Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn
Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (born October 26, 1809 in Mansfeld , † April 24, 1864 in Lembang on Java ) was a German doctor , geologist , botanist and surveyor . He undertook his scientific research and discovery trips to the Dutch-Indian islands of Java and Sumatra , which are now part of Indonesia .
The most important achievement of this "greatest German researcher on Malay soil" was the first thorough geographical, geological and botanical exploration of the island of Java . His main work Java, which is overflowing with substance, is of lasting value , its shape, plant cover and interior design , which are supplemented with a large-format landscape atlas, the first reliable map of this island and a catalog of the geological collection "to explain the geological structure" could. In addition, he provided the first detailed topographical and ethnological description of the southern Batak lands on Sumatra . The cultivation of cinchona trees in Java was invaluable in combating malaria .
Junghuhn's works, written under the influence of his role model Alexander von Humboldt , are among the most valuable creations in geographical literature. For decades, they inspired numerous natural scientists to undertake further research. Extensive collections attest to these works: geologists and paleontologists have evaluated his rock and fossil collections, botanists and paleobotanists have evaluated his herbaria . To date, this work has not been completed.
In the opinion of the geographer Oscar Ferdinand Peschel , Junghuhn is "one of the adornments of German science" alongside Alexander von Humboldt and Leopold von Buch . It has been wrongly almost forgotten in Germany.
Junghuhn's official botanical author's abbreviation is “ Jungh. ".
Life
Preliminary remark
Many of his supporters are convinced that Junghuhn would have achieved similar successes as Alexander von Humboldt under the same conditions . However, the external conditions of the two researchers and their characters were completely opposite. As a descendant of a wealthy aristocratic family, Humboldt enjoyed the best imaginable childhood and youth education, his natural science inclinations were encouraged by understanding private teachers, his means allowed him to pursue his inclinations without restriction, and his cosmopolitanism, combined with diplomatic skills, helped him to influence how it was not assigned to a researcher either before or after it.
The development of young chickens was completely different. The son of a petty bourgeoisie was brought up with a rough hand. Contrary to his inclinations, he should support his father, who was active as a non-medical practitioner, and learn the necessary basic medical knowledge. His knowledge, which later became so multifaceted and went far beyond that, which made him one of the most outstanding universal scholars of the 19th century, he acquired autodidactically . After the rift with his parents and years of hardship, he went to the Dutch East Indies , where he worked as a botanist, geologist, paleontologist, mineralogist, volcanologist, ethnologist, meteorologist and surveyor in addition to his service as a military doctor. The abilities he possessed in all of these disciplines without ever having completed a degree are testimony to his works.
The tense relationship with his father, intensified by the assertion of his scientific interests to the limit of irreconcilability, contributed significantly to the development of his defiant and inflexible behavior. Unlike Humboldt, Junghuhn was completely undiplomatic and uncompromising to the point of stubbornness. He expressed himself disrespectfully, often with scorn and mockery, to superiors, colleagues, colonial officials and Javanese nobles, which led to constant disputes until the end of his life. In character, Junghuhn was a selfish person who was right with every means to achieve his goal. His resistance to envious contemporaries and influential critics made him an “edgy, buttoned loner” and an “uncomfortable man who did not make life easy for himself and others.” “What he hated in his soul was amateur gossip, and if you did Add to that his irresistible penchant for satire, then one can understand why his life turned into an almost incessant chain of conflicts and why his existence repeatedly came to stand on the knife edge. ”( A. Wichmann ).
Until the end of his life there was only one person whom he honored as a role model and with whom he respectfully corresponded: It was the already mentioned co-founder of geographical science, Alexander von Humboldt, forty years his senior, whose views of nature he called the "unattainable model" has designated. Otherwise, apart from subordinates or the few people who were benevolent to him, he avoided dealing with people whenever possible.
Youth and student days
Youth in Mansfeld
Junghuhn was the first child of the married couple Wilhelm Friedrich Junghuhn, a mountain surgeon, and Christine Marie, born Schiele, on October 26, 1809 in the Saxon-Prussian copper ore mining town of Mansfeld on the eastern edge of a foothills of the Harz Mountains . Of the six siblings who followed him, two died in childhood.
Little is known about the young chicken's youth. According to Karl Johann August Müller , who visited contemporaries in Mansfeld and asked about young fowl, he is said to have always been the leader in boy pranks. His boldness bordered on audacity. Among other things, it is said to have been one of his favorite inclinations to climb the most dangerous places of the ruins of the Count's Castle, which were rising above Mansfeld and not yet restored. With it he spread fear and horror: the daring climbing of an old remnant of the wall, which fell down and threatened to smash the people and houses at the foot of the Schloßberg, was particularly attractive to him. Fearlessly he crawled through the underground rooms and corridors of the castle with a string and a lantern.
Younghuhn's penchant for nature awoke very early on: In the densest forests, he collected flowers, herbs and especially mushrooms. In his endeavor to depict the plants true to life, he developed a great talent for drawing. However, this affection was suppressed in his petty-bourgeois parents' home. As a firstborn, Young Chicken was destined to pursue his father's professional career and to provide for his parents' livelihood until they died. However, Mansfeld did not have a grammar school, which is why he was tutored by a private teacher with the aim of reaching the university entrance qualification. A momentous blunder was to transfer this task to the Evangelical Lutheran Mansfeld Archdeacon This taught with such unusual severity and conservative faith in God that Junghuhn until his death turned against the Christian teachings and a supporter and advocate of Carl Ferdinand Hecht pantheism has become . His training in Latin was, however, with the same rigor and thoroughness, and in view of the plant identification carried out in this language it was probably the subject that young fowl learned with the greatest zeal. He acted with wise foresight: In the years to come, his mastery of Latin became the foundation for his varied self-taught studies.
Medical studies in Halle
From here on, there are different and incomplete representations. The following remarks about his first years of study follow the research of the historian Renate Sternagel, which she published in her book Der Humboldt von Java .
At the end of February 1825 Junghuhn went to Halle to prepare for a degree in medicine. The lessons he received in Mansfeld were not sufficient to pass the required Abitur. Until the beginning of his studies he was taken on by the theology professor Johann Karl Thilo , from whom he presumably received private lessons. Only after passing the matriculation examination, on 1 July 1827 took place at the University of Halle-Wittenberg his enrollment .
One of Junghuhn's first biographers was the just mentioned Karl Johann August Müller, who published his 1865 lecture at the Halle trade association in the monthly magazine Die Natur , which he edited . In it you can read that young chicken “followed the siren voice of nature” and “wasted away” his medical studies with nature studies. Later biographers have apparently adopted this unchecked, and so this error has persisted into the recent past. Renate Sternagel was the first to uncover the truth about his studies in Halle by looking at Junghuhn's leaving certificate: Junghuhn not only completed all the lectures and exercises, but also attended lectures in the philosophical faculty, as medical students were one at that time for admission to doctoral studies had to take a philosophical exam. All the professors he heard from attested that he was “extraordinarily hardworking”. Young chicken was therefore making a serious effort to become a doctor of medicine.
However, Junghuhn's medical studies only served the purpose of pursuing a career as a scientifically active botanist after successfully completing it. This goal was strengthened by the influence of his nature-loving childhood friends, Oswald Heer , who was the same age, and Hermann Burmeister , who was two years his senior , who also studied entomology in Halle, among other sciences . Together they went on excursions into the surrounding area, and they often discussed the knowledge they gained with the sympathetic botanist Georg Friedrich Kaulfuss . For Junghuhn these meetings were real great moments at that time.
From 1826 onwards, training to become a “first class surgeon” was offered in Halle with practical university lectures without matriculation. The father only wanted to support financially this educational path, which was one year shorter. This would have forced his son to become a doctor, not a botanist. But after Junghuhn had enrolled for medical studies at the university against his will, he immediately stopped his financial contributions.
We don't know how young chicken in Halle managed to get on with his life for a year and a half without these donations. It was certainly a humbling time for him. He tried in vain to earn a living by doing odd jobs alongside his studies. He owed his rent and his tuition fees and had compassionate shopkeepers write down his purchases. According to Müller, he even sold his books and his bed, "from whose proceeds he could still live for a while." Finally, Junghuhn had no choice but to give up his studies on February 1, 1829 for lack of money. In his graduation certificate from the university there is the sentence formulated with academic dignity: "With regard to his behavior, it is noted that economic disorders were to be reprimanded."
Return to Mansfeld, attempted suicide
"Oscillating between fear and hope, between regret and pride, between death and life," he returned to his parents in Mansfeld. One can imagine what violent arguments he had to endure with his father. The most serious points of contention were not only his debts left in Halle, but first and foremost his steadfast resistance to training as a surgeon. A little later, the young chicken couldn't stand it at home any longer: he was botanizing, often absent for weeks, roaming Thuringia , the Harz Mountains and the surrounding area of Braunschweig , much to the displeasure of his father, who viewed botany as a useless hobby of "not earning bread" be. He now believed the future of his son to be a failure.
The way in which young chicken carried out its botanical forays without funds is also not known to this day. He was particularly fond of mushrooms, discovered 30 new species and wrote a scientific treatise on them in flawless Latin with two colored plates. This work by a medical student, still unknown in specialist circles, received so much recognition that it was published in the renowned botanical journal Linnaea in 1830, together with his drawings on two colored boards . That was the first "fruit" of Latin lessons from Mansfeld archdeacon Carl Ferdinand Hecht, which was probably developed to the highest degree by Professor Thilo in Halle.
Father and son remained implacable. Defiance and intransigence faced each other. Junghuhn's deep aversion to practicing as a surgeon until the end of his life in the bourgeois Mansfeld, the gloomy prospect of an uncertain future, chronic lack of money that prevented him from doing further scientific research, and - last but not least - his stubborn desire for freedom and A character striving for independence finally drove him to attempt suicide: In a vaulted cellar of the Mansfeld Castle, in front of his parents' house, he shot himself in the back of the head with a pistol.
In view of the not insignificant medical knowledge he had acquired up to then and the fact that this suicide attempt was obviously a carefully targeted grazing shot to the back of the skull, the assumption arises that young fowls do not kill themselves, but themselves just wanted to hurt, to get his father to give in and give in. However, the father felt only disappointment and regret for the seriously injured son. With the help of a doctor, he nursed him back to health. For young chicken, the time he was cared for and recovered in his father's house must have been an ordeal. The extent of Junghuhn's rift with his father can be seen from the following report: When the father was informed that a man had been wounded with a gun, he quickly dressed. But after being told that it was his own son, he put the boots back in the corner. The mayor asked him in vain to take care of his son. Only the hastily summoned district administrator succeeded in persuading the father to help. At home, the father mocked his son for the stupidity with which a budding medic had tried to shoot himself from behind. With the words “This is how he should have done it!” He tapped his forehead with his finger. - The wound that Junghuhn sustained was not without danger: In Halle a piece of skull bone "the size of a four-penny piece " had to be removed; this coin has a diameter of 30 millimeters.
Duel in Berlin, imprisonment in Ehrenbreitstein
From Easter 1830 to Easter 1833, Junghuhn was enrolled in the medical faculty of the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin. Perhaps by attempting suicide his father had given up his resistance to medical school after all . Junghuhn's hope of a harmonious new beginning with him was short-lived, however, because only a few months after his matriculation an event followed that threatened to throw him completely off course.
The historian Renate Sternagel inspected the files of the Berlin Secret State Archives as follows: In a Berlin restoration, Junghuhn was called "stupid boy" by a Swiss student named Schwoerer. Young chicken replied with “infamous becket”. Schwoerer was so outraged that he asked young chicken to duel with a scimitar. Junghuhn refused because he did not belong to any of the "fighting" student associations and therefore "could not beat". They agreed to duel with pistols.
This duel took place on September 1, 1830. Junghuhn received a shot through the left thigh, while Schwoerer was uninjured. It is believed that the young chicken deliberately missed.
This act of honor was a serious offense at the time: the judiciary imposed severe penalties, not only for the opponents, but also for their seconds. Schwoerer evaded his arrest by suicide. Young chicken remained unmolested for the time being and continued his medical studies for eight months. It was only on 9 June 1831, he was the Senate of Berlin Supreme Court to ten years imprisonment convicted. At that time, however, Prussia was in a state of alarm because of unrest in neighboring countries to the west, and since Junghuhn was drafted into the military on this occasion in April 1831 and assigned to a unit of the Prussian Rhine Army in Hunsrück, the execution of his prison sentence had to be postponed. For nine months he worked as a "company surgeon" at a field battery stationed in Simmern and Laubach . His hope of a reprieve after such a long time, however, was suddenly and unexpectedly dashed: On December 25, 1831, “when the army was demobilized and put on the peacemaker” (young chicken), his commanding officer in Laubach received orders to arrest him and to transfer the Ehrenbreitstein fortress .
With this event begins Junghuhn's autobiographical report Flight to Africa , which is kindly written by his great-nephew Max Carl Paul Schmidt in his work Franz Junghuhn. Biographical contributions to the 100th return of his birthday was published (Leipzig, Verlag der Dürr'schen Buchhdlg., 1909). The text has a length of 153 pages and describes one of the most conflicted sections in Junghuhn's life in a perfectly entertaining style. To date it is the only remaining publication about this period, and that is why it is of particular value.
On January 1, 1832, young chicken was taken to the military prison at Ehrenbreitstein Fortress, bedded on straw in an open cattle wagon and taking a boat ride between ice floes across the Rhine. The worst time of his life had begun: For the ceaselessly inquiring, only 22-year-old young chicken striving for freedom and independence, for whom studying nature has been the fulfillment of his life since his early youth, there can hardly be a worse punishment than in serving a multi-year sentence in a dark dungeon in useless inactivity. What this misfortune had meant for him can only be guessed at from the following words from his work Flight to Africa :
“My pen is too weak to depict the tribulation I endured in this prison. Time crept so terribly slowly in the four bare walls, and my mind found so few points of reference in the immense solitude, so little that could be understood, that it seemed to wither [...]. One day creeps on like the other, slowly, deadly quiet, no alternation interrupts the eternal uniformity; One wakes up gloomy in the morning, only to long for the following night and to enjoy a few hours of meager sleep [...]. Since the arrest warrant had struck me suddenly and unprepared, and therefore I began my imprisonment completely bare of funds, I had to spend the months of January and February in the worst winter cold and the long evenings and nights without light, without myself on my straw under a thin blanket to be able to warm up [...]. "
In addition, there was his conviction that he was innocently imprisoned: despite his magnanimous concession, apologizing to his challenger in the event of mutual withdrawal of the insults and with this behavior according to the code of honor at the time, exposing himself as a coward, he was forced to a duel by the relentless archer. Nobody except himself was harmed in this duel. He couldn't be blamed for taking his own life after this duel. Why he should spend a considerable part of his youthful life in a dungeon under these circumstances was incomprehensible to him. Thoughts of revenge and escape arose.
After more than twelve months of imprisonment, his thoughts focused more and more on an escape. Escape from Ehrenbreitstein was impossible. Another way had to be found. At last a hopeful thought occurred to him: According to a set of rules that he knew, sick staff officers could be admitted to a hospital. Immediately he simulated a breast ailment so credibly that one felt compelled to transfer him to the Koblenz garrison hospital in the Weißer Gasse ( former Dominican monastery ) on January 20, 1833 . The living conditions were much better here, even if he was locked in a room with a barred window and a carefully locked door. Time passed faster and more pleasantly here; "[...] partly the doctors living in the hospital brought me all kinds of books and writings, partly the instruction of the surgeons' assistants, which I had taken over, scattered me [...]" (Junghuhn). However, since after months of medical treatment there were no signs of recovery, he was to be incarcerated again in Ehrenbreitstein in July 1833. In desperation, Junghuhn sent a pardon to the Prussian king. However, there was no response to this request. He then simulated a mental illness so convincingly that his relocation to Ehrenbreitstein had to be postponed indefinitely. From this point on, however, Junghuhn was aware of the impending danger of being admitted to the insane asylum in Siegburg as an incurable mentally ill .
Junghuhn owed his acquaintance with Philipp Wirtgen , who was widely recognized as a botanist in the Rhine province, to the mistrust of a military doctor . Wirtgen was asked to look at a “strange” man who had been brought from Ehrenbreitstein to the Koblenz military hospital and who showed “serious signs of mental disorder”. Since the patient was interested in the plants while walking in the garden of the hospital with an apparently scientific understanding, doubts arose as to the authenticity of his mental illness. The military doctor saw Wirtgen as the most suitable person to assess the patient's condition with the necessary specialist knowledge. As soon as the young chicken was alone with Wirtgen, he revealed himself to him and made a friendship with him that lasted until the end of his life.
Escape to France, with the Foreign Legion in Algeria
On the night of September 13-14, 1833, Young Chicken fled the hospital. He hurried to Belgium via the Hunsrück, Trier and Luxembourg, and on September 22nd he passed the French border. Only now did he feel more or less safe from being followed. He hoped in vain to get to Paris to apply for a research trip to a tropical country from the country’s scientific elite - possibly even from his role model, Alexander von Humboldt, who often stayed there. Instead, he was advised on the way to hire the Foreign Legion . In Toulon , the new goal of his 1000-kilometer escape on foot, which was full of privation, he reported to the Legion as a doctor, but was only recruited as a soldier. He had to sell his civilian clothes and put on the Legion uniform, which consisted of a red cap, blue robe, red trousers and a knapsack with a woolen blanket.
Young fowl was assigned to a department intended for use in Algeria. On December 13, 1833, together with 350 German soldiers who had almost always deserted, he went on board the sailing corvette la Fortune . Not until January 2, 1834, after 19 days at sea with violent storms, with rubble from barrels and rolling cannonballs for a life-threatening mission of the brave crew and for injuries and nausea, hunger and thirst, frost and wetness, vermin and insomnia for the Soldiers have taken care of the ship reached the north coast of Africa and anchored in the Algerian port of Bougie . Despite his stay there of only a few days, during which time he still had to help bury a deceased soldier emotionless in a quickly dug hole, we owe Young Chicken a detailed description of this place, its inhabitants and its surroundings.
On January 11, 1834, Bone was reached, the young chicken's final destination. Again we get to know Young Chicken as an observer who records everything and carefully notes: His descriptions of Bone and its inhabitants, the ruins of Hippone, Fort Caspar, the surrounding area with its vegetation, the wild and domesticated animals, Bedouin villages and those ruling Bone Diseases are among the most detailed that have ever been written about. Nothing escaped his watchful eyes, and so he described in great detail the appalling and gruesome executions of Arabs sentenced to death, whose heads were cut off with a saber. In the meantime the soldier Junghuhn had proven himself to be a knowledgeable and skilful medic: after being awarded a “doctoral diploma”, he was promoted to the rank of corporal medical officer.
An excursion into the mountains to the Phoenician aqueduct, accompanied by five armed comrades, ended after an encounter with a superior number of Arabs in a wild flight down the slope, “half flying, half falling, over gaps, undergrowth and high rock masses” and around Not to be left behind, Young Chicken had to throw away a bunch of rare plants with great regret. Another adventure was a trip for five on a boat in the Gulf of Bone, which was constantly showered by heavy surf and was in danger of being driven to an enemy shore; Younghuhn and his companions only managed to pull the sinking boat ashore with difficulty.
At the end of May 1834, the young chicken fell ill with a malignant typhoid fever with severe and very serious side effects. It was a coincidence that at the same time a French warship was anchored in the port of Bone. On June 5, after an early release due to incapacity to work, he dragged himself on board this ship and hid as deep as possible below deck because of the high risk of infection. Fortunately the wind was blowing favorably, and so the ship reached Marseille after only three days . That was the end of Junghuhn's adventure in Africa; he had European soil under his feet again.
In Marseille, young chicken was treated for eight days in a quarantine hospital and in a city hospital from June 17 to 25, 1834, until he believed he had recovered enough to want to continue his journey. With the pay for his services, he bought civilian clothes and returned his uniform to the Legion. Thanks to the attentive mediation of the conducting surgeon, who was not responsible for a trip on foot and issued receipts for the transport of a sick person, Young Chicken, still weak, traveled in stagecoaches, military transporters, on a steamship and in carts, sometimes on the paths that he took already knew from the outward journey.
As at the beginning of his escape, his destination was Paris, which he finally reached on a river steamer on July 31, 1834, after tedious detours via Toulon and Africa. In response to a request for an intermediary , he learned from the Prussian embassy there that he had long been pardoned. The pardon was issued on September 21, 1833, a few days after his escape from the Koblenz hospital. In vain was his escape, in vain his fear of being attacked as a refugee without rights, in vain his service in the Foreign Legion!
Young chicken stayed in Paris for over two months. His knowledge of French was now so advanced that he could earn a living doing translations. He hoped in vain for an opportunity to take part in a research trip as a scientist. A highlight of his botanical studies was a visit to the city's famous gardens, above all the Jardin des Plantes with its extensive collections and educational facilities.
As an enthusiastic supporter of mushroom research, it was particularly important for him to get to know the very old Dutch mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon , whom he only found after a long search in a poor attic in a Parisian suburb. This visit proved to be trend-setting for Junghuhn's future career as a scientist: Persoon gave Junghuhn the careful advice to explore the tropical flora of the Indian archipelago; an endeavor that would take up a significant part of his life. It was probably the last, but certainly not the slightest, merit of this founder of mycology to have steered young fowl in the direction that should bring science so abundantly; two years later he died completely impoverished.
Return to Germany, start of the journey to the Dutch East Indies
On October 5, 1834, Junghuhn began his journey home to Germany. In Koblenz he went to see his friend Wirtgen. Together they went on botanical excursions to the Hunsrück, the Eifel and the Moselle valley. In November he stayed on the banks of the Laacher See . With these excursions, he bridged the waiting time for an emigration pass, which he had applied for immediately after his arrival in Koblenz. Only after two months, on December 10, 1834, was this passport given to him. Previously, Junghuhn sent an inquiry to the Netherlands, asking for information about a ride to India. The answer from the Netherlands was promising: For a voyage to explore the Moluccas, one would be prepared to take a naturalist on board.
There was no stopping young fowl: after receiving four louis dor from Wirtgen , he set off on his journey to the Dutch East Indies.
The most important source for the following remarks is: In memory of Franz Junghuhn. Letters from young chicken to Ph. Wirtgen. Provided with a foreword and notes and edited by M (ax). Koernicke. In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland and Westphalia, 66th year 1909 (ed. 1910), pp. 276–326; named "Letters to Wirtgen" in the footnotes.
Junghuhn has not visited his hometown Mansfeld again. Well aware that he might never see his parents and siblings again, he went on a steamboat from Koblenz to Rotterdam. Following friendly advice from Wirtgen, he made two breaks on the way: In Bonn he met the botany professor Theodor Friedrich Nees von Esenbeck , who gave him a letter of recommendation to Professor Blume in Leiden, and in Cologne he was a guest at the court pharmacist and botanist Johann Friedrich Sehlmeyer.
The louis d' or borrowed from Wirtgen was running out, and so he had to use the cheapest and slowest means of transport from Rotterdam, a trek barge that was pulled through inland canals or pushed forward with poles. Junghuhn still had no inkling of his new hardship: he had to wait far too long in Koblenz for the emigration pass. In The Hague , he learned from the Colonial Ministry that the ship destined for the Moluccas , on which he was supposed to sail as a scientist, had left on December 6, 1834, four days before receiving this passport, and that the advance payment granted for him had been canceled. "[...] In vain did I visit Minister Van den Bosch, he was in Amsterdam and the other officials laughed at me when I talked about the advance [...]". In an express letter to Amsterdam, he asked the minister to be allowed to go on another ship to India.
How fundamentally different his life would have been if not again - for the first time before his escape - the "Prussian white-collar" trotted a little faster!
Junghuhn's cash was finally over. He hiked on foot to the city of Leiden, 22 kilometers away . On the basis of the letter of recommendation received in Bonn, he put all his hopes for further support in the director of the Leiden Imperial Herbarium , Carl Ludwig Blume . The effect of this letter was not lacking: Blume received him in the most friendly manner, gave him "advice and action", proudly showed him his magnificent work Flora Javae , led him personally through the imperial herbarium and filled his empty purse with 55 guilders advance on, "(...) he is the loveliest man in the world."
In Leiden, the colonial minister told Junghuhn that his appointment as a scientist was not possible until further notice. But the impatient young chicken was not ready to wait an indefinite period of time with insufficient income. Only as a doctor was there an opportunity to enter the Dutch-Indian service. Resigned, he wrote to his friend Philipp Wirtgen: "I had no choice but to flee under my old grandmother's petticoat, the medicine, and take an exam in Utrecht ."
This ends the confused chapter about young chicken's youth, and great deeds followed. Junghuhn's great-nephew Max Carl Paul Schmidt said: “Life's wheel was ruthlessly tinkering with it. But in the end it turned out: the brittle stone on which it cut was, despite its rough exterior, a diamond. ”.
At the end of this chapter, let me look back at the first sentence of the preliminary remark, according to which followers of Junghuhns are convinced of similar abilities as those of Humboldt. Perhaps they are not entirely wrong, because the difference between the young chicken's conflict-ridden youth and that of the well-protected Alexander von Humboldt cannot be outdone in terms of upbringing and training, two of the most important factors for a person's development. In addition, there were the various means available: Humboldt, wealthy and independent, was able to prepare his memorable trip to South America for six years with specialist scholars in Geneva, Weimar, Jena, Dresden, Vienna, Salzburg and Paris; Not only did he have the energetic botanist Bonpland at his side, he also had fifty of the most expensive and modern instruments with him, which had to be carried by six servants and nine mules. Junghuhn, on the other hand, was alone and poor at the beginning of his research, like the proverbial "church mouse": As a permanently employed paramedic in military service who had to obey the orders and instructions of his superiors, he could neither prepare nor plan his first trips, and when measuring the the first volcano he had climbed, he had to be content with a barometer made by himself from the simplest of ingredients.
Junghuhn's report Flucht nach Afrika ends with his return to his home country and closes with his stay at the Laacher See. The first chapter Journey to Holland in his work Topographical and Scientific Journeys through Java begins with his stay at the Laacher See and is thus a seamless continuation of the escape .
First stay in the Dutch East Indies (1835 to 1848)
Java (1835 to 1840)
For the destitute young chicken, the Dutch East Indies could only be reached with a job in the local army . After successfully completing a medical exam on December 27, 1834 in Utrecht, he received a permanent position as a third-class medical officer on January 12, 1835 . Financially provided with only the bare essentials, he waited for six months in Harderwijk , a meeting place for sailors, soldiers and recruited emigrants, on the scenic south bank of the Zuiderzee . The repayment of the four Louisdor borrowed from Wirtgen was a major financial burden. It was not until June 30, 1835 that the three-master Jacob Cats left Hellevoetsluis for Java , and on the morning of October 13, 1835, after a three-and-a-half month crossing, the young chicken set foot on the landing site in Batavia, today's Jakarta . It was only 13 years later that he returned to Europe - albeit temporarily - to restore his health.
- Arrival on Java
Course of the Jacob Cats . Reconstructed from Junghuhn's work Topographical and scientific journeys through Java .
Contemporary view of the Sunda Strait in front of Anjer harbor .
Contemporary view of the Batavia landing area.
Batavia in 1846. - The hospital, a little to the right of center of the map, was Junghuhn's first place of work.
Young chicken first served as a doctor in the military hospital in Batavia. However, the fact that he botanized the tropical surroundings in every free hour and recorded his impressions and observations in pictures and words soon aroused the displeasure of superiors and colleagues and brought him numerous complaints about neglect of duty.
In February 1836 he was transferred to Jogjakarta . During a vacation from May 20th to May 26th, he traveled through the karst area on the south coast of Java, known as "Gunung Sewu" ("Thousand Hills") because of its numerous cone mountains . West of Jogjakarta he studied the erosive forces of the weather on the Gunung Gamping limestone massif, and in September 1836 he began his fundamental investigations of the most dangerous volcano on Java, the Merapi , which rises north of Jogjakarta and at that time possessed a threateningly steaming cinder cone. He repeatedly climbed this almost 3,000-meter-high mountain and documented it in words and pictures down to the smallest details. He determined the heights with a self-constructed barometer, consisting of a bamboo tube and a suitably calibrated glass tube, which had to be constantly held vertically while on the move. He achieved astonishing accuracy with it. The Merapi and the 3145 m high Merbabu immediately to the north were the first volcanoes that Junghuhn climbed.
In 1837 Junghuhn's research life was finally steered on the right track: He was placed under the German doctor Ernst Albert Fritze . He was head of the health system in the Dutch East Indies and - as head of the natural history museum of the "Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen" - himself to a great extent enthusiastic about nature. Without his help and official courtesy, he would have remained a paramedic in hospitals. Fritze recognized Junghuhn's inclinations and abilities and took him on two inspection trips as an adjutant.
It can be safely assumed that the latest and best instruments were taken with them on these trips: hammers for knocking off and examining boulders, drums and boxes for collecting plants, binoculars, thermometers, barometers and psychrometers and - especially important for young fowl - All kinds of paper and pens for sketching and writing down what has been explored.
The first trip, from July 11th to August 23rd 1837, was through West Java. After visiting the lonely Wijnkoopsbaai on the south coast (today's name: Pelabuhan Ratu ) and the mountain lake Telaga Patengan, which is still surrounded by untouched forests, the volcanoes Patuha, Tangkuban Perahu , Guntur, Papandayan , Galunggung and Ciremai were climbed. The careful examination of the milky-white crater lake Telaga Bodas, which was visited after the descent from the summit of Papandayan on the other side of the valley of Garut, should be emphasized. Fritze dealt with geology, collected rocks and calculated the heights, young chicken dealt primarily with botany and recorded the results of all research with sketches and words in his diary.
- From Junghuhn's Atlas on a journey through Java
Lake Telaga Patengan in West Java, taken from young fowl in 1837.
Telaga Bodas crater lake in West Java, taken from young chicken in 1837.
