Swiss troops in the Vatican service
A total of 21 Swiss troops in Vatican services supported since 1506 of the secular politics pope and were the expansion Papal States involved. In 1870, as part of and together with his army, they could not prevent its integration into the emerging Italian nation-state .
They also provided personal bodyguards for the head of the church and his legates . That of the Pope is still in use today as the Papal Swiss Guard with a special permit from the Swiss Federal Council .
Swiss troops in foreign service was the name of the paid service of commanded, whole troop bodies abroad, regulated by the authorities of the Swiss Confederation by international treaties .
These treaties contained a chapter regulating military affairs: the so-called surrender (or private surrender if one of the contracting parties was a private military contractor).
Overview of the Swiss troops in the Vatican service
| Pope Gregory XI. 1370-1378 | ||
| Pope Sixtus IV. 1471–1484 | ||
| Pope Julius II. 1503-1513 | ||
| # vat | designation | year |
| 1 | Papal Swiss Guard |
1505–1527 1548–1798 1800–1848 1849 – today |
| 2 | Chiasser train | 1510 |
| 3 | cold winter train | 1511 |
| 4th | Piano slide | 1512 |
| Pope Leo X. 1513-1521 | ||
| 5 | Urbino Free Corps | 1517 |
| 6th | Auxiliary Corps Leinlackenkrieg | 1521 |
| 7th | Romagna Auxiliary Corps | 1521 |
| Pope Hadrian VI 1522-1523 | ||
| Pope Clement VII. 1523–1534 | ||
| # vat | designation | year |
| 8th | Troger Regiment | 1526 |
| Pope Paul III 1534-1549 | ||
| 9 | Swiss Guard Bologna | 1542-1849 |
| Pope Julius III 1550-1555 | ||
| 10 | Swiss Guard Ravenna | 1550-1796 |
| 11 | Swiss Guard Perugia | 1550-1556 |
| Pope Paul IV. 1555–1559 | ||
| 12 | Lussi regiment | 1557 |
| Pope Gregory XIII 1572-1585 | ||
| 13 | Swiss Guard Avignon | 1573-1790 |
| Pope Clement VIII. 1592–1605 | ||
| 14th | Swiss Guard Ferrara | 1598-1796 |
| Pope Urban VIII. 1623–1644 | ||
| # vat | designation | year |
| 15th | Urbino Swiss Guard | 1631-1796 |
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Pope Alexander VII 1655–1667 other popes ? |
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| 16 | More Swiss guards | ? |
| Pope Gregory XVI 1831-1846 | ||
| 17th | 1st Foreign Regiment | 1832-1849 |
| 18th | 2nd Foreign Regiment | 1832-1849 |
| Pope Pius IX 1846-1878 | ||
| 19th | 1st Foreign Regiment | 1852-1861 |
| 20th | 2nd Foreign Regiment | 1855-1861 |
| 21st | Foreign hunter battalion Foreign hunter regiment |
1860-1868 1868-1870 |
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First traces of Swiss mercenaries in the service of the Roman Curia
When in 1354 the Basel Hüglin von Schönegg was put on record as "serviens armorum" (a kind of palace guard that was also used for important political and financial missions), the Roman Curia was still in exile in Avignon . Hüglin accompanied Pope Gregory XI. on his return to Rome and made a career as a successful mercenary leader in the papal service. His coat of arms and his stone image now adorn the Reformed Leonhard Church in Basel . In the 14th century, other families from the area of today's Switzerland appeared on the papal pay lists, including those of Toggenburg , von Landenberg and von Moos from Uri. The trend of the powerful of the time to secure the fighting strength of the invincible Swiss mercenaries with pension payments was followed in the 15th century by the Pope with the distribution of annual " pardons " to the cantons and influential confederates. This widespread pension system corrupted the Diet to such an extent that in 1503 it forbade these payments in the "Pension Letter", albeit with practically no effect. It was officially repealed in 1508 because most of the cantons did not ratify it.
Bodyguard of the Pope
Four years after the French King Louis XI. In 1478, Pope Sixtus IV (who commissioned the Sistine Chapel ) also agreed an offensive and defensive alliance with the Confederates. A military capitulation was not concluded with him, but with France in 1480. In 1505, Pope Julius II , following the example of the French Hundred Swiss, submitted a request to the Diet to allow him to recruit a guard - wisely knowing the provisions of the "Pension Letter" of 1503 - for his personal protection. But he immediately used the troops to recapture the fallen cities of Perugia and Bologna. It was the beginning of the Papal Swiss Guard, which still exists today .
| Name, duration of use |
(1 vat ) Papal Swiss Guard 1505–1527, 1548–1798, 1800–1848, 1852 – today | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1505: The Diet in Baden complied with Pope Julius II's request and authorized him to recruit mercenaries "for the protection of his person and his palace". | |
| Stock, formation |
A company of 150 men, instead of the required 200. |
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| Origin squad, troop |
From the Confederation (mainly Lucerne and Zurich), southern Germany and neighboring areas, recruited on behalf of the Pope by cleric Peter von Hertenstein from Buonas and financed by Jakob and Ulrich Fugger from Augsburg .
(In 1515, the Fugger bank was succeeded by Julius II's successor, Pope Leo X of the Medici family, in the countries north and east of the Alps with the settlement of the papal indulgence trade to finance the construction of St. Peter's Basilica (1506–1633) in Rome entrusted and compensated for it with half of the income.) |
|
| Owner, commander, namesake |
The mercenary leader Kaspar von Silenen became the first in command . | |
| Use, events |
In competition with the advertising of the French Hundred Swiss who had existed since 1497 , it was only possible through compromises to find reasonably enough volunteers for the Vatican service. The demands on the origin and character of the applicants have been relaxed. Foreigners, contemporaries with dubious lifestyles and criminals (including a robbery) found access. Even the captain was not a blank slate. He had been expelled from the Lucerne Council for illegally recruiting mercenaries against the express will of the authorities and even sentenced to death in Schwyz (in absentia). The new command now gave him reprieve and rehabilitation. He wasn't alone in that.
