Marine anti-aircraft gun

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The naval flak was the land-based anti - aircraft cartillery of the German navy during World War II . In the German Reich and in the areas occupied by the Wehrmacht , it served to protect ports , shipyards and armaments factories . In the Netherlands it should overflight of bombers of the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces prevent. There were as yet no anti-aircraft missiles and the number of fighters against the Allied bomber fleets was nowhere near enough. 90% of the bombers reached their destination.

history

Attack by the RAF on German positions in Calais

In 1932 the Reichsmarine had six naval artillery departments in Kiel , Wilhelmshaven , Swinemünde , Cuxhaven , Pillau and Emden - Borkum . The Navy Flak School was located in Swinoujscie. The listening and searchlight training was in Cuxhaven. In East Prussia , the Reichsmarine had the 5th Marine Artillery Department in Pillau and the VII Marine Artillery Department in Memel since 1920 . From them emerged with the mobilization, among other things, the Marine Flak Departments 215 and 225 in Pillau and 217 in Memel.

List and numbering

See also : Structure of the Navy

The naval anti-aircraft gun emerged from the naval artillery . The Marine Artillery Departments I – VII, which existed in peacetime, were dissolved and the Marine Flak Departments (MFlakAbt) and Marine Artillery Departments deployed in the home area were established from them at the beginning of the war. Unlike the army artillery numbers beginning with 1, they had a 2 as the first digit of the three-digit number.

Operational areas and deploying marine artillery departments or replacement marine artillery departments were identified by the last number. The Navy Flak Departments were renamed as Navy Flak Departments in the winter of 1939/40. Like the naval artillery, they were divided into companies . The term battery was only introduced in the winter of 1941/42. In order to protect the fortresses of the Kriegsmarine in Norway, the Netherlands and France, further naval anti-aircraft departments were formed in the course of the war.

“1001 Nights” was put up in March 1945 as the “last contingent” of Karl Dönitz . The MFlakAbt was supposed to stop with 50 light flak guns at Marienburg with the Vistula crossing .

Outline and equipment

Department 244, Brinkamahof II (Weddewarden), named after Upolu

The divisions corresponded to battalions . With their batteries and trains they were subordinate to regiments . The departments had a stick battery, heavy anti-aircraft and locking batteries, medium, light and mixed anti-aircraft batteries, light groups and headlight batteries. Their number varied greatly in time and place. The caliber ranged from 2–4 cm for the light to 8.8–12.8 cm for the heavy batteries. The equipment included devices for distance measurement and sound location . The new decimeter telegraph was only used occasionally.

The staff consisted of soldiers from the Kriegsmarine . Like the bulk of the Wehrmacht, most were reactivated reservists . There were also HJ naval helpers . About 1,000 men belonged to one department. With (at least) 90 marine anti-aircraft units that was a total of 100,000 men.

Most of the department commanders were Korvettenkapitän (KK); the majority came from the naval artillery (MA). Quite a few were qualified engineers . Some were captain lieutenant (KL) or frigate captain (FK), only two captains at sea (KzS).

Marine anti-aircraft regiments in Germany

For the regiments the tradition of the Imperial Navy applied that the units in the Baltic Sea had odd numbers and in the North Sea even numbers.

1st Marine Flak Regiment - Kiel

Established in January 1940 in Kiel , subordinated to the Coast Commander Western Baltic Sea , from November 1944 Commander of the Naval Defense of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg . The regiment was later transferred to the Marine Flak Brigade I.

Marine anti-aircraft departments

"Meido" - Meimersdorf

211 Eckernförde , Marienthal , Hemmelmark , Barkelsby , Bokniseck , Osterby and Altenhof .

221 Kiel-Friedrichsort , Dreilinden , Tüttendorf , Holtenau , Schilksee , Krusendorf , Marienfelde and Warleberg.

231 Rendsburg , Schwabe , Schülldorf , Sehestedt , Büdelsdorf and Lohklint . See Kröger-Werft and Nobiskrug .

241 Elmschenhagen , Lilienthal , Meimersdorf , Pohnsdorf and Havighorst .

243 Kolberg → Rendsburg

251 Schönwohld , Voorde , Hasseldieksdamm , Ottendorf and Schwartenbek .

261 Röbsdorf , Heikendorf , Laboe , Heidkate and Passade , Schönhorst and Mönkeberg .

271 Jägersberg , Mürwik , Neustadt in Holstein and Dänisch-Nienhof

281 Kiel-Wik , Dietrichsdorf , Wellingdorf , Wellsee and Vieburg .

See also : Deutsche Werke , Germaniawerft and air raids on Kiel

as well as with regard to Mürwik: air raids on Flensburg

2nd Marine Flak Regiment - Wilhelmshaven

See also : Wilhelmshaven ports , Wangerooges military history and air raids on Wilhelmshaven

Wilhelmshaven was surrounded by two air defense rings. The floating (anchored) flak batteries Medusa , Niobe and Arcona belonged to the outer one .

