Duchy of Westphalia

Territory in the Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Westphalia
coat of arms
map
Duchy of Westphalia and neighboring territories 1645 (not shown in the exclave of Volkmarsen)
Alternative names	Duchy - Electoral Cologne suburb
Arose from	Until 1180 Duchy of Saxony (Duchy of Westphalia and Engern ) - 1368 entire county of Arnsberg
Ruler / government	Elector of Cologne. Its representative: Marshal of Westphalia (13th – 15th centuries), then Land drost
Today's region / s	DE-NW , DE-HE
surface	1803: 3715 square kilometers
Residents	1803: around 120,000
Incorporated into	affiliated to Hessen-Darmstadt in 1803 .

The Duchy of Westphalia was a territory in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and belonged to Kurköln until 1803 . The duchy was in the south of the Westphalian Bay . In addition to the fertile plains of the Hellwegbörden , a considerable part of the Sauerland belonged to the duchy.

Originally the area was part of the tribal duchy of Saxony . Its division and the transfer of the ducal dignity for the Westphalian part to Philipp von Heinsberg , the Archbishop of Cologne, at the court conference in Gelnhausen in 1180 was the central prerequisite for the development of the country. Over a longer period of time, the archbishops developed from the original ducal rights, which were primarily a rule over people, to a state rule over a closed territory. The archbishops initially only owned scattered areas, especially in the north, east and south-west, which were connected through the acquisition of the county of Arnsberg in between in 1368. Territorial development was complete after the Soest feud in the 15th century, and the territory remained largely unchanged until the end of the Holy Roman Empire.

The country was constitutionally special because the area was only a spiritual territory to the extent that the Cologne Elector, as Duke of Westphalia, was sovereign. Like Vest Recklinghausen , it remained a separate territory from the Archbishopric of Cologne. The attempts to create a land connection by acquiring the counties of Mark and Berg failed last under Archbishop Dietrich von Moers .

In terms of constitutional law, the country was subject to the Archbishops of Cologne and the Cologne Cathedral Chapter, but in constitutional practice it remained an independent territory. The two estates (noble knighthood and cities) and in particular the aristocracy represented in the state parliament succeeded in asserting a considerable say and also protecting them against absolutist tendencies in the 17th and 18th centuries.

geography

Westphalia Ducatus from Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive Atlas Novus in quo Tabulæ et Descriptiones Omnium Regionum, Editæ a Guiljel et Ioanne Blaeu (1645)

At the end of the 18th century, the rulership included the area of ​​today 's Olpe district and almost the entire area of ​​the Hochsauerlandkreis . In addition, there were large parts of today's Soest district and the urban areas of Menden and Balve as well as the Sümmern district of Iserlohn in the area of ​​today's Brandenburg district . The exclave of Volkmarsen was to the east of today's borders of Westphalia . Not included was the area of ​​the city of Lippstadt and, since the Soest feud, the area around the city of Soest . The area around Valbert was a condominium of the County of Mark and the Duchy of Westphalia.

In the north, the duchy bordered the Lippe and thus the bishopric of Münster . To the northeast was the Paderborn bishopric , to the southeast were Waldeck , Niederhessen and the Hessian hinterland , to the south the county of Wittgenstein and the Nassau-Siegen possessions. To the west bordered the Wildenburger Land , the Duchy of Berg and the counties of Gimborn , Mark and Limburg .

The mountainous part in the south of the country made up about 83% of the total area. This Sauerland part of the duchy was rich in forests and metal deposits. However, it was less suitable for agriculture. A smaller, northern part with the towns of Werl , Erwitte and Geseke , which were connected by the Hellweg , was in the Westphalian bay . The Hellwegbörden in the lowlands and the adjacent Haarstrang in the south were and are very fertile. In the vicinity of Werl, Westernkotten and Sassendorf were rich salt springs .

According to calculations by Ludwig von Vincke, the area was 62 Prussian square miles at the beginning of the 19th century. This is 3488 km². More recent calculations, without taking into account the exclave of Volkmarsen (about 30 km²) and the condominium of Valbert (about 65 km²), have an area of ​​3715 km². This made the duchy significantly larger than the archbishopric of Cologne itself.

history

The Cologne Westphalia in the Middle Ages

Westphalia and the Archdiocese of Cologne in the Middle Ages

The relationship between the Cologne bishops and Westphalia goes back to the Carolingian era. At the Paderborn Imperial Assembly of 777, Charlemagne transferred the Christianization of the Sauerland up to Siegen and the eastern part of the Hellweg region to the Archbishops of Cologne. In terms of size, this area with the center in Soest was suitable for the establishment of a separate diocese. However, the archbishops preferred to keep the area directly under their own ecclesiastical administration, so that the archbishopric of Cologne stretched from the Rhineland to southern Westphalia. To the north of the Lippe bordered the diocese of Münster , to the east at Geseke the new diocese of Paderborn . In the south was the Archdiocese of Mainz .

Anno II. With models of monasteries he founded - including Grafschaft ( Vita Annonis Minor , until 1803 in Grafschaft monastery, since then in Darmstadt University and State Library )

The mission that originated in Cologne gave rise to an early church organization. Starting from some original parishes , for example in Soest, Wormbach near Schmallenberg or Hüsten , daughter churches were founded in the course of time.

Associated with the founding of the churches were numerous transfers of goods by the nobility and the king to equip the churches, supply the priests and thus maintain the cult. As a result, the Archbishops of Cologne, as spiritual leaders, soon gained considerable influence in the region. Parts of the donations were used to supply monasteries and foundations. In 1014 the archbishop took over the protection of the already existing canonical monastery Geseke . In 1072 the monastery Grafschaft was founded at his instigation by Siegburg monks . In 1170 the Bredelar monastery was founded. The founding of the monastery also contributed to the consolidation of Cologne's position in Westphalia. In addition, a considerable part of the goods remained under the direct control of Cologne. Around 1100 the Cologne church owned extensive property in and around Soest , Körne (near Dortmund ), Belecke , Recklinghausen , Menden , Hagen , Schwelm , Medebach and in Olpe . Some of these rights (Schwelm, Dortmund, Hagen) were later lost. The others formed the basis of Cologne's territorial development in Westphalia in the High Middle Ages.

For the monastery landscape in the Duchy of Westphalia see: List of spiritual institutes in the Duchy of Westphalia

Origin and development of the territory until 1368

Illustration from the Soester Nequambuch in the court museum in Bad Fredeburg

The territory had its origin in the power struggles of the Cologne archbishops since the 12th century. In competition with the regional nobility, castles were built or acquired (for example in 1100 Volmarstein near Wetter (Ruhr) and 1120 Castle Padberg near Marsberg). The weakening of the Counts of Werl and the County of Arnsberg was initially decisive for the possibility of expansion in Westphalia . In 1102 Archbishop Friedrich I bought Hachen near Sundern and Werl from the property of the Counts of Werl. In addition, after the conquest of the city of Arnsberg , Count Friedrich von Arnsberg was forced to give up half of his county in favor of Cologne. Rüthen and the County of Volmarstein with Schwelm and Hagen were later acquired . In 1164 the town of Arnsberg was conquered again by Archbishop Reinald von Dassel ; the Counts of Arnsberg were forced to recognize the suzerainty of Cologne.

Part of the copy of the Gelnhausen certificate in the historical archive of the City of Cologne (dimensions 29 × 42 cm)

For a long time, the archbishops lacked rights in the region beyond individual possessions. Under Otto I , who was also Duke of Saxony, the eastern parts of Saxony were transferred to the Billungers . A transfer of the rights south of the Lippe did not take place. There the Saxon kings continued to claim ducal rights. The Werler counts saw themselves as the duke's deputies in this area. The family ties to the imperial family reinforced this claim. After the end of the Ottonian line, the ducal rights in this part of Saxony were not reassigned. For a long time the Billungers tried in vain to enforce their claims over the entire duchy. Only Heinrich the Lion succeeded in being recognized as Duke of the whole of Saxony.

After the fall of Heinrich the Lion (1180), in which Cologne Archbishop Philipp von Heinsberg played a decisive role, the latter received the title of Duke of Westphalia and Engern through the Gelnhausen deed, and thus became Duke of the western part of the original Duchy of Saxony . However, the new title did not bring the archbishops directly to power in Westphalia. Neither were the Treaty of Gelnhausen the boundaries of the Duchy set nor were the ducal rights, powers or prerogatives regulated. One of the Duke's rights was to summon and lead the military contingent of the (not defined) country. In addition, there was the right to build castles, jurisdiction and the obligation to maintain peace . However, as the territorial lords were strengthened by the imperial laws of 1220 and 1231, these rights became largely empty titles. The archbishops' oversight of the Veme courts , which gained in importance especially in the late Middle Ages, retained a certain importance .

But it turned out to be of great advantage that the duke had the sole right to found a town, which the other gentlemen in the area between the Rhine and Weser also vigorously contested. For a long time, the archbishop promoted Soest, by far the most important city in Westphalia, of which he was the city lord and which was already an important, walled trading center around 1180. The other cities were often created specifically by the archbishops, especially in the period between 1180 and 1311. In the course of time, the character of the cities as trading centers increasingly receded from their importance as fortifications.