In the middle of winter, Silenen crossed the Alps with Guard Lieutenant Albrecht Gugelberg from Arth and 150 men and entered the Vatican through the Porta del Popolo on January 22, 1506 with Peter von Hertenstein . Well-known guardsmen from the very beginning are: Rudolf Röstli from Wollerau, the four St. Gallen Ambros Aigen, Matthäus Girtanner, Mathias Becker and Ambros Heggen, Rudolf Grave from Appenzell, Andreas Schach from Bischofszell, the three guardsmen Jakob Rotgerber, Leonhard Stegemann and Gratian Caspar from Zurich, Jost Stuck from Glarus, Hans and Jakob Locher from Basel, Jakob Wyntze from Freiburg, then the first Valaisan, Gilli Switzer, and Rudolf Rosaby from Schwyz. The Swiss Guard had to accompany the Pope on his travels, to control the entrances to his residence and to perform honorary and security services. After only six months, contrary to Julius' promise, she was used in combat to recapture the fallen cities of Perugia and Bologna. Silenen fell in 1517 near Rimini in a similar combat mission by the guard. 
After his death, the command went to the Mayor of Zurich, Marx Röist, who was represented by his son Kaspar. The meanwhile Protestant Kaspar Röist had already terminated his employment in 1527 when he was surprised by the Sacco di Roma . He covered successfully the retreat of Pope Clement VII. In the Castel Sant'Angelo , but left, along with 3/4 of his team (147 of 189), before the rampant destruction of the imperial mercenaries his life. The remnants of the guard were dismissed or merged with the newly formed German guard. In 1541 Pope Paul III. Again approached the five Catholic central Swiss cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Zug with the proposal to appoint a captain each, and to set up papal garrisons with them and 800 men in the cities of Piacenza, Parma, Bologna, Ravenna, Ancona and Perugia and to revive the Swiss Guard in Rome. The former was not implemented for the time being, with the exception of Bologna 1542 ( see below ). The Swiss Guard, on the other hand, was re-established in 1548 under the Lucerne patrician Jost von Meggen, not without displeasing the other Catholic cantons, which were not included in the negotiations. Meggen calmed the situation by dividing the new Swiss Guard into a Lucerne, Uri, Unterwaldner, Zug, Glarner and Solothurn watch. Despite repeated claims by the other cantons and once even by the Pope himself, Lucerne was able to stubbornly maintain the position of guard captain for Lucerne citizens. Its dominance with the other superiors and guardsman positions remained a constant issue with the other cantons. 1798 Pope Pius VI. expelled from Rome by French troops and the Swiss Guard disbanded for the second time. 
In 1800 Karl Leodegar Pfyffer von Altishofen reorganized the Papal Swiss Guard for Pope Pius VII for the third time . It has existed since then, with a special permit from the Federal Council , which exempted it from the military penal law, and with a brief interruption from 1849–1852 due to the short-lived Roman Republic , as the Pope's house police until today. Since 1970 it has been the Holy See's only military formation . It is now financially supported by two foundations from Switzerland: since 2000 the Swiss Guard and their relatives and since 2006 the renovation of their barracks. In contrast to the beginning, today only private individuals with Swiss citizenship and impeccable repute are accepted as guardsmen. You must also be at least 1.74 m tall, athletic, unmarried, Catholic, male, 19 to 30 years old and have completed vocational or secondary school as well as the Swiss Army recruits school . Her gala uniform , based on the blue-red-yellow colors of the Medici of the Renaissance period , dates from 1914, the helmet with the brim pulled up at the back and front, the Morion , has been from the 3D printer since 2019 . |
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In 1510, when the alliance with the Confederation was renewed, Julius II was concerned with maintaining and expanding his political position among the powers of Europe, with his position as the papal state in the Italian wars .
A successful military relationship despite a difficult start
He appointed the bishop of Sitten, Matthäus Schiner . The starting position was favorable. King Ludwig XII. was in arrears with wages and pension payments and often had (cheaper) Swiss mercenaries directly recruited without surrender or even (cheaper) German soldiers, contrary to the contract. The dissatisfaction with the French king was palpable. Schiner succeeded in preventing the Confederates from renewing the alliance with France in 1509 and, a year later, extending the contract with the Pope by five years. In 1511 he was even able to persuade her to join the Holy League, which was directed against France . Thanks to the Confederation, the league succeeded in driving the French out of Italy for the time being. It earned them the papal honorary title of “Protector of the Freedom of the Christian Church”, a ducal hat, two precious papal banners, a golden sword and each contingent its own banner and Schiner the first cardinal hat of a Swiss.
| Name, duration of use |
(2 vat ) Chiasserzug 1510 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1510: Confederation treaty with Pope Julius II. | |
| Stock, formation |
6,000 men. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the 12 locations and the locations facing them. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
Landammann Walter Imhof from Uri. | |
| Use, events |
After concluding the alliance with the Confederates in 1510, Pope Julius II immediately requested 6,000 men. Allegedly, they were supposed to protect the Pope. However, his intentions were against the renegade Duke of Ferrara and his allies in Piedmont, France.
The agenda corresponded to the request and invited the troops to the meeting in Martigny, where 8,000 men finally came. The council of war appointed Imhof leader, while the army marched over the Great St. Bernard Pass into the Aosta Valley. Even before Ivrea, however, it was stopped by the Duke of Savoy. Duke Charles III. wanted to avoid the conflict with France and was able to prevent the passage through his territory with his blocking force, words and money (!). Since a French attack on Bellinzona was reported, the federal contingent turned and moved through the Valais and the Nufenen Pass into Ticino. The French fought with petty war tactics and systematically prevented the federal troops from being supplied. Arrived via Ponte Tresa and Varese before Chiasso, the half-starved train finally got the callback of the daily statute. France's Louis XII. and Emperor Maximilian I had provided the necessary political pressure. The campaign was broken off without result and went down in history as the "Chiasserzug". The disappointed Pope Julius II then angrily refused to pay the wages according to the alliance agreement. |
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| Name, duration of use |
(3 vat ) Cold Winter Train 1511 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1511: Unilateral decision by the confederates. Pope Julius II subsequently took over the costs. | |
| Stock, formation |
10,000 men. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the 12 locations and the locations facing them. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
War council of the captains of the various contingents.
For example, Schultheiss Peter Falk was responsible for Freiburg's 500 men and 6 guns. |
|
| Use, events |
The winter campaign was triggered by the murder of two federal runners.