During the second inspection trip, which ran through central and eastern Java from April 12 to August 15, 1838, eleven volcanoes were examined: the Ungaran, the Lawu, the Sumbing , the Sundoro , north of Jogjakarta - one more time for young chicken. the Merapi, the Wilis, the Ringgit, the Lamongan, the Tengger Mountains with the active Bromo , the Dieng Plateau, interspersed with craters and lakes, and the second highest peak in Java, the 3428 m high Slamet . In addition, there were two mud volcanoes south of Surabaya and a non-volcanic eruption cone in a swamp near Ambarawa, which had been created by hydrostatically pushed up moor in a hard peat layer.
- Young chicken's first trips ...
in western and central Java
in central and east Java
Junghuhn undoubtedly acquired a basic knowledge of geology on these trips. After the end of these trips, Fritze tried to give him the opportunity to continue doing natural research without his companion. His recommendation to Pierre-Médard Diard , the head of the Natural History Commission in Batavia, gave Junghuhn an assignment to carry out scientific research in West Java. By accepting this order, young chicken was exempted from the medical service for the time being, but had to involuntarily accept the obligation to hand over the results of its investigations to the commission.
In October 1838 he climbed the Gunung Salak volcano southwest of the city of Bogor (then Buitenzorg) . The detailed report he wrote about it, which was published in the same year in Dutch and in 1840 in German, was the first publication in German translation with which Junghuhn brought the tropical nature of the island of Java to his countrymen back home.
On April 1, 1839, young chicken entered the 3,019 meter high Gunung Mandalawangi, the highest peak of the Gedé-Pangrango volcanic massif . Here he discovered, to his great joy, "... one of the greatest botanical rarities and plant-geographical peculiarities ...", a primula which - in contrast to the small Primula veris known in Europe as " cowslip " - reaches a height of one meter and only rises this mountain thrives. Immediately on the spot he named her Primula imperialis .
The second ascent of the Pangrango followed in July 1839 and the third in November 1839. In the last section of his first major work, Topographical and Scientific Journeys through Java , he recorded the discovery of the Primula imperialis as well as the botanical, zoological and meteorological observations on this massif . In between, in October 1839 before his third visit to the Gedé-Pangrango, Junghuhn examined the extensive mountain range of the extinct Malabar in the Preanger landscapes south of Bandung .
Junghuhn was very keen to publish his newly acquired knowledge as quickly as possible. He attached great importance to the fact that this should be done under his name and that no other researcher was able to distinguish himself with the results he had achieved. All the more since he learned that Carl Ludwig Blume, who had received him warmly and benevolently in Leiden and supported him with an advance payment of 55 guilders, repeatedly adopted the results of other researchers and published them under his name. Secretly, disregarding his obligations to the Natural History Commission, which Blume had constantly worked on, he sent his first reports with sketches and drawings and a small herbarium to the professor of botany Theodor Friedrich Nees von Esenbeck , whom he had met during his trip to the Rhine in Bonn . But after he died of tuberculosis during a spa stay in southern France in December 1837, Junghuhn's shipment to Breslau was forwarded to his older brother Christian Gottlieb Nees von Esenbeck , who in 1818 was elected President of the renowned Imperial-Leopoldine-Carolinian German Academy of Natural Scientists (Leopoldina) has been. However, the search for a publisher for these content-rich reports remained so long without any prospect of success that Junghuhn, fearful of losing the priorities of the first discoverer, gave up the rest of his work, starting with the description of his second journey with Dr. Fritze, in the negotiating vat het Bataviaasch Genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen wanted to publish. Fortunately, nothing came of it, and so Junghuhn's manuscripts did not appear until 1845, but in one piece: It was his first major work Topographical and Scientific Journeys through Java , including an atlas with views, sketches and elevation maps, "promoted to print and foresaw" by Christian Gottlieb Nees von Esenbeck. There is still no coherent edition of this work in the Dutch language, and thus also the atlas belonging to it.
Not one of Junghuhn's numerous excursions would have been possible without the use of local porters. In addition to the indispensable devices and measuring instruments for his scientific observations, containers for mineral and vegetable objects, drinking water and provisions had to be taken along. For overnight stays on the peaks of the high volcanoes, in cold and drafty weather above the tree lines, firewood was needed for hot meals and for a warming fire. On his first trips in 1836, which Junghuhn undertook of his own accord in his irrepressible urge to explore, he had to pay for his helpers from his own resources; a fact that later turned into the opposite: During his travels with Dr. Fritze, and on behalf of the colonial government, each village chief had the duty to provide porters and a local guide and - if necessary - to have a walkable path laid out in difficult-to-penetrate terrain with possibly a hundred or more helpers.
Sumatra (1840 to 1842)
The death of his superior and benefactor Dr. Fritze on May 13, 1839 was a painful loss for young chicken. He was still in military service as a medical officer. His request to continue his work with the Natural History Commission was rejected. Apparently they had meanwhile been informed that he had secretly shipped scientific results out of the country; a circumstance that would have a detrimental effect on him in later years. On January 3, 1840, he completed the exam to become a "second class surgeon" in Batavia. He used a vacation from March 1st to April 3rd for health reasons to explore the Diëng Plateau in Central Java.
“However, I saw with horror the end of my vacation and the hospitals in perspective. Now that I heard that Mr. Merkus, Read of India, a very scientific and humane man whom I had met earlier, had been appointed Commissair General of Sumatra, I asked to be transferred to Sumatra, which I asked too was granted. I went to Padang via Batavia , and was so happy to be commissioned by Mr. Merkus with the topographical and natural study of the Batta lands immediately after my arrival ... ”(young chicken).
However, this order contained numerous instructions: A map was to draw young fowl of the region, research the climate and the fertility of the soil, find usable soil and other natural resources, and test types of wood for their suitability for shipbuilding. He should not only gather information from the Batak about their political attitudes, language and script, customs and traditions, but above all about their notorious cannibalism. He is supposed to report back every three months. It was an extraordinarily risky undertaking: apart from a few widely scattered Dutch military bases, which were more or less tolerated by the residents in order to protect them from Islamic conquerors, the country was still completely independent, and the prospect of an unwelcome intruder was eaten up at the time as a deterrent Becoming wasn't exactly encouraging. And yet: Exploring an unknown country was so tempting for Young Chicken that he immediately gave up the hated medical service. The natural scientist Hermann von Rosenberg was assigned to him as his assistant .
- Arrival in Sumatra
Contemporary view of the Padang roadstead
Off the west coast of Sumatra. Colored lithograph from 1843
The fort on the island of Pontjang Kitjil, starting point for the trip to the Batta countries. - From: The Malay Archipelago by Hermann von Rosenberg .
The 1886 m high extinct volcano "Lubu Radja", which Junghuhn climbed on November 3 to 6, 1840. - From: The Malay Archipelago by Hermann von Rosenberg.
Direct access through the hinterland of Padang was denied to the two researchers because of a previously suppressed uprising. Then they drove north along the west coast of Sumatra on a British merchant sailing ship. On October 2, 1840, the ship entered the bay of Tapanuli and anchored in front of a Dutch outpost that had been built for strategic reasons on the offshore island of Pontjang kitjil (today's name: Poncan ketek). Here they made their final preparations.
A short time later, Junghuhn made a serious mistake: while he was still busy with the topographical survey of the Tapanuli Bay, he sent the inexperienced "newcomer" from Rosenberg to the Dutch base in Lumut. This base could only be reached by boat across the bay and on land through dense jungle. Von Rosenberg used the waiting time until the arrival of the young chicken to go hunting in the area. On one of these excursions, on the afternoon of October 14th, von Rosenberg got lost while chasing a rare bird. Only after spending several hours alone in the forest in fear, at 11 p.m. the following night, was he found by shots and shouts from young fowl and brought back to Lumut by his servants. As a result of this shocking event, von Rosenberg had such a violent attack of fever that he had to acknowledge the accompaniment and assistance of the young chicken. This was an irreplaceable loss for Junghuhn: von Rosenberg would have been the only person in the Batta countries who had received a scientific education in his home country and with whom he could have spoken in his native language.
Without his assistant as a discoverer and scientist completely on his own, Junghuhn continued his research in the southern battal countries. Of course he wasn't really alone, he would only have survived a few days in this wilderness. Aware of entering an independent country where cannibalism is said to be widespread and in which there was a risk of being attacked by hostile tribes at any time, he had made sure that he was accompanied by a small armed force. This can be seen from the following quote:
"Since the various Radja's are seldom in agreement with one another and very often diverge in their way of thinking, so that a traveler, while being treated hostile by one, finds support from the other, the benefit of a small one comes from this armed might emerge. I therefore armored my very steady servants, who in peacetime are nothing less than soldiers but rather peaceful people (bird stuffers, insect catchers, tree climbers, plant seekers) with their percussion rifles and carried two pistols themselves in their belts. My walking stick was a lance! In addition, two Radja's accompanied me with their servants, who were also armed with rifles, so that I was able to fire ten shots at a time. Fifteen porters of my luggage, my plant paper and my instruments usually closed this train. "
The penetration and measurement of these undeveloped areas made the highest demands on his physical and mental performance. Threats from suspicious locals, who had been afflicted by warlike Malays a few years before his arrival and who refused to be intimidated by his armed force, severely hampered Young Chicken's work and prevented further advance northward.
The obstacles young chicken faced on his travels can be seen from his following words:
“In Tobah, where there are wide, completely flat spaces, I was threatened with refusing to measure base lines because this was considered to be a land survey for fortresses to be built! - For similar reasons, in Hurung I could only make my observations from the bushes, hidden and secret, - in Silindong I was forbidden from measuring the heights of the sun in an artificial horizon, because this was pure magic; I was urged to pack my sextant and pack myself out of the country. - Then there is the mountainous impassability of the country; there is no other step than to come on foot; - In a day you sometimes have to wade through 30 to 40 brooks, some of which are very warm (which are trodden in the valley floor) and others immediately afterwards (flowing close to the foot of the mountain) and, if you stand up to your armpits in the water, your own Hold instruments above your head. - In the woods one is plagued during the day by small jumping leeches, 20-30 of which suck themselves on all parts of the body at the same time and cause painful ulcers sticking through the footcloths, and at night by mosquites. Finally, with all this one must still take constant care of personal safety, and even at night in the huts, where one finds a hard bed with a little corn and potatoes, at least 6 rifles loaded and alternately keep watch with his servants to keep the natives through To scare away fear ... "
This was not long without consequences: of the 18 months that young chicken spent in Sumatra, he was ill for ten months without medical care in his camp at the military base Tobing on a southern foothill of the Lubu Radja volcano. Countless leech bites had infected his legs. There was also dysentery . He fell behind with his quarterly report. At times he felt so bad that he asked to be transferred back to Java.
All the more astonishing is what he was able to achieve in Sumatra in the remaining eight months in a reasonably healthy condition. Despite the Batak's distrust and the difficulties that this posed, he managed to explore all aspects of their culture and everyday life. The second volume of his work Die Battaländer auf Sumatra with the subtitle ethnology comprises 388 pages .
In addition, there was the surveying and mapping of the southern Batak lands. Immediately after his arrival in the Bay of Tapanuli, Junghuhn selected two prominent main points for a geodetic baseline , determined their geographic coordinates using astronomical latitude and azimuth determinations and calculated their distance, converted to the current system of measurement, to be 14.3 kilometers. On this basis, he created a geodetic surveying network through angle measurements and pole height determinations . With this achievement, which according to Montigel must be counted as "one of the greatest acts of human willpower", Junghuhn has earned the merit of having carried out the first triangulation in the Dutch East Indies. The value of this pioneering act is increased by the fact that it did not take place on the much better developed island of Java, but under incomparably more difficult conditions in the jungle-covered mountains of Western Sumatra. It was only 50 years later that the Dutch colonial government succeeded in subjugating this inaccessible area.
- "The entrance to the battalands"
Young chicken map of the Tapanuli Bay.
The sea surfaces are colored light blue; the original is not colored. The projection of the map has rotated Young Chicken by about 48 ° to the northeast; a compass rose was therefore added later.
In addition, the first trigonometric bearings are entered; these bearings are not shown on the original map. Points A, B and C represent the corners of the base triangle. B is located on the 240-meter-high island "Dungus Nassi" (today's name: Pulau Situngkus); See Junghuhn's sketch from the south at the bottom left. Point D had to be defined as an auxiliary point for a further baseline to A, since many locations could not be targeted from C. An important starting point for inland bearings was E. To the right of point A, the small island of Pontjang Kitjil is shown; the fortified trading post on this island was the starting and ending point of young chicken research on Sumatra.
The following map excerpts, which cover approximately the same area, are intended to illustrate the geographical and topographical advances made by young chicken in the battalion countries.
One of the best maps of Sumatra before young chicken explorations is that of the English historian and orientalist William Marsden , who was stationed as secretary in Bencoolen, now Bengkulu , on the west coast of Britain . For eight years Marsden collected all oral and written reports on Sumatra and summarized them in his monograph The History of Sumatra . The section shown here was photographed from the map that is in the authoritative third edition of this work published in 1811. On this map the mountain ranges are shown as they could be seen from the ship when passing the west coast; the chains drawn behind it come from the imagination. A map published by Heinrich Berghaus in 1837 did not contain any better information for the battal countries.
In contrast, the general map of central Sumatra in Junghuhn's work Die Battaländer contains a wealth of new discoveries. “It was an arduous work to produce it with primitive tools; for the time it is a significant improvement of the known and for the first time gives an accurate picture over wide stretches of unknown country ”(Wilhelm Volz). The illustration of the parallel valley "Mandaheling", whose northern continuation "Nieder-Ankola" from the extinct volcano "paved the way for later travelers, both for the Viennese Ida Pfeiffer and for the first missionaries, some of whom had to pay for their advance with their lives" Lubu Raja ”is completed. In addition, this map contains the earliest representation of Lake Toba , even if only hinted at according to reports from locals, called "Eik Daho" or "Laut Sinkara" by the young chicken. It was not until eleven years later, in 1853, that the Dutch linguist Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk was the first European to stand on the shores of this lake. In contrast, the 1200 km long chain of islands off the west coast of Sumatra, from Simeuluë in the north via Nias and the Mentawai Islands to Enggano in the south, has been omitted from this map: These islands were not explored by young fowl; this was done by Hermann von Rosenberg, the “newcomer” who had to be left behind in Lumut due to a fever attack and who, after his recovery, became one of the most successful naturalists in the Malay Archipelago.
For comparison, the map of the topographic service, which was created after decades of precise surveys, has been added.
- The battalands in Western Sumatra before and after young chicken discoveries
Marsden's Map of the Island of Sumatra in the East Indies , 1811 (detail)
Junghuhn's general map of central Sumatra , 1847, at a scale of 1: 1,000,000.
Topographic map of Western Sumatra from the 1930s (detail)
On the same sea route that Junghuhn had chosen for the outward journey, he left the bay of Tapanuli on March 10, 1842 on board a merchant sailing ship. The most dangerous, hardest and most deprived months that he had passed in the Dutch East Indies lay behind him. In the truest sense of the word "at the end of his strength", he returned to Padang on March 18, 1842. He was given a leave of absence until June 10 to recover from the exertions he had endured. On June 11th he went on board the steamship Nula , which reached the roadstead at Batavia five days later. Illness and exhaustion prevented him from fully completing the instructions received from Merkus. In his work Die Battaländer ... he wrote resignedly that he was heading for Sumatra with “swollen hope” and left Sumatra 20 months later with “torn sails and broken hope”.
The stay on Sumatra has undoubtedly affected the health of the young chicken and cost several years of his life. The dysentery that forced him to spend ten months in a sick bed never let go of him. He fought pain with alcohol and opium.
Java (1842 to 1848)
The collapse of the United East India Company in 1799 drew the attention of the British to the Dutch East Indies , and after a British fleet had blocked the port of Batavia for three months as early as 1800 and the Dutch naval power at Surabaja was destroyed in 1807, the commanded in 1808 Dutch Marshal Herman Willem Daendels requested the fastest possible preparation of an overview map of Java for strategic reasons. It was not until 1812, after this island had briefly passed into the possession of the East India Company , that this map was completed by Thomas Stamford Raffles and published in his work The History of Java in 1817 . It is mainly based on the information provided by the American researcher Thomas Horsfield . Raffles had, however, incorporated numerous map sketches with very different qualities from other travelers and colonial officials who had been instructed for this purpose. Errors and inaccuracies in putting them together were inevitable, despite all efforts. There was also the lack of a trigonometric basis. The Raffles Java card was highly decorative, but useless for the colonial administration and the colonial army.
A Map of Java by Raffles and Horsfield. Sheet size approx. 41 × 114 cm, scale approx. 1: 966,000.
This strategic and political background contributed to the fact that Junghuhn was not allowed to remain active as a health officer, but as a natural scientist. Pieter Merkus , appointed provisional on October 3, 1840 and definitively appointed Governor General of the Dutch East Indies on October 11, 1842, released him from hospitals until further notice. Probably the most important reason for this measure was Merkus' interest in the results of the investigations commissioned by him into young fowl in the battal countries. In order to be able to evaluate these results in peace and seclusion, the colonial government provided the young chicken with a house in the western Javanese town of Cianjur, at a climatically favored altitude east of the Gunung Gedè volcano.
He took his time: The manuscript of his work Die Battaländer auf Sumatra is dated “September 1844”. The reason for this long processing time, which was therefore more than two years, was the impatient resumption of research on Java, in which, in addition to botanical and palaeobotanical studies, the topography of the island increasingly came to the fore. For example, just a few days after his return from Sumatra in July 1842, he stayed for the fourth time, and this time for a full ten days, on the 3000 meter high summit of Pangrango. In 1843 he published articles on the history of the volcanoes in the Indian archipelago and on Hindu antiquities in West Java, with results that could only be achieved with extensive travel. In the hope of gaining more useful knowledge about the still little-known interior, young chicken was given a free hand and continued to be exempted from the unpopular medical service. The most fruitful years of his life followed.
During his first trips, Junghuhn discovered that all available Java cards were useless for him because of serious inaccuracies. The same was true of the aforementioned map, which he thought was the best: Raffles and Horsfield's Map of Java . "My first effort was [...] aimed at designing an improved position map of the volcanoes of Java on the basis of this work by Horsfield and Raffles [= the Map of Java ]" (Junghuhn, Java, Volume 1, p. 79).
This resulted in a feat of strength that is unparalleled in the history of cartography: to design a map of the largely undeveloped, over 1000 kilometers long and up to 200 kilometers wide island without trained helpers, which also provides a traveler with a map of the interior of the country provides reliable guidance. With this ambitious goal, Junghuhn was occupied with the topographical survey of West Java until August 1844, then with that of East Java. As before on Sumatra, young chicken was the first on Java to work with optical triangulation. Equipped with a bussole and a sextant , which he later replaced with a bussole theodolite, he aimed at all prominent points, particularly from the peaks of the volcanoes.
The result of this show of strength is the Kaart van het eiland Java , which, together with the large Java plant in the Netherlands, far from Java, was created from an enormous amount of written and sketched records. Only after its completion was it possible to compare the progress of this card with that of Raffles. This comparison is therefore made in the next chapter “Convalescent stay in Holland”.
A permit had to be obtained for the trip to East Java - it was the last young hen was allowed to do on its own initiative. In September 1844 Junghuhn climbed the Kelut, which was feared by the residents in the area . This mountain looks comparatively insignificant on the map, but in the ranking of the most dangerous volcanoes in Java it took second place behind the central Javanese Merapi. In the time of the young chicken, the Kelut crater contained a lake with almost 40 million cubic meters of water. With every major eruption this lake was thrown out; the resulting devastating lahars streamed down into the densely populated lowlands and have cost the lives of around 20,000 people since the volcanic activity of this mountain began to be recorded. Only three and a half years later, on May 16, 1848, young chicken would have been irretrievably lost in the same gorge in which it climbed to the crater from the west. The next volcano we visited was the neighboring Kawi, where a Hindu temple suggested a long rest. Younghuhn then climbed Java's highest mountain, Semeru , which was almost constantly active at the time . An in-depth investigation of the already in July 1838 with Dr. Fritze visited the Tengger Mountains followed, among the results of which the map of the crater shown below can be highlighted. In the easternmost district of Java, Banyuwangi , rises the 3332 m high Raung , which the young hen climbed together with the inspector from Bondowoso on October 12, 1844; the look into the huge craters enclosed by vertical walls made him shudder involuntarily. The depiction of the Ijen plateau with the crater lake Kawah Ijen occupies an important space in Junghuhn's large Java work , especially because of the long description of the great eruption of the Ijen in 1817. On the return journey, Junghuhn visited the enormous massif of the Iyang-Argapura, On the plateau of which he discovered an animal paradise with thousands of almost tame deer, then the comparatively tiny Lamongan, which he could only view from below for the second time due to non-stop activity, and the third highest volcano in Java, the 3339 m high Arjuno .
Junghuhn's detailed recordings of volcanic peaks and mountain ranges were made with remarkable accuracy. Below are two examples: The caldera of the Tengger Mountains with the active Bromo and the Gede – Pangrango volcanic massif with the also active Gedé . Excerpts from exact maps based on surveys of the topographic service are used for comparison.
Tengger Mountains, taken in 1844. From: Java, its shape, plant cover and interior design, Volume 2
Tengger Mountains. Excerpt from a tourist map published in 1924 on a scale of 1: 200,000
Tengger Mountains. Detail from the above map with the Bromo volcano.
Bromo (called "Brama" here). Excerpt from a map published by the Topographical Service in 1924 on a scale of 1: 50,000
Gede-Pangrango volcanic massif. Recorded in 1839. Inset on Junghuhn's Kaart van het eiland Java , Breda 1855.
Gede-Pangrango. Excerpt from a tourist map published in 1924 on a scale of 1: 100,000
Junghuhn's attention to detail when recording areas of particular scientific interest was particularly noteworthy. Another example of this: the map of the Diëng plateau. It was not until 32 years later, in 1877, that a new map of this plateau was published by Pieter Johannes Veth; no significant progress can be seen.
- Diëng plateau
Junghuhn's map of the Diëng Plateau in Central Java, taken in 1840 and 1845. The north orientation of this map is rotated 53 ° to the west (see the north arrow drawn in diagonally).
Rock paintings discovered by Junghuhn on the Dieng Plateau (Volume II, p. 207).
The young chicken was in mortal danger several times: on the Ringgit he stood unarmed against three tigers, on the Sumbing and on the Raung he climbed overhanging crater edges with breakneck climbing, on the summit of the Lawu he would have died of thirst and starvation if not the leader of his carrier column Had found a path leading down into the valley, on the summit of Semeru, which was then active as a Strombolian, he fearlessly determined the height of the outbreak cloud during another eruption, vividly described the dust-swirling rolling of glowing stones on the slope of the mountain and quite deliberately ignored the possibility of even one to be hit such a stone; its porters had long since left it. In this context, the "Gunung-Guntur" board in his landscape atlas should also be mentioned; the brittle crater rim with the escaping vapors fell into the depths only a few years after his visit. The investigation and measurement of the first volcano he climbed, the highly active Merapi north of Yogyakarta, was a life-threatening undertaking because of the heavily steaming cinder cone that had already been pushed up by the magma. Today this most dangerous volcano in Java is monitored around the clock with the most modern instruments.
With regard to the written and cartographic material available on Java up to that point, Junghuhn's results can be described as “groundbreaking”. With his countless bearings and laborious height measurements, the topographical and orographical knowledge of this island was placed on a new basis. In addition, Junghuhn's basic observations in the areas of botany, climatology, geology and volcanology are added. In recognition of this versatility, he was called by his admirers “pioneer in India”, “great Indian botanist”, “capable Indian geologist”, “famous discoverer of Java's mountains” and “gifted writer”. The most honorable attribute posthumously received, "Humboldt of Java", has been preserved to this day.
Driven by his desire to end his medical-military career and to be employed as a naturalist, Junghuhn published numerous monographs on Javanese volcanoes in the Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indië and in the Indisch Magazijn in 1843 and 1844 . These treatises, which contained a wealth of precise descriptions of mountain peaks that were still little or not yet known at the time, contributed to the fact that within a short time his skills as a nature observer were known to the highest levels of government. One of the first to step on the scene was Pieter Merkus, who had commissioned the young chicken in 1840 with the exploration of the battal countries on Sumatra. By decree of January 17, 1844, he approved a sum of 6,000 guilders for the publication of the results of the research commissioned by him. However, Merkus died unexpectedly on August 2nd, whereupon his successor withdrew this post. In addition, one remembered with full appreciation a work published as early as 1841, in which Young Chicken had recommended the higher-lying areas of Java with their moderate climate as a place of rest for Europeans suffering from tropical heat. As a result, several high-altitude health resorts emerged, including a sanatorium in the village of Tosari on the northern slope of the East Javanese Tengger Mountains as one of the first of these places.
Finally the time had come: on November 2, 1844, Jean Chrétien Baud , Minister of the Colonies in The Hague , authorized the Dutch-Indian Governor General to accept him as a member of the Natural History Commission. But it took another six months before Junghuhn's long-awaited wish was finally fulfilled: It was not until May 5, 1845 that he was honorably discharged from military service and employed as a scientist by the Natural History Commission.
With that, Young Chicken, at the age of 36, was rid of the medical career that his father had imposed on him. At the same time, however, a new phase in his research life began for him with fundamental changes: if he had carried out all scientific research on Java on his own initiative and financed it with his own resources, he had to immediately give up this independence and follow the instructions of the Dutch obey Indian colonial government. This subordination to superiors authorized to give instructions was a turning point in the life of this freedom-loving nature lover that was difficult to accept. On the other hand, Junghuhn enjoyed numerous advantages: The second-class instruments could be exchanged for the best and newest, expenses for porters and guides were compensated with generous travel expenses.
The substantial increase in salary, from 180 guilders a month, which he earned as a medical officer, to 350 guilders a month for a natural scientist, was of little consequence, since he had already received a daily allowance of 12 since his return from Sumatra - albeit without the officer's salary Had received guilders. Much more important to him was his ultimate reputation as a naturalist and the knowledge that he would never have to work in a hospital again.
Rough in personal dealings and polemical in his publications, Junghuhn made many enemies. Although a staunch supporter of the colonial system, he criticized its abuses with often biting mockery. A high point in the resulting chain of conflicts, which ran almost uninterrupted until the end of his life, was a rift with the colonial government in 1845: In an eyewitness account of tigers against buffalos and about the stabbing of tigers in the popular play Rampok allowed Junghuhn made improper remarks about the Susuhunan of Solo , with whom one had to cultivate diplomatic relations in order to prevent riots. Young chicken was given a serious reprimand: if he made any similar statements again, he would be fired and expelled from the country.
The audience described by many biographers with Governor General Jan Jacob Rochussen , to which Young Chicken is said to have been invited on this occasion, did not take place; he was not in office at the time. The main characters in this conflict were rather Wolter Robert van Hoëvell as editor, Cornelis Visscher as Dutch-Indian general secretary and the acting governor general Jan Cornelis Reijnst. Van Hoëvell came to Java in 1836 and found with regret that almost nothing had been achieved in the literary field in 200 years of colonial rule. There was still no book trade, and the only available scientific journal, which, however, appeared very irregularly and in some years not at all, was the negotiators van het Bataviaasch Genootschap . There were also only two daily newspapers, the "Javasche Courant" and the "Soerabaja Courant", scientifically undemanding organs of the colonial government. Convinced that the European population had fallen short of education in the colony, van Hoëvell asked the government for permission to publish a scientific journal. The Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië, founded in 1838, was given permission with the condition not to criticize the government in any way .
In order to explain more about the aforementioned scandal with the government, it is necessary to look back in Junghuhn's Vita . In August 1844, before his employment with the Natural History Commission, Junghuhn went on a research trip to East Java. He wrote down his observations and results in twelve sequels under the title Schetsen, ontworpen op eene nieuwe reis over Java, voor topografische en natuurkundige navorschingen . The following year, van Hoëvell began to publish these “sketches” in the Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië . With his second sketch, Junghuhn already provided a source of conflict that led to serious disputes between the editor and the colonial government: Van Hoëvell considered his sharp criticism of the lavish excesses of the local regent of Bandung to be so questionable that he decided to use this "sketch" for examination and assessment sent to Visscher. This immediately confiscated Junghuhn's criticism and questioned van Hoëvell's suitability as editor. With the aim of having the Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië forbidden, Visscher carefully studied the continuations of Young Chicken. In the tenth sketch he finally found the material that seemed to him to be indispensable for a ban on this magazine: Young chicken's description of the court of Solo , with sarcastic remarks about the killing of the tigers and the courtly ceremonies connected with it. On June 20, 1845, only three weeks after Junghuhn was admitted to the Natural History Commission, he presented this description to the acting Governor General. Thereupon, by decree of July 4, 1845, van Hoëvell was placed under the curate and young chicken was given the above-mentioned written warning.
On September 30, 1845, almost three months later, Jan Jacob Rochussen took office as Governor General. At the request of van Hoëvell, Rochussen arranged for the decree to be withdrawn. There is no record of whether Rochussen reprimanded young fowl. If so, this reprimand must have been mild, because shortly afterwards he received a government contract from Rochussen to look for coal fields in Java that could be mined. This enabled young chicken to undertake not only topographical, but also geological, mineralogical and palaeobotanical research in the still little-visited south of the island with the best possible support . He recorded the results of these investigations in the third volume of his Java work.
Convalescent stay in Holland (1848 to 1855)
Bad health from his strenuous excursions, Junghuhn traveled to Europe on a convalescent vacation in August 1848 with the so-called "English Overland Post". From his handwritten notes about this trip it is clear that he first went to his hometown Mansfeld. Of his parents, only his mother was still alive; his father had died four years earlier.