The real power-political development was essentially decided by the “right of the strong”. However, the prestigious title of duke came in handy for the Archbishops of Cologne to expand their position in Westphalia. Archbishop Engelbert von Berg (1216–1225) was not the only one operating the planned expansion of the territory and thus came into conflict with the secular rulers, from whom he withdrew the ecclesiastical bailiwicks. The dispute culminated in the murder of the Archbishop near Gevelsberg by a "Fronde" of Westphalian aristocrats, headed by his nephew Count Friedrich von Isenberg .

Although Cologne continued to have serious competitors, especially in the Counts of the Mark and the Counts of Arnsberg, the regional nobility was too weak and too divided to hinder the further expansion of Cologne rule. The isolated Medebach was secured by founding or fortifying the cities of Hallenberg , Schmallenberg and Winterberg . In 1248, with the acquisition of the castle and rule of Waldenburg near Attendorn, the archbishopric power in the area of ​​today's Olpe district was consolidated. The founding of cities continued with Menden on the border with County Mark .

Resistance developed particularly against Archbishop Siegfried von Westerburg's attempts to expand . Apart from perhaps the bishops of Minden and Munster, almost all territorial lords of Westphalia were involved, including Count Eberhard II von der Mark . The decision was made at the Battle of Worringen (1288), during which the archbishop was captured. As a result of the battle, Cologne's further rise in Westphalia was broken. Schwelm and Hagen fell to the County of Mark. The castles Volmarstein and Raffenberg were destroyed. From now on the archbishops were only one sovereign among others. In contrast, the Counts of the Mark gained significantly in influence.

Supraporta , Altes Rathaus Arnsberg (18th century) to commemorate the transition of the County of Arnsberg to Kurköln

At the beginning of the 14th century, Cologne had an extensive, only partially contiguous area in Westphalia. The Waldenburg office with Attendorn and Olpe formed a focus . Another was in the upper Sauerland with Medebach , Winterberg, Hallenberg and Brilon . A third focus was in the north with Rüthen , Belecke, Soest, Warstein, Werl, Geseke and Erwitte .

The county of Arnsberg was essentially opposed to the unification of the areas. When it became apparent in the last third of the 14th century that Count Gottfried IV von Arnsberg would die childless, Kurköln and the County of Mark faced each other as competitors for the inheritance. Cologne prevailed in this conflict. The Erzstuhl bought his territory from the count in 1368 and made it possible for him to be the only secular prince to have a burial in Cologne Cathedral .

Hereditary Land Associations and Soest Feud

In 1437 there was not only the Arnsberg "Reformation of the Feme ", but with a first hereditary union without the knowledge of the sovereign between 167 knights and 16 cities, a clear right to participate in the class. The archbishop had previously tried to introduce a poll tax without the consent of those affected.

The city of Soest was the economic center of Westphalia in Cologne. Their loss through the Soest feud had long-term detrimental consequences for the duchy's economy.

As early as 1438, the sovereign succeeded in breaking this union of hereditary lands by confirming numerous privileges. However, there was no longer a complete reconciliation of interests between the sovereign and the estates. In 1444, the important Hanseatic city of Soest no longer recognized the sovereignty of the Archbishop of Cologne, Dietrich von Moers , and submitted to the Duke of Kleve . This led to the Soest feud (1444 to 1449) between the Archbishop of Cologne and the city of Soest. Alongside Kleve and numerous Westphalian cities, there was above all the powerful Duke of Burgundy on Soest's side. This dispute was no longer just about the degree of freedom of a city, but about the distribution of power in the west of the empire as a whole. In 1447 the city of Soest was besieged by a 12,000-strong mercenary army, but could not be captured. Soest and its immediate vicinity, the Soest Börde , remained with the Duke of Kleve and the county of Mark.

The Cologne electors tried several times to win Soest back. In 1504 under Hermann von Hessen there was a military conflict and another unsuccessful attack on the city. In the end, the elector had to admit that his attempts at recovery had failed.

View of Bilstein Castle from 1561

On the other hand, Cologne retained the areas around Fredeburg and Bilstein that had been captured during the Soest feud . The Bilsteiner Land was incorporated into the Duchy in 1445 after Archbishop Dietrich von Moers' successful siege of Bilstein Castle . Previously it belonged to the county of Mark and the Duchy of Kleve-Mark . The castle was handed over bloodlessly by the Bilstein bailiff Johann von Bruch, who had hoped in vain for relief from Kleve-Mark . A year earlier, Kurköln had already conquered Fredeburg Castle and Land . With that, the territorial development was completed, except for minor border corrections. The administrative units that had existed for a long time changed only insignificantly over the next 350 years.

After the failed great power policy, the elector was also weakened domestically. In 1463 a second hereditary state association for the Duchy of Westphalia and another for the area of ​​the Archbishopric and Vest Recklinghausen were concluded between the new elector , cathedral chapter and estates . A provision of the contract stipulated that a newly elected archbishop could only expect homage from the estates if he had previously recognized that certain conditions had been met.

After Archbishop Ruprecht von der Pfalz turned away from the Rhenish Hereditary Lands Association, the Cologne collegiate feud broke out between him and the Rhenish estates . The archbishop was partially supported by several estates in the Duchy of Westphalia. The war therefore spread to this area as well. In 1473, Hessian troops attacked Brilon in vain as a supporter of Hermann von Hessen , who had been designated as monastery administrator by the Rhenish estates . Conversely, as a supporter of Ruprecht in 1478, the Duke of Kleve temporarily managed to occupy the cities of Arnsberg and Eversberg.

The archbishops tried several times to finance their policy by pledging individual parts of the country. Knighthood and cities united against the threat of fragmentation and dissolution of the country. They forced the sovereign to promise not to pledge any more without their consent. In the following years the electors had to recognize the Hereditary Lands Association when they took office. In 1590 this constitution, which is central to the state, was renewed. In addition to defining the competencies of sovereigns and estates, the Hereditary Lands Association of 1463 concluded the constitutional unification of the states of the Marshal Office for Westphalia, the old county of Arnsberg and the Waldenburg office. Only since then has it really been possible to speak of a closed territory, even if rudiments of independence continued to exist.

Early modern age

Failed Prince Reformation

Gebhard Truchseß von Waldburg

It was only relatively late that the Reformation had a notable impact on the Duchy of Westphalia. Only in the Free County of Düdinghausen , which was under the strong influence of Waldeck, was the Reformation able to gain a foothold over a long period of time. However, there were a few individuals or families like those of the Bailiffs of Elspe who at least temporarily joined the Reformation. It is known from the city and the office of Medebach that students came from there who studied at the Protestant university in Marburg. There were also individual pastors in this area who had turned to the new faith.

However, the sovereign rulers twice posed a threat to Catholicism. The conversion of elector and archbishop Hermann von Wied to the Protestant faith and his attempt to establish a Protestant church system in the archbishopric and in the duchy of Westphalia provoked different reactions. In cities such as Brilon , Geseke and especially in Werl, the “ Cologne Reformation ” was quite successful, while in Arnsberg it met with resolute resistance from the Wedinghausen monastery . Ultimately, the defeat of the Protestants in the Schmalkaldic War and the resignation of the episcopate prevented a possible victory for the new denomination in the Cologne states. In some places Protestant remnants were able to survive for some time. In Geseke there were still Protestant preachers in both the abbey church and the collegiate church in 1564. For a long time the Reformation in Marsberg had prevailed around 1550.

Various secular reform efforts also fell during Hermann von Wied's time. This included a mountain ordinance issued in Arnsberg in 1533 for all areas of the Electorate of Cologne. In addition, the secular courts were reformed in 1537 and the Veme courts in 1538. In addition, there were police regulations and cross-border agreements to combat the "rabble". The following electors left relatively few traces in the region. Under Friedrich IV von Wied a treasury and tax register was created in 1567. Under Salentin von Isenburg , the first attempts to implement the resolutions of the Council of Trento in his dominion began. He also promoted the school system in the duchy.

About 40 years after the reign of Hermann von Wied there was another attempt at the Reformation from above when Archbishop Gebhard Truchseß von Waldburg converted to Protestantism in 1582 . The Kurkölnish or Truchsessian war after the deposition of the sovereign was associated with looting and acts of violence by his supporters and opponents. While the Protestant princes hardly helped the Cologne cause, he found support in parts of the rural nobility and also in a number of cities (Brilon, Geseke, Marsberg , Volkmarsen, Medebach , Winterberg and Hallenberg ). Initially, the Truchsess had its base of operations in the Duchy of Westphalia, but was driven out in a short campaign at the beginning of 1584. The victory of his ally Martin Schenk von Nideggen in the battle of Werl in 1586 had no impact on the balance of power. After the defeat of the former elector, Protestantism was only able to assert itself in a few places, at least partially for a longer period of time. This probably applies to the Marsberg area, where a Protestant minority community could possibly survive into the 17th century.