While retreating from ennetbirgischen Chiasserzug 1510 three official federal runners (messengers) were caught by the French commander of the castle Lugano and fixed. The Bernese escaped after months, one of the Schwyz and Freiburg residents was stabbed to death, the other drowned. The outrage of the Confederates, especially in Schwyz, was great. Although the daily statute tried to smooth things over, 10,000 men moved in a rather disorderly manner across the Gotthard to the assembly point in Varese. However, the bad weather, lack of money, indiscipline and especially the French tactics of small-scale warfare prevented orderly warfare. The campaign was broken off in front of Milan without result. The licentiousness of the federal troops could no longer be controlled. Looting, pillaging and murdering, the wild army moved back home across the Alps. |
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The army of the Holy League (Pope, Aragon, Venice) suffered a devastating defeat against France at Ravenna in the same year. This prompted the Pope to take over the costs of the “cold winter train” and to make generous promises of wages. The indignation of the official Confederation against France increased considerably as a result.
| Name, duration of use |
(4 vat ) piano procession 1512 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1512, Confederation treaty with Pope Julius II from 1510. | |
| Stock, formation |
Auxiliary corps of 6,000 men. However, 20,000 men flocked to the assembly point in Verona, which led to disputes over the payout even during the war. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the 12 locations and the locations facing them. Volunteers kept coming to the cantonal contingents along the way.
The Bernese were led by the mayor's son Burkhard von Erlach, the Freiburgers by Schultheiss Peter Falk, the Zurich by councilor Jakob Stapfer and the Glarus by Heinrich Hässi. |
|
| Owner, commander, namesake |
In Trento, the Zurich baron Ulrich von Hohensax was elected military leader.
Cardinal Matthäus Schiner was in command of the papal troops. |
|
| Use, events |
The bylaws decided to pull together 12,000 men in Chur at the beginning of May, who then moved through the Engadin, the Ofen Pass and the Adige Valley to Verona.
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Julius banner of the Solothurn booth from 1512 (gusset image enlarged)
Due to the constant influx of volunteers, the relief corps grew to 20,000 men. The papal money supply, aimed at a target population of 6,000 men, ran into difficulties that began during the departure and continued after the campaign in lengthy official correspondence. The French commander-in-chief Jacques II. De Chabannes , Seigneur de La Palice, by the wavering policy of his King Louis XII. restricted, was forced to leave the law of action to the enemy. He had to limit himself to strengthening fortresses such as Brescia, Bergamo, Peschiera, Legnano, Cremona and Pavia. In Villafranca di Verona the federal corps united with the troops of the Holy League (1,750 horsemen, 5,500 infantrymen, more than 60 artillery pieces). Then the almost unhindered advance to the west began against the constantly retreating French enemy as far as Pavia. Cremona was able to buy its integrity with a "compensation" of 40,000 ducats to Schiner, which angered the Confederates, who otherwise did not hold back from unrestrained looting. After three days of artillery bombardment, the city and the citadel of Pavia were captured and the French garrisoned to flee over the bridge over the Ticino. Pavia was able to buy her way out of the plunder with a payment of 50,000 ducats (one monthly salary). On the retreat to Alessandria, which they did not accept, which forced them to march on to France, the 1,500 German mercenaries of the French occupation deserted. The persecuting Confederates did not take any prisoners among those who remained, but instead killed everyone they could get their hands on. They raged elsewhere as well: in Milan, a crowd of volunteers is said to have dragged the gold coffin of the Duke of Nemours from the cathedral onto the walls of the citadel, cut it into pieces and left the corpse there, which caused quite a stir. In Alessandria, the confederates lived in luxury and were showered with gifts by Pope Julius II. Cardinal Schiner presented them with a golden sword, a magnificent ducal hat (both lost), two papal banners (Juliuspanner), each participating contingent their own banner and the confederates the honorary title of "Protector of the Freedom of the Christian Church". But soon the lack of money and food as well as the summer heat in the swampy area with the outbreak of diseases forced Hohensax to break off the campaign and to officially dismiss the federal relief corps. After three months, the Swiss came back home towards the end of July, some over the Great St. Bernhard Pass, the others over the Gotthard and the Bündner Passes. Salary claims were only recognized by those participating in the campaign who were present at the official discharge. Not a good sign for federal military discipline. |
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For the time being, France was driven out of Italy. But King Ludwig XII. did not give up his plans, and when Venice (after the death of Pope Julius II) switched fronts the next year, a French army again invaded Lombardy. Duke Massimiliano Sforza had to flee Milan and withdrew to Novara with a mercenary force of 4,000 Swiss.
Federal desires for great power lead to "fling" with the Pope ... and end in the protectorate of France
The Confederates now regard themselves as the protecting power of Sforza and sent him an auxiliary corps as reinforcement. With his use, Massimiliano Sforza was able to defeat the French contingent under General Louis II. De La Trémoille in the battle of Novara in 1513. The confederates mercilessly cut down the opposing mercenaries, but were unable to pursue the refugees without cavalry. However, they captured the cannons of the French artillery.
Now it was the confederates who officially reinstated Massimiliano Sforza as Duke over the Duchy of Milan.
They did not leave it at the "open accounts" with France and in 1513 they went on a foray into rich Burgundy to Dijon. They broke off the siege of the city only after agreeing a high ransom, which France then failed to pay.
In 1514 the alliance with Pope Leo X , the successor to Julius II, who died the previous year, was renewed with the thirteen towns of the Confederation, the seven tens of Valais and the three leagues . The duration was set at Leo's lifetime plus one year. Also included in the agreement were the Medici House from Florence and the Doge of Genoa , Ottaviano Campofregoso.
Pope Leo X promised:
- to inform the confederates about other alliances, to reserve them and to stipulate their accession;
- if necessary to rush to help them with 500 cuirassiers at his own expense , unless he himself is threatened by high masters. The promise of help was valid for the contractual partners and also for the cities of St. Gallen, Biel and Mulhouse as well as the Saanen region;
- an annual advance payment of 2,000 Rhenish guilders to each contractual partner;
- Confirmation of ecclesiastical privileges received from the Holy See .
The federal side promised:
- not to enter into any association with a king, prince, lord or potentate without reservation and inclusion of "His Holiness";
- The enemies of the Pope and the Church are not allowed to “allow passage, help, favor, stay, or allow some underschlouf or passage” ;
- to prevent own mercenaries from serving the Pope's enemies and to call them home from them;
- to supply the Pope with 12,000 men against anyone on request, reserved for personal use;
Another nine articles followed, which regulated in great detail the amount, duration, conditions and obligations for the financial payments made by the Pope and his side for pensions and wages (no money, no Swiss).
