospital , which in the following years was to develop into a house of supraregional maximum care .

Since the demolition of the large goods handling hall in 1986, Kalk-Nord, temporarily the largest freight yard in West Germany, has been turned into a marshalling yard with a drainage mountain . The Kalk passenger station was shut down in 1991 as part of the expansion of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn , demolished and replaced by the more modern and central Trimbornstraße stop .

present

Graffiti "Kalkpost stays dirty"

Technikhof Kalk, former KHD administration building

With financial support as part of the model project for social cultural district management of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, measures such as the establishment of additional educational offers for citizens, leisure facilities for young people, advice centers for the long-term unemployed and supervised drug cafes for addicts were supported. With the initiative Schäl Sick ist schick der Stadt Köln, an attempt is being made to locate small and medium-sized businesses in Kalk in order to create new jobs locally. Measures to renovate and improve the infrastructure as well as new settlements by authorities and companies are considered to be the first successes on the way to upgrading and transforming the district.

Through the revitalization of many Wilhelminian-style buildings, various new buildings and the greening of many streets and backyards, the quality of living in the district has been significantly increased. Of some closed factories, only the listed chimneys remained. The almost 40 hectare site of the former Lime Chemical Factory (CFK) had to be completely renovated. Almost all of the soil was removed for detoxification, as it was heavily contaminated with chemical substances such as sulfur and heavy metals . After the site was finally free of toxins and buildings at the beginning of 2001, the site was equipped with a new road structure and a direct connection to the zoo bridge . The large area of ​​the Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz works did not have to be renovated on a large scale. Listed factory halls and office buildings were re-let. The areas of the demolished parts of the plant are available to new investors as commercial land or for the construction of residential buildings. The former factory road was expanded into a bypass road for the district center on Kalker Hauptstraße.

Since 2006, a private real estate and location community has been promoting Kalker Hauptstrasse as an attractive shopping, leisure and residential area.

population

Population structure and population development

Residential houses on Robertstrasse

Structure of the population of Cologne-Kalk:

• Share of under 18s: 16.8% (2019)
• Proportion of over 64-year-olds: 8.9% (2019)
• Proportion of foreigners: 39.6% (2019)
• Unemployment rate: 16.9% (2014)

Because of the lack of space for private homes and the unattractive residential area close to industry, many limers moved to the outskirts or neighboring communities since the 1980s. Thanks to the good transport links to the surrounding area, it was no longer absolutely necessary to live in the immediate vicinity of the workplace. Many guest workers, on the other hand, invested their savings in their home countries and stayed in Kalk. With the population remaining almost the same, the proportion of foreigners increased from 30.2 percent in 1985 to 40.9 percent in 2000. This trend has only declined slightly since the turn of the millennium (37.5% in 2014). Since the beginning of the 2000s, numerous residential buildings have been built on the large industrial wasteland, so that the number of inhabitants has increased significantly again since 2005.

Of the 24,360 citizens registered in Kalk on December 31, 2019, 11,697 were women and 12,663 men, 81 citizens had registered Kalk as their second home. The mean age of the population was 38.2 years. 23.4% of all private households in Kalk were benefit communities according to SGB ​​II .

1831	1843	1860	1871	1880	1890	1900	1910	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
63	96	1,800	5,140	9,560	13,555	20,600	27,700	22,445	20,318	21,601	21,396	20,462	21,134	21,591	21,798	22,383	22.802	23,408	23,638

2016	2017	2018	2019
24,235	24,063	24,242	24,360

Poor Clare Monastery

Mosque on Vietorstrasse

Housing conditions

The 11,676 apartments in Kalk, of which 12.2% have been publicly subsidized, have an average size of 59.1 square meters. In 2014, 173 single and two-family houses and 1403 multi-family houses were listed in the statistics of the Office for Urban Development. The average living space per citizen was 29.5 square meters.

Politics and voting behavior

In terms of local politics, the citizens of Kalk are represented by the Cologne-Kalk district council. The district area is divided into nine voting districts and two postal voting districts. In local elections, the Kalk constituency forms a constituency with the Humboldt / Gremberg I constituency . All electoral districts show typical voting behavior for a classic working class district, so that the left-wing parties were elected by a majority.

In the district council election on May 25, 2014, the SPD received  35.2%, the CDU  14.3%, the Greens  20.3%,  3.3% for Cologne , the Left  15.5% and the AfD  3.2%. The turnout of the 14,927 eligible voters was 34.3%.