Time of the Counter Reformation

Archbishop Ernst von Bayern , newly elected in 1583 , finally prevailed in the entire Archbishopric of Cologne with the help of Bavarian troops. With this elector began an uninterrupted series of archbishops from the ranks of the Bavarian princes until 1761.

Title copper for Caspar Christian Voigt von Elspe “Agnitio veritatis religionis” (Cologne, 1682). Voigt von Elspe is sitting in the carriage . This crushes the reformers Luther and Calvin. (Original today in the Hildesheim Cathedral Library)

After violent arguments with his family, who did not approve of his private lifestyle, Ernst von Bayern retired to the Duchy of Westphalia in 1595 and from then on resided in Arnsberg Castle . He lived with Gertrud von Plettenberg and had, among others, their son Wilhelm , who was at times Landdrost and later abbot of the Imperial Abbey of Stablo-Malmedy . Ernst von Bayern confirmed the Hereditary Land Association in 1590 and in 1596 issued new police regulations for his Rhenish and Westphalian possessions. In 1606 he also issued a medical ordinance to combat the plague . Ernst largely left the business of government to his nephew and coadjutor Ferdinand von Bayern , who succeeded him as Archbishop in 1612. It was only under him that measures to enforce the Counter-Reformation in the duchy were increasingly promoted.

From 1612, the new sovereign appointed special clerical commissioners with extensive powers to carry out church changes for the first time in the Duchy of Westphalia and Vest Recklinghausen. To this end, they carried out extensive church visits. Even the first visitation reports clearly showed that there were still Protestant groups. In 1614 the elector issued a religious order that also applies to the duchy. In it, the establishment or the filling of offices was made dependent on the Catholic denomination. In addition, the elector promoted the mendicant orders . In 1637 the Franciscan monasteries were founded in Attendorn and Geseke . The Capuchin monastery in Werl followed in 1645 . Other comparable monasteries were established under Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern . The Laurentianum grammar school in Arnsberg and the Marianum Seraphicum grammar school in Attendorn were founded in Ferdinand's time . The former was carried by the Premonstratensians of Wedinghausen Abbey and the latter by the Franciscans. The Petrinum Brilon grammar school and the Antonianum Geseke grammar school were added later. During his time the establishment of a Jesuit branch in Arnsberg also began .

Witch hunts

→ Main article : Witch hunt in the Duchy of Westphalia

As witch commissioner, Heinrich von Schultheiss was responsible for numerous witch trials in the duchy

In the first half of the 17th century in particular, the duchy experienced a wave of witch persecutions . The Duchy of Westphalia was a center of witch hunt in northwest Germany. A first recorded trial took place in Winterberg in 1521. The first major trials with several defendants took place in Kallenhardt in 1573/74 . A first wave of lawsuits took place around 1590. The witch craze was particularly nourished by Archbishop Ferdinand of Bavaria and his Landdrost Friedrich von Fürstenberg . In addition to the enactment of a special witch ordinance, it was important that the sovereign appointed special commissioners who proceeded with merciless severity against the so-called "magicians". The high point of the witch hunts in the duchy as in the empire was the period from 1628 to 1630. In these three years at least 880 people were executed. The number in Amt Balve was particularly high, with 280 executed. After the wave of lawsuits subsided, numerous trials took place again around 1655. The last death sentences come from Geseke (1708) and Winterberg (1728). A final trial, which ended with an acquittal, took place in Brilon in 1730.

Thirty Years War and the aftermath

The Thirty Years' War did not leave the region unaffected. The region was of a certain strategic importance as a retreat for the imperial troops. Overall, however, battles, sieges or similar war events were not very numerous. But many towns and villages suffered from looting, pillage and contributions. In 1622, the troops of the Catholic League on one side and Christian von Braunschweig on the other, plundered the country. Geseke was occupied by Christian von Braunschweig and it was recaptured by Dietrich Ottmar von Erwitte . Lothar Dietrich von Bönninghausen operated on the side of the Catholic League at the beginning of the 1630s in the Sauerland. Also since the beginning of the 1630s, the Landgraviate of Hesse pursued the goal of winning the Duchy of Westphalia for Hesse. During this time the situation was determined by the opposition of the Hessians supported by Sweden on the one hand and the imperial ones on the other. Werl, Geseke, Brilon and Rüthen, for example, were conquered by the Hessians. In the south, on the other hand, the imperial family could hold their own. After 1634, Hessian power in the region gradually waned, but remained a threat until the end of the war. So together with the Swedes they conquered Obermarsberg in 1646 and destroyed it. For example, one is particularly well informed about the fate of the Brilon office and the cities of Medebach and Hallenberg through contemporary reports. The occupiers changed frequently. The residents fled to the surrounding forests several times. Medebach was badly damaged by fire, and the inhabitants suffered from looting and the plague, which in 1636 killed a third of the population. General Eberhard Beckermann, who came from the town itself, entered the Wedinghausen Monastery near Arnsberg in 1634 . A probably planned conquest of the city did not take place. There were also multiple outbreaks of the plague in Arnsberg.

The long-term economic consequences should not be underestimated. The ore mining, which flourished in the 16th century, and the associated smelting and processing suffered a serious setback. The regional economy only recovered from this in the first half of the 18th century. The same applies to the social structure. Society first differentiated itself in the 16th century , but in the 17th century the Sauerland in the Electorate of Cologne was de-differentiated and regrarianized. In terms of social structure , this was reflected in below-average population growth.

Ferdinand von Bayern's successor was Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern from 1650 . Numerous ordinances and laws were passed during this period. Among them were a new mining regulation, a forest regulation and a Jewish regulation . The duchy was only marginally affected by the armed conflicts under his successor Joseph Clemens of Bavaria over the bishopric. This elector also issued several ordinances for the duchy. Among them was the police order of 1723, which remained in force until the end of the duchy. During his flight to France in 1702, the cathedral chapter ruled the areas of the Electorate of Cologne until the Elector's return.

The era of Clemens August and the Seven Years War

Clemens August I.

Clemens August I of Bavaria was sovereign in the duchy for almost four decades from 1723 to 1761. He tried in particular by subordinating the government to the court chancellery to integrate the country more strongly than before into the electoral state. The government in Arnsberg has since been prohibited from filing complaints directly before the Reich Chamber of Commerce or the Reich Court Council. The only court of appeal was the Councilor in Bonn. However, the estates were able to assert themselves as an independent force.

Clemens August also passed numerous laws and ordinances for the duchy. This included a standardization of the dimensions and weights. Clemens August immortalized himself in the Duchy of Westphalia with buildings such as the new construction of Arnsberg Castle by Johann Conrad Schlaun and Hirschberg Castle .

His court held a princely splendor previously unknown in the Duchy of Westphalia and put a considerable strain on the state budget. His participation in the fight against Frederick II of Prussia was ruinous for the duchy . During the Seven Years' War the duchy became a direct theater of war. Among other things, the Arnsberg Castle was completely destroyed . Due to the high debt burden as a result of numerous contributions, the country was unable to recover economically and culturally until the end of the electoral state in 1802. Some places suffered the consequences of indebtedness well into the 19th century.

Catholic enlightenment

Under the successor Elector Maximilian Friedrich von Königsegg-Rothenfels various reforms were started in connection with the Catholic Enlightenment . Thus, the expenditure of church processions and the number of holidays were limited. In addition, fire insurance was established for the duchy in 1778. A year later a medical council was founded for all electoral areas in Bonn.

In the Duchy of Westphalia, the Landdrost Franz Wilhelm von Spiegel in particular tried to implement changes. The focus of the efforts was on the reform and expansion of the education system. At the beginning of the 1780s, efforts were made to transform the Laurentianum grammar school in Arnsberg into a model institution for higher education. In addition, a school commission was established as the competent authority for the school system in the entire duchy.

Title head of the Arnsberg intelligence paper of September 3, 1793 with the coat of arms of Elector Maximilian Franz of Austria

Duchy of Westphalia, 1793

The Catholic Enlightenment also had an impact on the foundation of the Arnsberg Intelligence Journal. In the case of public buildings, the need for representation no longer played so much a role as considerations of utility. The Arnsberg Castle was not rebuilt after the bombing during the Seven Years' War, but the stones were used to build a prison (from 1816 the seat of the Arnsberg district government , today the administrative court ).

Von Spiegel wanted to finance the reform measures, particularly in the school system, through the secularization of foundations and monasteries. He had previously expressed criticism of the monasteries. However, there was no secularization until the end of the Old Kingdom. Enlightenment influences also existed within the monasteries. Conflicts between traditionalists and reformers existed within the Wedinghausen monastery. Extreme criticism came from Friedrich Georg Pape , who advocated a rationalist theology and later played an important role in the Mainz Republic .