The confidence of the Confederates, feeling themselves at eye level in the concert of the mighty, took shape. The growing lust for great power was suddenly destroyed in the battle of Marignano in 1515 .
King Franz I , the successor to Louis XII, softened the advancing federal front with "financial arguments": Bern, Solothurn and Freiburg withdrew. In place of the sick Hohensax, Cardinal Schiner led the rest of the Confederates into battle: on the left wing the Basel and Lucerne people, in the center the Central Swiss and on the right the Zurich.
Franz I inflicted a catastrophic defeat with exceptionally high losses on this remaining contingent of the Confederates in the modern battle of combined arms (infantry, cavalry and artillery) against the outdated tactics of the heap of violence.
Now France was once again ruler of the Duchy of Milan, and the Confederates had been given a lesson that they would not soon forget.
The farsighted and indulgent French victor Franz I, however, under pressure on more important fronts, closed in Freiburg i. Ü. an "Eternal Peace" with the defeated confederates. All previous enmities were lifted and an arbitration tribunal provided for future conflicts. The Confederates were left with their conquests of the Alps, with the exception of the Ash Valley. As war compensation, Franz I also paid 700,000 crowns to the thirteen towns of the Confederation . They had landed on the ground of reality and were now effectively a protectorate of France again.
Marignano was also a turning point in Swiss warfare, as it proved that the violence of the Swiss infantry was no longer the only weapon that decided the war.
Despite the French memorandum in business with the Holy See
Despite these less than pleasant circumstances, Swiss troops repeatedly entered the papal service in the years after Marignano. For the first time as early as 1517 after the piano parade in the War of Urbino, an episode in the Italian Wars , but against the will of the Diet.
| Name, duration of use |
(5 vat ) Urbino Free Corps 1517 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1517, Pope Leo X demanded 6,000 men for the war in Urbino according to the treaty of 1514 from the Diet, which the Diet refused. He was already in arrears with his pension payments, already burdened by high war costs, and the Confederates had meanwhile entered into an "Eternal Peace" with France, which exerted corresponding pressure.
However, the Diet could not prevent Leo's envoy, the nuncio Giovanni Giacomo Gambaro, the guard captain of the Papal Swiss Guard Kaspar von Silenen and the officer in the papal service Hans von Diesbach from Bern (son of the mayor Wilhelm von Diesbach ), volunteer mercenaries in droves received. |
|
| Stock, formation |
7 companies of volunteers. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the Confederation. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
Kaspar von Silenen, Hans von Diesbach and several well-known Reisläufer (Jakob Stapfer from Zurich, Gebhart Mundprat from Constance, Captain Schwyzerhans from Schaffhausen and Captain Stollysen, an innkeeper from Winterthur). | |
| Use, events |
After the death of his uncle, Pope Julius II, Francesco Maria I della Rovere had the Duchy of Urbino in 1516 to the gonfaloniere Lorenzo di Piero de 'Medici ("Lorenzino", to distinguish it from "il Magnifico"), the nephew of his successor , Pope Leo X. , lost.
In the following year he brought back the duchy with 5,000 men and 1,000 horsemen - Spanish mercenaries who had previously besieged Verona for Venice - and thus triggered the war of Urbino . Leo X hurriedly recruited a troop of 10,000 men, including the Swiss Freikorps. During the successful defense in Rimini of the attack by a superior force of Spanish infantry, Kaspar von Silenen fell. Rovere withdrew when the main papal power arrived. In the end he had to break off the war due to lack of money, agree to a negotiated peace with the Pope and leave the Duchy of Urbino to Leo X. The Freikorps was dismissed at the end of the war in 1517. It had already been decimated in Rimini by the "sore throat" and brought the epidemic home. |
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After Charles V's coronation , the conflict between Habsburg and France rekindled the war in Italy. Leo X. allied himself with Habsburg, supported the Duke of Milan and took action against Venice.
| Name, duration of use |
(6 vat ) Auxiliary Corps Leinlackenkrieg 1521 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1521, alliance between Leo X and the Confederates from 1514. | |
| Stock, formation |
Auxiliary corps of 6,000 men. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the Confederation. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
The auxiliary corps was headed by Ludwig von Erlach from Bern and Captain Kaspar Göldli from Zurich. The attendance of Ensign Peter Füssli from Zurich is also mentioned. | |
| Use, events |
The well-paid campaign in the spring of 1521 was a papal support campaign for Duke Francesco Sforza of Milan in Romagna.
Erlach and Göldli were knighted by the Pope and given generous gifts. The team was apparently lying around inactive. A song of mockery speaks of the "linen lacquer war" (linen war, since apparently more was sleeping than fighting). 2,600 men did not return to Switzerland immediately. 300 men strengthened the papal Swiss Guard as "Trasteveregarde" with their own captain. It was dissolved when Leo X died. The remainder entered the papal service as a free corps under Hans Kaltschmid from Kaiserstuhl. There they ended the rebellion of the renegade Duke of Ferrara against the Pope and then occupied the cities of Parma and Piacenza, where they united in the autumn with the Romagna Auxiliary Corps (hereinafter). |
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| Name, duration of use |
(7 vat ) Romagna Auxiliary Corps 1521 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
In 1521, at the request of Leo X., Zurich granted 2,000 men against the will of Huldrich Zwingli and invoked the treaty of 1514. The remaining cantons facing France were assured that the troops would only defend papal territory. | |
| Stock, formation |
Auxiliary corps of 10,000 men. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
3,000 people from Zurich, plus 3,000 volunteers from Central Switzerland, 4,000 Graubünden residents and companies from across the Confederation (against the will of their governments). | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
Under the command of Cardinal Matthäus Schiner , the captains Jörg Berger, Georg Göldli, Gotthard von Hohenlandenberg , ship master Rudolf Schinz and Heinrich Grossmann from Zurich, Jakob Baumgartner from Basel, Hans Gunthelm (host to the key) from Bern, Jakob Marti from Lucerne, Kaspar Imhof from Uri, Niklaus Imfeld and Ulrich Andacher from Unterwalden, Fridolin Beldi from Glarus, Hans Rudolf from Schaffhausen, Bartholomäus Bärenwäger from Appenzell, Dietegen von Salis from Graubünden and Georg von der Flüe from Valais. | |
| Use, events |
The auxiliary corps occupied Piacenza and Parma in the autumn of 1521 and successfully took action against the troops of Venice, which was on the side of France.