Later the regiment was transferred to the Marine Flak Brigade II .

Marine anti-aircraft departments

212 Flakbatterie Kirchzeile , Flakbatterie Geniusbank , Flakbatterie Rüstersiel and Flakbatterie Schaar

222 Flakbatterie Seefeld , Flakbatterie Schweiburg , Flakbatterie Dangast , Flakbatterie Vareler port , Flakbatterie Blauhand and the floating Flakbatterie Medusa

232 Flakbatterie Tirpitzhafen , Flakbatterie Tirpitzschleuse , Flakbatterie Raederschleuse and Flakbatterie Sande

252 anti-aircraft battery Hohemey , Flakbatterie Schortens , Flakbatterie Siebetshaus and Flakbatterie Sillenstede

262 Kriegsmarine shipyard Wilhelmshaven

272 Flakbatterie Kilwa , Flakbatterie Eckwarderhörne and Flakbatterie Langwarden

282 Flak battery Schillig , battery Horumersiel , flak battery Hooksiel , flak battery Sillenstede , flak battery Mellum and the floating flak battery Arcona

3rd Marine Flak Regiment - Swinoujscie

Set up in Swinoujscie in March 1945 , subordinated to the Commander of the Pomeranian Sea Defense . The Marine Flak Department 233 was in Ahlbeck (near Ueckermünde) and Pritter . The Marine Anti-Flak Department 711 was relocated to Reval in December 1941 and partly used near Leningrad . With the evacuation of Reval in autumn 1944, it was moved to Libau and used in parts on the war front in Courland .

4th Marine Flak Regiment - Borkum

Subordinated to the German Bight Coast Commander , from November 1944 Commander of the East Frisian Sea Defense .

Marine anti-aircraft departments

216 Borkum

226 Norderney

236 Emden

246 Harlingen , Vlieland , Terschelling and Ameland ; three light flak trains in Harlingen, Lemmer and Groningen

256 Delfzijl

266 Westerhusen

276 Emden

See also : North Sea Works

8th Marine Flak Regiment - Brunsbüttel

Established in March 1940 in Brunsbüttel , subordinate to the North Friesland Coast Commander , from February 1941 German Bight Coast Commander . In February 1941 the 8th and 14th Marine Flak Regiment exchanged names.

Marine anti-aircraft departments

204 Esbjerg , Femhoeje, Fanö and Gammelby ; from 1940 to commander in the Danish west coast section

224 Wilhelmsburg – Hademarschen, Grünental near Beldorf , Hohenhörn and Wacken ; later commander of the Elbe-Weser naval defense

234 Blidsel, Ellenbogen (Sylt) , later to the commandant Sylt

254 Friedrichshof , Großenrade , Kuden and Blangenmoor , later commander of the Elbe-Weser sea defense

264, later commander of the Elbe-Weser naval defense

274 Brunsbüttelkoog , Zweidorf , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog and Neufelderkoog , later commander of the Elbe-Weser sea defense

294 Balje , Oste , Krummendeich and Altenwisch , later commander of the Elbe-Weser sea defense

9th Marine Flak Regiment - Gotenhafen

Gotenhafen played a major role in submarine construction . The city was the home port of the 22nd, 24th and 25th submarine flotilla and the (27th) school flotilla. The 9th Marine Flak Regiment was set up in September 1942 and subordinated to the Coast Commander Eastern Baltic Sea , from September 1943 Coast Commander Middle Baltic Sea , from December 1944 Commander of the Sea Defense East and West Prussia , from January 1945 Commander of the Sea Defense West Prussia . The departments were in Johanniskrug , Grabau , Koliebken , Lensitz , Amalienfelde, Eichenberg , Gotenhafen and Danzig . The Marine Anti-Flak Division 818 came from Lorient to the Hela Peninsula in November 1943 .

