List of neophytes in Germany
Neophytes ( Greek : neos = new; phyton = plant; singular: neophyte , plural: Neophyta, Germanized neophytes) are plants that, with conscious or unconscious, direct or indirect human help, after 1492, the year of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus , entered an area in which they did not occur naturally. They belong to the so-called hemerochore plants. Plants introduced before 1492 are known as archaeophytes .
Wisskirchen and Haeupler count 328 firmly naturalized plant species in Germany. There are also 35 subspecies and six varieties , as well as six apomictic clans and 18 naturalized Nothospecies that have emerged from crossing . The total number of naturalized plant families is 393, another 51 are only very locally naturalized. Slightly different numbers are due to the different taxonomic treatment of the evening primrose ( Oenothera ). Including inconsistent naturalized species and those whose floristic status is unclear, 508 plant species are listed.
List of neophytes in Germany
| German name | Scientific name | Notes on the floristic status | origin |
Time of introduction |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ash maple | Acer negundo | North America | ||
| Samphire-leaved yarrow | Achillea crithmifolia | locally naturalized | Europe, Southeast | |
| Pale red meadow yarrow | Achillea roseoalba | |||
| Himalayan knotweed | Aconogonon polystachyum | |||
| Sweet flag | Acorus calamus | Asia, Southeast | ||
| Spring flower | Rhaponticum repens (formerly Acroptilon repens ) | Europe, Southwest to Central Asia | ||
| Common horse chestnut | Aesculus hippocastanum | |||
| Castilian ostrich grass | Agrostis castellana | in naturalization | Europe, South; Azores | |
| Rough ostrich grass | Agrostis scabra | North America | ||
| White ostrich grass (var. Marina) | Agrostis stolonifera var. Marina | floristic status unclear | ||
| White ostrich grass (var.pseudopungens) | Agrostis stolonifera var. Pseudopungens | floristic status unclear | ||
| Tree of gods | Ailanthus altissima | in heat islands | Asia, East | 1740 |
| West Tyrolean lady's mantle | Alchemilla hirtipes | floristic status unclear | ||
| Soft lady's mantle | Alchemilla mollis | Europe, Southeast | ||
| Shimmering lady's mantle | Alchemilla splendens | |||
| Black leek | Allium nigrum | possibly archaeophyte | Mediterranean area | |
| Miracle leek | Allium paradoxum | Caucasus, Central Asia | ||
| Mauer Steinkraut | Alyssum murale | locally naturalized | ||
| White foxtail | Amaranthus albus | |||
| West American foxtail | Amaranthus blitoides | |||
| Edged foxtail | Amaranthus blitum subsp. emarginatus | |||
| Short-fringed edged foxtail | Amaranthus blitum var. Emarginatus | |||
| Long-ripped foxtail | Amaranthus blitum var. Pseudogracilis | |||
| Bouchon's foxtail | Amaranthus bouchonii | |||
| Bent amaranth | Amaranthus deflexus | in naturalization | ||
| Greek foxtail | Amaranthus graecizans | |||
| Species group green-eared foxtail | Amaranthus hybridus agg. | 1598 | ||
| Spread foxtail | Amaranthus hybridus s. st. | inconsistent | ||
| Green-eared foxtail | Amaranthus powellii | |||
| Curved back foxtail | Amaranthus retroflexus | |||
| Mugwort-leaved ragweed | Ambrosia artemisiifolia | North America | ||
| Persistent ragweed | Ambrosia coronopifolia | North America | ||
| Three-lobed ragweed | Ambrosia trifida | North America | ||
| Alder-leaved rock pear | Amelanchier alnifolia | North America | ||
| Copper rock pear | Amelanchier lamarckii | Europe, originated there from North American clans | ||
| Broom Rock Pear | Amelanchier spicata | |||
| Bastard indigo | Amorpha fruticosa | in naturalization | North America | |
| Pearl paws , silver immortelle | Anaphalis margaritacea | North America, Northeast Asia | 1607 | |
| Oriental crooked neck | Anchusa arvensis subsp. orientalis | |||
| Italian ox tongue | Anchusa azurea | North America | ||
| Ordinary medicinal angelica | Angelica archangelica subsp. archangelica | locally naturalized | Europe, Northern; West asia | |
| Awn stench grass | Anthoxanthum aristatum | Europe, Western; Mediterranean area | ||
| Snapdragons | Antirrhinum majus | Mediterranean area | 1561 | |
| Broken stalk of wind | Apera interrupta | Europe, Western; Southeast Europe to East Asia | ||
| Swedish narrow wall | Arabidopsis suecica | floristic status unclear | ||
| Caucasian rockcress | Arabis caucasica | 1812 | ||