In the council election on May 25, 2014, the SPD received  34.1%, the CDU  14.8%, the Greens  18.7%,  3.4% for Cologne , the Left  13.9% and the AfD  3.2%. The turnout of the 14,927 eligible voters was 34.3%. In constituency 42, which was formed together with the constituency of Humboldt / Gremberg I , Michael Paetzold was elected to the Cologne City Council by the SPD.

For the federal election on September 22, 2013, the SPD received  34.5% of the second vote, the CDU  20.5%, the Greens  15.3%, Die Linke  14.4%, the Pirate Party  4.4%, the FDP  2.9% and the AfD  3.2%. Martin Dörmann , the SPD candidate of Cologne constituency 1 who was directly elected to the Bundestag, received 41.8% in Kalk. The turnout of the 11,948 eligible voters was 58.8%.

In the state elections on May 13, 2012, the SPD received  37.9% of the second vote, the CDU  11.6%, the Greens  21.2%, the Pirate Party  12.5%, the Left  7.1%,  2% per NRW and the FDP  3.7%. Stephan Gatter , the SPD candidate of the Cologne VI state electoral district, elected directly to the state parliament, received 42.9% in Kalk.

Religions

Due to the many nationalities represented in the village, a great variety of religions developed. 29.5 percent of the population are Catholics and 11.2 percent are Protestants . The remaining Kalker belong to other religions and world views or are non-denominational .

• The Catholic parish of Kalk, which has been independent since 1856 and belongs to the pastoral care area of ​​Cologne-Kalk / Humboldt / Gremberg, has two churches with St. Marien and St. Joseph, as well as another place of worship, the Kalk Chapel. For the Italian congregation of the Missione Cattolica Italiana , services in the local language are held in St. Marien on Sundays. In 2007, seven nuns lived in the monastery of the Order of the Poor Clares , which had been based in 1918 . The monastery church of the Poor Clare Monastery was primarily used as a place of worship for foreign Catholics. The monastery was given up due to a lack of young people in February 2013 after only four sisters lived in the abbey.
• The Protestant parish of Kalk has a place of worship in the form of the Jesus Christ Church. The Protestant hospital, founded on the initiative of Pastor Vietor in 1904, is now run as an independent GmbH . The patients will continue to be cared for by pastors from the community. The Weinberg Community , a Protestant free church, maintains its community center on Wiersbergstrasse.
• Two mosques are available to Muslim believers in Kalk . The Sunni Hamza Mosque in Taunusstrasse, founded in 1984, is managed by the Islamic Association of Cologne e. V. worn. The At-Tauhid-Mosque of the religious community Ahul Sunnah wal Jamaa is located in Kalk-Mülheimer-Straße and is run by the Islamic Cultural Community Cologne e. V. (see Islamic Organizations in Germany ). Both mosques offer guided tours in German by arrangement.
• The congregation of the New Apostolic Church , founded in 1928, built its church on Steinmetzstrasse in 1951. In 2010 the congregation sold the building to the Society of St. Pius X. In 2011 the chapel “To the Holy Three Kings” was consecrated as a Roman Catholic church.

Infrastructure and economy

traffic

Trimbornstraße S-Bahn stop

Kalk Kapelle tram station

Local rail transport

The Cologne Trimbornstrasse stop is a station on the Sieg line and is served by the Cologne S-Bahn from Cologne main station to Troisdorf and via Siegburg to Hennef / Au (Sieg) or Overath / Meinerzhagen ( Oberbergische Bahn ) ; it also offers a direct connection to the Cologne / Bonn airport at the city tariff. The stop was built in 1991 as a replacement for the poorly located passenger train station at Kalker Bahnhof . Freight traffic takes place via the Cologne freight bypass . In the northwest of Kalk, on the edge of the Deutzerfeld depot, a new S-Bahn station is to be built with the Kalk-West stop , which will better connect the local residential area on the site of the former CFK .

Transportation

Two light rail lines (1, 9) and five bus lines (150, 159, 171, 179 and 193) connect Kalk with the city center and the surrounding suburbs.

Private transport

From the A 559 , the Kalk / Poll exit on Rolshover Straße leads into the district. Kalk is connected to the northern and western parts of the city and to the Köln-Ost motorway junction via the motorway-like B 55a . With a few exceptions, the streets are named after inventors of the 19th century, after historically important Kalker personalities and after locations in the Bergisches Land . Due to the close buildings, most side streets are for the facility transport designed. There are consistently developed cycle paths on both sides of Kalk-Mülheimer Straße and Dillenburger Straße and in parts of Kalker Hauptstraße and Kapellenstraße.