When Leo X died, the campaign was broken off and the troops dismissed. |
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The successor of Leo X, Hadrian VI. , was a beacon of hope. In the face of the rampant Protestant Reformation , he expressed his will for renewal. In view of the shattered finances of the curia, which Leo left him, he tried at least partially to satisfy his outstanding pay claims with the also religiously divided Confederates with a modest advance payment. He admonished them in a brief to the thirteen places of the Confederation with the urgent request:
" To withdraw arms from the slaughter among Christian peoples and to support the Pope's efforts for peace ."
However, he died in 1523. His successor, Clement VII , then no longer felt liable for the debts of his cousin Leo X.
A fateful change of sides
Clement VII initially remained neutral in the struggle between the Habsburgs and France , but then leaned on the emperor's side. When Francis I , captured in the Battle of Pavia in 1525 , released on his word of honor a year later in the Peace of Madrid , despite not fulfilling his conditions, Clement VII changed sides.
Charles V's domain . Burgundy
: Castile Red: Aragon's possessions Orange: Burgundian possessions Yellow: Austrian hereditary lands Pale yellow: Holy Roman Empire |
He joined the League of Cognac (France, Pope, Milan, Florence, Venice), which was directed against the power of Charles V , which caused the Italian wars to flare up again in 1526. Clement VII turned to the Confederates for troops, but released them again, which had a fateful effect a year later.
| Name, duration of use |
(8 vat ) Troger Regiment 1526 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1526, surrender of Clemens VII with the confederates. | |
| Stock, formation |
A regiment of 8,000 men in 20 companies of 400 men. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the Confederation. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
Excavated by Landammann Jakob Troger von Uri, with the captains Anton von Erlach, Jakob May, Wilhelm Hertenstein and Franz Armbruster. | |
| Use, events |
Half of the regiment got hold of the fortified places in northern Italy with Spanish and imperial troops, while the other half arrived in Rome, but received no specific order. To the Pope Rome did not seem endangered. The troop returned home. | |
In 1527 the imperial troops in northern Italy, no longer paid since Pavia, got completely out of control. In the Sacco di Roma , the German and Spanish mercenaries as well as anti-papal-minded Italian troops took terrible revenge on the supposed culprit, the Pope. Rome was attacked by them, and doom took its course. The unleashed attackers plundered, robbed, murdered, pillaged, destroyed and raped completely uninhibited in the Eternal City . Around half of Rome's population is said to have died and ninety percent of the city's art treasures were stolen or destroyed. After the heavy losses of the Papal Swiss Guard and his flight to Castel Sant'Angelo , Clement VII was captured and the Medicis were expelled from Florence. A Swiss relief force of 10,000 men hired by Franz I was already destroyed by the plague in northern Italy. Only in 1529, in the Peace of Barcelona , did Clement VII regain the Papal States and the Medicis Florence .
After these terrible events, it took two decades before Swiss troops set out again for Vatican services, initially body guards for the papal legates in Italy.
Bodyguard of the papal legates
The secular dominion of the Pope - the papal state - was made up of legations. The administration of the legations was entrusted to cardinals or other high clergymen. The cardinal legates or vice-delegates were seen as the “alter ego” of the Pope. So it seemed necessary to have a bodyguard protect her. In Bologna (1542), Ravenna (1550), Perugia (1550), Avignon (1573), Ferrara (1598), Urbino (1631) and other papal administrative centers, Swiss guards were established.
| Name, duration of use |
(9 vat ) Swiss Guard Bologna 1542–1796 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1542, surrender of Pope Paul III. with Uri, approved by the Diet. | |
| Stock, formation |
1 company of 120 (1542), 150 (end of the 16th century) and 50 (1660) men. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the Catholic places of the Swiss Confederation. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
Recruited and led to the destination by the Urner Landammann Josue von Beroldingen , Pope Paul III. was awarded the Roman knighthood in thanks for this. The guard was led on site by the knight Azarias Püntener, who was related to him. | |
| Use, events |
The university town of Bologna belonged since 1512 to the Papal States and was governed by a legate Cardinal in rank, 1542 by Gasparo Contarini . Bologna must have been a dangerous city for high-ranking people at this time, plagued by intrigues. Contarini and his deputy Benedetto Conversini, Bishop of Jesi , acquired a Swiss bodyguard.
The guard captaincy in Bologna seems to have remained firmly in the hands of Uri. Via Beroldingen it went to Johann Jakob Arnold von Spiringen in 1591, who had married a daughter of Walter Zumbrunnen, who had carried out the function for the Beroldingen from 1566. In the Arnold family of Uri, she practically remained in "inheritance" until the 18th century, when her number was reduced to 50 men. In 1757 she was headed by the Urner Landammann Franz Sebastian Crivelli, who she received in 1776 with a Breve from Pope Pius VI. for his son Franz Maria Crivelli. The end of the Swiss Guard in Bologna, like that in the other papal legate cities, was the invasion of Italy by Napoleonic troops in 1796. |
|
| Name, duration of use |
(10 vat ) Swiss Guard Ravenna 1550–1796 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1550, surrender of Pope Julius II with the five Catholic towns in central Switzerland. | |
| Stock, formation |
120 men. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the Catholic Confederation. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
The first commandant in Ravenna was from Uri: Johann Jakob Tanner. 1559: Kaspar von Silenen. 1680: Sebastian Emmanuel Tanner from Uri, with deputy Johann Hermann Schmid (his nephew). | |
| Use, events |
The Swiss Guard in Ravenna seems to have been firmly in the hands of Uri. | |
| Name, duration of use |
(11 vat ) Swiss Guard Perugia («Brusa») 1550–1556 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1550, surrender of Pope Julius II with the five Catholic towns in central Switzerland. | |
| Stock, formation |
1 captain and 25 guardsmen. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the Catholic Confederation. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
1550: Jakob Klein from Zug. | |
| Use, events |
The guard was dissolved again in 1656. The guard captain in Rome, Junker Jost von Meggen, supreme commandant at the time of all the Swiss Guards in the Vatican, transferred the 25 guardsmen of the Guard from Brusa to the Guard in Ravenna. | |
| Name, duration of use |
(12 vat ) Lussi regiment 1557 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1557, the bylaws of the nine Catholic cantons (Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, Solothurn, Friborg, Appenzell Catholic , Glarus Catholic ) approved the application of Pope Paul IV after much back and forth . | |
| Stock, formation |
1 regiment of 3,000 men in 10 companies. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the Catholic Confederation, especially from Uri, Obwalden, Nidwalden and Zug. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
Commanded by Melchior Lussi from Unterwalden. | |
| Use, events |
The papal legate Mario Guiducci in charge of the matter was prepared for the task:
Gold scudo Paul III.