| Hill rockcress | Arabis collina | |||
| horseradish | Armoracia rusticana | |||
| Plum-leaved chokeberry | Aronia × prunifolia | North America, Eastern | ||
| Annual mugwort | Artemisia annua | Europe, Southeast; Asia | ||
| Austrian mugwort | Artemisia austriaca | Europe, Eastern; Asia | ||
| Biennial mugwort | Artemisia biennis | Europe, Southeast; Asia, North America | ||
| tarragon | Artemisia dracunculus | Europe, Eastern | ||
| Armenian mugwort | Artemisia tournefortiana | Asia, Western | ||
| Kamchatka mugwort | Artemisia verlotiorum | Asia, East? | ||
| Kidney-leaved snapdragon | Asarina procumbens | locally naturalized | ||
| Syrian milkweed | Asclepias syriaca | North America, Eastern | ||
| French striped fern | Asplenium foreziense | Europe Southwest | ||
| Bald aster | Symphyotrichum laeve agg. | syn. Aster laevis | North America | |
| Lancet-leaved aster | Aster lanceolatus | North America | ||
| Large-leaved aster | Aster macrophyllus | locally naturalized | North America | |
| Raubled Aster | Aster novae-angliae | North America | 1718 | |
| Smooth-leaf aster | Aster novi-belgii | North America | 1687 | |
| Small-flowered aster | Aster parviflorus | |||
| Willow-leaved aster | Aster × salignus | 1787 | ||
| Colorful smooth-leaf aster | Aster × versicolor | |||
| Esparsette tragacanth | Astragalus onobrychis | possibly archaeophyte | ||
| Diverse message | Atriplex micrantha | |||
| Shine report | Atriplex sagittata | |||
| Rock stone herb | Aurinia saxatilis | possibly archaeophyte | ||
| Deaf oats | Avena sterilis | |||
| Large algae fern | Azolla filiculoides | |||
| Medium barbara herb | Barbarea intermedia | |||
| Spring barbara herb | Barbarea verna | in naturalization | ||
| Besen-Radmelde | Bassia scoparia | |||
| Summer cypress | Bassia scoparia subsp. densiflora | |||
| Ordinary broom bike report | Bassia scoparia subsp. scoparia | |||
| Common double-eared grass | Beckmannia syzigachne | locally naturalized | North America, East Asia | |
| Gray cress | Berteroa incana | |||
| Overgrown-leaved two-tooth | Bidens connata | |||
| Black fruit two-tooth | Bidens frondosa | |||
| Radiate hollow seeds | Bifora radians | Mediterranean area | ||
| Black mustard | Brassica nigra | |||
| Stubble | Brassica rapa | |||
| Field beet | Brassica rapa subsp. campestris | |||
| Short-lived brimstone | Bromus brachystachys | |||
| Flat-eared brimstone | Bromus carinatus | North America, West; Central America | ||
| Ear grass-like brach | Bromus catharticus | South America | ||
| Big brim | Bromus grossus | threatened with extinction in Germany | Europe, Western | |
| Wrong soft brim | Bromus hordeaceus subsp. divaricatus | in naturalization | ||
| Japanese brim | Bromus japonicus | Europe, Southeast; Central Asia | ||
| Grape brine | Bromus racemosus | |||
| Bulky brim | Bromus squarrosus | Europe, Southwest; Mediterranean area, Central Asia | ||
| Large-leaved Caucasus forget-me-not | Brunnera macrophylla | in naturalization | Caucasus, Western Asia | 1932 |
| Butterfly bush | Buddleja davidii | Asia, East | 1902 | |
| Oriental serrated pod | Bunias orientalis | |||
| Jacquin's rabbit ear | Bupleurum gerardii | possibly archaeophyte, threatened with extinction in Germany | Mediterranean area | |
| Wendich | Calepina irregularis | |||
| Nice bindweed | Calystegia pulchra | Asia, Northeast | ||
| Forest bindweed | Calystegia silvatica | locally naturalized | Europe, Southern | |
| Leek hedgehog-leaved bellflower | Campanula alliariifolia | Caucasus, Western Asia | ||
| Mary's bellflower | Campanula medium | Mediterranean area | ||
| Diamond-leaved bellflower | Campanula rhomboidalis | Europe, Southern | ||
| Common pea bush | Caragana arborescens | in naturalization | Asia, Northeast | |
| Mud meadow foam herb | Cardamine udicola | floristic status unclear | ||
| Arrow cress | Cardaria draba | |||
| Large- scaled nodding thistle | Carduus nutans subsp. macrolepis | locally naturalized | Mediterranean area | |
| Crawford's sedge | Carex crawfordii | North America | ||
| Fox sedge-like sedge | Carex vulpinoidea | locally naturalized | North America | |
| Acanthus-leaved boarwort | Carlina acanthifolia | locally naturalized | Europe, Southeast | |
| Upright stiff grass | Catapodium rigidum | Mediterranean area | ||
| American hackberry | Celtis occidentalis | locally naturalized | North America, Eastern | |
| Star knapweed | Centaurea calcitrapa | Mediterranean area | ||