Elector Maximilian Franz of Austria continued the reform policy. In view of the overexploitation of the forests, not least for the production of charcoal, laws were passed for the sustainable use of wood. At the same time he strengthened the connection between the duchy and the state as a whole. His government moved the anachronistic customs posts within the duchy on the borders of the old county of Arnsberg to the country's external borders. The transition from internal to external tariffs is interpreted as a late contribution to the modernization of the territory. Manufactories and factories were released from the guild obligation in 1791. At the instigation of the estates, the government also took action against abuses in the guild system. Education reforms also continued. So a school commission was founded. In 1799 the government issued school regulations for the Laurentianum grammar school. Friedrich Adolf Sauer improved teacher training by establishing a normal school . In addition to the usual elementary schools, so-called industrial schools were created to impart commercial skills, especially in the field of textile production. In 1802 there were a total of 255 elementary schools and 38 industrial schools for boys and 18 for girls.

Duchy of Westphalia in the Hessian era

Maximilian Franz

Maximilian Franz had to flee from the French revolutionary troops in 1794. He himself lived in Mergentheim in his function as Grand Master of the Teutonic Order . In contrast, the Kurkölner authorities, courts and the cathedral chapter moved to the duchy.

Various countries and princes were interested in the duchy to compensate for their territorial losses in the areas on the left bank of the Rhine. These included Prussia, Hessen-Kassel and Wilhelm IV of Orange . Ultimately, the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt prevailed. Without waiting for the decision of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , Hessen-Darmstadt occupied the state in 1802. The electoral authorities ceased their work in October of that year. Only the cathedral chapter and the soldiers of the Electorate of Cologne recognized this with a delay. The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss authorized this step in 1803. The exclave Volkmarsen fell after several intermediate stations in 1817 to the Hesse-Kassel. The duchy had about 131,000 inhabitants at that time.

Ludwig X. (since 1806 Ludewig I) of Hessen-Darmstadt

As the province "Duchy of Westphalia" with the capital Arnsberg, the area was incorporated into the Hessian state. Since the administrative reform of October 1803, it has formed one of the three parts of the Landgraviate alongside the Principality of Upper Hesse and the Principality of Starkenburg . In each of the three provinces a government, a court court and a rent chamber (since 1809 court chamber) as well as a church and school council were established. At times there was also a forestry college in the Duchy of Westphalia.

Most of the monasteries and monasteries in the Duchy of Westphalia were secularized immediately after the occupation. At first the role of the estates remained unclear. At the state parliament in 1804 they approved the requested funds without confirming the privileges of the estates. The abolition of tax exemption for the nobility and the tax reduction of the cities by the sovereign led to conflicts with the estates. A complaint to the Reichshofrat had no result because it stopped working with the end of the old empire.

In the course of the Rheinbündischen reforms since 1806 in addition to changes of the financial and judicial administration in the entire Hesse-Darmstadt territory also the state estates and the local self-administration were abolished. The legal differences between urban and rural communities disappeared and in 1808/1811 the mayor's constitution was introduced into the communities. The mayors were appointed officials of the sovereign. The municipal council only had an advisory role. The area was divided into offices of roughly the same size.

The rights of the guilds also disappeared. In addition, there was the abolition of self-authority . The farmers became owners and the land was now indefinitely divisible and inheritable. The beginning of a land consolidation was made and approaches to sustainable forest management were introduced. A regional cultural society was founded to promote agriculture. A new tax system included a wealth tax as well as a trade and consumption tax. The advice of the Arnsberg government about inequalities in wealth tax led to the creation of a cadastre . There were also reforms in education and health care.

The participation of Hesse-Darmstadt in Napoleon's wars as part of the Rhine Confederation led to billeting, rising taxes and the introduction of conscription in 1804. In 1809, a draft decree tightened the penalties for those unwilling to draft, especially for the former Electorate of Cologne. The soldiers from the Duchy of Westphalia belonged to the “Hereditary Prince” brigade under Johann Georg von Schäffer-Bernstein and the “Westphalia” reserve brigade. Garrison towns were Arnsberg, Attendorn, Brilon and Werl. The Hesse-Darmstadt troops took an active part in many of Napoleon's military undertakings and suffered heavy losses. Of the approximately 5,000 soldiers who took part in the Russian campaign in 1812 , only 30 officers and around 300 men survived. 23 men died in the area of ​​Olpe alone. After the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig , Jérôme Bonaparte crossed the region with the remains of his troops. A short time later, Grand Duke Ludwig I changed fronts. A few days later, Cossacks and Prussian Uhlans moved into Arnsberg. As in Prussia, a "volunteer hunter company" under the commandant Klemens Maria von Weichs zur Wenne was formed in the Duchy of Westphalia during the wars of liberation in 1813.

After Napoleon I abdicated , the Congress of Vienna decided (1815) that the Duchy should fall to Prussia . A year later, in 1816, Oberpräsident Ludwig von Vincke took possession of the Sauerland in Electoral Cologne for the Prussian king as part of the province of Westphalia with the capital Münster . The old royal seat of Arnsberg became the seat of a government president and was thus able to retain its capital city function in a modified form.

Basic structures of the country

Population development

Between the turn of the millennium and the 13th century, the all- peasant settlement period ended in the Hellweg area and in the mountain regions . All soils favorable for arable farming had been taken. A clearing phase followed until the 14th century, in which, in addition to the full farmers, the new settler groups of the half-spaners and Kötter emerged. During the 14th century, the population decreased under the influence of the plague and the general agricultural crisis. Arable land and settlements were given up. Some of the residents migrated to the cities of the region. The climax of this desert period was in the southern Sauerland between 1400 and 1450 and thus significantly later than in other regions. In the southern Sauerland about 25% of the settlements disappeared; in the upper Sauerland it was about a third. In the Medebach office , more than half of the settlement areas were affected.

In the early modern period, interrupted by the Thirty Years War and the Dutch War (1672–1675), the population increased again moderately. Desolate arable land was repopulated, heather areas made usable for arable farming and livestock farming expanded. This development continued in the 18th century. During this time, the expansion of industry and mining also contributed to the population growth. This made the number of kötter and supplements grow. The indivisibility of the farms and the right of inheritance in most parts of the region slowed the emergence of an agrarian underclass.

For the time of Elector Dietrich II von Moers in the 15th century, a population of 59,000 is estimated. In Vest Recklinghausen - also part of the Cologne spa state - there were 14,500 people. Around 100,000 people lived in the ore monastery at that time.

Towards the end of the 18th century, Karl Friedrich von dem Knesebeck estimated the population for 1781 at 107,700. Friedrich Arndts came to 110,000 for 1802. In the 1960s, the historian Stephanie Reekers estimated the population at the end of the 18th century to be 120,000. This roughly corresponded to the calculations of the Hesse-Darmstadt authorities at the beginning of the 19th century.

During the time of the growing population, but especially since the last third of the 17th century, the Jewish population in the region also increased significantly. In addition to the cities, there were significant numbers of Jews in some of the patrimonial courts of the nobility. They were particularly numerous in the area of ​​the later Brilon district.

Government and Administration

Arnsberg around 1669. Above the town you can see Arnsberg Castle, which was fundamentally rebuilt by Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern

Daniel Dietrich von Landsberg zu Erwitte (1618–1683) General and Landdrost von Westfalen (unknown artist, oil on canvas (280 × 200 cm))

The Duchy of Westphalia was subordinate to the Archbishop of Cologne as sovereign, but formed an independent territory spatially separated from the Archbishopric of Cologne, in which the estates were able to secure a considerable say in relation to the spiritual sovereign. There was a comparable constellation in southern Germany with the County of Werdenfels , which was owned by the Hochstift Freising , which is a distant location .

The former county of Arnsberg , located in the middle of the duchy, became its center after its acquisition. The city of Arnsberg developed next to Bonn into one of the residences of the electoral state. The Marshal of Westphalia resided there as the Archbishop's deputy in the Duchy. Since 1482 this highest official of the duchy was replaced by a Landdrost . The Westphalian government or the Arnsberg chancellery had both administrative and judicial powers. The establishment of a separate government probably goes back to the time of the Hereditary Lands Association of 1463, which explicitly provided for a permanent council as government authority. While such a permanent institution had also emerged in the archbishopric, but could not last in view of the personal leadership of the sovereign, it existed in the duchy until the end of the Old Kingdom. It took on its final shape after the Hereditary Lands Association of 1590, which was renewed under Elector Ernst of Bavaria. Since then the government has been referred to as "Landdrost and Councilors".

The Landdrost presided over this collegial authority. He was both a representative of the sovereign and his highest official. The Landdrost and later the other office holders had to come from the country itself. In addition to his function as electoral governor, the Landdrost was also the highest representative of the estates. He was director of the estates and chairman of the knight's curia.

In addition to the Landdrosten, there were four legally educated “learned councils”, mostly from the bourgeoisie. They were responsible for the actual administrative work. In addition, there were four noble councils representing the estates. There were various subordinate officials and functionaries among them.

Officials of the estates and not of the government in the narrower sense were the Landpfennigmeister , who was responsible for finance, and the Landschreiber .

In the 16th century Landdrost and Councils were a partly class, partly sovereign authority. This was relatively independent of the archbishopric. However, there were constant attempts by the Bonn-based government of the archbishopric to curtail the powers of the Arnsberg authority. The attempt to make it a mere subordinate authority partially succeeded in the 18th century. In 1739 the Arnsberg government was subordinated to the court councilor and in 1787 also to the court chamber in Bonn. The Higher Appeal Court in Bonn, created in 1786, was also responsible for the Duchy of Westphalia.