The task wasn't easy. The Catholic Confederates made claims:
The Confederates were reluctant because: 
Catholic and Protestant Confederates 1536
The greatest obstacle, however, was the recruitment of the other powers, especially the allied France. Its ambassador to Switzerland, Bernardin de Bochetel, Abbé of St. Laurent, was washed with all waters. The support of Melchior Lussi from Nidwalden (accolade with a golden chain, golden spurs and golden medallion in the previous year, now a gift of 100 gold scudi) was won relatively quickly. Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, where France had less influence (i.e. too few pension recipients), were the decisive factors in favor of the acceptance. Lucerne was against it, and the nuncio therefore even temporarily moved his seat to Altdorf. Colonel Wilhelm Frölich , leader of the Swiss troops in French service, had also spoken out against this Vatican advertising in a letter from the field. In order not to encounter German troops on Venetian territory, to avoid Graubünden, which only allowed local units to march through, and not to violate the "inheritance" with Habsburg in the duchies of Milan and Parma, the ten companies had to make a complicated approach to the Romagna can be chosen: over the Gotthard to Arbedo, through the Mesolcina to Soazza, over the Forcolapass to Chiavenna (where there was snow in mid-June and the first desertions occurred). In Chiavenna, the 28-year-old Lussi, who was still inexperienced during the war, was appointed colonel. Individual applicants from the ranks of the other captains such as Waser and Zelger from Nidwalden, Niklaus and Heinrich Wirz from Obwalden, von Silenen, Heinrich Arnold, Bartholomäus Kuhn, Zwyer and Jakob Tanner from Uri, Rechenberger from Lucerne as well as Schönbrunner, Zehnder, Kollin and von Bellatz from Zug were left behind. The train continued east of Lake Como and the Adda to Bergamo, east of the Oglio towards Brescia, then past the south-west end of Lake Garda via Veronese territory, south on Venetian territory, through Ferraresi into Romagna. Before Rome he was received with refreshments by the Pontifical Swiss Guard, accompanied into the city and personally honored with a great ceremony by Pope Paul IV. They received five artillery pieces and the next day the captains in the Sistine Chapel were awarded the knighthood with golden spurs, a golden chain worth 60 gold scudi and a gold commemorative coin. Lussi and Schönbrunner, who had already done this, were handed a gold chain worth 200 gold scudi. Already on the third day the order came for the regiment, which had not yet recovered from the marching strain: escort together with ten Italian companies and 500 riders for a supply transport to Paliano, which was enclosed by imperial troops, and relief of the garrison there:
|
|
| Name, duration of use |
(13 vat ) Swiss Guard Avignon 1573–1790 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
k. A. | |
| Stock, formation |
1 platoon of 21 men, with 1 captain, 2 corporals (one of them with the rank of lieutenant) and 18 guardsmen. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
Mainly from the cantons of Solothurn, Schwyz, Glarus. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
Founded by the vice-legate Cardinal Charles de Bourbon with co-legate Cardinal Georges d'Armagnac. The last four captains of the guard were no longer Swiss. 1744: the Italian, Giovanni Tommaso Bertozzi; 1748: Conte Paolo Dolci, from Naples; 1777: Marquis de Fontvieille, followed by the last captain of the guard, Monsieur des Taillades. | |
| Use, events |
Those with a three-cornered hat with a red plume, a doublet divided into red and yellow with dark blue lapels and buttons, as well as vertical silver ribbons (two on the chest, three on each lapel and on the back), blue trousers with red and yellow ribbons, guardsmen in uniform in white stockings were armed with a sword hanging from a bandolier and a halberd adorned with a red tassel. The guardsmen lived with their families in the Papal Palace, in the east and south wings of Benedict XII's cloister, the so-called "Quartier des Suisses". The Swiss Guard of Avignon provided guard and honorary duty in the room that led to the deputy delegate's apartments and provided the escort who escorted the deputy delegate in the Apostolic Palace and in Avignon. However, she did not accompany the prelate when he went to the county of Venaissin, according to the regulations of the guard. | |
| Name, duration of use |
(14 vat ) Swiss Guard Ferrara 1598–1796 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1660: Pope Alexander VII surrendered by train. | |
| Stock, formation |
1660: 1 company of 44 (1598), 100 (1608) and 50 (1660) men, with 1 captain, 1 lieutenant, 2 sergeants, 2 corporals, 2 drummers and whistlers and 40 halberdiers. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the federal cantons, from 1667 mainly from the canton of Zug. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
1625: Schultheiss and Venner Heinrich Cloos from Lucerne; 1667 Captain Kaspar Brandenberg from Zug; From then on, Zug always occupied the guard captaincy in Ferrara. | |
| Use, events |
As early as 1561 the dukes of Ferrara had a guard of 21 Swiss mercenaries, led by a knight Hercules Cups and lieutenant Heinrich Weiss.
In 1598 the main line of the dukes of Ferrara died out, and the leadership of the papal fief Duchy of Ferrara was taken over by a cardinal legate, apparently also the ducal Swiss guard. The Catholic places tried very hard to keep the guard captaincy for one of their own:
|
|
| Name, duration of use |
(15 vat ) Swiss Guard Urbino (and Pesaro) (1584) / 1631–1796 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1631: Agreement between the Canton of Lucerne and Cardinal Francesco Barberini, legate of Urbino, on behalf of Pope Urban VIII. | |
| Stock, formation |
1631: 1 captain, 1 sergeant, 24 guardsmen. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
Mainly from Lucerne. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
(1616: Guard Captain Michael Sidler from Zug). Later Alois Mettler and Franz Pfyffer from Lucerne. 1701 Anton Rudolf Pfyffer from Lucerne, later Jakob Pfyffer-Feer from Buttisholz. | |
| Use, events |
In 1616 the Duke of Urbino, Francesco Maria II. Della Rovere , complained in writing to the Schultheiss and Council of Lucerne about a revolt of part of his Swiss Guard. He mentioned in the letter that he had founded the Guard 32 years ago, i.e. in 1584, and attached the list of rebels, including Guard Captain Michael Sidler from Zug. Of the 17 named, 8 came from Lucerne, 3 from Italy, 2 were from Zug, and 1 each came from Freiburg, the Valais and the rest of the Confederation.