Business, gastronomy and commerce

Kalker Hauptstrasse

Colliery garden

The central shopping street in Kalk is Kalker Hauptstraße ( B 55 ). In addition to the Köln Arcaden shopping center, there are also various smaller shops in various industries and a closed Kaufhof AG branch . The old building is now home to a Kaufland , Woolworth and Dm branch . As a result of the settlement of the shopping center, the long-established shops suffered a large drop in sales, so that many had to give up. Many vacant shops were rented to discounters or to providers of leftover stocks.

Due to its industrial past, there are still many typical working-class bars in Kalk. With the Reissdorf em Cornely restaurant opened in 1874, Kalk has a traditional brewery-style restaurant in which the appearance has hardly changed since it was founded. The colliery garden, reopened in 1996 on the grounds of the Sünner brewery, offers the opportunity to enjoy beer and hearty Rhenish food in the open air in summer . Pubs such as the Vorstadtprinzessin , the Trash Chic and the Cafe Blauer König are available to the resident student public .

The Deutz AG operates a manufacturing facility for agricultural shaker and a logistics center in the town. The Technikhof Köln was located in the historic, completely refurbished former KHD tractor production halls. Small and medium-sized craft and service companies found their home there.

Public safety and administration

Police headquarters in Cologne

Due to asbestos contamination and a lack of space in the old police headquarters on Waidmarkt in the city center, the Cologne police headquarters were built on Walter-Pauli -Ring (the first street in Germany named after a police officer who was killed on duty). Due to another lack of space, an extension was built between 2008 and 2010. The previously decentralized police station on Kapellenstrasse moved into this new wing in May 2010.

The Kalk-Karree was built on part of the former site of the Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz-Werke , where the social and youth administration of the City of Cologne is housed.

Education, care and nursing

Evangelic Hospital

In addition to two primary schools on Kapitelstrasse, Kalk has two secondary schools (Albermannstrasse and Falckensteinstrasse), a school for people with learning disabilities (Martin-Köllen-Strasse) and the Kaiserin-Theophanu-Schule (Kantstrasse), a grammar school. In addition, branch offices of the adult education center and the city library are housed in the Kalk district town hall. Since the redesign of the library between August 2017 and September 2018, according to the city, it has been one of the most modern district libraries in Germany. There are eight kindergartens for preschoolers. With the Evangelical Hospital, the place has a modern large clinic with over three hundred beds. Two old people's homes have been built for elderly people in need of care. The crisis intervention center for domestic violence for Cologne on the right bank of the Rhine is also located in Cologne-Kalk. The Kalk counseling center of Diakonie Michaelshoven offers women advice and support in the event of problems or crises, but also for various worries and questions in everyday life.

On March 28, 2014, the Friends of the City Library Cologne e. V. after the minibib already in operation in the city ​​garden, another minibib opened in the Kalker listed water tower. A free, low-threshold offer with no ID required and based on trust. In 2011, the minibib project received an award in the culture category of the 365 Landmarks in the Land of Ideas competition.

Culture and sights

Theater and cabaret

The Kalk Bürgerhaus is available for cabaret performances. In a former, listed production hall of the KHD-Werke on Neuerburgstrasse, the stage of the City of Cologne (Cologne Theater) set up the Kalk hall for experimental theater in 1994 . This had to be closed in summer 2015 due to the risk of collapse. In July 2015, has German Cultural Council , the Halle Kalk on the Red List Culture set and classified as endangered (category 2).

museum

Odysseum

Adventure hall lime

After two years of construction, the Odysseum Science Experience Center opened in the northern part of the former site of the Kalk Chemical Factory on April 3, 2009 . In the indoor and outdoor area, six themed worlds with 200 experience stations are offered for the areas of people, nature and technology. In addition, temporary special events are held.

movie theater

For several decades there was no cinema at all in Kalk, until the reopening of Lichtspiele Kalk in December 2017, the first cinema on the right bank of the Rhine in Cologne since the 1980s. The cinema is located on Kalk-Mülheimer Straße in the former rooms of the Union-Lichtspiele , which were closed in 1974. In addition to current cinema releases, the Lichtspiele Kalk program also includes classic and alternative films, such as B. the film series "Something Weird Cinema".