See also : Schichau-Werke , Deutsche Werke and 24th U-Flotilla

14th Marine Flak Regiment - Westerland

Established in March 1940 in Westerland with three departments in Westerland, Blidsel and Hörnum (Sylt) .

Regiments and divisions in occupied countries

Flak in Brest

See also : North Atlantic # Strategic Hub , Atlantic Wall and Atlantic Fortress

France

The 20th Marine Flak Regiment was set up in Brunsbüttel in March 1940 and sent to Lorient in August 1941 . It was under the command of the sea in Brittany. The five departments were also stationed on Belle-Île and Île de Groix . The regiment was later transferred to Marine Flak Brigade IV.

The 22nd Marine Flak Regiment was set up in Saint-Nazaire in November 1941. Of the last five departments, one was in Montoir-de-Bretagne . The regiment was later transferred to Marine Flak Brigade V.

The 24th Marine Flak Regiment was set up in Brest (Finistère) in December 1941. It was subordinate to the sea commander Bretagne. Of the last five departments, three were on the Île de Noirmoutier , the Île de Ré and the Île d'Oléron . The regiment was later transferred to Marine Flak Brigade III.

See also : German Occupation of France in World War II  and Battle of Brittany

Norway

Munkholmen

The 30th Marine Flak Regiment was set up in Narvik in July 1941. It was subordinate to the commander of the Naval Defense Narvik . The three departments were in Lødingen , Harstad and Bergviknes .

The 31st Marine Flak Regiment with three divisions was set up in Bergen .

The 32nd Marine Flak Regiment was set up in Trondheim in June 1940. Two of the three departments were on Munkholmen .

Division 714 (for commanders of the Stavanger naval defense ) was unfinished in November 1944 in Kristiansund , and Division 823 (for commanders of the sea defense in Harstad) in Kilbotn (from 709) in January 1945 .

See also : Norway under German occupation  and August Thiele

Denmark

Blaavandshuk

In addition to Marine Flak Department 204 in the Esbjerg area, there were three departments in Frederikshavn , Aarhus and Hansted .

See also : Denmark under German occupation

Baltic states

The Marine Flak Detachment 239 set up in Brockzetel in April 1941 came to Libau via Gotenhafen . In October 1941 she was moved to Reval . From April 1942 she was at the Luga estuary , from February 1943 on Tütarsaar . After two months at Ösel , it was disbanded in November 1944.

See also : Kurland # Fate in and after the two world wars  and the history of Latvia # German occupation 1941–1945

Netherlands

Most of the Allied bomber units flew over the Netherlands . The flak positions were accordingly scattered and strong. The four departments were located in Vlissingen , Den Helder , Brielle and IJmuiden , among others .

See also : “Second World War” in the article History of the Netherlands

Greece and Italy

After the occupation of Greece, a department was set up in Salamis . In the Adriatic Coastal Operation Zone, there were divisions in Monfalcone and Trieste .

See also : Greco-Italian War  and Balkan Campaign (1941)

Brigades

In 1942/43 some regiments were restructured into brigades :

• Marine Flak Brigade I, Kiel, from the 1st Marine Flak Regiment
• Marine Flak Brigade II , Wilhelmshaven, from the 2nd Marine Flak Regiment
• Marine Flak Brigade III, Brest, from the 24th Marine Flak Regiment
• Marine Flak Brigade IV, Lorient, from the 20th Marine Flak Regiment
• Marine Flak Brigade V, St. Nazaire, from the 22nd Marine Flak Regiment

literature

• Alfred Kuhlenkamp: Air Defense . VDI Verlag 1942.
• Klaus Hupp: When Marineflak to defend the city and fortress of Kiel in WW2 . Husum 1998. ISBN 978-3-88042-851-5 .
• Friedrich August Greve: The air defense in the Wilhelmshaven section 1939-1945 . Jever 1999. ISBN 978-3-9806885-0-5 .
• Hans H. Hildebrand: The organizational development of the navy together with staffing 1848 to 1945 , 3 volumes. Osnabrück 2000. ISBN 978-3-7648-2541-6 .
• Steven J. Zaloga: Defense of the Third Reich 1941-1945 . Osprey Publishing 2012. ISBN 978-1-84908-593-9 . GoogleBooks
• Helmut Krummel: From the history of the Wesermünde naval flak company. The fate of the IRMGARD REINERS ex IRMTRAUT CORDS . In: Men from Morgenstern , Heimatbund an Elbe and Weser estuary e. V. (Ed.): Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt . No. 805 . Nordsee-Zeitung GmbH, Bremerhaven January 2017, p. 1–2 ( digitized version [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on July 17, 2019]).