When his only son died, he handed the Duchy of Urbino over to Pope Urban VIII for administration . When he died himself in 1631, it finally fell to the Papal States as a fief, which from then on ruled it through a cardinal legate . On this occasion, Pope Urban VIII also took over the Swiss Guard founded by the Duke for his legate, Cardinal Francesco Barberini (one of the three judges who did not sign the judgment against Galileo Galilei ). In 1658, after the death of Guard Captain Alois Mettler, the Guard in Urbino was temporarily integrated into that of Rome. Apparently the Urbino Guard was also responsible for the legate in Pesaro when he was domiciled there. She is titled several times as "Gwardi to Urbin and Pesaro" . In 1682, the Guard Captain Franz Pfyffer ("the Younger") had to answer to the mayor and the council of the city and canton of Lucerne for disorderly housekeeping. Did this or some other reason later lead to the dissolution of the Guard? In any case, from 1698 Lucerne tried hard to re-establish the Swiss Guard in Urbino and Pesaro, which was also achieved in 1701. Guard captain was Anton Rudolf Pfyffer. As a special incident, Jakob Pfyffer-Feer from Buttisholz was recalled as Guard Captain in 1784. He had "fallen out of favor" with the Pope. After multiple advocates, he was pardoned by the highest authorities. In 1796, when Napoléon invaded Italy, this Swiss Guard was disbanded. |
|
| Name, duration of use |
(16 vat ) More Swiss Guards ? | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1666: Surrender between Pope Alexander VII and the Catholic towns of Lucerne and Zug for a «Chigi» bodyguard.
Little is known about the other Swiss Guards, besides those in Rome and Bologna. A source mentions another seven Swiss Guards in the cities of Rimini, Pesaro (see Swiss Guard Urbino), Ancona, Loreto, Foligno, Spoleto and Terni, but does not provide any further information about them. Another source also lists Saluzzo and Reggio as locations. It remains to be seen whether these were detachments from the «Chigi» bodyguard. |
|
| Stock, formation |
1666: "Chigi" bodyguard: 1 company of 100 men each from Lucerne and Zug with conditions, etc. a .:
|
|
| Origin squad, troop |
"Chigi" bodyguard: from Lucerne and Zug. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
In 1667 Hans Amrhyn was in command of the Lucerne company of the «Chigi» bodyguard. | |
| Use, events |
The Zug company of the «Chigi» bodyguard was deployed in Romagna and the Marche region. Apparently the Pope also heard that many Zug guardsmen suffered from alcoholism. Because of this and for reasons of cost, it was lifted again in 1667 and the Lucerne company was reduced to 50 men. The commander of the Zug company became guard captain in Ferrara (see there). | |
In 1780, shortly before the French Revolution and the invasion of the Napoleonic troops in Italy, which led to the end of the Swiss Guards in Vatican service between 1790 and 1796, with the exception of the Papal Swiss Guard in Rome, the Pope's guard companies numbered a total of 345 men.
In the 19th century the Vatican had combat troops recruited in Switzerland.
Combat troops to assert the Papal States
Even in the Papal States was felt the effects of the July Revolution of 1830 in Paris with Giuseppe Mazzini's revolutionary young Italy and the reformists Massimo d'Azeglio the Risorgimento felt. Apostasy by the northern legations diminished the Holy See's confidence in its existing troops. Local soldiers and officers, very often idlers and disreputable contemporaries, softened by the monotonous garrison service, proved to be unreliable. When an uprising in Bologna had to be brought under control by Austrian troops in 1830, the decision was made to recruit disciplined foreign troops that would be less sensitive to local influences. As a large number of Swiss troops have just been released from French and Dutch services, two Swiss officers, Franz Simon von Salis-Zizers and Eugène de Courten, experienced commanders of the 7th and 8th French Guards Regiment of the Bourbons and now in Vatican service, were given the Order to recruit two Swiss regiments.
| Name, duration of use |
(17 vat ) 1st Foreign Regiment 1832–1849 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1832: Private capitulation of Franz Simon von Salis-Zizers with Pope Gregor XVI. , represented by the Apostolic Nuncio in Lucerne, Archbishop Filippo de Angelis , without ratification by the Diet. However, von Salis spoke to Schwyz personally. | |
| Stock, formation |
1 regiment of 2,200 men in 2 battalions with 6 companies of 174 men each (4 fusiliers , 1 grenadier , 1 voltigeur company / s).
The Swiss brigade, consisting of the two foreign regiments, also included a battery of hippomobile artillery with 147 men and 88 horses. |
|
| Origin squad, troop |
As expected, the officers' positions were quickly filled, mostly from the abdicated Dutch and French Swiss regiments.
The recruitment of the team turned out to be difficult, contrary to expectations, despite the advantageous surrender. There was not a sufficient number of Swiss volunteers ready to enter the Vatican service. After some hesitation, Schwyz allowed, for religious reasons, the free advertising of three companies and also of several companies in Graubünden. The advertising offices were in Feldkirch and Como, with the main depot in Ferrara. Contrary to the original intention, a noticeable number of non-Swiss and even non-Catholics had to be recruited. In the end, the reputation and lifestyle of the recruits were no longer in the foreground. |
|
| Owner, commander, namesake |
1832 Franz Simon von Salis-Zizers from Zizers / Graubünden; 1844 Kaspar Theodosius Latour from Brigels / Graubünden. |
|
| Use, events |
The regiment initially performed garrison service in the troubled larger cities of the northern legations of Bologna and Ravenna. It was dispatched to hot spots as a reliable core force. It was used against the armies of the Risorgimento (Italian unification movement), had to put down popular uprisings and fumigate bands of robbers. At that time they represented a real nuisance. Tasks that the troops, in which a certain discipline could be developed after a while, was up to the task.