| Bulky knapweed | Centaurea diffusa | Europe, Southeast; West asia | ||
| Blackish knapweed | Centaurea nigrescens | |||
| Small-headed panicle knapweed | Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos | |||
| Red spurflower | Centranthus ruber | 1561 | ||
| Sicilian hornwort | Cerastium siculum | in naturalization | ||
| Tenores Hornwort | Cerastium tenoreanum | floristic status unclear | ||
| Roman chamomile | Chamaemelum nobile | in naturalization | Mediterranean area | |
| White goosefoot (ssp. Borbasii ) | Chenopodium album subsp. borbasii | floristic status unclear | ||
| White goosefoot (ssp. Pedunculare ) | Chenopodium album subsp. pedunculare | floristic status unclear | ||
| Sticky goosefoot | Chenopodium botrys | |||
| Real strawberry spinach | Chenopodium foliosum | |||
| Australian goosefoot | Chenopodium pumilio | Australia, New Zealand | ||
| Striped goosefoot | Chenopodium strictum | |||
| Critical Striped Goosefoot | Chenopodium strictum subsp. striatiform | inconsistent | ||
| Common striped goosefoot | Chenopodium strictum subsp. strictum | |||
| Great star hyacinth | Chionodoxa forbesii | in naturalization | Asia, Western | |
| Common star hyacinth | Chionodoxa luciliae | in naturalization | Asia, Western | |
| Dark star hyacinth | Chionodoxa sardensis | in naturalization | Asia, Western | |
| Large-leaved milk lettuce | Cicerbita macrophylla | |||
| English thistle | Cirsium dissectum | endangered in Germany | Europe, Western | |
| Common plate herb | Claytonia perfoliata | |||
| Siberian plate herb | Claytonia sibirica | locally naturalized | ||
| Silver-leaved umbel | Cnidium silaifolium | locally naturalized | Mediterranean area | |
| Large-flowered glue seeds | Collomia grandiflora | North America, West | ||
| Bladder bush | Colutea arborescens | Mediterranean area | 1561 | |
| French earth chestnut | Conopodium majus | |||
| Spanish delphinium | Consolida hispanica | Spain, Algeria, Southeast Europe, Western Asia | ~ 1850 | |
| White fleabane | Conyza albida | in naturalization | unknown | |
| South American fleabane | Conyza bonariensis | in naturalization | South America | |
| Canadian fleabane | Conyza canadensis | North America | ||
| Narrow-winged bug seed | Corispermum leptopterum | |||
| Gray bug seed | Corispermum marshalii | |||
| White dogwood | Cornus sericea | North America | 1808 | |
| Two-nodular crow's foot | Coronopus didymus | |||
| Wig bush | Cotinus coggygria | Europe, Southeast; to Central Asia | ||
| Bulky cotoneaster | Cotoneaster divaricatus | in naturalization | Asia, East | |
| Japanese cotoneaster | Cotoneaster horizontalis | in naturalization | Asia, East | |
| Himalayan cotoneaster | Cotoneaster simonsii | in naturalization | ||
| Lye flower | Cotula coronopifolia | Africa, South | ||
| Conifer | Crassula helmsii | Australia, New Zealand | ||
| Bristle Pippau | Crepis setosa | Europe, Southern | ||
| Spring saffron | Crocus vernus subsp. vernus | Europe, Southeast | 1561 | |
| North American silk | Cuscuta campestris | North America, Eastern | ||
| Clover silk | Cuscuta epithymum subsp. trifolii | Mediterranean area | ||
| Sweet pea silk | Cuscuta europaea subsp. viciae | |||
| Gronovius silk | Cuscuta gronovii | North America, Eastern | ||
| Southern silk | Cuscuta scandens | |||
| Chilean silk | Cuscuta suaveolens | South America | ||
| Cymbal herb | Cymbalaria muralis | |||
| Dog tooth grass | Cynodon dactylon | Mediterranean area? | ||
| Fresh green Zypergrass | Cyperus eragrostis | locally naturalized | America, tropical | |
| Tigernuts | Cyperus esculentus | Mediterranean area | ||
| Spanish goat clover | Cytisus multiflorus | in naturalization | ||
| Striped gorse | Cytisus striatus | |||
| Purple Orchid | Dactylorhiza purpurella | floristic status unclear | Europe Northwest | |
| White thorn apple | Datura stramonium | Central America | ||
| Feather carnation | Dianthus plumarius | locally naturalized | Eastern Central Europe, Italian Alps to Tatras | 1790 |
| Woolly thimble | Digitalis lanata | locally naturalized | Europe, Southeast | |
| Wall double | Diplotaxis muralis | |||
| Narrow-leaved double seed | Diplotaxis tenuifolia | |||
| Rod double seed | Diplotaxis viminea | |||
| Split-leaved teasel | Dipsacus laciniatus | Mediterranean area, Western Asia, Caucasus | ||
| Slim card | Dipsacus strigosus | Europe, Eastern; Asia | ||
| Sticky elephant | Dittrichia graveolens | Mediterranean area | ||
| Grove rockflowers | Draba nemorosa | |||