Junghuhn first took up residence in The Hague , but shortly afterwards moved to Leiden , which with its university with a rich library and its own botanical garden offered him the best work opportunities. He sold his botanical, geological and palaeontological collections to the university, but on the condition that they could not be transferred to the Imperial Herbarium, with whose director Carl Ludwig Blume he was involved in never-ending disputes. His herbaria were therefore examined by botanists who had not been under the influence of flowers. The results of their investigations were published in the works Plantae Junghuhnianae and Plantae Junghuhnianae Ineditae .
Younghuhn himself evaluated his own notes on Java. The result is his main work, "the real work of his life": Java, its shape, plant cover and internal structure . The printing of the second section in the first volume, which describes the landscape and vegetation character of Java, was postponed until the very end, in order to be able to incorporate the botanists' botanists from Leiden up to then.
On January 23, 1850, Junghuhn married the 22-year-old officer's daughter Johanna Louisa Frederica Koch, who lived in Leiden. In the same year he traveled with her to his mother, who had moved to Fischbach in Silesia after the sale of her parents' house in Mansfeld . In Koblenz he introduced his wife to his old companion Wirtgen .
At the beginning of 1852, young chicken was commissioned by the Dutch Colonial Minister Charles Ferdinand Pahud to transfer the seeds and saplings of the cinchona tree from the South American Andes to Java. Junghuhn refused because of overwork and suggested to the colonial minister that the German botanist Justus Karl Haßkarl should be sent there. An unheard of audacity towards the Dutch authorities! With the request to be allowed to finish his Java work and, what was even more important, to add a reliable map, he got Pahud's agreement to finish his work in the Netherlands. To safeguard his rights, he took Dutch citizenship on September 30, 1852 .
Despite the work on the work and on the map, Junghuhn is said to have had time to go on study trips to almost all countries in Northern and Central Europe, to the Pyrenees, the Alps, Sweden and the Caucasus, and according to some biographers even to the Central Asian Altai. These trips must all have taken place in July 1849 and in the months May to August 1850, since these are the only periods for which the young chicken's stay in Leiden is not documented. Only trips to Germany were proven beyond doubt: to Mansfeld, Koblenz, Fischbach and Berlin. On the side, however, he put his life and world views and his free-spirited thoughts on church and religion on paper: The first delivery of the Licht- en schaduwbeelden uit de Binnenlanden van Java ... (light and shadow images from the interior of Java ... ) appeared anonymously in 1854 .
In the last paragraph of his Java work, Junghuhn announced a topographical map, "[...] on a scale of 1 to 350,000, divided into 4 sheets, of which the engraving will be completed within a year." Junghuhn kept this promise: the work appeared in 1855 , which has finally established his fame as an explorer of Java: The Kaart van het Eiland Java . This masterpiece contributed to the fact that, on the recommendation of Alexander von Humboldt , young chicken was allowed to participate in a dinner in Sanssouci Palace with the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. On August 21, 1855 .
To see the extent of the improvements in Junghuhn's map, one can compare it below with the basis for his work, the Map of Java published by Raffles in the previous chapter :
Detail from a blackboard that was exhibited in Bandung and Jakarta from November 2009 to January 2010. The full-size presentation of the Map of Java by Raffles and the Kaart van het eiland Java by Junghuhn enabled a direct comparison of both maps. - With the aim of keeping the height of the map as low as possible, Junghuhn has depicted the island of Java almost horizontally.
A comparison with sections of the same area on a scale that is as similar as possible from the interior of Java is clearer. The valley of Garut in the west of the island was chosen for this. In order to achieve the same size representation, the Raffles map had to be enlarged about 2.7 times. - The map of the young chicken has been moved to the north , as the map of het eiland Java is turned to the northeast. This map created for the Netherlands was labeled in Dutch, in which, for example, the “oe” in the German language corresponds to a “u” and “Tj” to a “C”: Goentoer = Guntur, Garoet = Garut, Tjikoerai = Cikurai.
The Raffles card cannot be used for any purpose due to serious inaccuracies. The mountains and ridges are patches and shadows in entirely inappropriate locations. The only reference points for the delimitation of this map were the place Leles in the north, the names “Mt. Talaga bodas ”and“ Galung gung ”in the east and the mountain“ Chikura ”in the south.
Young chicken's map shows this area largely correctly. With the means available at the time, he achieved the goal he had set himself, to create an “improved position map of the volcanoes of Java” on the basis of the Raffles map, to such a high degree of perfection that further improvement could only be achieved with the assistance of well-equipped geodesics would have been possible. The exact depiction of the volcanoes, for example, is remarkable: in the north the crater of Gunung Guntur, in the south-west the Papandayan with its north wall pierced in 1772 and the debris field under which 40 villages and almost 3,000 people are buried, in the south the more correct one Place registered Cikurai and in the southeast the dreaded Galunggung , whose catastrophic eruption in 1822 killed over 4,000 people. The Galunggung with its horseshoe-shaped crater was also shown exactly by Junghuhn, but a little too far to the south; this deviation could only be determined by a comparison with a satellite image. - It will remain a mystery how young chicken managed to create such an exact map from his handwritten notes and notes in the Netherlands, far from Java!
Second stay in the Dutch East Indies (1855 to 1864)
A few days after his participation in the dinner at Sanssouci Palace, extended from originally three years to almost seven years, Junghuhn's convalescent vacation in the Netherlands came to an end. His membership as a natural scientist in the Natural History Commission had expired since this body was repealed on April 17, 1850. A new title had to be found for young chicken: On August 30, 1855, he went on board the ship “Minister Pahud” with his wife as “Inspector for natural history examinations”. After a three-month crossing, Batavia was reached.
At the beginning of 1856 the couple moved into a house in Cianjur, at a healthy altitude of 470 meters east of the Gunung Géde volcano in West Java. Whether it was the same house that the young hen was allocated 14 years earlier after his return from Sumatra can no longer be determined today. Junghuhn's basic salary was set at an impressive 700 guilders per month in recognition of his services, and in the coming years he was promised increases in his salary up to a maximum of 1,000 guilders per month. In addition, there were numerous special payments such as free transport on the “Great Post Route” in West Java, especially to Buitenzorg and Batavia.
Young chicken was rarely at home in his new domicile: months of study trips were necessary for the natural history research of Java on behalf of the colonial government. He not only limited himself to his previous research areas, but also collected and archived plant and animal fossils, and he did so with such zeal that his wife complained after a short time about the lack of space in the house. In addition, he was commissioned by the government to study the condition and extent of the forests on Java, compared to the boundaries they had before he left for Holland, and the impact of the eradication of these forests on rainfall and the resulting consequences resulting in decreased water abundance in the streams. Some of his results were alarming: extensive wet rice fields, which were still supplied in abundance with water in 1837, had almost dried up in 1856. After citing numerous examples in this regard, he urgently advised methodically regulated planting of new forests, especially with trees that provide useful timber. Even if these investigations were limited to a limited area such as the island of Java, young chicken belongs to the highly creditable attribute of being one of the first active environmentalists. His efforts in this regard were not very successful: in order to force the cultivation of products for the European market, the overexploitation of the forests continued unhindered.
Junghuhn used the best instruments to take new terrains in order to revise his Kaart van het eiland Java , but after he had been commissioned with the cultivation of cinchona tree cultures, he was no longer able to realize this project.
In July 1857 Junghuhn was assigned a spacious house in Lembang, north of Bandung at an altitude of 1,300 meters on a southern foothill of the Tangkuban Perahu volcano . His son was born here on August 24, 1857. As a Dutch citizen, he was given the first name Frans Lodewyk Christiaan.
Partial view of Junghuhn's house. - On the rounded corner of the house and on the round arch above the middle of the house, only about a third of which can be seen in this picture, you can guess how big the house was.
Family picture in Junghuhn's house. The third person from the right is Junghuhn's wife Johanna Louisa Frederica. At the bottom right, Junghuhn's son Frans Lodewyk Christiaan sleeps in the care of a servant.
Rearing of cinchona trees on Java
Since December 1854 the Dutch colonial government has been cultivating cinchona bark trees on Java , the bark of which contains quinine , which is effective against malaria . The German botanist Justus Karl Haßkarl had brought the first plants from their native South America to Java in a not entirely legal manner on behalf of the government. Together with the head gardener of the Botanical Garden in Buitenzorg, Johannes Elias Teijsmann , a test plantation with 144 plants was set up in a clearing on the eastern slope of the Gunung Géde volcano . The location of this plantation at 1250 meters above sea level, near the Cibodas mountain garden , which was only founded later , was completely unsuitable: the drought in the rain shadow of the volcano, the associated strong sunlight and the rocky subsoil, only covered by a thin layer of earth, left the sensitive Plants wither. Haßkarl's attempts to protect the plants from drought in greenhouses had only moderate success, and in December 1855 the laboriously cultivated trees were destroyed by a storm up to 238 specimens. However, the seeds obtained from older plants were invaluable. In Indonesia, the much better known young chicken is still considered the "father of quinine". This attribute, however, is due to Haßkarl, because it was he who introduced the cinchona trees to Java. Bad health after a severe stroke of fate, Haßkarl gave up in June 1856, took his leave and returned to Europe.
Young chicken took his place as director of the cinchona tree plantations. Immediately after taking office, he had relocated Haßkarl's plantings to the higher shaded mountain slopes of the Malabar south and the Tangkuban Perahu north of Bandung. A groundbreaking measure for the cultivation of cinchona trees: This change of location made a decisive contribution to the fact that the Dutch East Indies rose to become the largest quinine producer in the world until the beginning of the Second World War.
This success failed for young fowl : the bark of the Cinchona pahudiana species, which he favored because of its rapid growth , had a lower quinine content than the Cinchona calisaya introduced by Haßkarl . The breakthrough came in 1865, one year after Junghuhn's death, with the Cinchona ledgeriana introduced by Charles Ledger and named after him .
As the manager of the cinchona tree plantations, Junghuhn came into contact with people who were critical and envious of him, up to and including rejection. His fiercest opponent was the aforementioned Johannes Elias Teijsmann, who as inspector of cultures had the same high rank as himself. Although the young chicken, with the support of Colonial Minister Pahud, had already arranged for Haßkarl to set up the Cinjiruan experimental garden on the southern slope of the Malabar volcano, the relocation of the plantations from Cibodas led to never-ending disputes in the Netherlands, before starting his return journey to Java. The conflicts worsened from year to year: Young chicken did not tolerate any criticism. It was not wrongly accused of unnecessarily complicated and costly cultivation methods and the wasteful reproduction of the inferior Cinchona pahudiana . At the end of 1863 the total number of living chinchona plants was 1,151,810, of which 1,139,248 were Cinchona pahudiana and 12,093 Cinchona calisaya .
- Chinchona plantations in 1925
Young chicken's last life's work: Chinchona plantations in West Java. The plantations registered in light green were transferred from a tourist map published in 1925. The chinchona plantations on the northeast slope of the Gunung Gedé volcano were abandoned after the young hen returned.
Chinchona calisaya Wedd.
Chinchona pahudiana Howard
The cultivation of the cinchona trees overshadowed young fowl's last phase of life with nerve-wracking arguments. Despite the greatest possible care in rearing the seedlings, setbacks occurred time and again. The figure on the right shows how much effort, for example, an already rooted Chinese tree had to be moved. Junghuhn asked the colonial government in vain to hire an urgently needed overseer for the plantations. Junghuhn was hit hardest when the editors of the Tijdschrift van de Natuurkundige Vereeniging, of which he was a corresponding member, sided with Teijsmann. In an open letter that appeared in the daily newspaper Java-Bode from September 6 to 10, 1862 , Junghuhn fought back with such violent counterattacks that it sparked lively discussions in scientific circles. His arrogant and provocative language was rightly criticized by his opponents; young fowl has often exceeded the limit of tolerability. With what biting mockery he attacked the highly respected Teijsmann, for example, is evident from his following words: "I believe that someone can be a good gardener and will do very useful and useful work in all activities that can be learned mechanically. without having a higher disposition or a higher inner calling. But then he must also remain a gardener and not venture into an area where positive learning is expected and, above all, where his own judgment is to be used. If he does it, then look, he can't prevent it, Till Eulenspiegel up his sleeve. "
Another adversary was the Leiden professor Willem Hendrik de Vriese , who was commissioned by the colonial government to inspect the chinchona plantations in return for a debt of 12,000 guilders. Young chicken got excited about this trade and threatened to shoot de Vriese down if he dared to enter the plantations. How serious Junghuhn was with this threat is evident from a photograph he himself took, which is kept in the Royal Institute for Linguistics, Regional Studies and Ethnology in Leiden and on which a guard and a group of Alsophila wooden dummy rifle can be seen. The deterrent effect was inevitable: de Vriese avoided young fowl plantations.
For a profitable cultivation of the chinchona plantations, the scientific collaboration of a chemist was necessary. From earlier publications on the alkaloids of the chinchones, young chicken was known to the pharmacologist Johan Eliza de Vrij, who worked as a teacher in Rotterdam . In April 1857, on Junghuhn's recommendation, de Vrij received an application from the Minister of the Colonies to make himself available as a scientist for the Dutch-Indian government. A short time later, he agreed to do this, considering quinine research as his life's work. After his arrival in Java he was placed under young fowl.
Johan Eliza de Vrij (1813–1898)
Young chicken in Lembang
(self-shot 1860)
.jpg)
At the end of January 1858, de Vrij settled in Bandung. A large house called "Gedong Papak" was converted into a laboratory by the young chicken. De Vrij immediately began to analyze the various types of cinchona bark, and on March 16, 1859 he was proud to present Pahud, who had been appointed governor-general, crystals of quinine oxalate, which he had made from Javanese bark. However, he did not succeed in convincing young fowl that the Cinchona pahudiana belongs to the inferior species, and after a government decision of September 11, 1862, the further reproduction of this species had been prohibited and the results of his analyzes of young fowls were questioned, suggested turns his friendship with young chicken into enmity.
In this tense situation, Isaäc Groneman, a doctor practicing in Bandung, stepped in. Groneman knew how to win over Junghuhn: In a short time he became so close friends with Junghuhn that he not only appointed him his family doctor, but - bypassing the much better qualified de Vrij - the colonial government as his successor for the Suggested management of the chinchona plantations.
For de Vrij, who was already considered one of the leading experts on cinchona at the time, this was like a slap in the face, as it was a complete disregard for his professional competence. He was so bitter about this incomprehensible act that he withdrew completely from the young chicken. An official certificate was then sent to him, which stated that he had "undermined his constitution through his own fault" and that he had to be sent back to Europe as soon as possible. In the summer of 1863, de Vrij received a two-year convalescence leave, after which he quit his Dutch-Indian service.
Only the urn with his ashes was transferred to Java and buried against his last will in Junghuhn's tomb. On the back of the base a memorial plaque was mounted for de Vrij, whereupon Junghuhn's final resting place is officially named “Monument Junghuhn en Dr. de Vrij ”. Not until 1909, a few steps further on the eastern edge of the "Junghuhn Garden", was a separate tomb for de Vrij erected at the suggestion of Junghuhn's family doctor Groneman. The inscription on his grave slab fell victim to the turmoil of the Indonesian struggle for independence. However, since this grave slab had a sloping top, it was not a quiet and lonely place of remembrance like the sheltered and cared for young chicken tomb, but a lively, brightly scrubbed slide for the children in the area. Unfortunately, this happiness is now over: A fallen tree has destroyed the grave slab.
Visit from members of the Novara expedition
From 5 to 29 May 1858 the Austrian frigate Novara anchored in the roadstead of Batavia. The course of her famous circumnavigation of the world was essentially determined by Alexander von Humboldt's physical and geognostic memories . Two scientists on this expedition, the geographic-statistical writer Karl von Scherzer and the mineralogist and geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter , were received by Junghuhn on May 17, 1858, at his residence in Lembang.
A letter from Ferdinand von Hochstetter to Alexander von Humboldt contains revealing details about this encounter. What is disproved is the representation widely used by biographers, according to which young chicken at that time only dealt with the cultivation of the cinchona trees. Almost ready for printing, Junghuhn presented the researchers of the Novara expedition with geological, meteorological and physical manuscripts and special maps to complete the large Java map. In terms of geological material, a collection of fossil bones and teeth was of particular interest. This was excavated at the foot of the Gunung Murjo, in a diluvial formation hitherto unknown on Java . At the south-eastern foot of Gunung Galunggung , Junghuhn examined the "10,000 hills", as he called them, again and again; He recorded the new knowledge gained in this way in view and profile sketches and in a detailed map.
As further evidence of his research activities, Junghuhn presented himself with photographic recordings of landscapes and plant formations, which he himself developed with great effort. Junghuhn was one of the first scientists to work specifically with the means of photography. How little this new medium was known at that time is evident from Hochstetter's communications to Alexander von Humboldt: “Junghuhn's attempts at photography, a new field into which he has thrown himself, are very promising. I had to be amazed at the new results which young chicken had already achieved without any guidance, almost without any necessary aids, at the time of my visit, and would consider myself fortunate to have shared a few tricks, such as a number of tried and tested regulations and recipes ... "
In 1860, Junghuhn became one of the pioneers among photographers. For the impressive sum of 834.77 guilders, which corresponded to the annual salary of a civil servant in the middle colonial service, he was sent from Paris one of the devices with two lenses and extensive accessories for stereoscopic recordings that had only been developed about ten years earlier. This technique was used to create the 48 photos in the Franz Junghuhn Memorial Book , although only one of the two photos is printed. These include photographs from more distant areas, such as the Candi Dåråwati, a Hindu temple on the Diëng plateau, and the Gunung Gamping, a limestone massif near Yogyakarta. Many of these recordings have historical value: the Hindu temple has long since collapsed, the limestone massif has been almost completely eroded away.
- Example of a stereoscopic recording
Adipati Surya Kusuma Adinata, regent of Sumedang, with his wife in the garden of Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn in Lembang (ca.1860).
The photo archive of the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde in Leiden preserves a collection of young chicken's photographs. This also includes several pictures that were taken with a self-constructed remote release. Some of these self- recordings can be seen in Nieuwenhuys' and Jaquet's book Java's onuitputtelijke natuur .
- Four photographs of young chicken from 1860
Kawah Upas, the western crater of the Tangkuban Perahu volcano.
A servant of young fowl in the garden of his residence in Lembang.
One of the most beautiful photographs of young chicken. Sun rays flood the crowns of cinchona trees.
In the Junghuhn's garden at Lembang. Left: Eliza de Vrij. Right: young chicken with wife. Detail from a picture in the Koninklijk Instituut in front of Taal-, Land- and Volkenkunde in Leiden.
Visit from Fedor Jagor
On June 17, 1858, the Berlin ethnologist Fedor Jagor was received by Junghuhn in his residence. A letter of recommendation from Alexander von Humboldt gave him a warm welcome. On this occasion he renewed his acquaintance with Eliza de Vrij.
For Jagor's onward journey, Junghuhn worked out an exact route plan that contained the most remarkable geological phenomena, picturesque landscapes, cultural and historical monuments, characteristic vegetation patterns as well as resting places and accommodation options. Junghuhn had dedicated a special sheet to each day, on which everything of interest was listed, always with reference to the corresponding page of his large Java work that Jagor had taken with him. Jagor commented enthusiastically as follows: "Anyone who does not examine what has been written on the spot, his book in hand, will not be able to imagine the accuracy of the description and the clarity with which the circumstances are understood." At the end of his Java trip he returned to Lembang again, from where he climbed the Tangkuban-Perahu volcano, led by Junghuhn.
Journey to West Java with Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen
From September to October 1861 Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen visited Java. For a month, the young chicken led this explorer, who later became famous through his trips to China, on a carefully chosen route through the west of the island. During this excursion he taught the young geologist the many possibilities of observation in the field; He thus laid in von Richthofen "the reason for its coming transition from pure geology to versatile geography" (Banse). Von Richthofen gratefully admitted himself as Junghuhn's permanent debtor. He found the great Java work so excellent that he was unable to add anything to expand his knowledge. "What an infinite wealth of material, what abundance of laboriously obtained observations are contained in this masterpiece, that only becomes clear when one sees a part of the country for oneself and only sees a copy of those exact descriptions at every step into the most remote regions".
Young chicken's last years
Visits such as those by Richthofens, the ethnologist Fedor Jagor and the naturalists of the Novara expedition were highlights in the last years of young fowl, which incidentally - because of the chinchona cultivation - were clouded by arguments with botanists and government agencies. Outwardly, Junghuhn was doing brilliantly: As a senior colonial official, he had a good salary, which enabled him to live a relatively luxurious lifestyle.
On his journey through West Java with Ferdinand von Richthofen, the young chicken contracted amoebic dysentery , from the consequences of which he never fully recovered. At the beginning of 1864 he was granted convalescence leave in Europe, which he could no longer take due to a liver abscess . On April 20, 1864, his condition worsened, and on April 24, around 3:00 a.m., he died at the age of 54 in the study of his home in Lembang. Immediately before his death, he asked his bedside doctor Isaäc Groneman:
“Can you open the window? I want to say goodbye to my beloved mountains. I want to see the jungle for the last time. I want to breathe the pure mountain air again. "
His grave is surmounted by a stately obelisk that his widow had built at her own expense. The location of his final resting place, in the face of his "local mountain" Tangkuban Perahu, was determined by Junghuhn himself during his lifetime. While his son died in 1888 on a tobacco plantation in North Sumatra, his widow returned to Europe and outlived him by five decades.
- Young chicken tomb in Lembang (Java)
Sketch of the location of Lembang in West Java
Lembang. Aerial view with the Junghuhn Street (Jalan Junghuhn), at the end of which there is the tomb in the Junghuhn Garden (Taman Junghuhn)
Jalan Young Chicken (Young Chicken Road).
In the background the tomb
Tomb in the Taman Junghuhn
(Young Chicken Garden)
Memorial plaque on the base of the tomb
The urn grave of Johan Eliza de Vrij on the eastern edge of the Taman Young Chicken. In the meantime the grave slab was destroyed by a fallen tree.
Memberships and honors
The following information has been compiled from a chronological compilation of young chicken's life data by Max CP Schmidt.
(M = member, E = honor)
| Accessions / honors on |
Societies and associations, awards | |
|---|---|---|
| January 11, 1837 | M. | Royal Botanical Society of Regensburg |
| March 29, 1837 | M. |
Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences) in Batavia |
| August 3, 1839 | M. |
Leopoldina (Imperial Leopoldine-Carolinian German Academy of Natural Scientists), Breslau |
| July 10, 1843 | M. | Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Society of Arts and Sciences) in Utrecht |
| May 5, 1845 | M. | Natuurkundige Commissie (Natural History Commission) in Batavia |
| June 8, 1848 | M. | Natural Research Society in Halle |
| March 22, 1849 | M. | Society for the promotion of all natural sciences in Marburg |
| July 19, 1851 | M. | (corresponding): Vereeniging voor de Flora van Nederland en deszelfs Overzeesche Bezittingen (Association for the flora of the Netherlands and its overseas possessions) |
| February 17, 1852 | M. | (corresponding): Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indië (Royal Natural History Association in the Dutch East Indies) in Batavia |
| March 19, 1853 | M. | Imperial Society of Naturalists in Moscow |
| November 12, 1854 | E. | Appointment as "Ridder in de Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw" (Knight in the Order of the Dutch Lion ) |
| February 14, 1855 | E. | Presentation of a golden snuffbox with the portrait of Prince Frederik of the Netherlands |
| March 5, 1855 | E. | Awarded the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle 3rd class |
| February 20, 1856 | M. | (corresponding): Bataafsch Genootschap voor Experimentele Wetenschappen (Batavian Society for Experimental Sciences) in Rotterdam |
| February 28, 1856 | M. | Koninklijke Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indië (Royal Natural History Association in the Dutch East Indies) in Batavia |
| October 13, 1857 | M. | K. k. Geographical Society of Vienna |
| December 26, 1858 | M. | (corresponding): K. k. Imperial Geological Institute in Vienna |
| April 8, 1861 | E. | Awarding of the Golden Cross of Merit with the Crown by the Emperor of Austria |
| March 16, 1864 | E. | Sending of the first class medal of the Société Impériale Zoologique d'acclimatation in Paris. |
Events and exhibitions
Young chicken has remained in fond memory to this day, not only in the Netherlands but also in his hometown. In Mansfeld, the street behind the St. George Church, where the house where he was born, was renamed "Junghuhnstraße" in the autumn of 1907. On July 10, 1910, on the occasion of a celebratory event for the centenary of his birthday, a memorial plaque was unveiled above the entrance door of the house where he was born, by order of the Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap (Royal Netherlands Geography Society), with thanks in Dutch for his work in Java . The birth house was demolished in 1979 because it was in disrepair. The memorial plaque was kept and three years later immured in a stone pedestal erected on the roadside.
- Mansfeld around 1930
In this picture, taken from Mansfeld Castle, Junghuhn's birthplace can be seen from the garden side. It is the obviously newly renovated house with the high, light roof directly in front of the St. George Church.
- Mansfeld. Left: Birthplace. Right: Property after the house where the birth house was demolished.
Above the entrance the plaque of the Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap
In the foreground the plaque. In the background the Mansfeld Castle
In the summer semester of 2006, the Humboldt University in Berlin organized the exhibition “Topography of the Tropics” in the Ethnological Museum in Dahlem from May 19 to August 27. The achievements of Junghuhn were honored, among other things, with his large Java card, which was rated as the "core of the exhibition".
In October 2009, on the occasion of the bicentenary of his birthday, a symposium with an exhibition was held in the Institut Teknologi Bandung (Technological University in Bandung). The initiator and organizer was the Goethe-Institut Jakarta, the organization and implementation was carried out by its branch in Bandung. In December 2009 this exhibition was moved to the Dutch cultural center “Erasmus Huis” in Jakarta .
Organized and carried out by the Heimatverein, a memorial event took place in Mansfeld in November 2009 with a symposium in the “Blue Hall” of Mansfeld Castle and an exhibition with display boards in the city information center. Finally, the local history association had the young chicken's favorite tree, a wild cherry, planted on a nearby meadow. Two years later a boulder was set up in front of this wild cherry .
With the special exhibition “Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (1809-1864). German doctor and Java researcher ”, Junghuhn's achievements were presented from June 24th to October 30th, 2011 in the Bremerhaven Maritime Museum. The Mansfeld Heimatverein loaned them the display boards and the Java map, which is over three meters long. This exhibition was initiated on June 25th with a day symposium.
In Mansfeld, the Heimatverein unveiled a bronze plaque on the boulder erected in 2011 on April 13, 2012. The following day, in the wedding hall of the city information center, the Germanist and historian Renate Sternagel read from her book Der Humboldt von Java . It was of particular interest to the citizens of Mansfeld to hear fictional conversations between young chicken and his relatives after 18 years of absence in his parents' house. Two years later, a young chicken exhibition was opened in the rectorate of the Mansfeld town hall, with the information boards from the city information and the large Java map.
The natural scientist's last honor for the time being is a portrait in one of the two newly designed stained glass windows in the count's box of the Mansfeld St. George Church, which were inaugurated in 2015: The left window shows Martin Luther as a little boy on the arm of the mansfeld citizen Nicolaus Oemler is carried to school, in the right window, as holistic figures, young chicken, the deaconess and community sister Berta Israel, who is honored for her charity, and a pastor, representing a number of well-known clergy who worked in Mansfeld as reformats for Protestantism.
- Young chicken memorials in Mansfeld
Young chicken was baptized and confirmed in the Church of St. George. Before that, at Junghuhnstrasse 4, the “Schloßblick” guesthouse. To the left of it the former young chicken property, which is used by the guesthouse as a parking lot behind the wooden fence. - On the left edge of the picture the memorial.
The windows in the count's box of the St. Georg church, created by the Leipzig artist Julian Plodek in a grid process.
Young chicken memorial stone in April 2012. An approximately 1.60 meter high boulder with a 40 × 60 cm bronze plaque; behind the wild cherry planted in November 2009.
Young chicken memorial stone in June 2017. The wild cherry has developed into a magnificent tree.
The ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) in Zurich has been dealing with young chicken since 2016. The Princeton University School of Architecture (Princeton, New Jersey, USA) is involved. This multi-year project is funded by the National Research Foundation in Singapore. The focus is on volcanism on Java. In Junghuhn's homeland, on March 15, 2016, an attempt was made to imitate a volcano by lighting a fire on the conical spoil dump of a former shaft near Gerbstedt . In Java, following in the footsteps of young fowl, a selection of 17 of its most important volcanoes was visited. On January 15, 2019, Prof. Dr. Philip Ursprung , ETH Zurich, gave a guest lecture entitled Earth Stories at the Justus Liebig University in Giessen . A trip to Java's volcanoes .
Works
Preliminary remark
Junghuhn's complete oeuvre in words and pictures about the areas he researched remained of outstanding scientific value for decades. Karl Helbig , one of the best connoisseurs of Dutch India, said in exuberance in Kayser's book The Famous Entdecker und Erforscher der Erde : “Anyone who has read Junghuhn's books, admired his maps, got drunk on his brilliant style, has to come to the conclusion that that it was a very rare universal connoisseur of important regions of the earth and a gifted association of researchers and poets. ” Rüdiger Siebert , author of numerous books on South and Southeast Asia and for many years head of the Indonesia editorial team at Deutsche Welle, was more objective “:“ Anyone who reads his books will be amazed, even as a layperson, at what a single man researches, hikes, and discovered at times when such a pioneer was left to his own devices, hardly had any tools and was not dependent on any apparatus of an institute , a university or even a highly endowed research program. "
Junghuhn was one of the last natural scientists who, thanks to his universal scientific knowledge, was able to write an all-encompassing natural painting based on Alexander von Humboldt's example . His pioneering pioneering achievements, be it as a botanist in an inexhaustibly diverse tropical world or in the surveying and mapping of an impassable wilderness, resulted from his self-acquired knowledge, paired with a phenomenal memory, and from his almost unsurpassable power of observation, coupled with his ability to do that To show what is perceived with rare clarity. In addition, there was ambition, perseverance, assertiveness and, if necessary, a good degree of awareness of reality when he has completed a work that has already begun without adding more dignified equipment to the work.