In addition to the upper government agency, there were other sub-agencies. This included the upper winery in Arnsberg with lower cellars in Balve, Anröchte and Bilstein as a kind of electoral financial administration. In addition, there was the Westphalian Forestry Office based at Hirschberg Castle. In addition to forest protection, it was responsible for the protection of the game population, for the supervision of the forest officials, for the preparation of the court hunts and for the supply of the electoral kitchen with game. The head of the Mining Authority, headed by a Mining Captain , was based in Brilon. There was a sub-mining office in Olpe. It had to see to it that the mountain tithe was paid to the government treasury. It was responsible for the issuance of mutually beneficial rights , mortgages and jurisdiction in the entire area of ​​mining, metallurgy and hammering.

Estates

see also Landtag (Duchy of Westphalia)

Westphalian State Cup given to the Estates in 1667 by Elector Maximilian Heinrich

The co-government of the estates was institutionalized through the establishment of state parliaments . In the areas that were later combined to form the duchy, the first approaches to estates began as early as the first half of the 14th century. The politics of the time of Dietrich II von Moers led in the 15th century to a cooperation of the estates, which culminated in 1437 in the already mentioned first hereditary country association. 167 knights and 16 cities were represented. After the death of Dietrich von Moers, a second hereditary state association was established in 1463, based on the model of the Rhenish estates. This constitution of the country was renewed in 1590 and remained in force until 1802. A state parliament has been in existence since 1482, and the minutes have been passed down since 1583. The conferences of the state parliaments in the Duchy of Westphalia took place every year in Arnsberg. The assembly was divided into the knight and city curia. In addition to the aristocratic owners of the goods eligible for the state parliament, the cities and the freedoms (communities with urban or city-like rights) were entitled to state parliament. The Cologne cathedral chapter also had certain rights, but without being a full state estate.

The “capitals” Brilon, Rüthen Geseke and Werl each sent four, the other cities and freedoms two deputies to the state parliaments. In the 18th century, the participation of the cities decreased significantly also because of the costs, so that often only the representatives of the capital cities took part. The bulk of the population, the peasants and the poor, were not represented.

The most important right was the tax permit. The tax administration was the responsibility of the estates who hired the land penning master. In addition, the sovereign could put any questions on the agenda in the form of so-called state parliament proposals. On the other hand, the stands were able to submit complaints and suggestions.

The participation of the stands in general state legislation was not conclusively regulated. Already from the state parliament's pass of 1584 it is clear that the sovereign considered the participation in the legislation to be necessary. But the participation was not based on princely grace, but on “good habits, freedoms and privileges.” In practice, many important laws were discussed in the state parliament and decided on them. Landtag conclusions had legal force. Other laws and ordinances were passed by the sovereign without the prior consent of the estates. They had a right to protest against this, which they also used. In addition to the original rights of the Hereditary Land Association, the estates succeeded in expanding indigenous law .

Initially, the stipulation was that the members of the court council must come from the rulership of Kurköln. In 1662 the Westphalian estates enforced against Elector Max Heinrich that all offices in the Duchy of Westphalia should only be open to residents of the state and supporters of the Catholic faith. A resolution by the estates was required for exceptions.

Against the resistance of the state assembly, which mostly met in Arnsberg, all attempts to implement an absolutist state structure failed . The Duchy of Westphalia therefore remained essentially a corporate state only partially integrated into the Electoral State . While the constitution of the duchy was viewed as anachronistic from an absolutist point of view towards the end of the 18th century, they saw liberal citizens in the early 19th century as a starting point for a future liberal society.

military

In the early modern period, the Electorate of Cologne had its own standing troops at least temporarily. Advertisements were also organized in the Duchy of Westphalia for the regional war service of the Electorate of Cologne. In 1734 it was stipulated that no one could be recruited against his will. This provision was subsequently made more precise. Military service should be entirely voluntary. Advertising by foreign rulers was forbidden if the elector was also advertising. At times, other advertisements were banned in favor of the imperial. Recruitment was further restricted by the fact that foreign rulers were only allowed to recruit soldiers in the duchy after approval from the estates. With exceptions, these permits appear to have not been granted in favor of the Imperialists. However, in practice there have been quite arbitrary advertising, as the frequent renewal of the advertising ban suggests. In 1738 and 1739 premiums were even offered for apprehending foreign advertisers. The advertisers faced the death penalty. There were similar actions against advertisers in 1763 or 1778.

The Duchy's military obligations for the Kurrheinische Kreis only played a certain role in times of war. The district resolution of 1714 to keep troops under arms even in peacetime was not implemented. Overall, the burdens of war were of little importance in times of peace. The repayment of war debts, which arose through contributions, for example, were considerable after the wars, which were sometimes difficult for the population. Manual and tensioning services, as they were previously required for building castles, protruded from the Middle Ages into the early modern era. These services were extended by the Reichstag to the building of sovereign fortresses. But fortifications no longer played a role in the duchy. For the last time in 1663 taxes were raised for the fortifications of Arnsberg, Werl and Bilstein. The billeting was a burden for the population. The costs of the imperial wars were partly financially considerable . The financial burdens were usually covered by taxes. There was no regular service.

Only in exceptional cases were residents of the country used for military service. This was the case during the Imperial War of 1794 . Kurköln could not provide the required high contingents with the existing troops. Therefore, soldiers were raised in the electoral state and in the duchy. Only men who were not needed for agriculture and food production should be obliged to do so. There were also other exceptions such as civil servants, lawyers, doctors, clergy, students, miners and smelters and other professional groups. The draftees were promised to be used only in the interior of the country. A certain number of recruits were determined by lot in each office. Their service obligation was to end with the end of the Reich War. Those who were drawn could provide substitutes in their place.

Church organization

Since Christianization, most of the duchy belonged to the Archdiocese of Cologne. Exceptions were Volkmarsen, Marsberg, the Bredelar monastery and the parishes of Alme and Thülen. These belonged to the diocese of Paderborn . In 1733 the parishes of Alme and Thülen as well as the Bredelar Abbey and the associated places became part of the Archdiose of Cologne.

Court seat of the official court in the provost church St. Walburga in Werl in the closed state

In Werl there was a clerical court with the official court. This was initially located in Arnsberg, then moved to Soest before it was located in Werl after the Soest feud. In the 18th century in particular, there were disputes over jurisdiction between the clerical and secular courts. The secular courts were mostly able to prevail. Thus, from 1788, adultery came under the jurisdiction of the secular courts.

Since the Middle Ages, the area was divided into archdeaconates . The archdeacons had considerable powers at times. However, these declined in the course of the early modern period. In addition to Rhenish areas, the dean's offices of Attendorn, Medebach, Meschede and Wormbach also belonged to the archdeaconate of the Provost of Cologne. The head of the Wedinghausen monastery was in charge of his own small archdeaconate.

After the Counter Reformation prevailed, the duchy was a Catholic territory. Protestant communities no longer existed. At the border in the Free County of Düdinghausen, remnants of Protestantism were able to persist for a comparatively long time. There were still twelve Protestants there in 1663. The last died in 1760. Individuals of the Protestant faith required permission from the sovereign to settle.

The church ordinance published in Arnsberg in 1614 was a basis for the order of the church. In 1629 this was expanded to become a general recess. Since Archbishop Ferdinand of Bavaria, commissioners have not least been used to hold visitations . The dean's offices in Medebach, Meschede and Wormbach formed the Süderland commissariat. This ultimately also included the deaneries of Brilon and Attendorn. An episcopal commissioner later officiated in Attendorn and Brilon. They also had the task of supervising the inhabitants of the monasteries. In the north there was the hair inspectorate. This also included some parishes of the Attendorn deanery in the area around Neheim. The commissariats were subordinate to the vicar general in Cologne.

Immediately before the end of the duchy there were the deaneries Attendorn, Medebach, Meschede, Brilon and Wormbach. Then there was the hair district. There were 118 parishes in total. Six of these did not belong to any of the aforementioned deanery associations. These included Wedinghausen, the parish Römershagen, which belonged to the Siegburg dean's office , and the Paderborn parishes Volkmarsen, Nieder- and Obermarsberg. The Meschede deanery comprised 26 parishes, and the Attendorn deanery comprised 20 parishes. The hair district was the part of the deanery in the Protestant Soest that remained Catholic. The Hair District had 37 parishes. The dean's office in Medebach had eleven parishes. There were twelve parishes in the dean's office in Wormbach and nine parishes in the dean's office in Brilon.