| Scree worm fern | Dryopteris oreades | Europe, Southwest and West | ||
| Indian mock strawberry | Duchesnea indica | Asia, Southeast | ||
| Bristly chicken millet | Echinochloa muricata | |||
| Pickle cucumber | Echinocystis lobata | North America | 1863 | |
| Banat ball thistle | Echinops bannaticus | Europe, Southeast | 1837 | |
| Glandular globular thistle | Echinops exaltatus | Europe, East and Southeast | ||
| Large flower waterweed | Egeria densa | in naturalization | South America | |
| Argentine waterweed | Elodea callitrichoides | |||
| Canadian waterweed | Elodea canadensis | North America | ||
| Narrow-leaved waterweed | Elodea nuttallii | North America | ||
| Vietnamese lemon balm | Elsholtzia ciliata | in naturalization | Asia, East | |
| Dull-flowered couch grass | Elymus obtusiflorus | Europe, Southeast; West asia | ||
| Short-fruited fireweed | Epilobium brachycarpum | locally naturalized | North America, West | |
| Glandular willowherb | Epilobium ciliatum | North America | ||
| Alpine sock flower | Epimedium alpinum | Europe, Southern | ||
| Feathered sock flower | Epimedium pinnatum | locally naturalized | ||
| Big-eared love grass | Eragrostis cilianensis | Mediterranean area | ||
| Slightly crooked love grass | Eragrostis curvula | Africa, South | ||
| Little love grass | Eragrostis minor | Mediterranean area | ||
| Japanese love grass | Eragrostis multicaulis | Asia, East | ||
| Hairy love grass | Eragrostis pilosa | Mediterranean area | ||
| Winterling | Eranthis hyemalis | Southern Europe | 1607 | |
| Annual fine jet | Erigeron annuus | North America | 1684 | |
| Ordinary annual fine stream | Erigeron annuus subsp. annuus | North America | ||
| Nordic annual fine jet | Erigeron annuus subsp. septentrionalis | North America | ||
| Curry-haired annual fine ray | Erigeron annuus subsp. strigosus | North America | ||
| Woolly wool sheet | Eriophyllum lanatum | locally naturalized | North America, West | |
| Bulky scotland | Erysimum repandum | |||
| California poppy seeds | Eschscholzia californica | in naturalization | North America, West | 1820 |
| Lying milkweed | Euphorbia prostrata ( syn. Chamaesyce prostrata ) | in naturalization | America, tropical | |
| Snake milkweed | Euphorbia serpens ( syn. Chamaesyce serpens ) | in naturalization | America, tropical | |
| Japan knotweed | Fallopia japonica | widespread | Japan | 1825 (um) |
| Common Japanese knotweed | Fallopia japonica var. Japonica | |||
| Sakhalin knotweed | Fallopia sachalinensis | |||
| Bastard knotweed | Fallopia × bohemica | |||
| Makutrenser sheep fescue | Festuca makutrensis | floristic status unclear | ||
| Flower ash | Fraxinus ornus | Europe, Southern; West asia | ||
| Pennsylvania ash | Fraxinus pennsylvanica | North America | ||
| Bohemian rock yellow star | Gagea bohemica subsp. bohemica | floristic status unclear | ||
| Hawk | Galega officinalis | Europe, Southeast | ||
| Hairy French herb | Galinsoga ciliata | South America, Central America | ||
| Small-flowered French herb | Galinsoga parviflora | South America | ||
| Small-flowered meadow bedstraw | Galium mollugo | possibly archaeophyte | ||
| Wheat oats | Gaudinia fragilis | in naturalization | Mediterranean area, Azores | |
| Rock cranesbill | Geranium macrorrhizum | Europe, Southeast | 1588 | |
| Gnarled cranesbill | Geranium nodosum | Europe, Southern | ||
| Pale purple brown cranesbill | Geranium phaeum subsp. lividum | |||
| Purple cranesbill | Geranium purpureum | Mediterranean area | ||
| Pyrenean cranesbill | Geranium pyrenaicum | Pyrenees, southern Europe to the Caucasus | 1779 | |
| Geranium reflexum | locally naturalized | Mediterranean area | ||
| Round-leaved cranesbill | Geranium rotundifolium | |||
| Siberian cranesbill | Geranium sibiricum | Europe, Eastern | ||
| Japanese clove root | Geum japonicum | in naturalization | Asia, East | |
| Illyrian Siegwurz | Gladiolus illyricus | in naturalization | Mediterranean area, Western Asia | |
| Yellow horn poppy | Glaucium flavum | |||
| Striped swath | Glyceria striata | North America | ||
| Panicle of gypsophila | Gypsophila paniculata | Southeast Europe to Western Siberia | 1757 | |
| Streaky-leaved gypsum herb | Gypsophila perfoliata | |||
| Salsify gypsophila | Gypsophila scorzonerifolia | |||
| Common sunflower | Helianthus annuus | inconsistent | North America | |
| Jerusalem artichoke | Helianthus tuberosus | North America | ||