Youth facilities

The Adventure Hall Lime was set up in 2006 in the former KHD halls on Christian-Sünner-Straße as a leisure and youth facility . In the halls there is a skate park financed by Suzuki and other sponsors and a climbing wall . In addition to typical youth sports such as soccer , bicycle trial , inline skating and streetball , integrative streetball for disabled and non-disabled people is also offered.

The Evang. The parish of Cologne-Kalk offers a wide range of offers for all children and young people in the district, regardless of their denomination, religion, nationality or social origin. Homework supervision , the miniMUMM youth circus , youth choir and musical work, sport, youth café and computer work characterize the work in the youth center on Lilienthalstrasse. There is also a project partnership with Evang. Parish of Cairo and the Kaiserin-Theophanu-Schule in Kalk, where social projects with street children and refugees from Sudan are supported in Egypt as part of youth work in Kalk.

The Autonomous Center has existed in Cologne-Kalk since April 16, 2010 . The left-wing alternative Pyranha campaign occupied the former company canteen of Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG , with the aim of creating a self-managed space for cultural and political work in the district. The building offers space for workshops, studios, concerts, the first cinema on the right bank of the Rhine, workrooms for political groups and collectives, seminar rooms, exhibition space, a free shop and much more. The building is currently owned by Savor GmbH, a subsidiary of Sparkasse KölnBonn , which has acquired this building for a symbolic amount from the city of Cologne. An imminent evacuation by the police was averted after negotiations between the occupiers and the savings bank. In August 2011, both parties signed an unlimited license agreement. At the moment the SPD, CDU and Pro Köln are trying to implement a change in the development plan in the district council, which provides for the demolition of the former canteen in favor of a green strip. Whether it is really necessary to demolish the old canteen in order to create a green strip is controversial. The city planning office is quoted as follows in an article in the Stadt Revue: “ We have the political mandate to plan away the center. "

societies

The SC Borussia 05 Kalk and the DJK Siegfried Kalk are two long-established football clubs in town. Pugilist Kalk is the most successful boxing club in Cologne. The Kalk Citizens Association offers activities and help for the residents of Kalk. With the St. Hubertus Schützenbruderschaft 1860 there is also a rifle club in Kalk. The Hohenstaufen tribe of the German Scouting Association of St. Georg has been based in Kalk since 1948 and does child and youth work in Kalk.

Regular events

Every year there is a big street festival on Kalker Hauptstrasse. In addition to various stalls, there are three stages on the festival mile, on which mostly Cologne carnival artists perform. On Carnival Tuesday the big carnival procession moves through the streets of Kalk. The Kalker Schützen organize a shooting festival once a year.

St. Marien
and Kalker Chapel

St. Joseph

Brewery & distillery Gebrüder Sünner

Cologne Arcaden

District town hall Cologne-Kalk

Citizen Park Kalk

Stadtgarten Kalk

The Catholic Italian community at St. Marien in Kalk still maintains local customs abroad. On Good Friday, on the streets of Kalks between the churches of St. Joseph and St. Mary, amateur actors perform the Passion of Christ in Italian. For this annual event, which attracts many spectators from the region, rehearsals last six weeks. During Holy Communion on Maundy Thursday, specially baked breads are distributed.

Buildings

• List of architectural monuments in the Kalk district of Cologne

Sacred buildings

• Kalker Kapelle , Kalker Hauptstrasse / Kapellenstrasse: After the war destruction, the place of worship was rebuilt from 1948 to 1950 as a simple one-nave brick building by Rudolf Schwarz and Karl Wimmenauer .
• St. Marien, Kapellenstrasse: In the years 1863 to 1866, the parish church of St. Marien was built as a three - aisled neo - Gothic brick hall church with a tower over 50 meters high , according to plans by the Cologne diocesan master builder Vincenz Statz . The church was consecrated in 1867. The church was badly damaged during World War II. The reconstruction, including old parts of the building, took place from 1950 to 1952 according to plans by Rudolf Schwarz . In 1968/1969, windows were built into the church according to Georg Meistermann's designs .
• St. Joseph, Bertramstraße: When St. Marien had become too small for the Catholic community in Kalk, the Kalker Catholics needed a second church. The three-aisled brick hall church of St. Joseph was built between 1899 and 1902 according to Heinrich Renard's plans . The historical nucleus of the municipality of Kalk between Höfe and Engelstrasse was selected as the location. St. Joseph was also destroyed in the war and rebuilt in a greatly simplified form according to the plans of Dominikus and Gottfried Böhm .
• Jesus Christ Church, Lilienthalstrasse: As the chemical factory needed new building ground for an extension, the Evangelical Presbyter Church built in 1880 on Vietorstrasse was demolished. The house of God was replaced by the new building of the Jesus Christ Church on Buchforststraße, which was inaugurated on December 23, 1951.
• Klarissenkloster, Kapellenstrasse 51–53: Prelate Monsignor Martin Köllen and his niece, who was Abbess in Kevelaer , came up with the idea of ​​building a place of intense prayer in the pulsating lime. The Poor Clare Monastery was founded for this purpose in 1918. As early as June 1918, the poor sisters of St. Clare of Assisi were able to move into a makeshift monastery. In the following years the monastery was built as a four-wing complex with an open courtyard and a central fountain and was consecrated together with the church on May 1, 1925. In 1941 the monastery was destroyed, but could be rebuilt in 1947. In 1965 figures were attached to the facades. In 1990 the monastery church was given colored glazing.