In the end, the archbishop himself had the right of patronage over 27 parishes. The monasteries in the region also gave pastorships or occupied them with their own monks. So Wedinghausen occupied the parishes of Arnsberg. Werl and Hüsten. The Grafschaft monastery occupied Altenrüthen, Attendorn, Belecke, Berghausen, Brunskappel, Kallenhardt, Effeln, Fredeburg, Grafschaft, Langenstrasse. Lenne, Rarbach, Schmallenberg, Velmede, Warstein and Wormbach. The Bredelar Abbey occupied Bontkirchen and Giershagen. The Glindfeld monastery occupied Winterberg, Medebach and Düdinghausen. The Geseke and Meschede monasteries, the Benninghausen and Drolshagen monasteries and the German Order Coming in Mülheim also awarded parish positions. Some foreign spiritual corporations also had occupation rights. This was especially true for the Soester St. Patroklistift with ten pastors. The Corvey Monastery and the Bishop of Paderborn also had some casting rights. The remaining 41 parishes were communal or noble patronages. There were also 90 chaplain or vicariate positions.

Apart from the collegiate monastery in Meschede, the world spirituality consisted of pastors and beneficiaries. The owners of some pastors often gave cause for complaint in order to negligently fulfill their obligations. Often the parish offices were financially poorly funded and the large area of ​​the parishes made pastoral care even more difficult. Some pastors felt compelled to secure their livelihood through trade, trade or legal advice. The sovereign and the clerical court issued high penalties for this sideline. Even hunting and fishing levels by clergy were not uncommon as a result of the poor material situation.

For a country of this size the number of monastic communities in excess of twenty was quite large. The number of female and male monastery inmates was 1784 210 people. Der Landdrost von Spiegel calculated a cost of 52,500 Reichstaler as an argumentation aid for the secularization of most institutions. In addition to the local monks and nuns, foreign mendicant monks pervaded the country. Begging by foreign monks was prohibited by the sovereign in 1770. Most of the monasteries rested on sufficient material bases. The monasteries in Arnsberg and Geseke dedicated themselves to school education. Many pastorships were also linked to the obligation to hold school lessons. After the school commission was founded, the future pastors had to prove their suitability for teaching. General examinations for candidates for pastoral positions were introduced under Maximilian Franz.

Division of the country

see also the official constitution in the Duchy of Westphalia , administrative units in the Duchy of Westphalia

Duchy of Westphalia around 1800

The duchy was initially divided into the four quarters of Brilon, Rüthen, Bilstein and Werl. The cities of Brilon, Rüthen and Werl were also so-called capitals - another was Geseke. These capitals played a leading role in the municipal curia of the state parliament. At the end of the 18th century there were 25 cities. These were Brilon, Rüthen, Geseke, Werl, Attendorn, Arnsberg, Menden, Olpe, Marsberg, Volkmarsen, Medebach, Warstein, Kallenhardt, Belecke, Drolshagen, Neheim, Hallenberg, Schmallenberg, Winterberg, Eversberg, Allendorf, Grevenstein, Hirschberg, Balve and Fredeburg. Freedoms, that is, minor cities, were: Meschede, Sundern, Hagen bei Sundern, Hüsten, Freienohl, Affeln, Bödefeld, Hachen, Langscheid, Bilstein and Berg Freiheit Silbach.

The quarters outside the cities and freedoms were subdivided mainly by the offices. In these areas, a representative of the sovereign (called Drost, Amtmann or Schulte) performed administrative, judicial and military tasks on his behalf. In contrast to the actual archbishopric, the bailiffs were not appointed by the elector, but by the marshal for Westphalia and later by the Landdrosten. The official areas were often based on the older areas of the Gogerichte . Some of the administrative units continued to be referred to as Gogericht.

Some of the manors did not fall within the jurisdiction of the offices. In some areas there were around 14 patrimonial courts , most of which were presided over by members of the nobility. The court in Giershagen belonged to the Bredelar monastery and that in Sümmern was subordinate to the Cologne cathedral chapter.

With regard to the church organization, the Westphalian parts of the Cologne Archdiocese had their own official court . It was a spiritual court, but had predominantly secular jurisdiction. This was initially set up in Arnsberg in the 15th century. A short time later it was moved to Soest. It remained there until shortly before the Soest feud, after which it was initially relocated to Arnsberg before it came to Werl between 1478 and 1483 . The official court chair from the 18th century still exists in the provost church of St.  Walburga in Werl. Most of the duchy was originally under the archdeaconate of the Cologne Cathedral Provost and the Provost of Soest. Towards the end of the 18th century, the southern part was divided into five deaneries (Attendorn, Brilon, Medebach, Meschede and Wormbach). Together they formed the Sauerland Commissariat. To the north of this was the Haar district commissariat, which essentially comprised the archdeaconate of Soest. The parish of Arnsberg, supervised by the Wedinghausen Monastery, was outside the dean's structure. The abbot had his own rights as archdeacon for his area. Also outside of these deaneries was the parish Römershagen , which belonged to the deanery Siegburg, as well as the parishes Volkmarsen and Marsberg, which were subordinate to the diocese of Paderborn.

Agriculture

The agricultural population made up about 90% of the total population. The medieval village constitution gradually began to dissolve in the region in the 13th century. The forced labor of the peasants were replaced by interest payments. In terms of personal legal status, a large number of personally free farmers were able to maintain themselves in comparison with the Westphalian lowlands. For the time at the end of the old empire there are estimates that assume a share of 83%. However, most of them were dependent on landlords. In addition, there was a share of unfree self-authorities. At the end of the old empire there were still 490 serfs, especially in the Hellweg region.

With regard to the rights of farmers and landlords on the land, there were different forms. There were free goods as hereditary interest or inheritance, autonomous colonies with ownership and personal rights dependencies on the landlord, colonies as leased goods as farms only dependent on ownership law, as well as the aforementioned serfdom. Free estates, hereditary estates and leaseholds were comparatively numerous. The situation of the so-called free Vogtsgüter as remains of old villifications was favorable. The largest group formed the colonates as lease property. These, too, were mostly personally free, paid a certain lease sum and had the real and inheritable right to use the farms.

The goods were in principle indivisible. However, from the 15th century, the sovereigns began to soften this principle. In spite of the inheritance law , so-called half-spouses or even quarter- spouses appeared in addition to full farmers over time through the division of small estates. As early as the late Middle Ages, the Erbkötter emerged as a group of small farmers. They had enough land to live on, were full members of the peasantry and had usage rights in the brands. In addition, there were the Brinkitzers, who had little or no vulgar rights, as well as the largely dispossessed leaflets. For the later district of Meschede it is estimated that 18% of all agricultural workers were full farmers, 19.7% semi-farmers, 9.5% quarter farmers, 19.7% Kötter and 33.1% Brinkitzer.

Commercial economy and mining

See also Mining in the Sauerland , Sauerland hiking merchants , Mining Office of the Duchy of Westphalia

Winterberg around 1800. The illustration shows a heather-like landscape after the forests have been cleared, especially for charcoal burning

The loss of the city of Soest and its surrounding area was not only a political blow for the electoral state. This fertile area was also crucial for supplying the mountainous part of the duchy. In addition, the Sauerland region in the Electorate of Cologne lost its most important market for commercial and other products. With the departure of Soest, economic ties to other countries and to the Hanseatic League were severed. Apart from the coal and steel industry , which was important in some parts of the region during the early modern period, after 1450 the Sauerland towns concentrated primarily on the domestic market and local supply. Some historians conclusively argue that this defeat severely weakened economic development in the rest of the duchy. This would then be one of the reasons for the relative economic backwardness compared to the Siegerland and the county of Mark . However, especially in the 16th and 17th centuries, the electors endeavored to promote the mining industry, for example by issuing mining regulations . The last order of 1669 in particular was clearly marked by a mercantilist spirit . Something similar may apply to the bricklayers, stonecutters and stone cutters branch of industry, which only received a suitable guild order in 1683 at their own request, as Ulrich Grun has demonstrated; In the preamble it says in an explanatory manner : "By God's grace WE, Maximilian Heinrich , Archbishop of Cologne, Arch Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire [...] make it known and hereby to everyone to know: Accordingly, all masons, stonecutters and stone cutters give US of our Duchy of Westphalia complaining to recognize that they and their journeymen and their apprentices in other places are neither recognized nor tolerated as honest and competent enough, unless they buy their way into the guilds there and follow their statutes in all of them Judging things, however, since our above-mentioned subjects accept and tolerate others who are well versed in such craft, from whichever place of the Holy Roman Empire they come and are born, as good and honest [...], but they themselves with great inconvenience and costs either to travel to Kassel , Frankfurt or Würzburg and similar places and obtain arbitrary rights there or with undue penalties, see s I have to have it proven, so we will graciously deign to provide them with a similar guild justice as in the neighboring cities mentioned. "

Some foreign travelers claimed around 1800 that the primeval constitution hindered economic life. In fact, the economic situation in the Duchy of Westphalia had lagged behind the proto-industrial boom in the county of Mark . Large parts of the agriculturally unproductive region were only slightly developed commercially. The founding of the industrial schools did little to change this. The large number of traveling traders , especially in the higher regions, shows a lack of local employment opportunities and a pronounced mobility of the residents. In addition, there were very considerable predominantly iron-industrial densification areas. The manufacture of finished goods was - apart from home-made nail smiths in some places - little developed. The ore mining in the entire country was more important (mainly iron, but also gold, silver, lead, zinc, antimony and copper), which was overlooked for a long time. The manufacture of wrought iron in hammer mills and semi-finished goods was particularly widespread in the southern duchy. For example, iron and metal mining and processing near Balve (" Luisenhütte ") were important on the border with Grafschaft Mark . There were also areas around Sundern, Warstein (later St. Wilhelmshütte ), Brilon , Marsberg and Schmallenberg . A commercial center of the duchy was in the area of Olpe . The main focus there was the manufacture of sheet metal . What most of these production facilities had in common was that they worked for the needs of the nearby Bergisch and Brandenburg manufactured goods industries.