| Yellow-red daylily | Hemerocallis fulva | Asia, East | 1561 | |
| Yellow daylily | Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus | Europe, Southern; possibly from East Asia | 1564 | |
| Giant hogweed | Heracleum mantegazzianum | Caucasus | ||
| Hairy broken herb | Herniaria hirsuta | Europe, Southern | ||
| Ordinary night vio | Hesperis matronalis | |||
| Grape hawkweed | Hieracium racemosum | Europe, Southeast | ||
| Horror | Hirschfeldia incana | |||
| Mane barley | Hordeum jubatum | North America, East Asia | ||
| Brown-red mouse barley | Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum | Mediterranean area | ||
| Whorled ground nettle | Hydrilla verticillata | cosmopolitan | ||
| Great Canadian St. John's Wort | Hypericum majus | North America | ||
| hyssop | Hyssopus officinalis | |||
| Golden candytuft | Iberis umbellata | probably Asia Minor | 1586 | |
| Orange-red balsam | Impatiens capensis | North America | ||
| Glandular balsam | Impatiens glandulifera | Asia | 1854 | |
| Little balsam | Impatiens parviflora | Asia, Northeast | ||
| Real elephant | Inula helenium | Europe, South and Southeast | ||
| Grass-leaved iris | Iris graminea | Europe, Southeast | 1561 | |
| Pale iris | Iris pallida | South Tyrol to Dalmatia | 1503 | |
| Elderberry iris | Iris sambucina | Europe, Southern | 1613 | |
| Yellowish iris | Iris squalens | Europe, Eastern | ||
| Iridescent iris | Iris versicolor | North America, Eastern | ||
| Sweet herb | Iva xanthiifolia | North America | ||
| Allionis fringed houseleek | Jovibarba globifera subsp. allionii | locally naturalized | Europe, Alps | |
| walnut | Juglans regia | |||
| Sword-leaved bulrush | Juncus ensifolius | locally naturalized | North America, West; East asia | |
| Tender rush | Juncus tenuis | North America | 1824 | |
| Narrow-leaved bay rose | Kalmia angustifolia | |||
| Ordinary laburnum | Laburnum anagyroides | northern Mediterranean area | 1542 | |
| Tatar lettuce | Lactuca tatarica | Europe, Eastern | ||
| Wechselblatt waterweed | Lagarosiphon major | Africa, South | ||
| Silver nettle | Lamium argentatum | unknown | ||
| Lathraea clandestina | locally naturalized | Europe, Western | ||
| Broad-leaved pea | Lathyrus latifolius | Mediterranean area | 1613 | |
| Globular seed pea | Lathyrus sphaericus | in naturalization | ||
| Greenland Porst | Ledum groenlandicum | |||
| Petite duckweed | Lemna minuta | America | ||
| Red duckweed | Lemna turionifera | |||
| Shaggy mother and sister | Leonurus cardiaca subsp. villosus | |||
| Dense flowered cress | Lepidium densiflorum | |||
| Different-leaved cress | Lepidium heterophyllum | |||
| Virginian cress | Lepidium virginicum | |||
| Chickweed | Lepyrodiclis holosteoides | inconsistent | ||
| Late blooming daisy | Leucanthemella serotina | Europe, Southeast | ||
| Summer knot flower | Leucojum aestivum | Europe, South and Southeast | ||
| Dalmatian toadflax | Linaria dalmatica | in naturalization | Mediterranean area | |
| Gorse toadflax | Linaria genistifolia | |||
| Striped toadflax | Linaria repens | Europe, Western | ||
| Tail toadflax | Linaria spartea | Europe Southwest | ||
| Great ragweed | Lindernia dubia | North America | ||
| Linum austriacum | possibly archaeophyte | |||
| Beach silver herb | Lobularia maritima | in naturalization | Mediterranean area | 1630 |
| Multi-flowered ryegrass | Lolium multiflorum | Europe, Southern; West asia | ||
| Garden silver leaf | Lunaria annua | in naturalization | northern Mediterranean area | 1594 |
| Multi-leaved lupine | Lupinus polyphyllus | western north america | 1837 | |
| Wolfberry | Lycium barbarum | Asia, East | ||
| Spotted loosestrife | Lysimachia punctata | Southeast Europe | 1588 | |
| Common Oregon grape | Mahonia aquifolium | North America, West | 1841 | |
| Mauritanian mallow | Malva sylvestris subsp. mauritiana | |||
| Radiant chamomile | Matricaria discoidea | Asia, Northeast | ||
| Arabian snail clover | Medicago arabica | |||
| Bastard alfalfa | Medicago × varia | |||
| Polish quail wheat | Melampyrum polonicum | floristic status unclear | ||
| Melica altissima | locally naturalized | Europe, Southern; West asia | ||
| Small-flowered sweet clover | Melilotus indicus | |||
| Green mint | Mentha spicata | |||
| Mentha spicata subsp. glabrata | ||||
| Mentha spicata subsp. spicata | ||||
| Dalmatian mint | Mentha × dalmatica | |||
| Peppermint | Mentha × piperita | |||
| Mentha × smithiana | ||||