Nevertheless: Junghuhn's works did not become bestsellers. They were intended primarily for science and not for a wider readership. This is especially true for the third volume of his great Java work and for Die Battaländer auf Sumatra , which for the majority of readers are not entertaining travelogues. His works were also only published in German and Dutch and not in the English language, which was already widely used as a world language. This has contributed to the fact that young chicken is not one of the most famous Asian researchers such as Sven Hedin .
Young chicken always endeavored to get a broad overview at the beginning of his observations and only then, on this basis, to go into detail with sketches and words. This becomes particularly clear in his topographical land surveys, which, despite their apparent superficiality, have led to excellent results: Young chicken determined the location of prominent points with bearings, he only determined the heights of selected locations that are important for the overall picture, everything else he has on Recorded on the spot with hastily made line sketches, knowing full well that more precise results can only be achieved in decades of work with an army of surveyors. It was only with this rational approach that focused on the essentials that he was able to explore vast areas of land alone without the need for professionally trained helpers. His fear of losing the privilege of the first discoverer drove him to the greatest hurry, be it when identifying plants that have not yet been described or when climbing a volcano on which no other European has set foot before him. However, scientifically interesting areas were described down to the smallest detail and mapped with the greatest possible care.
Java, the heartland of the Dutch possessions with the highest population density and the most highly developed cultural status, was by far the most important area of research for young fowl. It is thanks to this fact that Junghuhn received the highest awards while still alive.
A touching testimony to the young chicken's affection for this island, which he has called his "fatherland", is the end of his preface to his great Java work, written during his convalescence vacation in wintry Holland:
“Before the sun, which now throws its dull rays crookedly onto the snow-covered corridors of the Netherlands and glows almost vertically above your heads, - I hope to see my beloved Java again.
In my soul the image of the forests remained fresh, the eternally green there, the thousands of flowers that never cease to smell there - I hear the sea breeze rushing through the bananas and the tops of the palm trees - the waterfalls thunder with the senses of my mind who tumble down from the high mountain walls of the interior - I breathe the cool morning air and step in front of the hospitable hut of Javanese, while a deep silence still weighs on the vast primeval forests all around - the multitudes of Kalong 's pull high in the air home, - gradually the vault of leaves begins to stir, - the peacocks screech, - the monkeys become lively, the echo of the mountains wakes up from their morning song, - thousands of birds begin to chirp - and even before the sun hits the eastern one The sky is colored, the majestic summit of that mountain already glows in gold and purple - he looks down at me from his height like an old friend - my longing grows and I long for the day on which I can say: hello you mountains! "
Major works
Topographic and scientific journeys through Java
Topographic and scientific journeys through Java. From Dr. Friedrich [sic! recte Franz] Young chicken , member of the Kaiserl. Leopold. = Carol. Academy of Naturalists. For the Kaiserl. Leopold. = Carol. Academy of Natural Scientists promoted to print and pioneered by Dr. CG Nees von Esenbeck , President of the Academy. With an atlas consisting of 38 plates and two height maps. Magdeburg, 1845. Publishing house by Emil Baensch. In Rotterdam with A. Baedeker. In Amsterdam with J. Müller. X, 518 pages, an unnumbered sheet (misprints and improvements). 8 °.
A chalkboard belongs to this book:
Topographic and scientific atlas for the journey through Java. From Dr. Ms. young chicken. … [Further headlines as above]. Contains: 38 lithographed plates and 2 height maps. Magdeburg, 1845. Publishing house by Emil Baensch. 3 unnumbered sheets (1 sheet title and 2 sheets “Explanations of the Tafeln des Atlas zu Junghuhn's Reisen durch Java.”, Printed on both sides in three columns), 38 lithographic tables (including seven views) and two multi-fold lithographic height maps (with a longitudinal profile and three cross sections of the island of Java). Transverse folio.
For release:
Thanks to his daily notes, Junghuhn was able to complete the manuscript of this work in a few weeks in addition to his service as a military doctor. The descriptions of his travels through East Java were ready in July 1839. On November 11, 1839, the last date mentioned in his travelogue, he was still in the mountains of West Java and descended from the summit of the Pangrango volcano. At the beginning of January 1840 he was appointed surgeon II class in Batavia, and at the beginning of March he began exploring the Diëng plateau. Only a few months later, before he left for Sumatra, the complete manuscript, including his last remarks on the forays into the Pangrango, with all the drawings and sketches of the emperors. Leopoldine-Carolinian Academy of Natural Scientists in Breslau. These documents also included the landscape views of the panels on Java published in 1853.
It is the first major work by the researcher who later became famous but was still little known at the time. A publisher had to be found for years. The Magdeburg publisher Emil Baensch agreed to publish this work in the simplest form only on condition that Junghuhn's drawings were reduced to the extent necessary to understand the work. The resulting relatively poor equipment is in no relation to the value of the content.
The foreword in the text volume shows that the originals of the panels of the atlas volume were given to the Leopoldin-Carolinische Akademie in a colored state. Even if, from the point of view of that time, simple equipment was necessary for further distribution, from today's point of view it is regrettable that a) the academy, at the urging of the publisher, only allowed a selection of Junghuhn's drawings to be published and b) the publisher the risk of costs did not want to take over for a color reproduction and only published the plates in simple black print. This also applies to the hand-colored panels reproduced here, which include four other views of the Merapi volcano; bibliographically they can only be found in WC Muller's Junghuhn bibliography in the Franz Junghuhn memorial book (p. 322) and in the scientific collections of the Humboldt University in Berlin.
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The manuscript Flucht nach Afrika published by Max CP Schmidt in 1909 ends with Junghuhn's visit to Laacher See at the beginning of this book . His stay in the Netherlands was seamless, followed by his sea voyage to the East Indies, his arrival and experiences in Batavia and his first excursions in Central Java.
This first part of the book takes up 160 pages. Then the work is divided into three main sections:
Travel through the western provinces of Java. Made by Dr. EA Fritze , head of medical affairs for all the Dutch East Indian colonies, and Dr. Ms. young chicken. Along with an appendix of chemical analyzes by A. Waitz . (Pp. 161–268),
Travel through the eastern provinces of Java. With a meteorological journal and four elevation profiles of the island, by Dr. A. Fritze and Dr. F. Young chicken. (Pp. 269-411) and
Forays through the forest mountains G. Panggerango, Manellawangie and Gedé. Established in 1839 by Dr. Ms. young chicken. In addition to an appendix containing a meteorological journal and compass directions. (Pp. 412-518).
Already in the description of the three and a half month sea voyage on board the three-master Jacob Cats from Hellevoetsluis to Batavia, the young hen reveals himself to us as a brilliant observer of the natural phenomena of the water and the sky. As he passed the Sunda Strait , he looked longingly at the lush tropical nature of the west coast of Java: “I will be indelibly impressed by the sight of all these masses of land adorned with the most wonderful charms of nature such a long sea voyage all at once. One cannot hide one's delight, one consists entirely of hope and swelling expectation. ”Historically interesting is his detailed description of the old Batavia , of whose former splendor in the canal-crisscrossed lower town only ruined and overgrown ruins remained. A trip from Weltevreden, today's Menteng, to the Batavia landing site twelve kilometers away turned out to be an adventure that lasted for hours after the wheels of the horse-drawn carriage had sunk into the mud up to the axles.
The descriptions of the surroundings of Jogjakarta , the cone karst area Gunung Séwu on the south coast of Java and the two-time ascent of the active volcano Merapi have not been repeated in terms of thoroughness and clarity to this day. “His gaze grasps the slope and crater shapes with the utmost sharpness, captures every detail of the vegetation, the slightest changes in the landscape, the constantly changing views. Junghuhn gives his impressions to his diary fresh and every evening. ”Accompanied by Dr. Fritzes Junghuhn visited the Wijnkoopsbaai on the south coast of Java, climbed and measured 17 volcanoes and also examined phenomena of volcanic origin such as the Telaga Bodas crater lake or a death valley on the Diëng plateau filled with poison gas . A highlight of his trip through the eastern provinces was the investigation of the Tengger ("Tingger") mountains with the active Bromo .
In the last chapter, forays through the forest mountains G. Panggerango, Manellawangie and Gedé , botany takes up a large area - as is already evident from the name "forest mountains " - in particular the detailed descriptions of the flora that changes with increasing altitude at this 3000 meters high volcanic massif. A meteorological travel journal with weather observations and compass directions to 142 targeted locations are attached as attachments .
In 1836 Junghuhn wrote to his Koblenz friend Philipp Wirtgen : “It is particularly important to me to draw up descriptions of nature in which Mr. A. von Humboldt's views of nature served me as - admittedly unattainable - models. I try to grasp the peculiarity of Javanese landscapes in all directions and especially the physiognomy of the vegetation - from the palm forests of the villages, which are fenced in with bamboo, to the casuarina forests of Merapi, or the winding vegetation of Gunong Gambing, which are like a carpet the highest rocks entwined, etc. "Junghuhn has achieved this ambitious goal: According to Henze, this work is" the most instructive and descriptive geographical travel description of Java, the first ever that was able to sharply shape the conceptual and visual representation of the island " .
- Pictures from the atlas (edition with hand-colored views)
“The south side of the ruins of Djandi-sebu near Brambanan, drawn from the space between the second and third rows of the smaller temples. August 1836. " (Current name: Candi Sewu, near Prambanan )
“The north side of the Merapi, seen from an elevation of 7,500 feet from the southern slope of the Merbabu. … Nov. 1836. “ (Here Junghuhn has shown himself with binoculars.)
"The south side of the summit of Merapi, seen from a height of already 5231 feet ... Sept. 1836."
"Situation map of the Merapi crater. Designed in November 1836. "
Including a copy of Junghuhn's explanations in the " Explanations of the Tables of the Atlas ... "
Reviews:
New Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung. Edited by Geh on behalf of the University of Jena. Hofrath Professor Dr. F. Hand [u. a.]. Fourth year. Leipzig: FA Brockhaus. 1845. No. 37, pp. 147-148 and No. 38, pp. 149-151. Digital copies : zs.thulb.uni-jena.de (accessed on July 8, 2018).
Academic Critique Yearbooks. Ed. from the Society for Scientific Criticism in Berlin. Born in 1845. Berlin, with W. Besser. No. 103, columns 822-824 and no. 104, columns 825-830 ([Carl Eduard] Meinicke, Prenzlau). Digital copy: books.google.de (accessed on May 6, 2017).
Excerpts from this work in:
The island of the volcanoes. Travels and walks through Java. Leipzig, FA Brockhaus, 1950. 193 pages and 1 unnumbered last page, 1 sheet. With 52 text drawings by Erich Gruner and 1 map sketch (Java). 8 °.
The batta countries on Sumatra
The batta countries on Sumatra. On behalf of Sr. Excellency of the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, Mr. P. Merkus examined and described by Franz Junghuhn in the years 1840 and 1841. Translated from the Dutch original by the author. Berlin, printing and publishing by G. Reimer. 1847. 2 volumes, 8 °.
Volume 1: First part. Chorography. VIII, 300 p. With 10 lithographed plates: 6 multiple folded maps, some of which can be assembled, 3 plates with sketches and a "situation plan" as well as 1 double-page lithographic plate "View of the village of Gudarim baru and the surrounding mountains in the Batta countries (Hurung landscape.) ".
Volume 2: Second part. Ethnology. X, 388 pages, 1 unnumbered sheet. With 8 (1 double-page) lithographic plates (facsimiles of the Bata script) and a folded plate "The Batta alphabet".
For release:
The manuscript is dated "Java, September 1844". With the request “to get this German edition and to manage”, Junghuhn sent it with all the sketches and maps to Halle to his former student friend Hermann Burmeister . After he had agreed the publication with the Berlin publisher Georg Ernst Reimer , the manuscript was handed over to the German geographer and meteorologist Wilhelm Mahlmann in March 1845 . He passed it on to his brother Heinrich , a respected cartographer, who edited it with the help of Professors Eduard Buschmann (language) and Leonhard von Schlechtendal (botany). In addition, Heinrich Mahlmann provided a valuable addition: on the basis of the maps enclosed by Junghuhns, which were only made as line sketches due to lack of time, he drew the general map of central Sumatra on a scale of 1: 1,000,000 . After completing this editorial work, Wilhelm Mahlmann published an excerpt from this work in the monthly reports of the Society for Geography in Berlin as early as 1846, one year before the appearance of the Battaländer .
Junghuhn wrote this work only in German; the reference to the title "Translated from the Dutch original by the author" is incorrect. The same applies to his foreword in this work, according to which he is said to have "[...] arranged a translation from the Dutch manuscripts into his mother tongue". In Dutch there is only one unpublished manuscript translated from German by Engelbertus de Waal. The examination of this manuscript by the Dutch-Indian General Secretary Cornelis Visscher led to the ban on publication and the withdrawal of the funds made available for this purpose. Among other things, Visscher took offense at Junghuhn's eyewitness report about merciless Dutch officials who inhumanly forced slaves, tormented by illness and weakened by hunger, to labor. After a relentless description of all the torments and suffering, this report ends with the ironic sentence: "This is how nature struggles with the excellent intentions of Colonel Michielsen, our humane governor of Padang, who wants everything to be arranged so appropriately [...]". Thereupon, at the instigation of the colonial government, this translation was handed over to the State Archives in Batavia for storage.
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Even if this work was not completed - the geological, climatic and botanical results mentioned in Volume 1 are missing - it remained the most important source on the southern Batak countries until the end of the 19th century. In 1909, Wichmann still rated the battalions as out of date, but there was no work that could be placed alongside the young chicken .
The first part (chorography) begins with a topographical overview of Sumatra, supported by elevation and profile sketches. Junghuhn was the first to describe in his introductory overall presentation the mountain ranges of Western Sumatra, which are staggered parallel to one another over long stretches and which border large, sometimes trough-like, long valleys. Junghuhn thus "drew the geographical picture of this strange island which will, so to speak, provide the basic plan for its scientific consideration for all time." Unfortunately, an ideal addition to this topographical description was only five years later, in 1852, with detailed explanations in the first volume of the main work on Java published: There are seven longitudinal and transverse profiles of the island of Sumatra, which were printed together with corresponding profiles of the island of Java to compare the “physical shape”.
The provinces of Tapanuli, Silindong, Sipirok and Angkola have been explored most thoroughly; their description takes up about four fifths of the volume. The Lake Toba could Junghuhn not reach, but he delivered from a careful selection of local information, the first later proved true proven news of this lake. His field measurements made him the founder of the triangulation of Sumatra. Of the enclosed maps, those about the northern areas are the most valuable, as they are based exclusively on his own findings and show areas that have not yet been trodden by Europeans; the results of other researchers were also used for the maps of the more southern areas.
The description of the “Battaer” ( Batak ) in the second volume is a deserving, but not entirely successful attempt to provide an accurate and complete picture: about race, origin and descent, villages, houses and household appliances, everyday life, clothing and jewelry , Form of government, constitution and political circumstances, customs and traditions, institutions and laws, slavery and cannibalism, warfare and its causes and consequences, amusement, games and music, cultivated plants and domestic animals, trade and industry and about the psychological life of this people. The most prominent characteristics of the Battaer are gambling addiction, vengeance and cruelty, but also hospitality, good-naturedness and open-heartedness. In the tenth chapter, pages 155 to 164, the cannibalism is described in detail, from the listing of the offenses that lead to the consumption of the delinquents , to the description of the rituals prescribed by the Radja and the villagers during this gruesome procedure; All this, however, not from personal experience, but only from hearsay, from stories and traditions that have served as a deterrent for decades. - A look back at the Battaer and a "comparative overview of the nations of the Sunda Archipelago" form the end.
Young chicken was always anxious to put itself on the same level with the battaers and not to appear as an arrogant colonial official. It was only in this way, he believed, that he was best able to "... view this people from a closer look and recognize their true color, unadorned and unadulterated."
Junghuhn deserves the highly creditable merit of having provided the most detailed representation of the Battaer up to that point. However, he was sometimes heavily criticized by his successors: As a result of poor language skills, young chicken misinterpreted a lot of what he had gathered from what he had seen and heard. The Franz Junghuhn memorial book. 1809-1909. contains a detailed book review by Wilhelm Volz . In the last sentence it says: “Even if we cannot always give the book our impeccable recognition and sometimes have to criticize its scientific value, it remains an achievement that would be sufficient in itself, and Junghuhn a place among the best researchers of the to secure the Malay archipelago permanently. "
Java, its shape, plant cover and internal structure
Java its shape, plant cover and internal structure. From Franz Junghuhn. After the second, improved edition of the Dutch original, translated into German by JK Hasskarl . - 3 volumes, 8 °.
1st edition: Leipzig, Arnoldische Buchhandlung. 1852 (1st volume) and 1854 (2nd and 3rd volume).
2nd edition: Leipzig, Arnoldische Buchhandlung. 1857 (unchanged title edition).
1st edition, title page
Gunung-Lamongan. Cover picture of the first volume
2nd edition, title page
Volume 1: First Division. The shape and clothing of the country. 8 unnumbered pages, VI pages table of contents, pp. (9) –483. With a double-page-sized cover picture in color lithography (“Gunung-Lamongan am July 5th, 1838”), a xylographic title vignette, 13 height profiles (numbered I, II, IIb and III to XII) on 6 multi-fold lithographic plates and 52 xylographic text images.
Volume 2: Second Division. The volcanoes and volcanic phenomena. XII, 964 p. With 41 (including 37 mostly multiply folded) lithographic plates and 61 xylographic text images (mainly profiles and map sketches).
Volume 3: Third Division. The Neptunian Mountains. X, 316 S. With 5 lithographic plates folded several times.
A table volume in transverse folio belongs to this work:
1st edition: Eleven landscape views of Java. Drawn from nature by Franz Junghuhn. With explanatory texts. Executed in color printing by Messrs. Winckelmann & Sons and Gebr. Delius in Berlin. Leipzig, Arnoldische Buchhandlung. 1853. (cover title). 1 sheet ( explanation of the eleven landscape views of Java , recto and verso ), 11 views.
2nd edition: Java album. Landscape views from Java. Taken from nature by Franz Junghuhn. Executed in color printing by Messrs. Winckelmann & Söhne and Gebrüder Delius in Berlin. Leipzig, Arnoldische Buchhandlung, 1856. 2 sheets (title and explanation of the eleven landscape views of Java , recto and verso ), 11 views.
1st edition
2nd Edition
For release:
The preface to the German edition shows that the separate publication of this work should be prevented. Junghuhn was expected to publish the same in the Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen ("Negotiations on the natural history of the Dutch overseas possessions"), which the authors kept silent on the title. Only with the financial help of the Ministry of the Colonies under Vice Admiral EB van den Bosch and with the support of the then General Secretary and later Colonial Minister Charles Ferdinand Pahud was it possible to overcome the resistance "[...] from people who, accustomed for a few dozen years , all the fruits of scientific journeys in Dutch India which were undertaken at the expense of the government to harvest as their property ”.
The note in the title "After the second, improved edition of the Dutch original translated into German by JK Hasskarl" is often incorrect:
- Hasskarl did not translate the German edition, but edited it with additions. Since he did not write the work himself, his dedication to the mineralogist and geologist Johann Jacob Noeggerath is at least somewhat questionable. Perhaps this was done at the request of young chicken.
- The second improved edition of the Dutch original did not appear until 1853, one year after the publication of the first volume of the German edition.
Nothing from the first Dutch edition, the first deliveries of which appeared at the end of 1849, was translated into German either. Rather, it was the other way around: in 1910, on the basis of a correspondence between Junghuhn and the Dutch government viewed in the archives of the Dutch Colonial Ministry, WC Muller provided evidence that - like the battalands - this work by Junghuhn was also written in German. Muller refers to a letter from Junghuhn, dated to Leiden, August 28, 1849, and quotes from it as follows (freely translated): “So far, Prof. WH de Vriese and Dr. JH Molkenboer offered me her helping hand in translating my writings; in the long run this cannot be done by them for free and therefore part of the support should be used to translate my concepts into clean and fluent Dutch and to pay a moderate fee to a competent linguist. "
In addition, there is another curiosity: In the first volume of the first German edition, published in 1852, reference is made to 25 text passages, some of them multi-page, in volume II and to four passages in volume III for further information. In addition, this first volume contains references to three illustrations, two on plates in Volume II, one on a plate in Volume III. Volumes II and III were not published until 1854. However, the page numbers in all references are correct. As a result, all three volumes must have been available in a complete, completely printed copy with all illustrations and tables as early as 1852. It is no longer possible to understand why volumes II and III only appeared two years later. As a result of these correct references with correctly indicated pages and illustrations, the publisher was able to bring a completely identical second German edition to the market in 1857. Even the printing errors in the first edition, including the correction list “Printing errors and improvements”, were taken over unchanged in 1857.
In this context, the last sentence of the Java work, which has also been adopted unchanged, is only applicable in the first edition: “[…] Topographical map of the island of Java, by the author of this work; on a scale of 1 to 350,000, divided into 4 sheets, of which the engraving will be completed within a year. ”In the second edition published in 1857, this sentence is obsolete: this map was published in 1855.
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“Junghuhn's main work is one of the main adornments of geographical literature, a work that, like Humboldt's great travel work, had the fate of never properly recognized, let alone penetrated. It is the first physical-geographical description of Java [...] ”(Henze). Junghuhn modestly calls this great work "a first small attempt."
The first volume is already extraordinarily rich in content and, with its numerous comments and additions, can only be grasped with difficulty. It begins with a tabular overview of the political and administrative division of the island of Java, the purpose, structure and structure of this work and a list of the barometrically measured heights. Then Junghuhn's meticulous attempts follow, as vividly as possible "[...] the outer shape of the various mountains, plains and valley slopes, which unite to form the common whole that we call the island of Java, not just their flat outlines, their horizontal extension, but also their height, their mass development according to […] ”to convey to the readers. With 13 lithographic longitudinal and transverse profiles, which are explained in detail, he compares the "physical shape" of Java with that of the island of Sumatra. In the chapter “Main features of the general configuration of Java, viewed in the zones 0, 100, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 2,500–5,000, 6,000 and 9,000–10,000 feet altitude”, Junghuhn explains the respective outlines and land areas of Java when viewing this island at these eight levels of altitude sinking up to 10,000 feet into the sea.
Longitudinal profile of the island of Java from west to east.
- The original, folded like a fan-fold, is 153 cm long. The ratio of length to height is 1: 18.25.
- Below that, the same profile was added as a thin strip without any elevation (ratio of length to height = 1: 1)
Forest bushes on the edge of a sea of grass
(Volume I, S, 221).
Mountain path scraped by rhinos (Volume I, p. 442).
Most valuable in the first volume is the 350-page section on the plant kingdom of Java, at that time the most extensive plant-physiognomic monograph of a tropical country at all. This section is introduced by a fourteen printed page bibliography, which in large parts contains an accusation against the disregard of the copyrights of Carl Ludwig Blume. A model for many young chicken's successors was the vertical division into four growing zones, with the first, hot region up to an altitude of 2000 feet, the second, temperate region from 2000 to 4500 feet, and the third, cool region from 4500 to 7500 feet and the fourth, cold region ranges from 7,500 to 10,000 feet above sea level. Each of these four regions is shown with its climatic conditions and conditions and - as a result - with its characteristic natural and cultural plants, whereby Junghuhn has expressly pointed out that depending on the relief and the nature of the soil, transitions exist and the specified height limits only as the middle of the transitions from one growing zone to the other are to be considered. Each of these vegetation zones is treated with a constant order: In the foreground is the spatial extent, which quickly becomes smaller with increasing height. This is followed by a "climatographic outline": air pressure, air heat, humidity and climatic peculiarities. This is followed by the cultural plants of the residents and the plantations with the plants for the European market. Finally, the most detailed is the depiction of the wilderness, which is divided into several areas, and here, in the young fowl's most preferred areas, his literary skills reach their maximum development. The descriptions of the boards in the “Landscapes Atlas” and the “local observations” interspersed in all the vegetation zones are delicious to read for nature lovers: natural-physiognomic landscape images that can hardly be surpassed in clarity are written in masterly words. Some things aroused memories of home in him, such as the rustling of the casuarinas in the native spruce forests.
The second volume deals with the volcanism of the island of Java, whereby the travel descriptions about the east of the island from the Topographische Reisen published in 1845 have been taken over partially unchanged. Junghuhn climbed 45 volcanoes, some for the first time, others for the repeated time. The reader is shown the climatic changes with increasing altitude, the gradual transitions in flora and fauna, the nature of the soil and the inclination of the slopes with their diverging ribs in the smallest nuances. The descriptions of the volcanoes are so precise that until the 20th century they served the scientists of the Volcanological Service of the Dutch East Indies as an important and often the only source for the determination of changes after renewed eruptions. Earlier eruptions of active volcanoes are described under evaluation of all older reports with the greatest possible completeness and detail. Previous investigations by other researchers are correctly named with their names and dates. Junghuhn also devoted himself in detail to the solfataras , mud springs, stick grottos and other "phenomena that are causally related to the volcanoes." With the aim of fully depicting the volcanism of the Malay Archipelago, Junghuhn also made them known to him from oral and written sources Volcanoes outside of Java included in his work. The description of the 1815 eruption of the Tambora on Sumbawa , written according to reports by Sir Stamford Raffles , deserves special mention here.
Gunung Salak
(Volume II, p. 8)
Gunung Slamat. Fig. 6
(Volume II, p. 164)
The third volume is the least entertaining for most readers: It deals with the “internal structure”, the geology of the island, supported by five panels folded several times with numerous illustrations. The classification of the land forms of Java created by deposits and erections in "Twelve types of land and mountain formation", the fossil fauna and flora - with a scientific description of the only living in a single narrow place on the south coast, up to 1 , 50-meter-long tube-forming coral animals Karang-Surumbung , the numerous studies of the formation of the valleys and old lake basins with their post-tertiary and current formations and the mountain formations of the present with their constant changes due to the incessant forces of nature. Young hen was the first to prove that Java does not consist exclusively of volcanic material, as was generally assumed at the time. His finding that more than 3/5 of this island belong to the Tertiary was not essentially confirmed until 34 years later by the Dutch geologists Reinder Fennema and Rogier Diederik Marius Verbeek.
This work is undoubtedly at the forefront of German-language geographical literature in Indonesia, "it is ... in terms of plan and content one of the most accomplished works of this kind, be it on European or non-European regions, in German or non-German literature" (Friedrich Ratzel).
Alexander von Humboldt commented on this work as follows:
“A new, long-awaited light on the geognostic nature of Java has recently been shed (after earlier, very incomplete, but meritorious work by Horsfield , Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, and Reinwardt ) by a knowledgeable, bold, and tireless naturalist, Franz Junghuhn . After more than twelve years of residence, he has in an instructive work: Java, its shape and plant cover and internal structure, the entire natural history of the country. Over 400 altitudes were measured barometrically with care; the volcanic cone and bell mountains, 45 in number, depicted in profiles and all but three climbed by young fowl. Over half, at least 28, were recognized as still inflamed and active; their strange and so different relief forms described with excellent clarity, even penetrated into the achievable history of their eruptions. No less important than the volcanic phenomena of Java are the sedimentary formations there of tertiary formation, which were completely unknown to us before the detailed work just mentioned, and yet cover three-fifths of the entire area of the island, especially in the southern part. In many areas of Java there are fragments of silicified tree trunks three to seven feet long that belong to the dicotyledons as remnants of former widespread forests. (...). By diligently collecting leaf impressions and fossilized wood, Junghuhn offered the opportunity to show that the prehistoric flora of Java, which Göppert carefully worked on after his collection , could appear as the first example of the fossil flora of a purely tropical region. "
The work is supplemented by his Java album, in which every view of young chicken was immediately drawn and colored on the spot, and with the Kaart van het eiland Java published in 1855 . In addition, Junghuhn refers in numerous places to his catalog of the geological collection of Java published in 1854 , which describes part of his rock and fossil collections.
- Java album
title
Gunung-Sewu
North coast at Semarang
South coast east of Rompok
Gunung Gamping
Gunung-Sumbing
Kawah Patua
Gunung-Guntur
Telaga Patengan
Plateau Diëng
Gunung Gede
Gunung-Merapi
Java island map
Kaart van het eiland Java. Uitgegeven op last van en opgedracht aan Zijne Excellentie the Minister of Colonies Chrs. F. Pahud, […] by Dr. F. Young chicken, […]. Te zamengesteld uit de waarnemingen en opmetingen door hem gedaan gedurende zijne onderzoekings reizen op dat eiland in de jaren 1835 to 1848. Op steen born te Breda bij AJ Bogaerts. 1855. Schaal 1: 350,000. Uitgegeven voor rekening van het Ministerie van Kolonien, by den Heer CW Mieling te 's-Gravenhage.
Note on projecting the map: The total size of the map is 79 × 308 cm. In order to keep the height of the map as low as possible, Junghuhn has shown the island, which runs in an east-south-east direction, approximately horizontally. This was only possible by rotating the projection about nine degrees in a northeasterly direction. The additional maps are also rotated to the northeast at this angle; in spite of their partially crooked edges, however, they are not distorted. Only the title and the explanations are printed horizontally.
Note on the individual cards “First sheet” to “Fourth sheet”: These cards are available in legible sizes. To achieve this, some of them had to be enlarged to over 13 MB. When using the full resolution, only sections of the screen are shown at approx. 10x magnification. Clicking the mouse again takes you back to the overall views. From here, you can use the mouse - like a magnifying glass - to enlarge any area.