See also

• List of the archbishops and bishops of Cologne
• List of Landdroste of the Duchy of Westphalia

swell

• Ludewig Albert Wilhelm Koester: Systematic repertory on the laws, ordinances, generalia, regulations, instructions and other subjects that were issued for the Duchy of Westphalia from ancient times until the end of the year eighteen hundred twelve. Arnsberg, 1813 digitized

literature

• Elisabeth Allhoff: The territorial relations of the Archbishops of Cologne to their Cologne-Westphalian sovereign territory up to the award of the Duchy in 1180: a contribution to the history of the regional rule of the Archbishops of Cologne in the Duchy of Westphalia . Cologne 1924.
• Eduard Belke, Alfred Bruns, Helmut Müller: Municipal coat of arms of the Duchy of Westphalia. Kurkölnisches Sauerland . Strobel, Arnsberg 1986, ISBN 3-87793-017-4 .
• Peter Berghaus, Westphalian State Museum for Art and Cultural History Münster, Regional Association Westphalia-Lippe (Ed.): Cologne – Westphalia 1180–1980. State history between the Rhine and Weser. Articles and catalog for the exhibition from October 26, 1980 to January 18, 1981 , 2 volumes. Kleins, Lengerich 1981.
• Georg Droege: Constitution and economy in Kurköln under Dietrich von Moers (1414–1463) . Bonn 1957.
• Ulrich Grun : Anno 1683 - The stonemasons in the Duchy of Westphalia receive a new guild order , in: Soest District (Hrsg.): Calendar of the Soest District , Soest 1994, ZDB -ID 619151-4, pp. 43–45 (including a copy of the original Guild regulations)
• Max Jansen: The ducal power of the archbishops of Cologne in Westphalia . Munich 1895.
• Joseph Korte: The Westphalian Marshal's Office (= Muenster contributions to historical research, new series volume 21). Munster 1909.
• Harm Klueting (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia,
  • Vol. 1: The Cologne Duchy of Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to the secularization of 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 . Bibliography Volume 1 (PDF; 240 kB)
  • Vol. 2: The former Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia in the area of ​​today's districts of Hochsauerland, Olpe, Soest and Märkischer Kreis (19th and 20th centuries). 2 volumes. Münster 2012, ISBN 978-3-402-12862-6 .
• Harm Klueting: The secularization in the Duchy of Westphalia. Preparation, execution and economic-social effects of the abolition of the monastery in 1802–1834 . Böhlau, Cologne 1980, ISBN 3-412-06979-5 .
• Aloys Meister : The Duchy of Westphalia in the last period of the Electoral Cologne rule . Münster 1908. Digitized
• Andreas Müller: The knighthood in the Duchy of Westphalia 1651-1803. Revolt, internal structure and prosopography. Münster, 2017
• Ingrid Reissland (ed.): From the Kurkölnischer Krummstab over the Hessian lion to the Prussian eagle. The secularization in the Duchy of Westphalia 1803-2003 . Becker, Arnsberg 2003, ISBN 3-930264-46-3 .
• Manfred Schöne: The Duchy of Westphalia under Hesse-Darmstadt rule 1802–1816 . Olpe 1966.
• Elisabeth Schumacher: Cologne's Westphalia in the Age of Enlightenment . Olpe 1967.
• Johann Suibert Seibertz : State and legal history of the Duchy of Westphalia . Arnsberg 1860. Digitized
• South Westphalia Archive: State history in the former Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia and the County of Arnsberg , year 1/2001 ff.
• Manfred Wolf (arr.): Rights, estates and fiefs of the Archbishops of Cologne in Westphalia. Liber iurium et feudorum Westphaliae, Arnsberg et Recklinghausen, congestus sub Theoderico de Mörsa, archiepiscopo Coloniensi (around 1438) . Münster, 2014 ISBN 978-3-402-15114-3

Web links

Commons : Duchy of Westphalia  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikisource: Sauerland  - Sources and full texts

• Document registers from the archive of the Duchy of Westphalia / digital Westphalian document database (DWUD)
• History and map of the Duchy of Westphalia 1789
• Information and materials on the history of the duchy
• Edicts of the Electorate of Cologne (with Duchy of Westphalia, Vest Recklinghausen) (1461–1816) (Scotti Collection) online
• The Westphalian equestrian book from 1566 and the register of the Westphalian knighthood from 1584 (PDF file; 4.81 MB)
• Archival sources on the Duchy of Westphalia