| Grove mint | Mentha × villosa | |||
| Bastard Greenmint | Mentha × villosonervata | |||
| Yellow juggler flower | Mimulus guttatus | North America, West | 1813 | |
| Musk juggler flower | Mimulus moschatus | North America, West | 1840 | |
| Armenian grape hyacinth | Muscari armeniacum | Europe, Southeast; Western Asia, Caucasus | ||
| Hollow yolk | Myagrum perfoliatum | |||
| Different-leaved milfoil | Myriophyllum heterophyllum | |||
| Sweet umbel | Myrrhis odorata | possibly archaeophyte | Europe Southwest | |
| Pannonian catnip | Nepeta nuda | possibly archaeophyte | Europe, Southeast | |
| Poison berry | Nicandra Physalodes | inconsistent | Peru | 1771 |
| Rose-red monk's herb | Nonea rosea | Caucasus | ||
| Sila-leaved water fennel | Oenanthe silaifolia | floristic status unclear, extinct in Germany | ||
| Red goblet evening primrose | Oenothera glazioviana | Texas | 1861 | |
| Sand evening primrose | Oenothera oakesiana | |||
| Gray-leaved evening primrose | Oenothera villosa | |||
| Oenothera × braunii | ||||
| Bastard evening primrose | Oenothera × fallax | |||
| Spring navel nuts | Omphalodes verna | Europe, Southeast | 1613 | |
| Lining Esparsette | Onobrychis viciifolia | |||
| Buck-hackle | Ononis arvensis | |||
| Yellow Restharrow | Ononis natrix | |||
| Green Milky Star | Ornithogalum boucheanum | Europe, East and Southeast | ||
| Koch's milk star | Ornithogalum kochii | floristic status unclear | ||
| Nodding Milky Star | Ornithogalum nutans | Bulgaria, Greece, Asia Minor | 1613 | |
| Pyramid Milky Star | Ornithogalum pyramidale | |||
| Serradella | Ornithopus sativus | in naturalization | ||
| Horn-fruited wood sorrel | Oxalis corniculata | Mediterranean area | ||
| Ten-leaved sorrel | Oxalis decaphylla | locally naturalized | Central America | |
| Dillenius' wood sorrel | Oxalis dillenii | North America | ||
| Upright wood sorrel | Oxalis stricta | North America? | ||
| Hairy millet | Panicum capillare | North America | ||
| Panicum dichotomiflorum | North America | |||
| Panicle millet | Panicum miliaceum | Asia, Central | ||
| Yellow bartsie | Parentucellia viscosa | in naturalization | ||
| Pennsylvanian glass herb | Parietaria pensylvanica | North America | ||
| Masonry | Paronychia kapela | locally naturalized | ||
| Five-leaf wild wine | Parthenocissus inserta | eastern north america | 1660 | |
| Paulownia tomentosa | Asia, East | |||
| Pentaglottis sempervirens | locally naturalized | Europe Southwest | ||
| Pennsylvanian knotweed | Persicaria pensylvanica | in naturalization | ||
| American pokeweed | Phytolacca americana | inconsistent | North America | 1651 |
| Asian pokeweed | Phytolacca esculenta | Asia, East | 1799 | |
| Adderhead bitter herb | Picris echioides | in naturalization | Mediterranean area | |
| Pimpinella peregrina | in naturalization | |||
| Four-leaved nailwort | Polycarpon tetraphyllum | possibly archaeophyte | ||
| Gray cinquefoil | Potentilla inclinata | possibly archaeophyte | ||
| Middle cinquefoil | Potentilla intermedia | |||
| Norwegian cinquefoil | Potentilla norvegica | |||
| Sour cherry species group | Prunus cerasus agg. | |||
| Sour cherry | Prunus cerasus | |||
| Late bird cherry | Prunus serotina | North America, Eastern | ||
| Middle Vistula | Prunus × eminens | |||
| Pseudofumaria alba | locally naturalized | |||
| Pale yellow lark spur | Pseudofumaria alba subsp. acaulis | locally naturalized | Europe, Southern | |
| Yellow lark spur | Pseudofumaria lutea | Europe, Southern | ||
| Sand plantain | Psyllium arenarium | Europe, Eastern | ||
| Pulmonaria rubra | locally naturalized | Europe, Southeast | ||
| Fries' Sharp Buttercup | Ranunculus acris subsp. friesianus | Europe, Western | ||
| wild radish | Raphanus raphanistrum | |||
| Rhododendron luteum | locally naturalized | Caucasus, Western Asia | 1803 | |
| Gerber Sumac | Rhus coriaria | locally naturalized | North America | |
| Vinegar tree | Rhus typhina | in naturalization | northeastern North America | 1651 |
| Black locust | Robinia pseudoacacia | North America | ||
| Potato rose | Rosa rugosa | northern East Asia to Kamchatka | 1808 | |
| Allegheny blackberry | Rubus allegheniensis | North America, Eastern | ||
| Armenian blackberry | Rubus armeniacus | Asia, Central | ||
| Canadian blackberry | Rubus canadensis | |||
| Slit-leaved blackberry | Rubus laciniatus | |||
| Cinnamon raspberry | Rubus odoratus | North America, Eastern | ||
| Japanese grape | Rubus phoenicolasius | Asia, East | ||