Industrial monuments

• Brewery & Distillery Gebrüder Sünner , Kalker Hauptstraße 260: The main building of the colliery brewery, erected between 1888 and 1890, was protected together with a building added in 1906 on July 26, 1983 as the oldest industrial monument in Cologne in its original function . In addition, the responsible monument protection authority classified the carriage house built in 1898, the old forge from 1860 and the entire street-side fence as worthy of protection. In a renovation measure carried out between 1989 and 1991 and a cleaning initiated in 1999 with a final treatment with a hydrophobic agent to prevent moisture from penetrating, the facades of the buildings were brought back to their original state.
• Water tower of the chemical factory Kalk on the area of ​​the shopping center Köln Arcaden : The listed tower was built in 1904 and is 43.60 meters high. As a special feature, there is a chimney inside, which used to let white smoke rise from the top.
• Former factory halls of the metal foundry Peter Stühlen in Peter-Stühlen-Straße
• Factory chimney of the former KHD plant on Dillenburger Strasse, demolished in 2015
• Former industrial halls on Dillenburger Strasse

Secular buildings

• Köln Arcaden, Kalker Hauptstrasse 55: On March 3, 2005, after 17 months of construction, the new Köln Arcaden shopping center was opened. It offers space for 130 shops on an area of ​​27,000 square meters . The listed water tower of the Chemical Factory Kalk was integrated into the center as an architectural focal point.
• Kalk district town hall, Kalker Hauptstrasse 247–261: After the Kalk district administration had been located in the Merheim district for decades, the new Kalk district town hall opposite the Kalk chapel was opened after three years of construction. Despite its size, the multi-part modern building complex with a large pyramid-shaped light dome fits into the cityscape of the area thanks to its different construction heights and the use of different building materials. The architect was Gottfried Böhm from Cologne .
• Multipurpose facility Kalk-Post underground station : The underground station opened in 1980 with the associated mezzanine level was designed as a civil defense bunker. The multi-purpose facility is to provide shelter for 2366 people for 14 days.

Parks

In addition to the listed 0.6-hectare city ​​garden in Art Nouveau style designed by Fritz Encke in 1912 and the 3-hectare former Kalk city cemetery on Kapellenstrasse, the 2nd , 8 hectare Citizen Park Kalk laid out.

In the urban development plan Perspectives on the right bank of the Rhine , a clear deficit of green spaces has been identified, which is to be alleviated by connecting existing open spaces with different park typologies. The Kalkberg is an essential element for a coherent green area.

Famous citizens of Kalk

• 4 Reeves , bond around the Reeves siblings
• Jupp Elze (1939–1968), professional boxer, multiple German middleweight champion
• Eko Fresh (* 1983) bourgeois Ekrem Bora, rapper, former resident
• Clemens Ganz , organist in St. Marien from 1964 to 1976
• Tom Gerhardt (* 1956), comedian, actor and honorary citizen of Cologne-Kalk
• Hermann Grüneberg (1827–1894), chemist, entrepreneur and honorary citizen of the city of Kalk
• Trude Herr (1927–1991), actress, pop singer and theater director, born in Cologne-Kalk
• Tim Jerat (* 1982), football player
• Helmut Kickton (* 1956), organist of the Jesus Christ Church from 1976 to 1983
• Hermann Kläser (1907–1989), member of the street singer group Drei Laachduve , composer of the carnival song En d'r Kayjass number zero (1938)
• Peter Alois Knab (1895–1963), politician and member of the Reichstag
• Hilde Krüger (1912–1991), actress, defense agent during the Nazi era
• Karl-Heinz Kunde (1938–2018), professional cyclist, three-time German champion and six-time Tour de France participant
• Martin Lauer (1937-2019), track and field athlete, 1960 Olympic champion in the 4 x 100 meter relay
• Shary Reeves (* 1969), presenter ( Knowledge Makes Ah! ) And former soccer player at Borussia Kalk
• Marcel Risse (* 1989), German professional soccer player at 1. FC Köln , grew up in Kalk
• Tina Ruland (* 1966), actress, grew up in Kalk
• Carl Johann Heinrich Scheibler (1852–1920), German fertilizer manufacturer, co-founder of the Protestant hospitals
• Oskar Söhngen (1900–1983) pastor in Kalk from 1927 to 1932
• Kurt Wegner (1908–1985), painter, born in Cologne-Kalk
• Heinrich Welsch (1848–1935), educator and Kölsch original
• Joseph Caspar Witsch (1906–1967), librarian and publisher