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Seibertz, Landes- und Rechtsgeschichte, pp. 3–5.
2. ^ Günther Becker: The Duchy of Westphalia - the geographical area. In: Harm Klueting (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 15-16.
3. ↑ cf .: Paul Leidinger: On the Christianization of the Cologne Westphalia south of the Lippe. In: Harm Klueting (Hrsg.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 37-54.
4. ↑ in addition : Edeltraud Klueting: The monastery landscape of the Duchy of Westphalia in the High Middle Ages. In: Harm Klueting (Hrsg.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 55-100.
5. ↑ Seibertz: Landes- und Rechtsgeschichte, Vol. 2, p. 123.
6. ↑ cf. Georg Droege: The ducal power in Westphalia. In: Cologne, Westphalia 1180–1980. State history between the Rhine and Weser. Vol. 1, Münster 1981, pp. 220-225; Paul Leidinger: Phases of State History 1180–1288. In: Cologne, Westphalia 1180–1980. State history between the Rhine and Weser. Vol. 1, Münster 1981, pp. 42-57.
7. ^ Carl Haase: The emergence of the Westphalian cities, 4th edition. Munster 1984.
8. ↑ on the development of medieval Cologne Westphalia cf. recently: Wilhelm Janssen: Marshal Office Westphalia - Office Waldenburg - County Arnsberg - Dominion Bilstein-Fredeburg. The creation of the Duchy of Westphalia territory. In: Harm Klueting (Hrsg.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803. Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , Pp. 235-268.
9. ↑ Hereditary Land Association of 1438 (printed by Johann Friedrich Joseph Sommer : Presentation of the legal relationships of the farms in the Duchy of Westphalia according to older and more recent laws and rights. Hamm et al. 1823, p. 267).
10. ↑ Monika Storm: The Duchy of Westphalia, Vest Recklinghausen and the Rhenish Archbishopric of Cologne: Kurköln in its parts. In: Harm Klueting (ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 356.
11. ↑ Monika Storm: The Duchy of Westphalia, Vest Recklinghausen and the Rhenish Archbishopric of Cologne: Kurköln in its parts. In: Harm Klueting (Hrsg.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 352 f.
12. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 462.
13. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 484-487.
14. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 487-491.
15. ^ Rainer Brücker: The denominational development in Westphalia in the 17th century. Diss. Münster, 2003, p. 64.
16. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 464.
17. ↑ cf. Alfred Bruns: Diary of the Truchsessischen Wirren in the Duchy of Westphalia 1583/84. In: Landeskundliche Schriftenreihe for the Sauerland region of Cologne  7. Podszun, Brilon 1987, ISBN 3-923448-43-0 ; Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia. Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: Westphalia from the Electorate of Cologne from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803. Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 492–498; Horst Conrad: The Cologne War and the Estates in the Duchy of Westphalia. In: Südwestfalenarchiv 14/2014 pp. 51–93.
18. ^ Rainer Brücker: The denominational development in Westphalia in the 17th century. Diss. Münster, 2003, p. 64.
19. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 468 f.
20. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 498-503; cf. to the new monasteries: Klaus Baulmann: Jesuits - Minorites - Franciscans - Capuchins: Monasteries and religious orders in the early modern period. In: Harm Klueting (Hrsg.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 519-543.
21. ↑ Tanja Gawlich: The witch commissioner Heinrich von Schultheiss and the witch persecution in the Duchy of Westphalia. In: Harm Klueting (Hrsg.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 30f .; fundamentally also: Rainer Decker : The witch hunts in the Duchy of Westphalia. In: WZ 131/132 (1981/1982), pp. 339-386; also reprinted in: Witches. Jurisdiction in the Sauerland in the Electorate of Cologne (editor: Alfred Bruns). Schmallenberg-Holthausen 1984 (publications of the Western Slate Mining and Local History Museum Holthausen, Volume IV).
22. ↑ See in retrospect from the year 1677 the report by Johann Adolf von Fürstenberg to Emperor Leopold I. Helmut Lahrkamp: A report on the state of the Sauerland from the year 1677. In: Westfälische Zeitschrift Vol. 116, 1966, p. 101– 107.
23. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803. Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 508-512.
24. ↑ cf. Horst Conrad and Gunnar Teske (eds.): Sterbzeiten. The Thirty Years War in the Duchy of Westphalia. A documentation . Westfälisches Archivamt, Münster 2000, Michael Senger (Red.): The Thirty Years War in the Duchy of Westphalia . Balve 1998, ISBN 3-89053-069-9 .
25. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 469-472.
26. ↑ ^{a b} Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as a spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 474 f.
27. ↑ Contemporary report on the destruction of the palace in 1763 .
28. ↑ on this Elisabeth Schumacher: The Cologne Westphalia in the Age of Enlightenment. Olpe 1967.
29. ^ Harm Klueting: Franz Wilhelm von Spiegel and his plan of secularization for the Duchy of Westphalia. In: Westfälische Zeitschrift Vol. 131/132, 1981/82, pp. 47-68.
30. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803. Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 512 -516.
31. ^ Wilfried Reininghaus: The land customs regulations for the Duchy of Westphalia from August 24, 1791. Prehistory, implementation and resistance. In: Südwestfalenarchiv 14/2014, pp. 135–156.
32. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 475-477.
33. ^ Friedrich Adolf Sauer. In: Wilhelm Schulte: Westphalian heads. Münster 1977, ISBN 3-402-05700-X , p. 245 f.
34. ^ Hans-Joachim Behr: State and politics in the 19th century. In: Harm Klueting (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia. Vol. 2, Part. 1: The former Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia in the area of ​​today's Hochsauerland, Olpe, Soest and Märkischer Kreis (19th and 20th centuries). Münster 2012, pp. 21–24.
35. ↑ See as an example of the change in power at the local level: Paul Leidinger: The civil possession of Werl by Hessen-Darmstadt . In: Westfälische Zeitschrift Vol. 117, 1967, pp. 329-344.
36. ^ Eckhart G. Franz , Peter Fleck, Fritz Kallenberg: Grand Duchy of Hesse (1800) 1806-1918 . In: Walter Heinemeyer , Helmut Berding , Peter Moraw , Hans Philippi (ed.): Handbook of Hessian History . Volume 4.2: Hesse in the German Confederation and in the New German Empire (1806) 1815–1945. The Hessian states until 1945 = publications of the historical commission for Hesse 63. Elwert. Marburg 2003. ISBN 3-7708-1238-7 , p. 693.
37. ^ Hans-Joachim Behr: State and politics in the 19th century. In: Harm Klueting (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia. Vol. 2, Part. 1: The former Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia in the area of ​​today's Hochsauerland, Olpe, Soest and Märkischer Kreis (19th and 20th centuries). Münster 2012, pp. 24–26.
38. ^ Organization of the local council in those cities and freedoms of the Duchy of Westphalia, where, after the repeal of the previous magistrate constitution, permanent mayors have been ordered, in accordance with the highest local principles approved. Arnsberg, June 1st, 1811 digitized
39. ^ Hans-Joachim Behr: State and politics in the 19th century. In: Harm Klueting (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia. Vol. 2, Part. 1: The former Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia in the area of ​​today's Hochsauerland, Olpe, Soest and Märkischer Kreis (19th and 20th centuries). Münster 2012, p. 26f.
40. ^ Hans-Joachim Behr: State and politics in the 19th century. In: Harm Klueting (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia. Vol. 2, Part. 1: The former Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia in the area of ​​today's Hochsauerland, Olpe, Soest and Märkischer Kreis (19th and 20th centuries). Münster 2012, pp. 27–29, cf .: Bernd Kirschbaum: A small book about the Grand Ducal Hessian troops in the Russian campaign 1812–1813. In: Südwestfalenarchiv vol. 12, 2012, pp. 157–180.
41. ^ Bernward Selter: Agriculture, Forest Use and Forestry in the Duchy of Westphalia. In: Harm Klueting (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 762-766; Fundamentals of settlement development: Albert K. Hömberg : settlement history of the upper Sauerland , Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Münster 1938.
42. ↑ Monika Storm: The Duchy of Westphalia, Vest Recklinghausen and the Rhenish Archbishopric of Cologne: Kurköln in its parts. In: Harm Klueting (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 358.
43. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 448-449.
44. ↑ Diethard Aschoff : The Jews in the Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia. In: Harm Klueting (Ed.): Das Herzogtum Westfalen, Vol. 1: The Cologne Duchy of Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803. Münster 2009, pp. 689–704.
45. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 450 f.
46. ^ Johannes Rathje: The organization of the authorities in the former Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia. Diss. Kiel, 1905; Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 451–455.
47. ↑ Clemens Liedhegener: Authorities Organization and enforcement personnel in the Duchy of Westphalia in the late 16th century. In: De Suerlänner. Born in 1966, p. 95 ff.
48. ^ Johannes Rathje: The organization of the authorities in the former Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia. Diss. Kiel, 1905, pp. 70f .; Aloys Meister: The Duchy of Westphalia in the last period of the Electoral Cologne rule. Münster 1908, pp. 19f., 22f .; Vera Wiesenthal: The estates in the Duchy of Westphalia and the last Landtag from 1803. In: Südwestfalen Archive,  6th year 2006, pp. 193–216.
49. ↑ cf. as an example: Johann Friedrich Joseph Sommer : From the German constitution in Germanic Prussia and in the Duchy of Westphalia: with documents. Munster 1819.
50. ↑ cf. on the military organization of the Electorate of Cologne, for example: Hans Bleckwell: Kurköln / münster and the "Miles Perpetuus" In: Cologne, Westphalia 1180–1980. State history between the Rhine and Weser. Vol. 1. Münster, 1981, pp. 269-274.
51. ^ Aloys Meister: The Duchy of Westphalia in the last period of the Electoral Cologne rule. Münster 1908, pp. 102-105.
52. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia. Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: Westphalia from the Electorate of Cologne from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803. Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 477-485; Aloys Meister: The Duchy of Westphalia in the last period of the Electoral Cologne rule. Münster 1908, pp. 105-108.
53. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 445 f.
54. ↑ Monika Storm: The Duchy of Westphalia, Vest Recklinghausen and the Rhenish Archbishopric of Cologne: Kurköln in its parts. In: Harm Klueting (Hrsg.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 357f .; cf .: Wilhelm Hücker: The emergence of the official constitution in the Duchy of Westphalia. In: Westfälische Zeitschrift 68 (II), 1910, pp. 1–128.
55. ↑ Clemens Liedhegener: Authorities Organization and enforcement personnel in the Duchy of Westphalia in the late 16th century. In: De Suerlänner. Born in 1966, p. 96.
56. ^ Harm Klueting: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia as spiritual territory in the 16th and 18th centuries. In the S. (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia up to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 477-483.
57. ^ Bernward Selter: Agriculture, Forest Use and Forestry in the Duchy of Westphalia. In: Harm Klueting (ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electoral Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803. Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 767-774; Basically: Johann Friedrich Joseph Sommer : Representation of the legal relationships of the farms in the Duchy of Westphalia according to older and newer laws and rights. With side dishes . Hamm 1823.
58. ^ Bernward Selter: Agriculture, Forest Use and Forestry in the Duchy of Westphalia. In: Harm Klueting (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803. Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 777-780.
59. ↑ Jens Focken: Solidified Middle Ages. Cities and freedoms of the Duchy of Westphalia in the early modern period. In: Harm Klueting (Hrsg.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 383.
60. ↑ cf. for example: Wilfried Reininghaus: Salt pans, mines and ironworks, trade and commerce in the Duchy of Westphalia. In: Harm Klueting (Hrsg.): The Duchy of Westphalia, Vol. 1: The Duchy of Westphalia: The Electorate of Cologne Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803 . Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , pp. 719-760.
61. ^ Wilfried Reininghaus / Reinhard Köhne: Mining, smelting and hammer works in the Duchy of Westphalia in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. Münster, 2008 p. 93
62. ↑ See the guild order of the "bricklayers, stone masons and stone masons" from 1683 (parchment document in the Rüthen city archive), quoted from: Ulrich Grun: Anno 1683 - The stonemasons in the Duchy of Westphalia receive a new guild order , in: Kreis Soest (ed.): Calendar of the district of Soest , Soest 1994, ZDB -ID 619151-4 , pp. 43–45 (including a copy of the original guild regulations)
63. ^ Reinhard Köhne: Mining activities in the early 19th century - stagnation without radical innovation. In: From the Kurkölnischer Krummstab over the Hessian lion to the Prussian eagle. Arnsberg 2003, p. 67.
64. ↑ cf. for example: Stefan Gorißen: A forgotten area. Iron ore mining and metallurgy in the Duchy of Westphalia in the 18th century. In: Karl Peter Ellerbrock, Tanja Bessler-Worbs (Hrsg.): Economy and society in south-eastern Westphalia. Society for Westphalian Economic History, Dortmund 2001, ISBN 3-925227-42-3 , pp. 27–47.

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on January 17, 2010 in this version .