| Magnificent raspberry | Rubus spectabilis | North America, West | ||
| Rough sun hat | Rudbeckia hirta | North America, Eastern | 1753 | |
| Slit-leaved sun hat | Rudbeckia laciniata | North America, Eastern | 1646 | |
| Vegetable dock | Rumex longifolius | |||
| Garden dock | Rumex patientia | |||
| Rumex salicifolius | ||||
| Narrow-leaved dock | Rumex stenophyllus | |||
| Broad-leaved arrowhead | Sagittaria latifolia | North America | ||
| Colorful willow | Salix alba var. Vitellina | locally naturalized | ||
| Ukraine brine | Salsola kali subsp. tragus | |||
| Carrot Sage | Salvia aethiopis | locally naturalized | Europe, Southeast | |
| Whorled sage | Salvia verticillata | Europe, Southeast | ||
| Little meadow button | Sanguisorba minor subsp. polygama | |||
| Red pitcher plant | Sarracenia purpurea | locally naturalized | North America | |
| Saxifraga cymbalaria | locally naturalized | Asia, Western | ||
| Beach pond ridge | Schoenoplectus litoralis | locally naturalized | Mediterranean area | |
| Beautiful squill | Scilla amoena | Asia, West? | 1590 | |
| Siberian squill | Scilla siberica | Europe, Eastern; Caucasus | 1821 | |
| Sedge ledges | Scirpus cyperinus | locally naturalized | North America, Eastern | |
| Black green ledges | Scirpus georgianus | North America | ||
| Glandular figwort | Scrophularia scopolii | in naturalization | Europe, Eastern | |
| Spring figwort | Scrophularia vernalis | Europe, Southeast | ||
| High skullcap | Scutellaria altissima | |||
| Spanish sedum plant | Sedum hispanicum | Europe (Alps), Caucasus, Western Asia | ||
| Yellow ocher sedum | Sedum ochroleucum | |||
| Stolon sedum | Sedum sarmentosum | locally naturalized | Asia, East | |
| Caucasus sedum plant | Sedum spurium | Caucasus, Northern Iran, Kurdistan | 1808 | |
| Sedum thartii | floristic status unclear | |||
| Selaginella apoda | in naturalization | North America, Eastern | ||
| Sempervivum × barbulatum | ||||
| Sempervivum × funckii | ||||
| Narrow-leaved ragwort | Senecio inaequidens | Africa, South | ||
| Spring ragwort | Senecio vernalis | Europe, Eastern; West asia | ||
| Large-headed dyers notch | Serratula tinctoria subsp. macrocephala | Europe (Alps) | ||
| Faber's millet | Setaria faberi | Asia, East | ||
| Siegesbeckie | Sigesbeckia serrata | South America | ||
| Crown carnation | Silene coronaria | in naturalization | ||
| Fork gluewort | Silene dichotoma | |||
| French catchfly | Silene gallica | |||
| Italian catchfly | Silene italica | in naturalization | ||
| Grove catchfly | Silene nemoralis | Europe, Southeast | ||
| Milk thistle | Silybum marianum | inconsistent | Mediterranean area | |
| Hungarian rocket | Sisymbrium altissimum | |||
| Gloss rocket | Sisymbrium irio | |||
| Loesel's rocket | Sisymbrium loeselii | |||
| Oriental rocket | Sisymbrium orientale | |||
| Low rocket | Sisymbrium supinum | |||
| Volga rocket | Sisymbrium volgense | |||
| Yellow umbels encompassing the stem | Smyrnium perfoliatum | Mediterranean area | ||
| Argentine nightshade | Solanum physalifolium | |||
| Saracho nightshade | Solanum sarachoides s. st. | South America | ||
| Common saracho nightshade | Solanum triflorum | North America | ||
| Yellow fruity nightshade | Solanum villosum | |||
| Red fruity nightshade | Solanum villosum subsp. alatum | |||
| Yellow fruity nightshade | Solanum villosum subsp. villosum | |||
| Canadian goldenrod | Solidago canadensis | established | North America | 1651 |
| Late goldenrod | Solidago gigantea | established | North America | 1765 |
| Grass-leaved goldenrod | Solidago graminifolia | North America | 1808 | |
| Pinnate spear shrub | Sorbaria sorbifolia | in naturalization | Asia, Northeast | |
| Austrian whitebeam | Sorbus austriaca | floristic status unclear | ||
| Swedish whitebeam | Sorbus intermedia | Europe, Eastern | ||
| Broad-leaved bastard whitebeam | Sorbus latifolia | floristic status unclear | Europe, Western | |
| Wild carrot | Sorghum halepense | in naturalization | Mediterranean area | |
| Salt silt grass | Spartina anglica | Europe, Western | ||
| Forage- Acker-Spark | Spergula arvensis subsp. maxima | |||
| Corn mole | Spergularia segetalis | extinct in Germany | Europe, Western | |
| White axillary shrub | Spiraea alba | North America, Eastern | 1765 | |
| Billiards Spierstrauch | Spiraea billardii | originated in garden culture | ||
| Spiraea chamaedryfolia | locally naturalized | Asia, Southeast Europe | ||