Trivia

• The song Keine Fröhling in Kalk (No Spring in Kalk) from the album Fünnef + 4 (1997) by the Kölschrock band Brings alludes to the layoffs and at Klöckner Humboldt Deutz AG in Kalk from 1996.
• Tom Gerhardt's film Voll normaaal and his TV series Hausmeister Krause are set in Cologne-Kalk.
• In several of his songs, the rapper Eko Fresh draws attention to the social grievances in parts of Kalks, but mostly shot his videos in the surrounding districts, especially Cologne-Humboldt / Gremberg .

literature

• Peter Simons : illustrated history of Deutz, Kalk, Vingst and Poll. Nagelschmidt, Cologne-Deutz 1913
• Paul Clemen : The district of Cologne. (= The Art Monuments of the Rhine Province, Volume 4). Düsseldorf 1897, reprint Düsseldorf 1983, ISBN 3-590-32118-0 , p. 152.
• Henriette Meynen: Kalk and Humboldt / Gremberg. (= Stadtspuren. Monuments in Cologne, Volume 7). Bachem, Cologne 1990, ISBN 3-7616-1020-3
• Stefan Pohl, Georg Mölich: Cologne on the right bank of the Rhine: Its history from antiquity to the present. Winand Cologne 1994.
• Fritz Bilz: Change in industrial work in Cologne-Kalk. Ohlerth, Cologne 1997, ISBN 3-935735-02-2 .
• Fritz Bilz et al. a .: Kalk under National Socialism. Ohlerth, Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-935735-01-4 .
• Heinrich Bützler : History of lime and the surrounding area. Edition Kalk of the bookstore W. Ohlert, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-935735-00-6 (reprint after the original from 1910).
• Georg Roeseling: Between the Rhine and the mountain. The history of Kalk, Vingst, Humboldt / Gremberg, Höhenberg. Bachem, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7616-1623-6 .
• History workshop Kalk e. V (Ed.): Culture & Industry Path Kalk. A neighborhood guide. Self-published, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-935735-06-5 .
• Fritz Bilz: Between the chapel and the factory. The social history of Kalks from 1850 to 1910. Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-89498-190-7 .
• Michael Werling , Eberhard Becker: The old cemetery in Cologne-Kalk. Past, present and future. Documentation in text, images and drawings. , (= Series of publications by the history workshop Kalk eV, Ehrenfelder Geschichtspfade, Volume 5). Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-935735-07-0 .
• Günter Bell: A district where the working class is at home? Class consciousness and class solidarity in socio-spatial milieus. VSA-Verlag, Hamburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-89965-351-9 .
• History and local history association Rechtsrheinisches Köln e. V. (Ed.): Yearbooks 3, 4, 11, 13, 17, 20, 27 and 28. Self-published, Cologne.

Web links

Commons : Köln-Kalk  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Kalk  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• Kalk district. Official website of the city of Cologne
• History of the district history workshop Cologne-Kalk
• Cologne / Kalk in Wikivoyage
• A shopping paradise instead of wasteland . koelnarchitektur.de
• Nadine Bös: Society: Living in Cologne. Lime - get up! FAZ.net , January 1, 2016