Web links

Blasting of an anti-aircraft bunker in Wesermünde (1946)

• Marine anti-aircraft gun (second-weltkrieg-lexikon.de)
• Commanders of the naval defense (zwei-weltkrieg-lexikon.de)

Remarks

1. ^ Even during the war, the naval flak did not receive its own replacement departments.
2. ↑ Hohemey and Siebetshaus were infantry works.
3. ^ The Danzig department was relocated to Hansted in July 1942 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Marine-Flak (zwei-weltkrieg-lexikon.de) ( Memento of the original from November 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
2. ^ Organization and disposition of Kriegsmarine antiaircraft units (September 1940)
3. ↑ Bernd Bölscher : The 1st Marine Infantry Division and the last contingent of Grand Admiral Dönitz at the end of the Second World War (2014, GoogleBooks)
4. ↑ ^{a b} Air defense around Rendsburg, Eckernförde and Kiel (aviation archeology in Schleswig-Holstein)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
5. ↑ 1st Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
6. ↑ Flak locations around Kiel (aviation archeology in Schleswig-Holstein)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
7. ↑ Marine Flak Brigade I (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
8. ↑ 3./MFlakAbt 211 Pries-Dreilinden (Aviation Archeology in Schleswig-Holstein) ( Memento from November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
9. ↑ The Holtenau naval flak battery and the aerial warfare ( Memento from August 16, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
10. ^ Flakbatterie Voorde (Aviation Archeology in Schleswig-Holstein) ( Memento from November 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
11. ↑ Flakbatterie Ottendorf (Aviation Archeology in Schleswig-Holstein) ( Memento from November 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
12. ↑ Flakbatterie Schwartenbek (Aviation Archeology in Schleswig-Holstein) ( Memento from November 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
13. ^ Friedrich August Greve: The air defense in the Wilhelmshaven section 1939-1945 . Jever 1999. ISBN 978-3-9806885-0-5 .
14. ↑ 2nd Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
15. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Juergens: Testimonies from disastrous times. A war diary about the events of 1939–1945 in the area of ​​Wangerooge, Spiekeroog, Langeoog and the situation in the Reich and on the fronts . Verlag CL Mettcker & Sons, Jever 1991. ISBN 978-3-87542-008-1 .
16. ↑ MFlakAbt 222 (wehrmachtlexikon.de)
17. ↑ 3rd Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
18. ↑ Klaminka flak battery (Polish)
19. ↑ 4th Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
20. ↑ Nederlanders in het bezette gebied ( Memento of November 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
21. ↑ Norderney in World War II
22. ^ Dietrich Janßen: Emden in the bombing war 1939 to 1945. War diary of Emder Alfred Lehmann . ( Memento from November 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
23. ↑ Dietrich Janßen: Flak positions around the city of Emden (bunkermuseum.de) ( Memento from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
24. ↑ 4th Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
25. ↑ 8th Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
26. ↑ Flak protection for the Elbe estuary in Lower Saxony (religte.com)
27. ↑ German submarines 1933-1945 ( Memento from June 3, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
28. ↑ 9th Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
29. ↑ 14th Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
30. ↑ 20th Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
31. ↑ 22nd Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
32. ^ Bunker pictures St. Nazaire ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
33. ↑ 24th Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
34. ↑ ^{a b c d} The German naval command in Norway
35. ↑ 30th Marine Flak Regiment (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
36. ^ SJ Zaloga: The Atlantic Wall (2). Osprey Publishing 2009 (GoogleBooks)
37. ^ Map of the German fortresses on the Dutch coast
38. ↑ Images from the headquarters of MFlakAbt 808 ( Memento of November 9, 2014 Internet Archive )
39. ↑ Marine Flak Brigade I (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
40. ↑ Marine Flak Brigade II (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
41. ↑ Marine Flak Brigade III (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
42. ↑ Groupe de batteries antiaériennes de Marine de Brest (III Marine Flak Brigade)
43. ↑ Marine Flak Brigade IV (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)
44. ↑ Marine Flak Brigade V (deutsches-marinearchiv.de)