- Topographic edition
Overview
- It was printed and published in four composable sheets:
First sheet
Second sheet
Third sheet
Fourth sheet
- Geological edition
Overview
First sheet
Second sheet
Third sheet
Fourth sheet
This map, with a three-dimensional relief depiction of the stone, is one of the greatest achievements in the field of cartography that has ever been achieved by an individual. She has contributed significantly to Junghuhn's fame as an explorer and developer of the island of Java. Generations of scientists, surveyors, colonial officials, and business investors have benefited from it.
The most important mountain peaks and - in fulfillment of the government mandate given by Rochussen - the coal deposits discovered on the south coast are shown on 16 additional maps. With partial coloring it was available as a topographic map, with area coloring as a geological map; the former was by far the most accurate map to date, the latter the first geological map of Java. What effect the great Java work now achieved in specialist circles, after it was not only supplemented with a splendid "landscape atlas", but from now on also with an excellent map, can hardly be understood today: an inadequately and incompletely known one Land, moreover still the most important colonial area of the Netherlands, was available for the first time in a complete, detailed description of nature with a largely correct map.
For the Dutch-Indian colonial government, the strategic use of the map was of great interest. From 1825 to 1830 the Dutch waged a bitter guerrilla war against the Javanese prince Diponegoro , whose high losses on the part of the Dutch were not least due to the ignorance of the interior of the island. In the following decades, the Dutch feared renewed uprisings by the oppressed Javanese after the forced cultivation system "Cultuurstelsel" ordered by Governor General van den Bosch in 1830 led to famine in the rural population. This tense situation contributed significantly to the fact that Junghuhns Kaart van het eiland Java received the greatest conceivable recognition and appreciation not only from the colonial government, but also from the highest military circles, as this detailed map was finally an effective tool for the military occupation and economic exploitation of the most important island of the Dutch East Indies at hand. In a letter to Junghuhn, Alexander von Humboldt wrote: “How can I thank you lively enough for your beautiful, genuinely geological, creative map. After a military dinner it has long been admired as a very excellent work by the king, Pz. Friedrich of the Netherlands, the Minister of War, and many generals at the same time. "
Even though Junghuhn used almost all of the existing Java documents to create his map, including the latest nautical charts and numerous sketches of the colonial government, he was not able to capture everything; therefore there are “white spots” in his Java map. Young chicken did not conceal this. Here are a few examples in the west of the island: From the second volume of the Java work it emerges that he did not climb the volcanoes Karang and Pulosari, which are isolated on the Sunda Strait and are in the solfatar stage, and did not visit the Danu swamp here; He drew the exact descriptions written about it from other sources. On sheet 1 of the map you can find the note that the rugged mountains in southern Bantam, which are covered with unbroken forests, have not been examined more closely by him. Because of the uninhabited area and the resulting lack of porters, this would not have been possible on my own. On the third map, the remote Gunung Murjo on the north coast was not visited; The botanist Justus Karl Hasskarl provided the necessary information for this mountain.
The fourth sheet on East Java, however, contains significant inaccuracies. Renate Sternagel’s book Der Humboldt von Java shows that the Swiss naturalist Heinrich Zollinger was active in this area almost at the same time as Junghuhn . Younghuhn probably had knowledge of it, because again he was driven by the fear of losing the privileges of the first discoverer. Despite the particularly undeveloped land here, he hurried through East Java in just two and a half months. A careful survey of the country was not possible in this short time with the instruments of the time, and some of the necessary trigonometric bearings were surely replaced by quickly made view sketches. The most clearly visible inaccuracies include, for example, the Ijen highlands, which are shown too small, and the Lamongan volcano, which is much too large. The much too small depiction of the Tengger Caldera is strange, although this depression of the young chicken was measured with a baseline and drawn almost congruently with a map of the topographic service.
- Comparison of the relief map with the young chicken's Java map
In 1860, based on Junghuhn's map, a simplified representation on a scale of 1: 2,600,000 appeared, with which the orographic-physical conditions of Java could be conveyed largely correctly to a broader public for the first time.
There was only one way to improve Junghuhn's map: the exact measurement of Java with trained personnel. From 1857 to 1868, under the direction of the Dutch astronomer Jean Abraham Crétien Oudemans, up to 72 men were busy with triangulation. The evaluation of this work was published in six folio volumes with over 1000 pages and 43 partly folded plates and maps until 1900.
Review: Kaart van het Eiland Java; door F. Junghuhn; Breda by Bogaerts 1855. 4 sheets large fol. - In: Journal for general geography. Ed. by Dr. K. Neumann, New Series. Second volume. Berlin, Vlg. Von Dietrich Reimer, 1857. pp. 189–191 (signed Meinicke ). Digital copy : digizeitschriften.de (accessed December 17, 2019).
Return from Java to Europe
Return trip from Java to Europe with the so-called English overland mail in September and October 1848 by Franz Junghuhn. Transferred from the Dutch by JK Haßkarl . With 4 views and 2 maps. Leipzig, Arnoldische Buchhandlung. 1852. 3 unnumbered sheets (title, foreword, content), 186 pp. With 4 color lithographed plates, two small text images on page 55 and two multi-fold lithographic plates. 8 °.
Contents:
I. From Java to the vicinity of the island of Socotora. Pp. 1-70.
II. From Arabia to Alexandria. Pp. 71-166.
III. From Egypt to Holland. Pp. 167-186.
After thirteen tireless years of research in the tropics, the health of the young chicken was so bad that he had to take a convalescent vacation in cool Europe. On June 17, 1848, he once again enjoyed the refreshing mountain air on the summit of the Tangkuban Perahu volcano. It was not until August 27, after more than two months of waiting in the hot, humid Batavia, that he was able to board the war steamer Etna , which left for Singapore the following morning. It was the beginning of his journey home with the "Overland Mail", the "English overland mail", the shortest and most expensive connection to Europe.
Along the “ Thousand Islands ” and the southeast coast of Sumatra, Muntok on Bangka was first called . Junghuhn stayed in Singapore for a week, from September 1 to 8, 1848, and his detailed descriptions of the houses, temples and streets of that city are of not inconsiderable historical value. On September 9th, the journey continued on board the steamer Braganza , first north through the Strait from Malacca to Georgetown on the island of Penang , then on a westerly course through the Indian Ocean. On September 22nd, Point de Galle on the south coast of Ceylon was reached. On the Bentinck steamer , which was luxurious for the time and left Galle for Suez on the same day, the young hen enjoyed "a rain bath for the first time, which after the crane was open, trickled down from a sieve-like opening in the ceiling". Coals were stashed in the port of Aden . Young chicken used the lying time for a social excursion on land with women on the backs of stubborn donkeys; he wrote a humorous report on this excursion. On October 11, 1848, the Bentinck reached the Suez roadstead . The Suez Canal did not yet exist, and so on the morning of the following day we went “over land” on two-wheeled wagons pulled by four horses for fifteen and a half hours through the desert to Cairo . Young chicken stayed in Egypt's capital for nine days. During this time he visited the Great Pyramid of Cheops , inspected its interior and, with the help of Arab helpers, climbed to its 140 meter high top. First on a small river steamship on the western main arm of the Nile Delta, then on an even smaller barge on an artificial canal, the journey to Alexandria went . Here, the paths of most travelers parted: ship connections to all the larger ports on the north coast of the Mediterranean and through the Strait of Gibraltar to Western European countries were available. Junghuhn embarked on October 23, 1848, on board the German steamship Germania , which anchored in the roadstead of Trieste on the morning of October 29 . “It was Sunday - and the first thing our ears heard - for the first time in 13 years - was the ringing of bells! - such a solemn sound from all the churches and chapels of the city - such a harmonious sound, which in itself was powerful, foreboding and devotional, reminded me of the years of my childhood, and filled me with a delight, a melancholy that I was unable to fend off. ”(Young chicken) After a dangerous multi-day stagecoach trip over snow-covered Alpine passes, during which the young chicken, which was used to the tropical heat, suffered terribly from the cold, Salzburg was reached on November 6, 1848. His travelogue ends in Munich, where Junghuhn saw a train for the first time on November 9th. He did not mention his return to Mansfeld. - On the evening of November 21, 1848 he knocked on the door of his parents' house.
Junghuhn's tabular travel note, which is kept together with a typewritten copy in the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde zu Leiden, shows that the total duration of the journey from Batavia to Trieste was 43 days and 7½ hours, including all stays. In addition, there were 20 days for the overland route from Trieste to Mansfeld. Compared to the route around the southern tip of Africa, the time saved was around a month.
The particular value of this book lies in the meticulously detailed natural history observations and tourist sights and in useful tips for future travelers. Numerous references point to further works. His derogatory words on the last two pages about “pious”, “hypocritical” and “pedantic” residents of Leiden, culminating in his sarcastic judgment about a “[...] Botanicus who the Science is only used as a cover for personal selfishness and magnanimity, and has excellent practice in scientific falsehoods and lies; [...]. "
- The book contains four color lithographed plates:
Sumatra. Pontjang Kitjil Island in Tapanuli Bay.
Bay of Aden
Hotel Oriental in Cairo
Pyramids near Cairo
“Even in this undemanding narrative, the keenly observing natural scientist and the shapely performer do not deny himself on either side. The little work gains a special interest precisely because one recognizes how observing and describing had become, as it were, a necessity for the man who was knowledgeable about nature and writing. "
Light and shadow images from the interior of Java
First German edition:
Light and shadow images from the interior of Java. About the character, the level of education, the manners and customs of the Javanese; on the introduction of Christianity to Java, the liberation of labor, and other questions of the time. Tales and conversations, collected on journeys through mountains and forests, through the homes of the poor and rich by the brothers DAY and NIGHT, communicated by the former. Translated from the Dutch by * * * . First and second piece. Amsterdam, published by F. Favor | Leipzig, Comm .: Th. Thomas. 1855. 2 nn. Blatt, 192 p., 2 nn. Blatt, p. (191) –384 (third piece; pagination incorrect at the beginning), p. (I) –IV (printing error).
Second German edition:
The introduction of Christianity on Java. From an Indian missionnair. Translated from Dutch after the second improved edition. Amsterdam, published by F. Favor. 1858. VIII, 384 pp. - The text begins on page 1 with the title Licht- und Schattenbilder, or stories and conversations about the introduction of Christianity to Java, as well as about the character, the level of education, the manners and customs of the Javanese.
This second German edition was re-edited by Esther von Krosigk. Edition Classic, VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, Saarbrücken 2008/2016. ISBN 978-3-8364-3797-4 .
The memorial book Franz Junghuhn (p. 339) and the Collectie Hans van der Kamp (KITLV-inventaris 174, p. 36) name an edition that was apparently published in parallel, by F. Favor in Amsterdam and by the Stolberg'schen Verlagshandlung in Gotha.
Third German edition:
Light and shadow images from the interior of Java. About the character, the level of education, the manners and customs of the Javanese; on the introduction of Christianity to Java, the liberation of labor, and other questions of the time. Tales and conversations, collected on journeys through mountains and forests, through the homes of the poor and rich, between the brothers DAY and NIGHT, shared by Dr. F. Young chicken. Translated from the fourth Dutch edition by * * * . Amsterdam, published by F. Favor. 1866. VIII, 384 p. With a lithographic frontispiece (portrait of the author with facsimile signature). 8 °.
This edition is the first to mention the author; it is considered the most authoritative and is mentioned most frequently. In terms of content, all issues are identical.
First German edition
Second German edition
Third German edition
This book, which was very controversial at the time, was created under the influence of Dutch anti-clerical groups. The most radical were the brothers of the irregular Amsterdam Masonic lodge “Post Nubila Lux” (freely translated: “The light shines behind the clouds”), of which he was a member and later an honorary member. The pantheistic guiding principles of this lodge were entirely in the spirit of the natural scientist Junghuhn, who had already opposed Christian teachings in his youth. An example of this is the degradation of Christianity in a footnote on p. 136 in his work Topographical and Scientific Journeys through Java , which arose from the fear of the Javanese accompanying him climbing the Merapi volcano, who reconciled the "spirit of the mountain" with incense fumes wanted to; an ineffective rifle shot fired in the direction of the summit put an end to this fear: "I [...] made the remark here that, as easily as the Javane believes the most absurd things, he gives up his belief with just the ease if you do him only convinced of its nullity. Unfortunately, this is contrary to the interests of many priests who, as opponents of all natural research, make it their profession to maintain and increase superstition, and who also practice their hocus-pocus on Java, as in all other nations. ”To spread his pantheistic belief system Junghuhn and the like-minded publisher Frans Christiaan Favor launched the freethinker magazine De Dageraad , which first appeared on October 1, 1855. Their motto was: “Magna est veritas et praevalebit” (“Truth is great, and it will prevail”).
The fictional discussions between the brothers “Day”, “Morgenrot”, “Abendrot” and “Nacht” take up a substantial part of the “light and shadow images”. The Dutch resident “Praktischman” has his say as a representative of the colonial government. Brother “Tag”, representing the young chicken, who remained anonymous in the first editions, is convinced that nature alone is the fountain of all truths and the only divine revelation. He only avows himself "[...] to the high-domed, star-studded church of orthodox naturalists [...]." The first delivery in particular is a dramatic and downright devastating reckoning with Christianity on the basis of carefully researched atrocities committed by Christians in the exercise of their faith . He resolutely opposed the introduction of Christianity to Java; this would only have a disruptive effect on the peaceful coexistence of the population with nature. The Javanese have long been practicing the charity preached by Christianity, and conflicts with other religions such as Islam would arise. “Nacht” opposes the strict catechistic doctrine, sees a civilizational superiority of the Christian peoples and deplored the Javanese because of their dark superstition.
For the scientist, the geographical and ethnological contributions are interesting, which undoubtedly arose during his trip through West Java with von Richthofen. The “First Piece” begins with an impressive description of an evening mood in a remote Javanese village. This idyll is startled by an invading tiger, which was killed by young fowl, which resulted in a dramatic discharge of the hatred of the defenseless villagers for the animal. The instruments of a gamelan orchestra are explained, and the descriptions of his experiences with his Javanese companions give insights into the mentality of the population. A counterpart to the evening mood is the equally impressive portrayal of the morning mood. In the “Third Piece” Junghuhn describes a burning Alang Alang field in the midday sunshine, a flood (“Bandjer”) from which one could escape with little difficulty, the flora and fauna not far from the south coast, a coastal village on the edge of the sea with roaring surf , the “battlefield” on the beach with the carcasses of giant tortoises, a Javanese wedding party and a hike to the lonely mountain lake Telaga Patengan. All geographical place names are written backwards, probably for reasons of anonymity. The brilliance of these descriptions leaves no doubt as to the identity of the author.
With this book, Junghuhn sparked such a storm of indignation in the Netherlands that he had to look for a new publisher after the first batch was published. His appointment as "Knight of the Order of the Dutch Lion" is said to have been deeply regretted by the government. Nevertheless, this book found so many followers in the Netherlands that by 1883 seven editions could be edited. Of the German supporters only the natural scientist Ernst Haeckel should be mentioned : Although this book was banned in Austria, Saxony and other German states "because of the insults and degradation of Christianity it contained", he wrote on page 255 of his book From Insulinde. Malayische Reisebriefe (1st edition, Bonn 1901): "The author (...) shows clearly how little the abstract doctrines of Christianity and the dogmas of its belief in miracles are suitable for allowing pleasant fruits to ripen on the strange soil of Malay intellectual life."
Attempt a chronological bibliography of young fowl
Only printed publications have been included and are not exhaustive.
The titles of the major works are highlighted in bold .
The symbol ( ↑ ) indicates that this publication is described in the “Major Works” chapter.
1830
- Observationes mycologicae in species Fungorum tam novas tam male cognitas. Auctore Francisco Junghuhnio. Med. Stud. (Cum tabulis VI. Et VII.). In: Linnaea. A journal for botany in its entirety. Ed. from DFL from Schlechtendal . 5th volume. Berlin 1830. Printed at the publisher's expense. On commission from L. Oehmigke. Pp. 388-410. - For this the lithographic plates VI. and VII. - PDF file: biodiversitylibrary.org (as of January 18, 2014)
1834
-
Escape to Africa. Described by Franz Junghuhn. 1834. In: Max CP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn. Biographical contributions to the 100th anniversary of his birthday. Dürr, Leipzig 1909. pp. 157-314 ["Overview of the content" pp. (159) -160].
Escape to Africa is Junghuhn's first travel work. In a letter from Weltevreden, dated December 4, 1835, Junghuhn wrote to his friend Philipp Wirtgen: “My manuscript: Journey to Africa, I completely revised in Harderwyk and shortly before my departure to Prof. Blume in Leyden, with whom I stay in correspondence, handed over. Perhaps it will still be printed. ”- Carl Ludwig Blume did not pass this manuscript on for printing. Perhaps the content, which reports on a prisoner, a refugee and a foreign legionnaire, among other things, did not correspond to the ideas of a highly respected science professor. It was regrettable for Junghuhn's relatives that Blume did not send this informative manuscript to Mansfeld. It was not until 1850, at a time when only the mother of his parents was still alive, that Junghuhn gave a corrected version to his sister Albertine in Fischbach (cf. Max CP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn, p. 120).
1836
- Communications from Java from Dr. Franz Junghuhn, compiled from his letters by Mr. Senior Teacher Ph. Wirtgen in Coblenz. In: Flora or general botanical newspaper. With the special cooperation of the gentlemen ... [including young chicken and Wirtgen], on behalf of the royal. bayer. Botanical Society of Regensburg ed. by Dr. David Heinrich Hoppe and Dr. August Emanuel Fürnrohr. XIX. Volume II. Nro. 47. Regensburg, December 21, 1836. pp. 743-752. - Digital copy: books.google.de (accessed on November 17, 2016).
- Letter to Ph. Wirtgen, dated Weltevreden, December 4, 1835. pp. 743–746 [Travel report of the crossing from Hellevoetsluis to Batavia, impressions during the first 1 ½ months in Batavia].
- Letter to Prof. Nees von Esenbeck in Bonn, dated Djocjokarta on July 13, 1836. pp. 747-750 [Description of the area around Djocjokarta, journey to the so-called "Southern Mountains", about the growth of fungi in the tropical climate].
- Letter to Ph. Wirtgen, dated Djocjokarta, July 11, 1836. pp. 750–752 [including the completion of an album with 12 colored, picturesque views of Java].
1838
- Goenong Salak. In: Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indië, 1e jaarg. 1838, deel II, pp. 486-507. Batavia, ter Lands-Drukkerij. With an illustration on p. 506 (collapse of the north side of Djoerang Tjiapoe's peak in 1699; probably Junghuhn's earliest sketch of a volcano). - PDF file: rhinoresourcecenter.com (accessed November 17, 2016).
1839
- Praemissa in floram cryptogamicam Javae Insulae. Fasc. I. Continet enumerationem fungorum, quos in excursionibus per diversas Javae regiones hucusque observavit Franciscus Junghuhnius. Accedunt tabulae lithographicae. In: Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. Deel XVII, Batavia, ter Lands Drukkerij, 1839. pp. (1) –86 [Appendix after p. 288]. With 15 (14 colored) lithographic plates [About new mushroom species. A sequel has not appeared].
1840
- Gunong Salak, by Dr. Friedrich [sic! recte Franz ] Young chicken. Translated from the Dutch. With a foreword by Dr. CG Nees v. Esenbeck. In: Flora or General. botanical newspaper. ... on behalf of the Royal. bayer. offered. Society of Regensburg ed. by Dr. David Heinrich Hoppe and Dr. August Emanuel Fürnrohr, XXIII. Volume II, No. 29, Regensburg, Aug. 7, 1840, pp. 449-460 and No. 30, Regensburg, Aug. 14, 1840, pp. 465-477.
- Nova genera et species plantarum Florae Javanicae. Auctore Francisco Junghuhnio (met Plaat). In: Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie. Uitgegeven by J. van der Hoeven en WH de Vriese. Zevende deel, Leiden 1840, pp. 285-317. - With 7 figures on 1 plate [about Javanese mushrooms].
1841
- About Javan's balanophores. From Dr. Young chicken, health officer on Java, M. d. A. d. N. With two sheets of drawings. (Sent from Batavia in November 1837. Received at the Academy on December 4th, 1839.). With an addition to the above treatise by CG Nees von Esenbeck. In: Nova Acta physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae naturae curiosum (Negotiations of the Imperial Leopoldine-Carolinian Academy of Natural Scientists), Vol. XVIII, Suppl. Prim. (1st supplement). Breslau 1841. pp. 201-228.
- Mr. Poggendorff read Mr. F. Junghuhn's geognostic remarks on the Di-eng mountains on Java (given by Prof. von Schlechtendal). In: Monthly reports on the negotiations of the Society for Geography in Berlin. 2nd year: May 1840–41. Edited by Wilhelm Mahlmann. Berlin, Sim. Schropp et Comp., 1841. pp. 167-174. Digital copy : digizeitschriften.de (accessed on April 2, 2019).
- Mr. Poggendorff put Dr. F. Junghuhn's barometric altitude measurements on the island of Java. In: Monthly reports on the negotiations of the Society for Geography in Berlin. 2nd year: May 1840–41. Edited by Wilhelm Mahlmann. Berlin, Sim. Schropp et Comp., 1841. pp. 174-180. Digital copy : digizeitschriften.de (accessed on April 2, 2019).
- Barometric altitude measurements on Java. In: Annals of Physics and Chemistry. Ed. zu Berlin by JC Poggendorff. 25th volume. The whole episode 128th volume. Vlg. V. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig 1841. pp. 345-348.
- Uitstapje naar de bosschen van de gebergten Malabar, Wayang en Tilu, op Java; door Fr. Young chicken. Uit des schrijvers aanteekeningen zamengesteld, door WH de Vriese. (Met 4 afbeeldingen). In: Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie. Uitgegeven by J. van der Hoeven en WH de Vriese. Eighth deel, Leiden 1841, pp. 349-412 [About a trip in October 1839 to the mountains south of Bandung]. - Digital copy of a special edition: digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de (accessed on November 20, 2016).
- De gematigde en koude streken van Java, met de aldaar voorkomende warm fountains: uit een natuur-, aardrijks- en geneeskundig oogpunt Beschouwd, as a representative een middel daar ter voorkoming en genezing van die ziekten, waaraan Europijeanen, ten gevenue van hun long heete luchtstreken, gewoonlijk lijden. In: Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indië. 4e jaargang. Deel II. Batavia. Ter Lands-Drukkerij. 1841. pp. 81-121. - Digital copy: books.google.de (accessed November 20, 2016).
1842
- The man-eating Battaker. Something from Junghuhn's journey through Java and Sumatra. Communicated by Nees von Esenbeck. To Th. M. In: Der Freihafen. Gallery of entertainment images from literary, social and scientific circles. 5th year 1842. First quarterly issue. Altona, Joh. Friedr. Hammerich. 1842.
- P. 109–110: Letter from Nees von Esenbeck to Th. M. [= editor Theodor Mundt].
- P. 110–119: From Junghuhn's Reise, by Nees v. Esenbeck. [A letter sent by Junghuhn to Nees von Esenbeck, dated: Pitja koling on the island of Sumatra, February 18, 1841.]
- PDF file: books.google.de (30.1 MB, accessed on April 11, 2013).
- Later publication:
- The man-eating Battaken. Something from Junghuhn's journey through Java and Sumatra communicated by Nees v. Esenbeck. 1841. Published by Max Schmidt. In: Max C. P. Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn. Biographical contributions to the 100th anniversary of his birthday. Dürr, Leipzig 1909. pp. 315-325.
- Treatises in: Monthly reports on the negotiations of the Society for Geography in Berlin, 3rd year: May 1841–42. Edited by Wilh. Mahlmann. Berlin, Schropp et Comp., 1842.
- XX .: A. Klöden jun. read Dr. Ms. Junghuhn's treatises:
- A. About the present inhabitants of the Di-eng Mountains and the native animals. Pp. 83-87.
- B. Plant physiognomy of the Di-eng Mountains. Pp. 88-100.
- C. Mineralogical notes on the Di-eng mountains. Pp. 100-102.
- XXII .: W. Mahlmann read Dr. F. Junghuhn's report on his
- 1) Journey to Di-eng 1840. pp. 141–151.
- 2) Topographical (physical-geographical) description of the Di-eng mountains. Pp. 151-180. With map.
- 3) Departure from Tue-Eng. Pp. 180-186.
- XXVIII .: Wilh. Mahlmann: Report on Mr. Dr. Junghuhn's (presented) meteorological observation journal on a journey into the interior of Java and its climatological remarks on the Di-eng mountains. Pp. 187-190.
- Hoogten boven de oppervlakte the zee van onderscheidene plaatsen in the Indian archipelago, medegedeeld door F. Junghuhn. First Afdeeling. Java. Waarnemingen, Gedaan en berekend by F. Junghuhn. In: De Kopiïst. Een tijdschrijft, onder medewerking van Ned.-Indië's ingezetenen, uitgegeven by E. de Waal. le Jaarg. (Eerste twaalftal), deel 11. Ukena & Co., Batavia 1842. pp. 68-76.
-
Journey through the island of Java. An attempt to describe the physiognomy of Java's nature. (The north coast near Batavia and Semarang etc.) By Dr. Franz Junghuhn, with a preliminary remark by Dr. CG Nees von Esenbeck, Professor and President of the KLC Academy of Natural Scientists in Breslau. In: Journal of Comparative Geography. Ed. by Johann Gottfried Lüdde. Second volume. (Born in 1842. 7th to 12th booklet.) Magdeburg, 1842. Publisher by Emil Baensch. Pp. 77–93, 137–174, 324–360, 435–464 (Table I: The south-east side of the ejection cone of the Merapi seen from the outer edge of the crater wall (at 10 o'clock) .; Table II. : Profiles of the Merapi volcano).
[See 1844 for the end ]
1843
-
Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis of the volcanoes in the Indian archipelago, tot 1842, door Dr. FW Junghuhn, owner: Eerste Afdeeling Java. In: Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indië. Vijfde Jaargang. First Deel. Batavia. Ter Lands-Drukkerij. 1843. pp. 97-133, 185-227, 257-280, 614-626, 745-763.
[Continued see 1844 ] - Hindoe-oudheden in de Preanger-Regentschappen, door. F. Young chicken. In: De Kopiïst. Een tijdschrijft, onder medewerking van Ned.-Indië's ingezetenen, uitgegeven by E. de Waal. Tweede Twalftal, 2e afl., 1843, pp. 228-231. Batavia, Ukena & Co. - Also in: Indisch Magazijn, Jaargang 1, Batavia 1844, deel I, pp. 228-231 [About Hindu antiquities, discovered on August 18, 1843 on the southern slopes of the mountains north of Bandung.].
1844
- Journey through the island of Java. (End of the essay broken off on p. 464 in Volume II.) In: Zeitschrift fürvergleichende Gekunde. Ed. by Johann Gottfried Lüdde. Third volume. (Born in 1842 [sic; recte 1843], 1st to 6th issue.) Magdeburg, 1844. Publisher by Emil Baensch. Pp. 55-75.
- Bijdragen tot de divorced the volcanoes in the Indian archipelago, tot en met het jaar 1842, door F. Junghuhn. First afdeeling Java (met platen). In: Indisch Magazijn, een Tijdschrift ter verzameling van opstellen en reports over, en van belang voor de natuur-, volken- en statkunde van Nederlandsch-Oost-Indië, uitgegeven onder medewerking van Indië's ingezetenen door E. de Waal. Eerste twalftal 1844. Landsdrukkerij te Batavia. Dl. 2, pp. 41-83, 163-176, 287-315, Dl. 3, pp. 64-94.
- A word on the assessment of Prof. Dr. Walter's essay on the water effusions of the volcanoes in this journal for cf. Geography Vol. 1 p. 503. By Dr. F. Junghuhn auf Java, sent from Java in April 1843. In: Zeitschrift für Comparative Geography. Ed. by Johann Gottfried Lüdde. Magdeburg. Publishing house by Emil Baensch. Third volume (year 1843, 1st to 6th issue, published 1844), pp. 481–491.
-
Contributions to the history of the volcanoes in the Indian Archipelagus, up to 1842. By Dr. FW young chicken. In: Journal of Comparative Geography. Ed. by Johann Gottfried Lüdde. Fourth volume (year 1843, 7th - 12th booklet.) Magdeburg, 1844. Emil Baensch publisher. Pp. 52-133, 417-512.
[Continued see 1846 and 1847 ] - Call and polite request. Oproeping en beleefd verzoek aan Neerlands Indie's Ingezetenen door Fr. Junghuhn. In: Journal for Comparative Geography (as before). Pp. 512-516.
- Nieuwe gebeurtenissen in de natuur van Ned.-Indië. Jaar 1843. A. Voortgezette kronijk the volcanoes, door F. Junghuhn. Goenoeng Goentoer (met plaat). Appendix: Oproeping en beleefd verzoek aan Nederlandsch-Indië's ingezetenen door F. Junghuhn. In: De Kopiïst. Een tijdschrijft, onder medewerking van Ned.-Indië's ingezetenen, uitgegeven by E. de Waal. Tweede Twalftal, 3e afl. 1844, pp. 332-362. Batavia, Ukena & Co. - Also in: Indisch Magazijn, een tijdschrift ter verzameling van opstellen en reports over, en van belang voor de natuur-, volken- en statkunde van Nederlandsch-Oost-Indië, uitgegeven onder medewerking van Indië's ingezetenen door E . de Waal. Eerste Twalftal 1844, No. 4-6, pp. 84-100. Landsdrukkerij te Batavia.
- Ruins of Java. Korte ontleeding the steenen commemorated, wilting de Hindoes op Java hebben achtergelaten. In: Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indië, 6de Jaarg. 1844, deel II, pp. 341-381, with 4 lithographs. Tablets: “Altaar te Jetto”, “Selo-Grio”, “Gezigt van Rodjo-Winangon”, “Wachter bij Prambanan”. - The essay is signed as follows: "Op den berg Salak Jun. 1844. Fr. Junghühn." [Sic! recte young chicken]. - Landsdrukkerij te Batavia.