Notes and individual references

1. ^ Social space analysis 2003. Expert opinion on behalf of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (PDF; 4.8 MB), accessed on July 24, 2007
2. ^ Social report Cologne 2004 (PDF) 1st edition Cologne, June 2005, accessed on September 7, 2014
3. ^ City of Cologne, Office for Real Estate, Surveying and Cadastre (Ed.): Cologne city maps and aerial photographs. 3. Edition. Self-distribution (DVD-ROM)
4. ^ Henriette Meynen: Kalk and Humboldt / Gremberg. (= Stadtspuren. Monuments in Cologne, Volume 7). Bachem, Cologne 1990, ISBN 3-7616-1020-3 , pp. 11-13.
5. ^ Gereon Roeseling: Between the Rhine and the mountain. Bachem, Cologne 2003, p. 17.
6. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, p. 1.
7. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, p. 12.
8. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, p. 13.
9. ^ Historical archive of the city of Cologne, clerical department: No. A 216, Severin - Hofgericht zu Kalk, Hofgerichtsprotlog 1614 to 1789. s. Mitt. 15, p. 90.
10. ^ Geschichts- und Heimatverein Rechtsrheinisches Köln: Yearbook for History and Regional Studies Volume 13. Self-published, 1987, p. 7 with reference to W. Frohn: Siechenhäuser and Verkehrsstraßen im Rheinland. In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. Volume 2, Bonn 1932, pp. 154 and 161.
11. ↑ Rupertus Hollwegh: History of the painful mother Maria zu Kalk. 1715, Chapter 3
12. ↑ Yearbook for History and Regional Studies Volume 13. Self-published, 1987, p. 7.
13. ^ Henriette Meynen: Kalk and Humboldt / Gremberg. (= Stadtspuren. Monuments in Cologne, Volume 7). Bachem, Cologne 1990, ISBN 3-7616-1020-3 , p. 376.
14. ^ Gereon Roeseling: Between the Rhine and the mountain. Bachem, Cologne 2003, p. 35.
15. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, p. 18.
16. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, p. 19.
17. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, pp. 47–57.
18. ^ Henriette Meynen: Kalk and Humboldt / Gremberg. (= Stadtspuren. Monuments in Cologne, Volume 7). Bachem, Cologne 1990, ISBN 3-7616-1020-3 , p. 376.
19. ^ Website of the Sünner Brewery accessed on 24. July 2007.
20. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, pp. 89–98.
21. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, pp. 227–229.
22. ↑ Note: May 20, 1877, after the city of Cologne took over the horse-drawn tram line in 1900, was the founding date of the Cologne transport company .
23. ^ E-mail from historian and author Fritz Bilz on request
24. ↑ History and Local History Association Rechtsrheinisches Köln e. V. (Ed.): Yearbook for History and Regional Studies Cologne Volume 11. Self-published, Cologne 1985, pp. 155–165.
25. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, pp. 127–133.
26. ↑ Class Size - Yesterday and Today on Wikibooks
27. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, pp. 185–219.
28. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, p. 110.
29. ↑ Note: Even today, the post office is housed in these rooms, the facade was only built in a plain construction after being destroyed in the war.
30. ^ Gereon Roeseling: Between the Rhine and the mountain. The history of Kalk, Vingst, Humboldt / Gremberg and Höhenberg. Bachem, Cologne 2003, pp. 82 and 83
31. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, p. 224.
32. ↑ Note: The Kalk Nord depot was shut down in 1955 because the need for steam locomotives had decreased significantly due to the increasing electrification of the railway lines
33. ^ Henriette Meynen: Kalk and Humboldt / Gremberg. (= Stadtspuren. Monuments in Cologne, Volume 7). Bachem, Cologne 1990, ISBN 3-7616-1020-3 , pp. 92-94.
34. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, p. 299.
35. ^ Heinrich Bützler: History of lime and the surrounding area. Pictures from old and new times. Self-published, Cologne 1910, pp. 143–145.
36. ^ Gereon Roeseling: Between the Rhine and the mountain. The history of Kalk, Vingst, Humboldt / Gremberg and Höhenberg. Bachem, Cologne 2003, pp. 115–117.
37. ^ Gereon Roeseling: Between the Rhine and the mountain. The history of Kalk, Vingst, Humboldt / Gremberg and Höhenberg. Bachem, Cologne 2003, pp. 118–124.
38. ^ Gereon Roeseling: Between the Rhine and the mountain. Bachem, Cologne 2003, p. 137.
39. ↑ Speech by Fritz Bilz on the unveiling of the street sign on Geschwister-Katz-Strasse ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) History workshop Kalk; Retrieved July 24, 2007.
40. ^ History of Kalk / Wars, Destruction and Reconstruction ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Website of the Kalk History Workshop; Retrieved August 12, 2007.