| Douglas fir tree | Spiraea douglasii | locally naturalized | North America, West | |
| Japanese axillary shrub | Spiraea japonica | locally naturalized | Asia, East | 1847 |
| Felty sparrow | Spiraea tomentosa | North America, Eastern | ||
| Hidden-flowered fall-seed grass | Sporobolus cryptandrus | locally naturalized | North America | |
| Shiny ragweed | Stipa splendens | locally naturalized | Asia, Central to Eastern | |
| Swamp bite | Succisella inflexa | Europe, Southeast | ||
| Common snowberry | Symphoricarpos albus | North America, Eastern | 1821 | |
| Rough comfrey | Symphytum asperum | Caucasus, Southwest Asia | ||
| Bulbous comfrey | Symphytum bulbosum | Europe, Southeast | ||
| Forage comfrey | Symphytum × uplandicum | |||
| Common lilac | Syringa vulgaris | Europe, Southeast | 1588 | |
| Tanacetum balsamita | in naturalization | Asia Southwest | ||
| Large-leaved exuberant flower | Tanacetum macrophyllum | Europe, Southeast | ||
| Parthenium-leaved exuberant flower | Tanacetum partheniifolium | Mediterranean area | ||
| Leek-Hellerkraut | Telekia speciosa | Europe, Southeast | ||
| Tellima grandiflora | North America, West | |||
| Thlaspi alliaceum | ||||
| Oriental tree of life | Thuja orientalis | locally naturalized | Asia, East | |
| Steppe thyme | Thymus pannonicus | locally naturalized | ||
| Bald medicinal thyme | Thymus pulegioides subsp. montanus | locally naturalized | ||
| Knotty burdock chervil | Torilis nodosa | Mediterranean area | ||
| Tragopogon porrifolius | ||||
| Grape burdock | Tragus racemosus | Europe, Western | ||
| Rough clover | Trifolium scabrum | |||
| Striped clover | Trifolium striatum | Europe, Western | ||
| Typha laxmannii | in naturalization | Asia, Mediterranean area | ||
| Gorse | Ulex europaeus | |||
| Large-fruited cranberries | Vaccinium macrocarpon | |||
| Keeled lamb's lettuce | Valerianella carinata | Mediterranean area | ||
| Water screw | Vallisneria spiralis | cosmopolitan | ||
| Verbascum sinuatum | in naturalization | Mediterranean area | ||
| Pointed-tooth speedwell | Veronica argute-serrata | in naturalization | Asia, Central to West | |
| Thread Speedwell | Veronica filiformis | Caucasus, Asia Minor | ||
| Stranger Speedwell | Veronica Peregrina | |||
| Persian speedwell | Veronica persica | Asia Southwest | ||
| Field vetch | Vicia angustifolia subsp. segetalis | |||
| Dalmatian bird vetch | Vicia dalmatica | |||
| Large-flowered vetch | Vicia grandiflora | |||
| Mouse vetch | Vicia johannis | |||
| Yellow vetch | Vicia lutea | |||
| Vicia melanops | in naturalization | |||
| Hungarian vetch | Vicia pannonica | |||
| Ordinary Hungarian vetch | Vicia pannonica subsp. pannonica | |||
| Striped Hungarian vetch | Vicia pannonica subsp. striata | |||
| Common broad-leaved vetch | Vicia sativa | floristic status unclear | ||
| Shaggy vetch | Vicia villosa | |||
| Colorful vetch | Vicia villosa subsp. varia | |||
| Ordinary shaggy vetch | Vicia villosa subsp. villosa | |||
| Common white violet | Viola alba subsp. alba | floristic status unclear | ||
| Fragrant violet | Viola odorata | Mediterranean area, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Kurdistan | around 820 | |
| Blue violet | Viola suavis | |||
| Beach feather fescue | Vulpia unilateralis | Mediterranean area, Caucasus | ||
| Elbe pointed burdock | Xanthium albinum subsp. albinum | Europe; originated there from North American clans | ||
| Eastern shore pointed burdock | Xanthium albinum subsp. riparium | Europe, Southeast; originated there from North American clans | ||
| Shore pointed burdock | Xanthium albinum | |||
| Sugar pointed burdock | Xanthium saccharatum | North America |
literature
- Rolf Wisskirchen, Henning Haeupler: Standard list of fern and flowering plants in Germany. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3800133601
- Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
- ↑ a b c d floraweb.de
- ^ A b Rolf Wisskirchen, Henning Haeupler: Standard list of fern and flowering plants in Germany. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3800133601
- ↑ United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): Field Guide for Managing Russian Knapweed in the Southwest (PDF, 95 kB)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg Heinz-Dieter Krausch : Kaiserkron and peonies red ... discovery and Introduction of our garden flowers. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-935549-23-7