- Prospectus van eene beschrijving the Batta-lands op Sumatra. Buitenzorg, February 1844. [4 p. Table of contents, price ʃ 10 silver, list of subscribers]
1845
- Chronologically the aardbevingen en uitbarstingen van volkanen in Neêrland's-Indië. (In vergelijkende zamenstelling met elkander). In: Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indië. Jaarg. 1845, deel I, pp. 30-68. Landsdrukkerij te Batavia.
- Schetsen; ontworpen op eene reis over Java , voor topographische en natuurkundige navorschingen, aan het einde van het jaar 1844; door Franz Junghuhn. (Met profiles and cards). In: Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indië. Jaarg. 1845, deel I, pp. 69-92, 121-240, 315-350, deel II, pp. 1-38, 203-250, 369-380. Landsdrukkerij te Batavia.
-
Topographical and scientific journeys through Java , … Baensch, Magdeburg 1845. ( ↑ ) - This work includes:
Topographical and scientific atlas on the journey through Java. ... Contains: 38 lithographed plates and 2 height maps. Baensch, Magdeburg 1845. ( ↑ ) [Note: not published in Dutch] - Topographer. u. natural science Travels through Java by Dr. Ms. young chicken. - In: Botanische Zeitung. Ed. by Hugo von Mohl, professor of botany in Tübingen and DFL von Schlechtendal, professor of botany in Halle. Third year 1845. Berlin, with A. Förstner. Columns 588-592, 604-607, 620-623, 636-640, 653-654, 667-668, 684-686, 701-704, 716-719, 732-736, 749-753, 772-775, 789 -791, 806-808, 829-832, 846-848, 862-863 [excerpts from the aforementioned book].
- Physiognomie van de flora der toppen van Javasche bergen benevens plantenbeschrijvingen. With appendices: Diagnoses et adumbrationes stirpium nonvullarum vel non satis cognitarum Florae Javanicae Alpinae Indigenarum. In: Natuur- en Geneeskundig Archief voor Neêrland's-Indië. 2e jaarg., Batavia 1845, pp. 20–54.
1845-1846
- Journey through Java, descriptive of its topography and Natural History. By Dr. Ms. young chicken. In: The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology; being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd. Vol. XVI, 1845, pp. 329-332, 462-466 and the like. Vol. XVII, 1846, pp. 46–48, 469–476 [translated excerpts from the work “Topographical and scientific journeys through Java”].
1846
- Contributions to the history of the volcanoes in the Indian archipelago . From Dr. FW young chicken. In: Journal of Comparative Geography. Ed. by Johann Gottfried Lüdde. Magdeburg. Publishing house by Emil Baensch. Fifth volume, 1846. (Continuation of the treatise interrupted in Volume IV. Issue 11.) pp. 239–254, 319–330.
1847
- Contributions to the history of the volcanoes in the Indian archipelago . From Dr. FW young chicken. In: Journal of Comparative Geography. Ed. by Johann Gottfried Lüdde. Magdeburg. Publishing house by Emil Baensch. Volume VII, 1847. (Continuation of the discussion broken off in Volume V, page 330.) pp. 20–47.
- The batta countries on Sumatra. … Berlin, G. Reimer. 1847. ( ↑ ) [Not published in Dutch]
1850-1854
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Java, deszelfs gedaante, kleeding en inner structure. Door Dr. Frans [Note: wrong, correct: Franz] Young chicken. Te Amsterdam, by PN van Kampen. Deel I: 1850. Deel II u. III: 1853. Deel IV: 1854. - Second
revised edition: Java, zijne gedaante, zijn plantentooi en inwendige bouw. Door Frans [sic! recte Franz] Young chicken. 's-Gravenhage, by CW Mieling. Deel I: 1853. Deel II to IV: 1854.
This work includes:
Atlas van platen, bevattende elf picturesque gezierter. Behoorende tot het werk Java, zijne gedaante, zijn plantentooi en inwendige bouw. Door Fr. Young chicken. Without indication of place or year ['s-Gravenhage, CW Mieling, 1854]. Gr.-Folio.
1851
- Terugreis van Java naar Europa, met de zoogenaamde Engelsche Overlandpost, in de maanden September en October, 1848, door Fr. Junghuhn. Met cards en platen. In: Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië. 13de Jaarg. 1851, deel I, pp. 193-238, 345-387, 425-463.
- Terugreis van Java naar Europa, met de zoogenaamde Engelsche Overlandpost, in de maanden September en October, 1848, door Fr. Junghuhn. Met plates. Zalt-Bommel, Joh. Noman & Zoon, 1851. 2 sheets, 127 pages, 1 sheet. With 2 folded profile plates and 4 color lithographed plates [with a preface by the author and 2 pages of errata].
1852
- Reizen door Java, voornamelijk door het oostelijk Gedeelte van dit eiland. Opgenomen en beschreven in het jaar 1844 by Dr. Ms. young chicken. Te Amsterdam, by PN van Kampen. 1852. Met plates, cards and profiles. Eerste Deel: Title u. Preface pp. I-IV, text pp. 1–366. Tweede Deel: title page pp. I – II, text pp. 367–721.
- Return trip from Java to Europe with the so-called English overland mail in September and October 1848 ... Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1852. ( ↑ )
1852-1854
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Java, its shape, plant cover and internal structure. … Leipzig, Arnoldische Buchhandlung. 1852 (1st volume) a. 1854 (2nd and 3rd volume). ( ↑ )
A table volume belongs to this work:
Eleven Landscape Views of Java. Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1853. ( ↑ )
1854
- Catalog of the geological collection of Java. Or lists of the types of rock collected to explain the geological structure of this island, filed and organized in the Imperial Museum for Natural History in Leiden. From Ms. Junghuhn. 's-Gravenhage, at CW Mieling. 1854. III, 136 pp., 1 pp. Errata. [Supplement to the Java plant , its shape, plant cover and internal structure. ... not published in Dutch]
- Het schaap onder de wolven. First in tweede stuk. Weerklank op de schets, voorkomende onder the title "De wolf onder de schapen", in de mengelingen van het jaarboekje van het Koninklijk Zoologischer Genootschap te Amsterdam. Jacs. Hazenberg Corns. Zoon, Leiden, 1854. [Satirical pamphlet]
- The wolf among the sheep. Reflection on a sketch of the same name in the mishaps of the Year Book of Kings. Zoolog. Amsterdam Cooperative.
- Lights in Schaduwbeelden uit de inland areas of Java. About the character, de mate van beschaving, de cedas en Gebruiken der Javanen; over de invoering van het Christendom op Java, het bezigen van vrijen arbeid en other questions van den dag. Verhalen en esprekken verzameld op reizen door gebergten en bosschen, in de woningen van armen en rijken. Door de gebroeders Day and night. Medegedeeld door the first received. Te Leiden, by Jacs. Hazenberg Corns. zoon. 1854. 8 °. (First delivery pp. 1–60; second and third delivery from F. Favor, Amsterdam). [anonymous].
- 2nd unchanged edition: Amsterdam, F. Favor, 1855. 8 ° [anonymous];
- 3rd revised edition: Amsterdam, F. Favor, 1862. 8 ° [anonymous];
- 4th revised edition: Amsterdam, F. Favor, 1866. 8 ° [posthumously, with naming of the author, young chicken portrait and brochure of the magazine “De Dageraad”];
- 5th revised and enlarged edition: Amsterdam, F. Favor, 1867. 8 ° [With a portrait of a young chicken, a brochure for the magazine "De Dageraad" and a biography of a young chicken by the publisher F. Favor];
- 6th revised and increased edition: Amsterdam, F. Favorably, 1867. Kl.-8 ° ["Increased" is incorrect: abridged popular edition with "De Dageraad" prospectus. Without the “Geloofsbelijdenis van broeder Avondrood en Morgenrood”];
- 7th revised and increased edition: Amsterdam, CL Brinkman (1883). 8 ° [“Increased” is incorrect: popular edition without a biography, preface and portrait, but with the “Geloofsbelijdenis van broeder Avondrood en Morgenrood”].
1855
- Light and shadow images from the interior of Java ... Amsterdam, F. Favor. ( ↑ )
- 1st edition: 1855 [anonymous],
- 2nd edition: 1858, under the title The introduction of Christianity on Java. From an Indian missionnair. [anonymous],
- 3rd edition: 1866 [posthumously, with naming and portrait of the author].
- Kaart van het eiland Java. CW Mieling te 's-Gravenhage, 1855. ( ↑ )
1856
- Java album. Landscape views from Java. ... Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1856. ( ↑ )
1857
- Java, its shape, plant cover and internal structure. (2nd unchanged edition). Arnoldische Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1857. ( ↑ )
- Over de fossiele zoogdierbeenderen te Patihajam, in de residentie Djapara, island of Java. In: Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië. Deel XIV. Derde series. Deel IV. Lange & Co., Batavia 1857. pp. 215-219.
- Younghuhn's latest research in Java. From a letter from Mrs. Junghuhn to Mr. A. v. Humboldt, dd Tjiandjur 8 December 1856. In: Journal for General Geography. Ed. by Dr. K. Neumann. New episode. Second volume. Berlin, Verlag von Dietrich Reimer, 1857. pp. 506-517.
1858
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Toestand der aangekweekte kinabimmern op het eiland Java tijdens het bezoek van Zijne Excellentie the governor Generaal Chs. F. Pahud, Ridder Grootkruis van den Nederlandschen Leeuw,… [etc.] in het laatst der maand Julij en het begin 1857, kort beschreven by Fr. Junghuhn, inspector charged with natural onderzoekingen in Nederlandsch Indië en tijdelijk met de kinakultuur op Java. In: Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië. Deel XV: Vierde series. Deel I. Batavia, Lange & Co., 1858. pp. 23-133. - Subsequent to this on p. 134–138: Uittreksel uit een letter van den heer Junghuhn aan de Redaktie.
JE Teysmann delivered a sharp criticism of this essay: Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der kina-kultuur op Java. In: Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Ned.-Indië, deel XXV, 1863, pp. 47–64, with a postscript, pp. 65–80.
- The condition of the Chinese trees planted on Java at the time of the visit of Sr. Excellency of the Governor General of the Dutch Indies, Chr. F. Pahud […], at the end of June and beginning of July 1857, briefly described by Franz Junghuhn (inspector, commissioned with scientific investigations in Dutch India and temporarily with the management of the China culture in Java). In: Bonplandia. Journal for the whole botany. Official organ of the Kaiserl. Leopoldine-Carolinian Academy of Natural Scientists. Ed. by Wilhelm EG Seemann [and] Berthold Seemann, Dr. Ph., FLS Hannover. Publisher by Carl Rümpler. VI. Year, No. 4 u. 5. March 15, 1858. pp. 70-107. - With 1 illustration (p. 82). - A sharp criticism of this article in the same journal by JK Hasskarl (Bonplandia No. 6 and 7, March 15, 1858, pp. 126–127).
1859
- Voorloopige handleiding voor de Proef-Kina-Kultuur. Zamengesteld naar een oorspronkelijk written by Dr. FW young chicken. In: Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië, Deel XVIII. Vierde series. Deel IV. Batavia, W. Ogilvie, 1859, pp. 97-110. [Instructions for the rearing and care of the chinchona cultures]. - Subsequently on p. 111–141:
- Aanteekeningen in verband staande met de voorloopige handleiding voor de Proef-Kina-Kultuur, zamengesteld naar een oorsprongelijk written by Dr. FW young chicken. [Compare with temperature and altitude measurements of the Javanese cultures with the observations of Humboldt, Boussingault and Weddell in South America, growing quinine plants in greenhouses, harmful insects, etc.]
1860
- De Kinakultuur op Java. Op het einde van het jaar 1859. Kort Beschreven door Fr. Junghuhn en JE de Vrij (met plaat). In: Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië. Deel XXI. Vijfde series. Deel I. Batavia 1860.
- Eerste deeled. Fixes over the toestand of aangequeekte cinema zooming uit a kruidkundig en kultuur-geschiedkundig oogpunt beschouwd. Door Frans Young Chicken. Pp. 179-249.
- Tweede deeled. Scheikundige onderzoekingen en toelichtingen of bjidrachtingen tot de kennis van de organic inventory deelen of the op Java planned Kina boom. Door Dr. JE de Vrij, inspector charged with onderzoekingen in Neérl. In the. Pp. 250-275.
- The Chinese culture on Java at the end of 1859. Briefly described by Fr. Junghuhn and JE de Vrij. In: Bonplandia. Journal for the whole botany. Official organ of the Kaiserl. Leopoldine-Carolinian Academy of Natural Scientists. Ed. by Wilhelm EG Seemann [and] Berthold Seemann, Dr. Ph., FLS Hannover. Publisher by Carl Rümpler. VIII. Year. Hanover 1860.
- First section. Report on the condition of the planted Chinese trees in terms of botanical and cultural history. From Franz Junghuhn. No. 13, pp. 206-210, no. 14 and 15, pp. 227-242 (with ill. On p. 231), no. 16, pp. 254-258.
- Second part. Chemical investigations and explanations, or: Contributions to the knowledge especially of the organic components of the Chinese trees planted on Java. From Dr. JE de Vrij. No. 17 and 18, pp. 270-279.
- [German translations of the aforementioned articles]
1862
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Open letter from Dr. F. Junghuhn, aan de Heeren Directeuren of the Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-India, the Batavia. Gedong Banteng, August 27, 1862. In: Java-Bode van den 6en en 10en September 1862, no. 71 and 72. Batavia, HM van Dorp.
[mainly a defense against attacks by JE Teysmann.]
1863
- State aantoonende de avoiding the kinaplanten op Java en de onkosten daardoor veroorzaakt sedert primo Julij 1856 until the end of December 1862. Benevens toelichting van eenige tegenwerpingen, withered in printed writing tegen de kinakultuur op Java zijn zijn. Door Fr. Young chicken. In: Java-Bode, 1863, Nos. 19, 20 u. 21. Batavia, HM van Dorp. - The … toelichting (= explanation) van eenige tegenwerpingen… also in: Gedenkboek Franz Junghuhn. 1809-1864. 's-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff, 1910. pp. 203-222.
- About the propagation of the Chinese plants on Java and the expenses caused by it from July 1st, 1856 to the last December, 1862. In: The Abroad. A weekly for the knowledge of the intellectual and moral life of the peoples with special consideration for related phenomena in Germany. Augsburg, 36th year 1863, published by JG Cotta'schen Buchhandlung. No. 40, pp. 952-954 and No. 41, pp. 964-969 (German translation of the aforementioned article).
After that, annual reports on the state of the Chinese cultures on Java, the alkaloid content of the bark and leaves of the chinchona plants and on so-called "green indigo plants" (Rhamnus utilis and Chlorophorus) were sent to the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies and in the Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië published (1863, 1864 and - posthumously - 1865).
Publications by other scientists based on Junghuhn's research and collections
- Anonymous (Text: Ernst Behm . Map: August Petermann ): The orographic-physical basic features of Java, according to the research of Dr. Ms. young chicken. (As explanatory remarks on plate 9.) In: Communications from Justus Perthes' geographical institute about important new investigations in the entire field of geography by Dr. A. Petermann. 6th volume, 1860. Gotha: Justus Perthes. Pp. 188-191. With a multi-fold color lithographed map.
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Anonymous (Text: Ernst Behm . Maps: August Petermann ): Remarks on the maps of Java, plate 18. In: Mittheilungen from Justus Perthes' geographical institute about important new researches in the whole area of geography by Dr. A. Petermann. Volume 12, 1866. Gotha: Justus Perthes. Pp. 447-450.
The upper half of the associated multi-fold, color lithographed board contains the administrative division, the state of the means of transport at the time, the telegraph network, the railroad and the steamboat lines, and in the lower half a “culture map of Java, mainly based on Dr. F. Junghuhn ”, showing the hot, temperate, cool and cold regions as well as the average upper limit of the villages and cultivated fields.
- On the essays by Ernst Behm and the maps by August Petermann
The orographic-physical basics of Java. Gotha 1860.
Notes on the maps of Java…. Gotha 1866.
- Th (eodor). Heinrich). Behrens : Contributions to the petrography of the Indian archipelago. In: Negotiations of the Royal Academy of Wetenschappen. Twintigest deel. Amsterdam, Johannes Müller, 1880. 24 p., 1 plate in color printing with 11 microscope. Rock sections, 1 map of the Tjiletoek-Baai (southwest coast of Java).
- Th (eodor). Heinrich). Behrens : Contributions to the petrography of the Indian archipelago. Second piece. The rocks of the volcanoes of Java. In: Negotiations of the Royal Academy of Wetenschappen. The twintest deel. Amsterdam, Johannes Müller, 1883. 71 pp., 1 nn. See overview table, 1 panel with 6 photograph. Fig., 1 sheet. Explanation of the fig.
-
S (iegwart). Friedmann: The East Asian island world. Country and people of the Dutch East Indies: the Sunda Islands, the Moluccas and New Guinea. Travel memories and accounts, recorded during his stay in the Dutch East Indies and edited by Dr. S. Friedmann. First volume. The tropical island of Java. [the second volume covers Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas and New Guinea]. Publishing house by Otto Spamer. Leipzig 1868. (Picturesque festivities. The book of journeys and discoveries. New illustrated library of regional and ethnology to expand knowledge of foreign countries. Asia. IV.).
- For the descriptions of nature in the 9th and 10th chapter, Java's general natural painting. (From the editorial staff of the book of journeys. ), Pp. 211–248, with an abridged representation of the four vegetation zones, and Java's soil and the volcanic activity of the East Asian islands. Pp. 249–266, Junghuhn's work Java, its shape, plant cover and interior design was the most important source.
"Young chicken's surprise by the King Tiger".
Beginning of the 9th chapter with the condensed representation of Junghuhn's description of the natural conditions of Java.
- Heinrich Robert Göppert : About the structure of the balanophores as well as the occurrence of wax in them and in other plants. In: Negotiations of the Kaiserlich-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Akademie deutscher Naturforscher, 18th volume, 1st supplement. Breslau and Bonn, Weber, 1841. 48 p. 3 drawings.
- Heinrich Robert Göppert : On the knowledge of the balanophores, especially the genus Rhopalocnemis Jungh. by Dr. HR Göppert, M. d. A. d. N. With five lithographic plates. Handed over to the academy on December 22nd, 1846. In: Imperial-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher: Nova acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosum. Halle, Vol. XXII, P. 1. Breslau and Bonn, Weber, 1847. 1 unnumbered sheet, pp. (119) –158. - The partly folded panels XI to XV.
- Heinrich Robert Göppert : The tertiary flora of the island of Java, described after the discoveries of Mr. Fr. Junghuhn and discussed in their relation to the total flora of the tertiary period. By Heinrich Robert Göppert, […]. With 14 plates printed in color. Published on the initiative of and with the support of the Ministry of Colonies. CW Mieling, 's-Gravenhage 1854. 1 sheet, 169 p., 1 sheet - First description of the extinct flora of a tropical country.
- Jan). A (drian). Herklots: Fossiles de Java. Description of the restes fossiles d'animaux des terrains tertiaires de l'île Java, recueillis sur les lieux par M. Fr. Junghuhn, Docteur ès-sciences, publiés par ordre de SM le Roi des Pays-Bas. Leide [= Leiden], EJ Brill, 1854. IV, 24 p. With 5 plates. Folio [unfinished; only the fourth delivery on the echinoderms appeared].
- Ferdinand von Hochstetter : Letter to Alexander von Humboldt. In: Meeting reports of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Mathematical and scientific class. Thirty-sixth volume. Vienna. From the kk Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. In commission from Karl Gerold's Sohn, 1859. pp. 121–142.
- S (ijfert). H (endrik). Koorders: Plantae Junghuhnianae ineditae. - 4 parts:
- I. Opmerkingen about some javaansche soorten van eene in 's Rijks Herbarium te Leiden a found collectie onbewendet young chicken plants.
- II. Popyporandra Junghuhnii, a dead dusver nog niet beschreven in 's Rijks Herbarium te Leiden was found soort from the family of the Icacinaceae.
- III. Some plant-geographical remarks about a species of the Hamamelidaceous genus Distylium Sieb that grows wild in the high Java mountains. and Zucc.
- IV. Buttoned soorten-opsomming of the Phanerogams van Java, wilted were found in a young fowl on noticed nagelaten, voornamelijk in het tijdvak 1855–1863 by hem newly brought herbarium collection.
- The first three parts in: Verslag van de gewone Vergaderingen der Wis- en Natuurkundige Afdeeling der Kon. Academy van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. Deel XVII, van 30 Mei 1908 dead April 23, 1909. pp. 156-160, 780-782, 948-955. The fourth part in: Gedenkboek Franz Junghuhn 1809–1909. 's-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff 1910, pp. 153-198.
- Landgrebe, Georg: Natural history of the volcanoes and the related phenomena by Dr. Georg Landgrebe, member of several learned societies. First volume. Gotha: Justus Perthes. 1855. Digitized: books.google.com.ag (accessed on May 8, 2018). - p. 257 ff .: Series of the Sunda Islands (with numerous references to young fowl).
- Jan Lorié: Bijdrage tot de kennis of the Javaansche eruptiefgesteenten. Rotterdam, M. Wyt & Zonen, 1879. XII, 273 p. And 1 folding plate. Dissertation submitted to the Rijks-Universiteit Utrecht.
- KM (= Karl Eduard Meinicke?): Young chicken's travels in Sumatra. In: Botanische Zeitung. Ed. by Hugo v. Mohl and DFL from Schlechtendal. Fourth year 1846. Berlin, with A. Förstner. Columns 637-639, 653-656, 675-679, 697-700.
- Wilh. Mahlmann: About Dr. Young chicken's travels in the Batta countries. (Explained by the original recordings, profiles and picturesque views, in hand drawings.) In: Monthly reports on the negotiations of the Society for Geography in Berlin. Edited by Dr. Wilhelm Mahlmann. New episode: third volume. The whole series 7th year: May 1845–1846. Berlin, Schropp u. Comp., 1846. pp. 259-270. - Digital copy : digizeitschriften.de (accessed on May 4, 2018).
- K (arl). Martin : The tertiary classes on Java. After the discoveries of Ms. Junghuhn. Edited by Dr. K. Martin […] With twenty-six lithographic and two photographic plates, along with a geological map. [colored folding map of West Java]. Leiden, EJ Brill, 1879-1880. IX, 164, VI, 51, 6 pages. 4 °.
- K (arl). Martin : Remains of pre-worldly proboscidians from Java and Banka. In: Collections of the Geological Reich Museum in Leiden, edited by K. Martin and A. Wichmann. Leiden, EJ Brill (1889). Pp. (1) -24.
From The Tertiary Flora of the Island of Java, based on the discoveries made by Fr. Junghuhn… by Heinrich Robert Göppert
From Fossiles de Java. … By M. Fr. Junghuhn… by Jan Adrian Herklots
From The Tertiary Layers on Java. After the discoveries of Ms. Junghuhn. From Karl Martin
Camphor tree. From: WH de Vriese: Geschiedenis van de kamferboom van Sumatra.
- Carl Eduard Meinicke : Overview of the latest discoveries in the island of Sumatra. In: Journal of General Geography. Published by TE Gumprecht. Berlin, Verlag von Dietrich Reimer, 3rd volume 1854, pp. 98-134 and 4th volume 1855, pp. 1-35. With 1 folded card.
- FAW Miquel , WH de Vriese, JH Molkenboer, LAJ Burgersdyk, JK Hasskarl (among others): Plantae Junghuhnianae. Enumeratio plantarum, quas in insulis Java et Sumatra, detexit Fr. Junghuhn. (Fasc. I-IV) . Lugduni-Batavorum [= Leiden, Netherlands], HR de Breuk; Parisiis [= Paris]: JB Bailliére, 1851 (2nd edition 1853) –1857. 570 pp.
- Karl Müller : A look at Java after Junghuhn's research. Lecture given in the trade association in Halle on April 3, 1865. In: Nature. Newspaper for the dissemination of scientific knowledge and view of nature for readers of all classes. Edited by Dr. Otto Ule and Dr. Karl Müller von Halle. Fourteenth volume. (Born 1865.) Halle, G. Schwetschke'scher Verlag. Pp. 201-204, 211-214, 251-253, 267-270, 275-278, 283-288. With 7 xylographic text images.
- [Carl] Ritter : Göppert's report on the collections of Mr. Junghuhn from Java. - In: Monthly reports on the negotiations of the Society for Geography in Berlin. Edited by Dr. TE Gumprecht. New episode: Eighth volume. The whole series 12th year: May 1850–1851. Berlin, Schropp u. Comp., 1851. pp. 145-152.
- DFL v. Schlechtendal : About the alleged tree-like Lycopodium from Sumatra. In: Botanische Zeitung. Ed. by Hugo v. Mohl and DFL from Schlechtendal. Fourth year 1846. Berlin, with A. Förstner. Columns 753-757.
- Willem Hendrik de Vriese : About one in Sumatra by Dr. F. Junghuhn discovered Casuarina, described by Dr. WH de Vriese, professor of botany in Amsterdam. In: Botanische Zeitung. Ed. by Hugo von Mohl and DFL von Schlechtendal. Berlin, with A. Förstner. Second year 1844. Columns 537–539 [Introduction and concluding remarks in German, the description of the plant in Latin].
- Willem Hendrik de Vriese : Geschiedenis van de kamferboom van Sumatra; volgens op dat eiland gedane onderzoekingen van Dr. F. Junghuhn, Lid of the certified commissioner in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië. Medegedeeld by WH de Vriese. In: Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. Uitgegeven by WH de Vriese, F. Dozy and JH Molkenboer. Derde deel, first stuck. Leyden, Jacs. Hazenberg Corns. Zoon, 1851. pp. 1-89. With 1 lithographic plate.
- J (ohan). E (liza). de Vry: About the introduction of the Chinese culture in East India. In: Negotiations of the Imperial Leopoldino-Carolinian German Academy of Natural Scientists. Volume 24, Dresden, 1865. Printed by E. Blochmann and Son. On commission with Mrs. Frommann in Jena. Book V (Leopoldina), No. February 1, 1865. pp. 5-11.
Young chicken library
- Catalog de la bibliothèque de feu M. Fr.-Wilh. Young chicken, docteur ès sciences, au service du Gouvernement Néerlandais aux Indes Orientales etc. Dont la vente aura lieu le 22 et 23 May 1865, à 6 heures du soir. Sous la direction et au domicile de Martinus Nijhoff, Libraire à la Haye, Raamstraat 49. 1 sheet, 38 p. A table of contents on the back of the cover. - Auction catalog of the bookseller and publisher Martinus Nijhoff in The Hague. - Digitized version, accessed on August 11, 2015: digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de .
The Royal Library in The Hague keeps a list of books in the possession of Fr. Junghuhn zu Lembang, January 1st 1859 (38 pages in the format 355 x 225 mm), made in German on behalf of Junghuhn and signed by him . This directory is also called by Max Carl Paul Schmidt, from whose possession the Royal Library probably acquired it. According to this, Junghuhn had 538 numbers in XIII groups, a total of 799 volumes or atlases and 945 booklets or deliveries.
Young chicken meaning
Younghuhn, like many of his contemporary colleagues, was overshadowed by Alexander von Humboldt and Charles Darwin and was undeservedly forgotten. With his great Java work he made another attempt to grasp something whole as an individual, like Humboldt to design a “painting of nature” in words and images at a time when specialists in the increasingly diverse natural sciences took the place the generalists stepped. Many of his observations were outdated after a short time, but provided trend-setting suggestions for further research over decades. Some of his observations were ahead of his time, such as his warning of an ecological catastrophe caused by the deforestation and the resulting climatic changes. Other of his observations are still relevant today: His vertical division of the island of Java into a hot, temperate, cool and cold region is taught in the schools of Indonesia in the upper secondary level . Younghuhn was not able to formulate a great new theory. So did Darwin, whose writings he followed with interest in his final years.
literature
Monographs on young fowl
- Goethe-Institut Jakarta (ed.): Research - measure - argue. An exhibition on the 200th birthday of the Java researcher Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (1809–1864). German-language catalog for the exhibition in Mansfeld. Authors: Renate Sternagel, Gerhard Aust. Design and production: Devy Ferdianto (Indonesia). Jakarta [no year given, 2009]. 39 p.
- Goethe Institute Jakarta u. Erasmus Huis Jakarta (Ed.): Meneliti - mengukur - berselisih / researching - measuring - arguing. Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (1809–1864). Pameran memperingati 200 tahun peneliti pulau Java / An exhibition of the occasion of the bicentenary of the explorer of the island of Java. Richly illustrated catalog with Indonesian and English parallel text for the exhibition at the Institut Teknologi Bandung (October 2009) and at the Erasmus Huis in Jakarta (November 2009 to January 2010). Authors: Renate Sternagel, Gerhard Aust. Design and production: Devy Ferdianto (Indonesia). Bandung, November 2009. 67 pp.
- Goethe-Institut Jakarta (ed.): Research - measure - argue. Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (1809–1864). With a foreword by Franz Xaver Augustin (Head of the Goethe Institute at the time of publication). Berlin, regiospectra Verlag, 2010. 276 pp. ISBN 978-3-940132-15-4 . - E-book: ISBN / EAN 9783940132819 (336 pages). - The book contains the following articles:
- Heinz Schütte: From Mansfeld to Java
- Renate Sternagel: Franz Junghuhn's research on Java 1836–1848
- Gerhard Aust: Young chicken as a surveyor and cartographer
- Renate Sternagel, Taufikurahman and Thilo Habel: Young Chicken's Contribution to the Chinchona Culture on Java
- Thilo Habel: Junghuhn's natural physiognomic pictures
- Thomas Theye: Notes on Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn's photographs from Java
- Franz Mangis-Suseno SJ .: Afterword
- Attachments: Young chicken's curriculum vitae, bibliography, index.