41. ↑ Monika Böck: cuts - lime in National Socialism. Image catalog for the exhibition of the same name. City of Cologne, Office for Further Education, p. 84 f
42. ^ Hospital Cologne Kalk - General. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on August 5, 2010 ; accessed on August 27, 2015 . 
43. ↑ ^{a b c d} City of Cologne Office for Urban Development and Statistics: Cologne District Information, Figures 2019 (PDF; 1.1 MB), accessed on July 8, 2020.
44. ↑ Employed and unemployed part of the city - data source: City of Cologne - offenedaten-koeln.de
45. ^ Gereon Roeseling: Between the Rhine and the mountain. The history of Kalk, Vingst, Humboldt / Gremberg, Höhenberg. Bachem, Cologne 2003 , p. 182
46. ↑ ^{a b c} City of Cologne Office for Urban Development and Statistics: Cologne District Information, Figures 2014 (PDF; 1.75 MB), accessed on June 21, 2014.
47. ↑ choice presentation of the City of Cologne for the Kalk district to district council elections in 2014 ( Memento of 21 June 2015, Internet Archive ), accessed on June 21, 2015.
48. ↑ choice presentation of the City of Cologne for the district of Kalk Board election in 2014 ( Memento of 21 June 2015, Internet Archive ), accessed on June 21, 2015.
49. ↑ Election presentation by the City of Cologne for constituency 42 for the 2014 council election ( memento from June 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 19, 2015.
50. ↑ choice presentation of the City of Cologne for the parliamentary elections in 2013 for the district of Kalk , accessed June 21, 2015.
51. ↑ choice presentation of the City of Cologne for the district of Kalk, state election 2012 , accessed June 21, 2015.
52. ↑ Poor Clare Monastery in German-speaking countries: Cologne. ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: klarissen.net. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
53. ↑ Verena Koll: A monastery says goodbye. In: ksta.de. January 21, 2013, accessed January 9, 2014.
54. ^ Norbert Ramme: S-Bahn: Long way to the station. March 13, 2018, accessed on January 10, 2020 (German). 
55. ↑ memorial page Walter Pauli on corsipo.de; Retrieved July 24, 2007.
56. ↑ Information and documents on the redesigned Kalk district library. Accessed January 31, 2019 . 
57. ↑ City of Cologne event calendar March 28, 2014: minibib in the water tower: Official opening , accessed on April 28, 2014.
58. ↑ minibib named “Selected Location” ( memento of September 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on April 28, 2014.
59. ^ Cultural Life - The Red List. ( Memento of March 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ; PDF) Politics & Culture , No. 4/15, July-August 2015, p. 13; accessed on July 28, 2015.
60. ^ Website of the Odysseum , accessed on August 23, 2015.
61. ^ Norbert Ramme: Cinema in Cologne: Comeback of the Kalker Lichtspiele. Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger , November 23, 2016, accessed on March 2, 2019 . 
62. ↑ Ingo Hinz: New cinema in Kalk: Film on the Schäl Sick. Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger , January 11, 2018, accessed on March 2, 2019 . 
63. ↑ Presentation of the youth work of the Evang. Parish of Kalk .
64. ↑ Stadt Revue, Edition 02/12: End of Relaxation ( Memento from May 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on August 7, 2012.
65. ^ A lease for the Autonomous Center . ( Memento from January 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) elfnachelf.de, August 26, 2011; Retrieved October 31, 2011.
66. ^ Churches in Cologne ( memento of September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) accessed on October 2, 2009
67. ↑ No. 1557 of the list of monuments of the Office for Monument Protection and Preservation of the City of Cologne.
68. ↑ Zechenbrauerei ( Memento from June 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) on rheinische-industriekultur.com; accessed on April 28.
69. ↑ ksta.de
70. ↑ No. 593 of the list of monuments of the Office for Monument Protection and Preservation of the City of Cologne.
71. ↑ Cf. Rübsamen + Partner and Club L94 Landscape Architects: Perspektiven für Kalk-Süd. In: Streitberger and Müller (eds.): Right Rhine perspective. Urban planning and urban development in post-industrial Cologne 1990 to 2030. DOM publishers, Berlin, 2011, ISBN 978-3-86922-101-4 , pp. 164–175.
72. ^ City of Cologne: Workshop results - Kalk / Süd planning area
73. ^ Official telephone book of the German Federal Post Office , 19 1982/82, p. 600.
74. ↑ 100 years of the Evangelical Church Community in Cologne-Kalk . Publisher: Presbytery of the Evangelical Church Community Cologne-Kalk 1977.

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on May 18, 2007 .