- Junghuhn Commission (Ed.): Gedenkboek Franz Junghuhn. 1809-1909. 's-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff, 1910. X, 361 p. With 19 articles in German and Dutch. - In German language:
- M. Schmidt: "Franz Junghuhns Leben" (biography with a table of the most important life dates and a portrait of Junghuhn's wife, pp. 1–23),
- Wilhelm Volz: "Die Battaländer auf Sumatra" (review of the work of the same name by Junghuhn; pp. 57–82),
- K. Martin: "Junghuhn's views on the fossilizing sediments of Java" (pp. 95-104).
- Among the 16 contributions in Dutch are the interesting "Herinneringen aan Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn" from his family doctor Isaäc Groneman, a "Toelichting tot Junghuhn's photographieën" from SH Koorders to the attached 48 photographs and a chronologically ordered "Junghuhn bibliography" from WC Muller. - Review in Petermanns Mitteilungen, vol. 56, 1910, 2nd half volume, p. 160 (V. Hantzsch).
- Rob Nieuwenhuys, Frits Jaquet: Java's onuitputtelijke natuur. Reisverhalen, tekeningen and fotografieën van Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn. Alphen aan den Rijn, AW Sijthoff, 1980. 150 p. With numerous facsimiles and illustrations from Dutch archives and from Junghuhn's travel works. - This book is extremely well worth reading, not only because of its interesting biographical content, but also because of the numerous quotations from all of Junghuhn's major works. Important, because they can hardly be found in the original, are the eleven views of the “Atlas van platen, bevattende eleven picturesquely drawn; behoorende tot het werk Java ... " (Dutch edition of the" Landscapes Atlas ... "), which are reproduced in full-size color reproductions together with the associated Dutch explanations. ISBN 90-218-2611-9 .
- Max CP Schmidt : Franz Junghuhn. Biographical contributions on the 100th anniversary of his birthday collected and edited by Max CP Schmidt. Leipzig, Verlag der Dürr'schen Buchhandlung, 1909. XIV, 374 p. With title picture (young chicken portrait), folded family tree table and 5 illustrations in the text.
- Heinz Schütte, Renate Sternagel: The natural scientist Franz Junghuhn (1809–1864). For the 200th anniversary of his birthday. (= Working Paper Series Global and European Studies Institute at the University of Leipzig 2). Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2009. 68 pp. ISBN 3-86583-431-0 .
- Renate Sternagel: The Humboldt of Java. Life and work of the naturalist Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn 1809–1864. Mitteldeutscher Verlag GmbH, Halle (Saale). 1st edition 2011, 2nd edition 2018. 352 p., With a cover picture (young chicken portrait) and 28 tls. full-page b / w illus. in the text; plus an unnumbered 16-page board section with 11 partly double-sided color illustrations (pictures from the Java album, a section from the Java map, etc.). ISBN 978-3-89812-841-4 .
- There are three articles about this in: KITA, the magazine of the German-Indonesian Society, Issue 3/12, Cologne 2012:
- Horst Jordt: Portrait Renate Sternagel. Pp. 94-97. Biography with color portrait and review of your book.
- Renate Sternagel: How I came across young chicken. Pp. 98-103. With 4 colored figs.
- Karl Mertes: The Humboldt of Java - Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn by Renate Sternagel. Pp. 104-108. Review.
- C (arel). W (illem). Wormser: Frans [Note: Wrong, correct: Franz] Young chicken. Deventer, W. van Hoeve, Tweede Druk, no year (1943). 247 pp. - Volume V of the series “Bouwers van Indië. Een serie levensbeschrijvingen uitgegeven in opdracht van het Koloniaal Instituut. “- Review by Karl Helbig in: Petermanns Mitteilungen, Vol. 90, 1944, p. 295.
Article about young chicken
At the beginning, the incorrect specification of the young chicken's year of birth in older articles must be pointed out. According to his own information, the year of birth 1812 was entered in Junghuhn's Dutch personal file. It is still not known why the young chicken pretended to be three years younger. It was not until 1908 that the Dutch historian Gerret Pieter Rouffaer, through inspection of the Mansfeld church book, established that the young chicken was born in 1809. In almost all articles published before Rouffaer's discovery, 1812 is given as the year of birth. Only the lecture by Karl Müller from 1865 and the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie , Volume 14, 1881, correctly contain the year 1809 (both with the incorrect birthday October 29; October 26 is correct), while Meyer's Großem Konversations -Lexicon , 6th edition 1905, is still mentioned as the year 1812.
- Johann Angerler: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn and the people of Indonesia. About his cultural anthropological work, his spirituality and his relationship to colonialism. In: Anthropos. International Journal of Ethnology and Linguistics. Anthropos Institute, Sankt Augustin 2012. Issue 107.2012 / 2, pp. 407–426.
- Anonymous: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn. In: Illustrirte Zeitung. Weekly news about all events, conditions and personalities of the present, [...]. Forty-third volume. Month July to December 1864. Leipzig, Verlag der Expedition der Illustrirten Zeitung. JJ Weber. No. 1105, Leipzig, September 3, 1864. pp. 168-170. With portrait.
- Anonymous: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn. Obituary. In: Flora or general botanical newspaper, published by the Königigl. bayer. Botanical Society of Regensburg. New series, XXII. Vintage. No. 30, Regensburg, September 22, 1864. pp. 474-480.
- Anonymous: Life sketch of the natural scientist FW Junghuhn. After the "Dageraad". Abroad. A weekly for the knowledge of the intellectual and moral life of the peoples with special consideration for related phenomena in Germany. 37th year, Augsburg, Verlag der JG Cotta'schen Buchhandlung, 1864. No. 48, Augsburg, November 26, 1864. pp. 1142–1147. reader.digitale-sammlungen.de (PDF file, accessed on January 28, 2013.)
- Ewald Banse : Franz Junghuhn. In: Great explorers. A book by adventurers, explorers and scholars. JF Lehmanns Verlag, Munich 1933. pp. 188-197. With portrait (taken from Junghuhn's work "Light and shadow images from the interior of Java" .)
- John Bastin and Bea Brommer: Nineteenth century prints and illustrated books of Indonesia. Utrecht u. Antwerp, Het Spectrum, 1979. ISBN 90-274-9628-5 .
- P. 321: biography.
- Bibliographical references:
- Note 49: Terugreis van Java naar Europa met de zoogenaamde Engelsche Overlandpost and the German edition return trip from Java to Europe with the so-called English overland mail ,
- Note 392: Ruïnen van Java ,
- Note 467: Atlas tot het Werk Java (plates),
- Note 469: Licht- en Schaduwbeelden uit de Binnenlanden van Java ,
- Note 473: Landscape atlas of Java, its shape, plant cover and internal structure ,
- Note 477: Topographical and scientific atlas for the journey through Java (title),
- Note 478: Topographical and scientific atlas for the journey through Java (tables),
- Grade 480: The Batta countries on Sumatra ,
- Note 482: Ruïnen van Java (addendum).
- In the introduction (chapter "Text"):
- P. 28–29: Java, Zijne Gedaante, Zijn Plantentooi en Inwendige Bouw (text volumes as well as Dutch and German editions of the atlas for this work),
- P. 30: Topographical and scientific journeys through Java .
- E (ric). M (ontague). Beekman: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn. In: Fugitive Dreams. An Anthology of Dutch Colonial Literature. Edited, translated, with introductions and notes by EM Beekman. The University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst 1988. pp. 96-129. ISBN 0-87023-575-3 .
- E (ric). M (ontague). Beekman: FW Junghuhn (1809-1864): Elevating Tropical Nature. In: Troubled Pleasures. Dutch colonial Literature from the East Indies 1600-1950. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996. pp. 147-201. ISBN 0-19-815883-1 .
- Katrin Bohley: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn. In: Katrin Bohley: Mansfeld-Lutherstadt. Pp. 56-63. With 5 (2 full-page) illustrations. Hasenverlag, Halle / Saale, 2013. - Volume 3 of the series: Wealth of the Province - Cities in Central Germany. ISBN 978-3-939468-79-0 .
- Ulbe Bosma: Franz Junghuhn's Three-Dimensional and Transcendental Java. In: The Role of Religions in the European Perception of Insular and Mainland Southeast Asia. Travel Accounts from the 16th to the 21st Century. Edited by Monika Sarnez and Jürgen Sarnowsky. Cambridge Scholar Publishing, Newcastle 2016. Chapter Nine, pp. 175-206.
- Bea Brommer: Charming door Oost-Indië. Prenten en verhalen uit de 19e eeuw [Book accompanying the exhibition of the same name in the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam from March 22nd to June 4th 1979]. Utrecht u. Antwerp, Het Spectrum BV, 1979. pp. 57-65. With 9 illustrations, including 4 illustrations of Junghuhn (excerpt from Junghuhn's work “Reizen door Java” , Amsterdam 1852). ISBN 90-274-9627-7 .
- Jan-Peter Frahm u. Jens Eggers: Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm (1809–1864). In: Lexicon of German-speaking bryologists. Norderstedt, Books on Demand GmbH, 2001. Volume 2, pp. 225-226 (with portrait). ISBN 3-8311-0986-9 .
- I (saac). Groneman: Herinneringen aan Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn . In: Gedenkboek Franz Junghuhn 1809–1909. 'S-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff, 1910. pp. 289-298.
- Frans Favor: Levensschets van Dr. Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn. In: Licht- en Schaduwbeelden uit de Binnenlanden van Java… 5th edition 1867, pp. 1–61.
- Thilo Habel: From the landscape mood to the map. Franz Junghuhn's studies on Java. In: Surveying: Cartography of the Tropics. Book accompanying the exhibition at the Ethnological Museum, Berlin-Dahlem. Published by Viola König. Editing: Andrea Nicklisch, Anja Zenner. Pp. 38–42, with 3 illustrations. - Publication of the Ethnologisches Museum Berlin, new series 75. Berlin 2006. ISBN 3-88609-531-2 .
- Karl Helbig : Young chicken. 1809-1864. In: The famous explorers and explorers of the earth. Ed. by Kurt Kayser. Köln, Aulis, 1965, pp. 179–181 (with portrait).
- Dietmar Henze: Young chicken, Franz Wilhelm. In: Encyclopedia of the explorers and explorers of the earth. Graz, Academ. Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1975 ff. Volume II, pp. 721–726.
- Adolf Heuken SJ: The natural scientist: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (1835–1864) . In: "... to where the pepper grows." Four hundred years of Germans on the islands of Indonesia. Cipta Loka Caraka Foundation, Jakarta, 2010. pp. 133–138. With 6 partly colored illustrations in the text.
- YOUNG CHICKEN (FRANZ WILHELM) . In: Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië. 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff; Leiden: EJ Brill;
- 1st edition: Volume II (1899), pp. 147-149.
- 2nd edition: Volume II (1918), pp. 223-226.
- Max Koernicke : In memory of Franz Junghuhn. Letters from young chicken to Ph. Wirtgen. Provided with a foreword and notes and edited by M (ax) Koernicke. In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland and Westphalia, 66th year 1909. Bonn, on commission with Friedrich Cohen. 1910. pp. 277-326. - An important contribution with numerous events only published here; indispensable for anyone who studies young chicken in depth.
- Hans Dieter Kubitscheck: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (1809–1864). A German scientist in Indonesia. In: Treatises and reports of the Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden, Forschungsstelle, Volume 44. Berlin, Akademie – Verlag, 1990. pp. 141–150. - Tables I and II with 4 illustrations.
- Karl Müller : Franz Junghuhn. Lecture given at the trade association in Halle on March 6, 1865. In: Nature. Newspaper for the dissemination of scientific knowledge and view of nature for readers of all classes. Edited by Dr. Otto Ule and Dr. Karl Müller von Halle. Volume fourteenth (born in 1865.). Halle, G. Schwetschke'scher Verlag. Pp. 137-139, 145-148, 153-156, 177-180, 190-192.
- Oscar Peschel : Young chicken on Java. In: History of geography up to Alexander v. Humboldt and Carl Ritter . Munich, literary and artistic establishment of the JG Cotta'schen Buchhandlung. 1865. - Fourth volume in the series “History of Science in Germany. Modern times. ”- pp. 563–564. - After a brief description of Junghuhn's youth (with the then common discrepancies such as the year of birth 1812, killed the opponent in a duel, 20 years imprisonment, etc.), scientifically founded representations of Junghuhn's botanical investigations and barometric height measurements on Java follow.
- Friedrich Ratzel : Young chicken, Franz Wilhelm . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 14, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1881, pp. 712-718.
- Wilhelm). Ruhland : young chicken, Franz Wilhelm. In: Handbuch der Naturwissenschaften. 5th volume, Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena 1914. P. 607.
- FA Schoeppel: Young chicken. In: Deutsche Wacht , year 1924, No. 9, pp. 18-19. - Published in the series Germans in the Dutch East Indies written by Friedrich August Schoeppel .
- Rüdiger Siebert : The Humboldt of Java. Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, doctor and naturalist. - In: Rüdiger Siebert: German traces in Indonesia. Ten résumés in turbulent times. Horlemann-Verlag, Bad Honnef 2002. pp. 45-64. ISBN 3-89502-159-8 .
- Excerpts from this book: Challenge Indonesia. Power, criticism, liberation - Dutch colonial history in the mirror of German lives (Gustav Wilhelm Baron von Imhoff - Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn - Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen - Max Dauthendey - Emil Helfferich - Hans Overbeck - Karl Helbig - Walter Spies) adtractive.de . German-Indonesian Society eV, Cologne 2011.
- M (arius). J (acob). Sirks: FW young chicken. In: Indian Natuuronderzoek. A buttoned divorce is van de beoefening of the natuurwetenschappen in de Nederlandsche Koloniën [dissertation]. Koloniaal Instituut te Amsterdam. Mededeeling No. VI. Afdeeling Trade Museum No. 2. Hoofdstuk V. Uitgegeven van het Instituut. Amst. Boek- en Steendrukkerij, v / h. Ellerman, Harms & Co., 1915. pp. 141-153.
- (Marius Jacob) Sirks: Young chicken, Franz Wilhelm. In: Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek [NNBW], onder redactie van Dr. PC Molhuysen, en Prof. Dr. PJ Blok. Vierde Deel, AW Sijthoff's Uitgevers-Maatschappij, Leiden 1918. Columns 820–822. - Digitized version : resources.huygens.knaw.nl (accessed on November 7, 2016).
- Renate Sternagel: Franz Junghuhn on Java. In: KITA. The magazine of the German-Indonesian Society. Issue 2 + 3/10, Cologne 2010. pp. 19–33. With 4 illustrations.
- Thomas Theye: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (1809–1864) - Photographs from Java. In: Travel Pictures. Contributions to the visualization of travel experience. Edited by Susanne Luber. Pp. 129-193. At 13 photographer Fig. (12 fig. Of young chicken). Foundation Eutin State Library, Eutin 2012. - Eutin Research, Volume 6. ISBN 978-3-939643-07-4 .
- Georg Uschmann : Junghuhn, Franz. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1974, ISBN 3-428-00191-5 , p. 685 f. ( Digitized version ).
- Paul van 't Veer: Geen blad voor de mond. Vijf radicalen uit de negentiende eeuw, geillustreerd met reprodukties van foto's, schilderijen en prenten. Amsterdam, NV de Arbeiderspers, 1958. 217 p. With illustrations and portraits. - Young chicken in the chapter: In de schaduw van de kinaboom: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, 1809–1864.
- Wolfgang Weise: Franz Junghuhn - The Humboldt of Java . In: DIG magazine. Publisher: German-Indonesian Society eV Cologne. Vol. 2-93 (August 1993), pp. 13-16. With 1 illustration.
- Arthur Wichmann : Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn. October 26, 1809 to April 24, 1864. In: Dr. A. Petermann's communications from Justus Perthes' geographical institution. 55th volume, Gotha 1909, pp. 297-300 (with portrait on plate 37).
Young chicken in reports from other travelers
- Joachim von Brenner-Felsach : Visiting the cannibals in Sumatra. First crossing of the independent Batak Lands. Woerl, Würzburg 1894 ( digitized by SBPK Berlin ). - An effective dissemination of the cannibalism topos, with a long quote from Junghuhn's work Die Battaländer auf Sumatra (p. 208).
- J. (iří) V. (aclav) Daneš: The karst region of Goenoeng Sewoe in Java. In: Meeting reports of the royal. Bohm. Society of Sciences in Prague. Presented at the meeting on February 19, 1915. Verlag der Königigl. Bohm. Society of Sciences. On commission from Ms. Řivnáč. Prague 1915. 2 sheets, 89 pages, 1 sheet with 1 profile, 4 photographic images and 2 maps. (Young chicken p. 4–10, 15, 37, 39–44, 48–49, 77, 78, 85; partly with quotations). Digitized on ZOBODAT , accessed on May 16, 2019; in the PDF file from p. 185.
- Ferdinand von Hochstetter : Geological excursions on Java. In: Journey of the Austrian frigate Novara around the earth in the years 1857, 1858, 1859 under the orders of Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Geological part. Second volume: First section, geological observations. Vienna, from the Imperial and Royal Court and State Printing Office, 1866. pp. 113–152. With 1 color plate and 7 illustrations in the text (1 full-page illustration). Digitized on ZOBODAT , accessed on January 6, 2015; the colored board shown here is not included in this digital copy.
- Fedor Jagor : Singapore – Malacca – Java. Travel sketches. Berlin, Springer, 1866. p. 141 (visit to Lembang), 169 ff. (Young chicken cultivation methods of the chinchons), 182 (travel plan), 183 f. (Excursion to the Tangkuban Perahu). Digitized . Retrieved December 12, 2012.
- Otto Mohnike : Views of the plant and animal life in the Dutch Malay countries . Münster, Aschendorff'sche Buchhandlung, 1883.
- Heinrich). Morin: Under the tropical sun. Forays into Java, Sumatra and Ceylon . Munich, Isaria – Verlag, undated (1910). P. 36 and 49.
- Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthofen : Report on an excursion in Java. (Letter to Mr. Beyrich dd Batavia, October 26th, 1861.). In: Journal of the German Geological Society. XIV. Volume. Berlin, Wilh. Hertz (Bessersche Buchhandlung), 1862. pp. 327–356.
- Hermann von Rosenberg : The Malay Archipelago. Descriptions of the country and its people, collected during a thirty-year stay in the colonies. With a foreword by Prof. PJ Veth in Leiden. Leipzig, Verlag von Gustav Weigel, 1878. - On pages 13 to 16, the experiences with young fowl on arrival in Sumatra are described.
- Karl Scherzer : Journey of the Austrian frigate Novara around the world ... under the orders of Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Descriptive part. 3 volumes. Vienna, Karl Gerold's son, 1861–1862. - Volume 2, chap. XII, pp. 131-198: Java. Stay from 5 to 29 May 1858. (p. 172 ff .: Young chicken is visited by Dr. Hochstetter and Dr. Scherzer in Lembang). Digitized version of the first volume of the popular edition published in two volumes (chapter “Java”: pp. 482–548; see link in the table of contents; for details, p. 523 ff.) . Retrieved July 12, 2014.
- Achim Sibeth (Ed.) , With contributions by Uli Kozok a. Juara R. Ginting: Living with your ancestors. Batak. People of Indonesia. ed. Hansjörg Mayer, Stuttgart. Catalog for the exhibition of the same name in the Linden Museum Stuttgart from June 7th to September 30th 1990 and from July 5th 1991 to January 12th 1992 in the Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum Cologne. 240 p., With 330 partly colored illustrations. - Contains detailed descriptions of the cannibalism, which is questioned by many ethnologists. Young chicken on pages 14, 16, 17 and 23, partly with quotations.
Literary and fictional reception
- Felicitas Hoppe : Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn: Ice and Snow . In: Felicitas Hoppe: Criminals and Failures. Five portraits. Marebuchverlag, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-936384-12-6 . Digital copy : frias.uni-freiburg.de (accessed on August 27, 2014).
Web links
- Literature by and about Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn in the catalog of the German National Library
- Author entry and list of the described plant names for Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn at the IPNI
PDF files:
- Topographic and scientific journeys through Java. ..., Magdeburg 1845
- Topographic and scientific atlas for the journey through Java. Magdeburg 1845
- The batta countries on Sumatra. Part 1: Chorography, Berlin 1847 . - Maps in part 1 .
- The batta countries on Sumatra. Part 2: Ethnology, Berlin 1847
- Java its shape, plant cover and internal structure. … Leipzig, Arnoldische Buchhandlung.
- : 1st volume (1852)
- : Explanations of pictures in this volume:
image The links lead to those pages in the first volume
on which the explanations of the images begin
Longitudinal profile of the island of Java
The explanation begins in the third line from the top (a truncated-conical trachyte mountain ...).
Gunung-Lamongan
cover picture in the first volume and cover picture of the Java album (2nd edition 1856).
Gunung Sèwu 
North coast near Samarang 
South coast east of Rongkop
For this purpose it is advisable to read the "Local view" as an introduction . Furthermore, the note no. 5 of interest; here the dangerous harvest of the swallow's nests in the caves on the seashore, blown by the surf, is described.
The image on p. 469 is of better quality: See the description of the Java plant , its shape, plant cover and interior design , first volume.
Gunung-Gamping 
Gunung-Sumbing 
Kahwah-Patua
On the board “Kahwah-Patua”, in the text “Kawah-Patua”. Today's name: Kawah Putih (= White Lake)
Gunung-Guntur 
Telaga Patengan 
Plateau Diëng 
Gunung-Gedé 
Gunung-Merapi
- 2nd volume (1854) . Pages 503 to 964 and the folded plates are missing.
- 2nd volume (1854) . The text is complete, but partly difficult to read.
- Atlas van platen, bevattende eleven picturesque showers. Behoorende tot het werk Java, zijne gedaante, zijn plantentooi en inwendige bouw (Dutch edition of the Landscapes Atlas of Java, its shape, plant cover and interior design)
- Return journey from Java to Europe with the so-called English overland post in September and October 1848
- Catalog of the geological collection of Java
- Light and shadow images from the interior of Java. ..., 4th edition 1866
Remarks
- ↑ See Rüdiger Siebert: German traces in Indonesia. Horlemann, Bad Honnef 2002, p. 58. - “Malay soil” means the island world between Asia and Australia; see Malay Archipelago .
- ↑ See Erich Mindt: The first was a German. Ebner & Ebner, Berlin 1943, p. 115.
- ^ F. Junghuhn: Topographical and scientific journeys through Java, p. 1–2 and p. 10.
- ↑ Already in his first book Topographische und Naturwissenschaftliche Reisen durch Java he made scorn and ridicule about the examination committee in Utrecht, about the doctors of the hospitals in Harderwijk and Batavia , about "priests" who drive "hocus-pocus" and repeatedly about the botanist Carl Ludwig Blume , which was heavily criticized by Justus Karl Haßkarl in his review. - See Flora or general botanical newspaper. No. 30, Regensburg, August 14, 1847, p. 483.
- ↑ See Rüdiger Siebert: German traces in Indonesia. P. 55 ff.
- ^ Petermann's communications. Born 1909, p. 297.
- ↑ In: Flora or general botanical newspaper , XIX. Vol., Regensburg 1836, p. 751.
- ↑ An undqualified naturopath with basic medical knowledge, mainly for the care of wounds and fractures, which he acquired mainly from his father (young chicken's grandfather), also a mountain surgeon. To supplement his meager income, he also tended the hair and beards of the citizens of Mansfeld as a self-appointed barber .
- ^ Karl Müller: Franz Junghuhn. […] In: Die Natur, Volume 14, G. Schwetsche'scher Verlag, Halle 1865. pp. 137–139, 145–148, 153–156, 177–180, 190–192; here pp. 138-139.
- ↑ Renate Sternagel: The Humboldt of Java. Life and work of the naturalist Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn 1809–1864. Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle 2011. - This book is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in young chicken; It bears witness to the fact that, thanks to her decades of research, the historian and Germanist Renate Sternagel has the most extensive knowledge of young fowl.
- ^ Paul Tschackert: Thilo, Johann Karl . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 38, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1894, pp. 40-42.
- ↑ opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de
- ^ Karl Müller: Franz Junghuhn. In: Die Natur, Halle 1865, p. 147.
- ↑ See Renate Sternagel: Der Humboldt von Java. Halle 2011, pp. 22–24.
- ^ Karl Müller: Franz Junghuhn. In: Die Natur, Halle 1865, p. 147.
- ^ Karl Müller: Franz Junghuhn. In: Die Natur, Halle 1865, p. 148.
- ↑ Observationes mycologicae in species Fungorum tam novas tam male cognitas. In: Linnaea. Edited by DFL von Schlechtendal . 5th volume, Berlin 1830. pp. 388-410.
- ↑ At what point in time this suicide attempt occurred can no longer be determined today.
- ↑ See Karl Müller: Franz Junghuhn. In: Die Natur, Halle 1865, p. 148
- ↑ See Renate Sternagel: Der Humboldt von Java , pp. 35–37, and Rüdiger Siebert: German traces in Indonesia . Horlemann, Bad Honnef 2002. P. 47 f. (based on research by R. Sternagel).
- ↑ Young chicken: Escape to Africa . In: Max CP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn. Leipzig 1909, p. 168.
- ↑ Young chicken: Escape to Africa. In: Max CP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn. Leipzig 1909, pp. 163-164.
- ↑ Young chicken: Escape to Africa. In: Max CP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn. Leipzig 1909, p. 170.
- ↑ Max Koernicke: In memory of Franz Junghuhn. In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland and Westphalia. 66th year 1909, p. 280 f.
- ↑ Junghuhn's petition for clemency of June 25, 1833 was only presented to the Prussian king on September 21, whereupon he ordered his immediate release. - Cf. Renate Sternagel: The Humboldt of Java. P. 333, note 24 and p. 334, note 42.
- ↑ She paid particular attention to the mushrooms. Wirtgen published the scientific results under the title Mycological Observations on the Occurrence of Fungi in October and November 1834 in the botanical newspaper Flora Nro. 20, Regensburg, May 18, 1835, pp. 305-313 and pp. 321-331. At the beginning of this work he added in a footnote: “I made these excursions in the company of my friend Ms. Junghuhn, who had just returned from Bona (in North Africa) and stayed here for 2 months. (...) The diagnoses of the newly established species are from him, and many of the remarks given here are the result of joint investigation ”.
- ↑ Letters to Wirtgen, p. 284 and 285.
- ↑ Letters to Wirtgen, p. 285.
- ↑ Letters to Wirtgen, p. 286. - Junghuhn later turned this judgment into the opposite; see in his great Java work in the first volume the chapter on the plant kingdom of Java.
- ↑ Letters to Wirtgen, p. 285.
- ^ Max CP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn. Leipzig 1909, p. 63.
- ↑ See Henze, Enzyklopädie der Entdecker, 10th edition, p. 650.
- ↑ On this lithograph you can see some special features. In the left half of the picture, the tall building with the awnings in front of the windows, was the “Uitkijk” (“lookout”), from which arriving and departing ships were reported inland with movable boards. To the left of it you can see a high pole with a movable "Tijdbal" ("time ball"), which was set up at an astronomically determined point at 106 ° 52 'east longitude and 6 ° 7' 36 "south latitude. With this time ball , the official time was announced: it was lifted up at 11:55 a.m., and it was dropped down at 12:00 noon, as punctually as it was then possible. - On the right edge of the picture, warehouses for goods that have arrived and goods to be exported are shown. - Cf. CWM van de Velde: Gezierter uit Neêrlands Indië , Amsterdam (1843), footnote on p. 4.
- ↑ The peaks of Ringgit and Lamongan were not reached. When climbing the Ringgit, the defenseless young hen was surprised by three tigers; an event that shocked him so much that he made no further attempt to climb this mountain in the future. The Lamongan was born with Dr. Climbed Fritze to the tree line; Attempts to reach the summit had to be abandoned due to the ongoing activity of this volcano. See the cover picture in the first volume of the great Java work.
- ↑ F. Junghuhn: Java, seine Gestalt, plant cover and inner construction , volume II, p. 262. - In the years 1845, 1865, 1868 and 1885 further hydrostatic eruptions took place in this swamp; see the entry Pening (Rawah) in the Encyclopaedie van Nederl.-Indië, Leiden [1. Ed. 1902], Volume 3, p. 251. - Ambarawa, a town with a population of around 80,000 today, is located south of Semarang in Central Java and is known for its railway museum that is well worth seeing .
- ↑ At this point, the young chicken was convinced that he was the first to have reached this highest point in West Java: "So my lonely foot first stepped on a summit which, according to the Javanese, who held back the fear of ghosts, had not yet been visited by mortals." F. Junghuhn: Java, its shape, plant cover and internal construction. Volume 2, Leipzig 1854, p. 16)
- ↑ F. Junghuhn: Java, its shape, plant cover and inner construction. Volume 2, Leipzig 1854, p. 17.
- ↑ Cf. in the English Wikipedia the article Parahyangan
- ↑ Fr. Junghuhn: Topographische Reisen ... , preface on page 270.
- ↑ This map does not take into account the intermediate stops that are certain to have come to Sumatra, such as B. Krui, Manna, Bengkulu, the Trussan-Bai, Mukomuko and possibly other coastal towns.
- ↑ Quoted from The Man-Eating Battaken. In: Max CP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn. Leipzig 1909, p. 317. - Pieter Merkus (1787–1844) was appointed Governor General of the Dutch East Indies on October 11, 1842.
- ↑ “I would hardly have considered an islet barely three-quarters of a mile in circumference worth mentioning if it weren't for the settlement of the Dutch and the garrison there. A small fort, located on a hill and equipped with about eight cannons, dominates the island, which bears the name Pontschang Kitschil, ie the island of Klein-Pontschang. A hundred men with a few officers and a doctor make up the crew. In addition to the military, there is also a resident on the island, who is in charge of the administration of the Battaer, subject to the Dutch, in whose territory we are. ”(S. Friedmann: Die Ostasiatische Inselwelt. Second volume, p. 32. Leipzig 1868)
- ↑ As early as 1878 there was no trace of the fort on this island. The garrison was moved to the opposite coast of West Sumatra and was named "Siboga" after a nearby Batak village of the same name. Today's port city of Sibolga developed from this village . (See Hermann von Rosenberg: Der Malayische Archipel. Leipzig 1878, p. 13.)
- ↑ The militant Islamic reform movement of the Padri in West Sumatra, which broke out in 1803 and was often referred to as the “Minangkabau War”, could only be forcibly subdued by the Dutch-Indian colonial army in 1837 .
- ↑ H. v. Rosenberg: The Malay Archipelago. Leipzig 1878, p. 13.
- ↑ H. v. Rosenberg: The Malay Archipelago. Leipzig 1878, pp. 14-16.
- ↑ In: The man-eating Battaker. Something from Junghuhn's journey through Java and Sumatra. Communicated by Nees von Esenbeck. To Th. M. In: Der Freihafen. 5th year 1842. First quarterly issue. Altona, JF Hammerich. P. 113.
- ↑ Franz Junghuhn: The Battalands on Sumatra. Berlin 1847, Volume I, pp. 50-51.
- ↑ R. Montigel: contributions to the triangulation of Java . In: Journal of Surveying. Born 1933, Issue 15, pp. 4-5. Stuttgart 1933.
- ^ H. Berghaus: Map of the island of Sumatra. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1837. Sheet 11 of the "Atlas of Asia".
- ↑ Review of the book The Battaländer . In: Franz Junghuhn memorial book. 's-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff, 1910, p. 70.
- ↑ The current names are "Mandailing", "Angkola" and "Dolok Lubuk Raja".
- ↑ Waldemar Stöhr: The old Indonesian religions. Brill, Cologne 1975, p. 140.
- ↑ Junghuhn: Die Battaländer ..., first volume, footnote on p. 16.
- ↑ Cf. R. Montigel: Contributions to the history of the triangulation of Java. In: Journal of Surveying. Booklet 15, p. 4. Wittwer, Stuttgart 1933. - Montigel's inaccurate assertion that Junghuhn's large Java card was not executed is strange.
- ↑ Not to be confused with the Merapi in East Java shown below.
- ↑ The thoughtless publicity of this "paradise" quickly led to its demise by poachers and hunters in the years to come. - On this very detailed in Renate Sternagel: Der Humboldt von Java. Mitteldeutscher Vlg., Halle 2011, Chapter Paradise, doomed to end. Pp. 212-214.
- ↑ The north alignment caused sloping edges. However, there is no distortion of the map.
- ^ PJ Veth: Een woord bij de kaart van het Diëng gebergte. In: Tijdschrift van het Aardrijkskundig Genootschap. Volume II, 1877, pp. 357-358, Card No. 16.
- ^ F. Junghuhn: Java , Leipzig 1854, 2nd volume, p. 542 u. the following, in addition table Semeru 1-10 , Fig. 9. - Cf. Renate Sternagel: Der Humboldt von Java . Halle (Saale) 2011, chapter Gunung Semeru , p. 192 and the following.
- ↑ Only one brochure of the "Battalands" was printed in Dutch.
- ↑ "Susuhunan" or "Sunan", "the honored", was the name of the last ruler of the Central Javanese Empire, Mataram. After the division of this empire into three vassal states (Surakarta, Yogyakarta and Mangkunegara) in 1755 and 1757, this title was adopted by the Surakarta dynasty, which still exists today through succession. Since 2005, Susuhunan Pakubuwono XIII has ruled the Kraton (palace) of Surakarta. - Cf. Frits A. Wagner: Indonesia. The art of an island kingdom. Holle Verlag, Baden-Baden, 4th ed. 1962, p. 150, and the article Susuhunan in the English Wikipedia
- ↑ These fights are described in detail in Junghuhn's work Java, its shape, plant cover and internal structure. Volume 2, pp. 443–452 (in the table of contents see the link to page 443).
- ^ Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië. 2nd Edition. Part 4. 's-Gravenhage, Leiden 1921, p. 478.
- ^ Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië. 2nd Edition. Part 1. 's-Gravenhage, Leiden 1917, p. 643.
- ↑ cf. Renate Sternagel: The Humboldt of Java. Halle 2011, pp. 220–228.
- ^ Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië. 1849, pp. 28-34.
- ↑ The "English Overland Mail" did not go by sea around South Africa, but through the Red Sea to Suez and from there overland through the British-occupied Egypt to Alexandria. From here, travelers had the opportunity to go on ships of various nationalities either directly to England or to a southern European port on the Mediterranean Sea.
- ^ Friedrich Ratzel: Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 14, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1881, pp. 712-718.
- ↑ Pahud (born April 18, 1803 in Amsterdam, † August 31, 1873 in 's-Gravenhage) was appointed Minister of the Dutch Colonies in 1849 and Governor General of the Dutch East Indies on January 1, 1856.
- ↑ Renate Sternagel: The Humboldt of Java . Pp. 278-279 and note no. 220.
- ↑ Fr. Junghuhn: Java, its shape, plant cover and inner construction . Leipzig 1854, Volume 3, p. 311.
- ↑ Sh. Younghuhn's latest research in Java. From a letter from Mrs. Junghuhn to Mr. A. v. Humboldt, dd Tjiandjur 8 December 1856. In: Journal for General Geography, New Series, Volume 2, Berlin 1857, pp. 506-517 (here pp. 510-511).
- ↑ Today's name of this garden: Kebun Raya Bogor
- ↑ His wife and four children were killed on the crossing to Java.
- ↑ See Fr. Junghuhn's latest research in Java. From a letter from Mrs. Junghuhn to Mr. A. v. Humboldt. In: Journal for General Geography, New Series, Volume 2, Berlin 1857, pp. 506–517 (here from p. 511).
- ↑ See Rüdiger Siebert: German traces in Indonesia. Bad Honnef 2002, pp. 60 f.- Java supplied around 90 percent of the world's quinine production at this time. In the following years, during the Pacific War, the Japanese occupation of Java came into serious trouble for the American Army: a significant proportion of its losses were due to the lack of quinine supply.
- ↑ Cf. JE de Vry: About the introduction of the Chinese culture in East India. In: Negotiations of the Kaiserl. Leopold.-Carol. German Akademie der Naturforscher, 32nd volume, 1st department, Dresden 1865, pp. 5–11.
- ↑ With the help of a local regent, he hired an overseer at his own expense.
- ↑ Cf. R. Nieuwenhuys, F. Jaquet: Java's onuitputtelijke natuur. Alphen aan den Rijn 1980, p. 142 (translated from the Dutch).
- ^ Arthur Wichmann: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn. In: Petermann's communications. Born 1909, p. 299.
- ↑ This threat was audacious towards the Dutch scientific leadership elite: after de Vriese had played a key role in the Plantae Junghuhnianae , he was appointed professor of chemistry, botany and natural history at the University of Leiden and appointed head of the local Hortus Botanicus . In 1857 he traveled to the Dutch East Indies on behalf of the government to carry out botanical investigations into the plant cultures there. This also included the inspection of young chicken chinchona cultures, and the 12,000 guilders promised for this was obviously nothing more than a "hazard allowance". The fact that Junghuhn was able to carry out his threat despite this government mandate is indicative of his stubborn and indomitable will.
- ↑ Who initiated this intrigue remained unclear. Presumably it was Groneman with the aim of eliminating the technically superior competitor: he himself persuaded Young Chicken to propose him as his successor. - When asked about this “throwing out”, de Vrij, as a perfectly healthy old man, got into angry excitement well into old age. - See Enzyclopaedie van Nederlandsch – Indie. Part 4, Leiden, 1st ed. 1905, p. 658.
- ↑ Renate Sternagel: The Humboldt of Java. Halle (Saale) 2011, p. 324 ff.
- ↑ Published in: Meeting reports of the kaiserl. Academy of Science. Vienna 1859, pp. 124–130.
- ↑ Only two letters of this work were published: See the chapter “Attempting a chronological biography of a young chicken” (1857, second and third entry).
- ↑ Meeting reports of the kaiserl. Academy of Science. Vienna 1859, p. 126 f.
- ↑ This letter addressed to Junghuhn, signed “With unbreakable friendship, your faithful A. v. Humboldt ”, is in Max CP Schmidt's book Franz Junghuhn. Biographical contributions ... printed on p. 342. Among other things, Alexander von Humboldt asks: “On his way, Mr. Fedor Jagor will touch the beautiful island over which you, dear friend, have shed so much light through your happy research. He should learn from you to train himself to be a self-observer. "
- ^ F. Jagor: Singapore, Malacca, Java. Springer, Berlin 1866, p. 183.
- ^ Ewald Banse: Great explorers. P. 193.
- ^ Journal of the German Geological Society. 1862, p. 327.
- ↑ See Dr. Isaac Groneman: Herinneringen aan Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn. In: Franz Junghuhn memorial book. 's-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff, 1910, p. 294 f.
- ↑ The young chicken garden is closed with a metal gate. Visitors must report to a guard who lives at the end of the street on the left. - All photos were taken in October 2009 after a thorough renovation of the entire grave complex on the occasion of the two hundredth birthday of the young chicken. Significant contamination can be seen in recent photos.
- ↑ See Prof. Dr. M. Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn's life. In: Gedenkboek Franz Junghuhn 1809–1909. 's-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff, 1910. pp. 3-7.
- ^ Max CP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn. Leipzig 1909, foreword p. X.
- ↑ Thilo Habel: Measuring where the pepper grows . Humboldt University of Berlin. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
- ↑ The city information is in Luther's former school; see mansfeld.eu Address: Junghuhnstrasse 2, 06343 Mansfeld (next to the Sankt-Georg-Kirche).
- ↑ Renate Sternagel: The Humboldt of Java. Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle (Saale) 2011. pp. 252–260: "Voices: Albertine Junghuhn - the sister."
- ↑ Visitors have to register in the city information.
- ↑ This representation is based on a story told by Luther, which he wrote as a dedication in a Bible; it recalls the legend of St. Christopher .
- ↑ The Count's Lodge can only be reached via the gallery.
- ↑ Claire Voon: Tracking the 19th-Century Explorer Who Scaled Java's Volcanoes ( English ) Hyperallergic Media Inc. December 30, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
- ↑ Figuring FW Junghuhn Symposium ETHZ ( English ) Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. April 20, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
- ↑ 17 Volcanoes: Works by Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, Armin Linke, Bas Princen, U5 and Wermke / Leinkauf ( English ) Princeton University. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
- ↑ 17 Volcanoes: Presentation by curators Alex Lehnerer and Philip Ursprung on YouTube , accessed on August 13, 2019
- ↑ Kurt Kayser (ed.): The famous explorers and discoverers of the earth. Aulis Vlg. Deubner & Co. KG., Munich (1965), p. 181.
- ^ Rüdiger Siebert: German traces in Indonesia. Ten résumés in turbulent times. Horlemann Verlag, Bad Honnef 2002, p. 57.
- ↑ When the land survey of Java began in 1858 on behalf of the colonial government, up to 72 trained surveyors were employed for decades to establish trigonometric surveying networks. Only 40 years later, after careful evaluation of the results, was it possible to produce regionally limited “Residentiekaarten”.
- ↑ Franz Junghuhn: Java, its shape, plant cover and inner construction . Leipzig 1852, Volume I, p. 15.
- ↑ Franz Junghuhn: Java, its shape, plant cover and inner construction . Leipzig 1852, Volume I, p. 20.
- ↑ With the first name "Friedrich Franz Wilhelm" Junghuhn was accepted as a member of the Leopoldina on August 3, 1839 , which was then under the direction of Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck . The cause of this error was probably Junghuhn's absence; at this time he was hiking through the mountains in west Java. This almost inevitably led to Junghuhn's earliest work, his essay Gunong Salak and his work Topographische und Naturwissenschaftliche Reisen durch Java , both with a preface by Nees von Esenbeck, appearing with the first name "Friedrich". In a list of members of this academy published 19 years later, printed in the magazine Bonplandia (VI. Year 1858, No. 2, p. 37 ff .; here p. 46), the name “Junghuhn, Friedrich Franz Wilhelm” is given. Strangely enough, however, in 1842 and 1844 parts of the topographical and scientific journeys, also introduced by Nees von Esenbeck, were published in the journal for comparative geography with the correct first name “Franz”.
- ↑ The tables are numbered as follows: I to XI, XIb, XII to XXXVII; at the end the two unnumbered “height maps”.
- ↑ F. Junghuhn: Topographical and scientific journeys ... , p. 494 f.
- ↑ This table work was first published with the main work Java, its shape, plant cover and interior design . - Nees von Esenbeck in his foreword to Junghuhn's essay Gunong Salak , which appeared on August 7, 1840: “The historical part of his various journeys through Java, undertaken jointly with Blessed Fritze, adorned with a picturesque atlas, lies before me and would undoubtedly have found his publisher if the publishers weren't of the opinion that only flyers and school publications would find their buyers. "
- ↑ On this, Thilo Habel in his essay Junghuhns Naturphysiognomische Bilder: “[...] Formally, the atlas was not a splendid table volume either , but rather reminded of a collection of pamphlets that could be stapled in albums by buyers. The legend texts were printed on cheap newsprint, but the pictures and maps were neatly lithographed. ”In: Goethe-Institut Jakarta (Ed.): Research - measure - argue. Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (1809–1864) . P. 169.
- ↑ These are the height profiles in the table tape.
- ↑ F. Junghuhn: Topographical and scientific journeys ... p. 28.
- ↑ See the Gunung Séwu image in the table in the “Web Links” chapter , with references to Junghuhn's explanations in the Java work.
- ↑ Dietmar Henze: Encyclopedia of the explorers and explorers of the earth. Academ. Pressure and Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1975, Volume II, p. 722.
- ^ Flora or general botanical newspaper, XIX. Year, Regensburg 1836, p. 751.
- ↑ Dietmar Henze: Encyclopedia of the explorers and explorers of the earth. Academ. Pressure and Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1975, Volume II, p. 723.
- ↑ Quoted from: Explanations of the tables of the atlas on Junghuhn's travels through Java. First sheet, panel II.
- ↑ Quoted from: Explanations of the panels ... (as above), first sheet, panel VIII.
- ↑ Quoted from: Explanations of the Plates ... (as above), First Sheet, Plate VII.
- ↑ See explanations of the tables ... (as above). First sheet, plate IX (end on the second sheet).
- ↑ Young chicken was taken prisoner in this village. As a spy, he was sentenced to be consumed alive. Only by means of a hasty escape could he save the life of himself and his companions. After two days, the exhausted group reached a village with friendly people. There, young fowl was offered for human consumption by two prisoners who had been killed the day before. - Cf. Franz Junghuhn: The Battalands on Sumatra . Volume 1, footnote pp. 249-250; more detailed in: The man-eating Battaker. Something from Junghuhn's journey through Java and Sumatra. In: Der Freihafen, 5th year, Altona 1842, pp. 109–119. PDF file: books.google.de . - Despite their detail, these representations can be questioned. Since the young chicken was not familiar with the Batak language, he had to rely on information from his companions. They were so frightened by the evidently hostile behavior of the villagers that they persuaded the young chicken to flee immediately. - Numerous works still report on cannibalism among the Batak, often with gruesome details and illustrations. It is only thanks to the violent Dutch annexation of these lands and the successful work of missionaries that this custom has disappeared today. - In professional circles it is doubted whether cannibalistic practices were practiced among the Batak. Everything that has been written about it is based on oral traditions and sources such as the works of Marsden , Junghuhn, Ida Pfeiffer and Joachim von Brenner-Felsach . There is not a single eyewitness account by an anthropologist or ethnologist of a cannibalistic act among the Batak.
- ↑ F. Junghuhn: The Battalands on Sumatra. Berlin 1847, foreword p. IV.
- ↑ Monthly reports on the negotiations of the Society for Geography in Berlin, new volume, 3rd volume, Berlin 1846, pp. 259–270.
- ↑ F. Junghuhn: The Battalands on Sumatra. Berlin 1847, foreword p. (3).
- ↑ F. Junghuhn: The Battalands on Sumatra. Volume 2, Berlin 1847, footnote pp. 225-226.
- ^ Petermann's communications. Born in 1909, p. 300.
- ^ Friedrich Ratzel: Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) , Volume 14, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1881, p. 714.
- ↑ Cf. F. Junghuhn: The Battalands on Sumatra. Volume 2, p. 236.
- ↑ Franz Junghuhn memorial book. 1809-1909. Martinus Nijhoff, 's-Gravenhage 1910. p. 82.
- ↑ Under this heading is the following explanation (quotation): “The following descriptions and explanations are borrowed from the larger work of Dr. Franz Junghuhn: “Java, its shape, plant cover and internal construction. After the second edition of the Dutch original translated into German by JK Hasskarl. “Leipzig, 1853. Price 20 thalers. All views are not to be seen as arbitrarily chosen, but as characteristic examples of such landscapes that are often repeated on Java: that is, physiognomic types. "
- ^ Petermann's communications. 1909, p. 299 (A. Wichmann); see. F. Young chicken: Java, its shape, plant cover and internal structure. Leipzig 1852, volume 1, preface pp. 9-10.
- ↑ Franz Junghuhn memorial book 1809–1864. 's-Gravenhage 1910, p. 327.
- ↑ Fr. Junghuhn: Java, its shape, plant cover and inner construction. Volume III (1854), p. 311.
- ↑ Dietmar Henze: Enzyklopädie der Entdecker und Erforscher der Erde , 10th edition, Graz 1983, p. 723.
- ↑ Fr. Junghuhn: Java, its shape, plant cover and inner construction. Volume I (1852), p. 160.
- ↑ Fr. Junghuhn: Java, its shape, plant cover and inner construction. Volume I (1852), pp. 41-42.
- ↑ At the beginning of the first section, on the unnumbered page 23, the subtitle “twelve hypsometric maps” is mentioned. However, since a hypsometric map No. II.B. is present, the total number of these cards adds up to 13.
- ↑ Fr. Junghuhn: Java, its shape, plant cover and inner construction. Volume I (1852), pp. 111-132.
- ↑ Young chicken has proven several times that Blume has distinguished itself with scientific results from other researchers. Also on numerous subsequent pages in this section, mostly in footnotes, the young chicken flower, which is highly regarded in the Netherlands, is often sarcastically "degraded". An open hostility had broken out between the two researchers, which was ultimately decided in the Netherlands by the highest official bodies, Johan Rudolf Thorbecke and his cabinet, in favor of Junghuhn.
- ↑ See the table in the Web Links chapter
- ^ Petermann's communications. Volume 44, 1898, p. 27.
- ^ Friedrich Ratzel: Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) , Volume 14, Leipzig 1881, p. 715.
- ↑ Alexander von Humboldt: Kosmos. Draft of a physical description of the world. Volume IV, pp. 323-324. Stuttgart u. Tübingen 1858.
- ↑ You can clearly see a rhinoceros path that zigzags up to the western edge of the Gedé crater. - See the sectional drawing of such a path under the longitudinal profile.
- ↑ The "Memorie van toelichtende aanteekeningen" announced on the bottom left of the page has not been published because these explanations, written by Junghuhn in German, have not been translated into Dutch. - On this Junghuhn, Java, Volume 1, p. 80 (quote): "In the memoir [...] a more detailed account is given of the building materials that were used to compose the map and of the method of recording."
-
↑ The "Cultuurstelsel" ("culture system") obliged the Javanese farmers, after expropriating their land, to hand over two fifths of their harvest to the colonial government or to cultivate one fifth of the land with products specified by the government for the European markets: coffee, tea , Sugar, indigo, tobacco. The government bought all the products to be delivered at fixed, much at low prices. The native princes were given their previous privileges back, and in order to reconcile their commercial interests with those of the Dutch colonial rulers, they were given a large share of the profits. Compliance with this extremely lucrative tax system for the Javanese superiors was enforced with merciless severity by armed guards.
These abuses were passionately accused in the novel Max Havelaar by Eduard Douwes Dekker (pseudonym: "Multatuli"), first published anonymously in 1860 . - ^ Max CP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn. P. 341.
- ↑ This mountainous region is still one of the least developed and most sparsely populated areas on Java. - At this point by the way: The center of this mountain region is the retreat area of the Badui, the remainder of an ancient Sundanese people who resist all external influences and have retained their old way of life.
- ↑ R. Sternagel: Der Humboldt von Java , Mitteldt. Vlg., Halle 2011, p. 186 ff.
- ↑ See the comparison maps of the Tengger Mountains in the Java chapter (1842 to 1848).
- ↑ In: Mittheilungen from Justus Perthes' geographical institute about important new researches in the total area of geography by Dr. A. Petermann. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1860, pp. 188–191.
- ↑ Dutch first edition: Terugreis van Java naar Europa, met de zoogenaamde Engelsche Overlandpost… . Joh. Noman & Zoon, Zalt-Bommel 1851
- ^ Franz Junghuhn: return trip. P. 62.
- ^ Franz Junghuhn: return trip. P. 174.
- ↑ Junghuhn undoubtedly meant Carl Ludwig Blume, who had become his archenemy with his public criticism of his use of a Sumatran plant.
- ↑ This island is located off the west coast of Sumatra. The return trip, however, was through the Strait of Malacca along the east coast of Sumatra. Junghuhn therefore noted in a footnote on page 154: “[...] I have added this view to make the tremendous contrast between the barren drought of the Egyptian landscape and the lush vegetation of the Sunda Islands quite obvious; for here there is not a single spot of the ground that is not covered with trees and bushes. The buildings on this island are hidden under the shade of tall coconut palms and other fruit trees, while the mountain ranges of Sumatra in the background are clad in the dark green of the primeval forests, which stretch far and wide like a single forest. - Here you can see the moist soil almost as covered with green leaves as there with dry grains of sand. "
- ^ Friedrich Ratzel: Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB), Volume 14, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1881, p. 717.
- ↑ In the Franz Junghuhn memorial book, an 1854 edition is mentioned on p. 338. Only the first delivery was made in 1854 by the Dutch publisher Jacs. Hazenberg published in Leiden. In the first German complete edition, this delivery was published by F. Favor in Amsterdam.
- ↑ This information given in the title, according to which a Dutch edition was translated into German, is incorrect. Rather, it was the other way around: for the editions published in the Netherlands, the publisher Frans Christiaan Favor translated the manuscript written by Junghuhn in German into Dutch.
- ↑ FW Junghuhn: Licht- en Schaduwbeelden… ( see above ), 5th ed., P. 258, note.
- ↑ Literally translated: "The daybreak"; in the pantheistic sense "The Dawn".
- ↑ Today this magazine exists under the name De Vrije Gedachte (“The Free Thought”).
- ↑ F. Junghuhn: Licht- und Schattenbilder ... , 4th edition 1866, p. 45
- ↑ The first delivery, pp. 1-60, appeared in Leiden by Jacs. Hazenberg Corns. Zoon.
- ↑ Franz Junghuhn memorial book. P. 339.
- ↑ At this point, reference is made to the extensive bibliography by Hans van der Kamp, in which part of Junghuhn's extensive correspondence is listed docplayer.nl (PDF file in Dutch, 132 pages, 516 kB).
- ↑ M. Koernicke: In memory of Franz Junghuhn. In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland and Westphalia. 66. Volume 1909, Bonn 1910. p. 297.
- ↑ Max Carl Paul Schmidt, who called himself “editor” in the title of his new edition, was apparently not aware of the first publication in the magazine “Der Freihafen”. This is confirmed by him as follows: "I will print the work because I could not find a print through Esenbeck." (Cf. Max CP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn, p. 125).
- ↑ The year 1850 is erroneously written on the title of the first volume of the first Dutch edition: This volume was not completed until 1852. As a result, parts of the first and second edition appeared simultaneously in 1852, which - according to Junghuhn - caused “boundless confusion”: Numerous copies were sold with confused deliveries and incorrect pagination. - Cf. Gedenkboek Franz Junghuhn 1809–1864. 's-Gravenhage 1910. p. 327 ff.
- ^ MCP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn. Leipzig 1909. p. 143.
- ↑ The dates in this title are incorrect; see the correct dates in the German translation.
- ↑ An important discovery in the plant kingdom of Java: It is a by no means rare, yet not yet described Quercus (oak) species, and thus not a small, easily overlooked plant, but a stately tree. Young chicken called him Quercus fagiformis Jungh. and published the first scientific identification of this tree in the above-mentioned Bonplandia edition (footnote on p. 83, in Latin). - "[...] In Kebon Tengah it dominates everywhere, forms at least 4/5 of the trees there, even the forest in some areas, especially in the region between 5800 and 6200 feet, exclusively together. You can recognize it at first glance, as none of the trees I've seen in Java have such a habit as this one. Its roots rise above the ground in a circular line, the diameter of which, depending on the age of the tree, is 3 to 10 feet and then rise, in many ways twisted, twisted and intertwined or fused - in a bell shape 5 to 10 feet up in which They unite, melt together and form the base of the trunks, which first arise here and rise in plural, 3, 5 to 10, straight, but always in a slightly diverging direction, 50 to 60 feet in height, to then in to develop a widespread canopy of foliage. The aboveground root bell is hollow on the inside and encloses a vault-like space, which has the actual trunk base to the ceiling. In the oldest, largest trees, these dome-shaped or dome-shaped caves are spacious enough to accommodate a table, a pair of benches and half a dozen of our workers and to protect them from falling rain. [...] “(Junghuhn, Bonplandia 1858, pp. 82–83).
- ↑ This event took place on July 2, 1838 in East Java. Young chicken was about to climb the summit of the extinct volcano Ringgit with only two Javanese companions, when he suddenly faced three tigers jumping up from the bushes. Two of these tigers fled, but the third remained close in front of him, growling and baring teeth. Armed only with a thin bamboo stick, the young chicken managed to scare away this tiger by screaming loudly (see Topographical and Scientific Journeys through Java , p. 357 f.)
- ↑ dated "In See 25 October 1858" (on board the Austrian frigate "Novara").
- ↑ Junghuhn was used as a source for the second part of this work in Volume 4, 1855 (footnote on page 4: “Ankola begins the description of Junghuhn in his work: Die Battaländer auf Sumatra, which I follow from here on, as this one Book, although also published in a German edition, has not yet received any consideration. " ). Table 1 of this volume, which belongs to this, is an unchanged reprint of the “General Map of Central Sumatra” in Junghuhn's work “Die Battaländer ...” .
- ↑ Unfinished: Without title page, table of contents, introduction etc. The work is paginated throughout from 1 to 570. The last sentence on page 570 breaks off with a hyphenation in the middle of a word. The title is only present on the front cover of the original brochure. See PDF file
- ^ Max CP Schmidt: Franz Junghuhn. Biographical Contributions ..., p. 113.
- ↑ Arthur Wichmann published an extremely derogatory review in which Max Carl Paul Schmidt was indirectly referred to as a dilettante in Petermanns Mitteilungen, 1st half-volume 1910, p. 52. However, Schmidt's book is an indispensable source: In addition to detailed information about young chickens Descent, his upbringing and training, his abilities and his achievements in the Dutch East Indies, it contains the only publication of the autobiographical manuscript Escape to Africa , which as the young chicken's first travel work depicts a significant phase in his adventurous youth, and a selection from young chicken Correspondence with Alexander von Humboldt and other scholars of his time.
- ↑ Despite this extremely positive review, this book is a questionable monograph, as it also describes, among other things, the young chicken's unexecuted trips to Tyrol, Switzerland, Italy, the Pyrenees, Russia, the Caucasus and Sweden. Nevertheless, it is remarkable that the author included a native German among the “builders of India” during the Second World War, in Germany-occupied Holland, and unreservedly honored him with this high honor. With this appreciation, however, Wormser came under suspicion among his compatriots of having made himself popular with the German occupiers or even collaborated with them, which is why many historians and biographers - including German - still do not mention him as a source.
- ↑ GP Rouffaer: Young chicken niet in Oct. 1812 born, maar in Oct. 1809. In: Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 2nd series, Jaargang 25 (1908), pp. 1409-1411.
- ↑ In many places this necrology is identical to the following article in “The Abroad”; it was therefore mainly written after Anthonie Willem Kroon.
- ↑ The article in the Dutch freethinker magazine “De Dageraad” was written by Anthonie Willem Kroon.
- ↑ This article is mentioned here for the sake of completeness. The content of this post is questionable due to incorrect, racist and hateful statements.
- ↑ This substantial and richly illustrated book did not reach the book trade and is only available in Germany at the Smend Gallery in Cologne.
- ↑ Digitized version (accessed on October 9, 2019: Karl Müller: Franz Junghuhn. Lecture . - In this table of contents, the corresponding page can be called up in the search field. Add 10 pages to the information here.). This article, written in the romantic style of the 19th century, contains not only numerous errors in content, but also negative comments from young chicken's obviously disapproving or envious contemporaries. These were taken over, unchecked, by subsequent biographers, which led to an inaccurate picture of young chicken's allegedly malicious and cruel character. One example is the portrayal of young chicken, permeated by racist thoughts, in Ewald Banse's book “Große Forschungsreisen” .
- ↑ Mohnike, who spent a few days with young chicken on the Dieng Plateau in Central Java (see footnote p. 170), refers in his chapter "Plant Life" several times to Junghuhn's great Java work. His section on the distribution of the Malay dicotyledons is structured in height levels similar to that of the young chicken's vertical structure of the Javanese plant kingdom.
- ↑ This limestone rock, which rose about 50 meters above the surroundings not far from the western outskirts of Yogyakarta in the middle of the 19th century, was almost completely eroded away. A small remnant of this rock about 10 meters high is protected as a natural monument. - Young chicken anticipated this erosion: See the two previous paragraphs on the same page, in which he explained the eroding effects of the weather.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Young chicken, Franz Wilhelm |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | German doctor and naturalist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 26, 1809 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Mansfeld |
| DATE OF DEATH | April 24, 1864 |
| Place of death | Lembang |