Italy 1843
Pope Pius IX could hardly oppose the liberal and republican currents. Too many young people from the Papal States streamed on the new railway to Civitavecchia and from there by boat north to Piedmont to support the national forces. In the Italian War of Independence in 1848, the Swiss Brigade, under General Giovanni Durando, moved the Sardinian-Piedmontese forces against Austria's field marshal Josef Wenzel Radetzky , who had to maintain the Austrian possessions in northern Italy. In 1848, Kaspar Latour's great moment came near Vicenza as the commander of the Swiss brigade, consisting of two foreign regiments. Vicenza represented a strategic position on the Verona - Venice railway line , the important supply line to Inner Austria. The Swiss brigade held the city for a long time with such bravura that Radetzky allowed it to go free while playing. A few days later, however, Latour was defeated by the Austrians in a battle on Monte Berico. Durando then had to surrender and withdraw into the Papal States. The action was not decisive for the war, and Austria was ultimately able to assert itself against Sardinia. The regiment spent the rest of the time until its dissolution by the Roman Republic in 1849 in a garrison in Bologna without being drawn into the revolutionary struggles in Rome. |
|
| Name, duration of use |
(18 vat ) 2nd foreign regiment 1832–1849 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1832: Eugène de Courten's private capitulation with Pope Gregory XVI. , represented by the Apostolic Nuncio in Lucerne, Archbishop Filippo de Angelis , without ratification by the Diet. However, De Courten obtained the approval of the Valais diaries and the episcopal chancellery in Sion. | |
| Stock, formation |
1 regiment of 2,200 men in 2 battalions with 6 companies of 174 men each (4 fusiliers , 1 grenadier , 1 voltigeur company / s). With 1,600 men marched off in Ravenna, the target population was not reached.
The Swiss brigade, consisting of the two foreign regiments, also included a battery of hippomobile artillery with 147 men and 88 horses. |
|
| Origin squad, troop |
As expected, the officers' positions were quickly filled, mostly from the abdicated Dutch and French Swiss regiments.
The company commanders were:
The recruitment of the team turned out to be difficult, contrary to expectations, despite the advantageous surrender. There was not a sufficient number of Swiss volunteers ready to enter the Vatican service. The cantons of Valais and Nidwalden reluctantly allowed free advertising for religious reasons. The advertising offices were in Lecco and Como, with the main depot in Ferrara. Contrary to the original intention, a considerable number of foreigners and non-Catholics had to be recruited. In addition, many of the recruits were more likely to belong in penal institutions than in a papal army. Nevertheless, the 2nd alien regiment did not reach the target population. |
|
| Owner, commander, namesake |
1832 Eugène de Courten from Sion / Wallis with his staff: Lieutenant Colonel Theodosius Kalbermatten and the majors Michel Dufour and François-Prosper de Remy; 1834 Theodosius von Kalbermatten from Visp / Wallis; 1844 François Prosper Bruno de Raemy de l'Auge from Freiburg; 1848 François Philippe Jacques de Schaller from Freiburg; 1848 Colonel (?) Kaiser from Unterwalden. | |
| Use, events |
After many difficulties Courten was finally able to march from Ravenna with 1,600 men to Forlì , one of the trouble spots.
He and his successor Kalbermatten had the situation under control, even during the uprisings of 1843/44. In 1848 the regiment was part of the Swiss Brigade, which, attached to the Sardinian forces against Austria, held out in Vicenza and suffered a defeat on Monte Berico. When the revolution reached Rome and Pius IX. fled to Gaëta, it was dissolved. |
|
Pius IX fled to the Neapolitan Gaëta after the March Revolution in 1848 . The republican party sacked the foreign troops. Most of their officers joined a papal guard regiment that was forming. After Spanish and French intervention troops took control of the situation again, Pius IX returned. Returned to Rome in 1850.
Now an Austrian garrison in Bologna and Ancona and a French corps in Rome and Civitavecchia kept things calm. Pius IX made some political concessions to the Republicans and rebuilt the two foreign regiments. His minister of war, Theodosius von Kalbermatten, stationed them in Perugia and Forlì. A few years of peaceful economic boom followed. But the republican movement for the unification of Italy, spurred on by Count Camillo Benso von Cavour and led by the Kingdom of Sardinia , took on increasingly threatening forms for the Papal States .
In the end, the alien regiments were unable to prevent the legations from falling away from the Papal State and joining Sardinia, despite the toughest procedures and occasional successes.
| Name, duration of use |
(19 vat ) 1st Foreign Regiment 1852–1861 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1852: Private capitulation of Colonel Theodosius von Kalbermatten, papal minister of war, with Pope Pius IX. He entrusted his brother, Wilhelm von Kalbermatten, former commander of the Valais militias in the Sonderbund War of 1847, with the establishment of two foreign regiments. | |
| Stock, formation |
1 regiment with 2 battalions, increased to 3 battalions in 1854. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
From the stocks of the papal guard regiment that was created in 1850, supplemented by Catholic volunteers from Switzerland and other countries.
The officers largely came from the two Swiss foreign regiments that were dissolved in 1849. |
|
| Owner, commander, namesake |
1852 Colonel Wilhelm von Kalbermatten; 1852 Colonel Küntzli of St. Gallen; 1853 Major (1854 Lieutenant Colonel) Raphaël de Courten; 1855 Colonel Anton Maria Schmid, former mayor and governor from Altdorf / Uri; 1860 Colonel Lucien Cropt-Dosi from Martigny. | |
| Use, events |
Perugia Massacre 1859
Kalbermatten was promoted to general and commander of the military district of Bologna in 1852. He handed over the regimental command to Colonel Küntzli, who died shortly afterwards. Major Joseph-Rafaël de Courten took his place and expanded the regiment to three battalions. Promoted to lieutenant colonel, he was then entrusted with building up the 2nd foreign regiment. Colonel Schmid, after the Apostolic Nuncio Filippo Bernardini had given him the appointment of Pope Pius IX in 1852 . had delivered ample time until 1855, before he took command of his regiment in Rome. He became famous and notorious in 1859 when he called the "butcher of Perugia" - even then in tabloid style - triggered the end of the Swiss troops in foreign service. When Austria withdrew from Bologna, Ferrara and Ancona, the northern Italian principalities joined Sardinia and renounced the legations from the Papal States. Perugia in Umbria also rose against the Pope. Schmid was given the task of suppressing the popular uprising in Perugia, his main location. In the narrow streets of the city, disturbed from all sides and windows, the troops reacted with arms against the civilian population. The situation escalated and ended in atrocities of war, including against women and children. The outrage in Italy, the horror in Europe and the dismay in Switzerland were enormous. For the Swiss authorities, after a similar event of the Swiss troops in Naples in 1848 , it was the reason to forbid foreign service in the same year and to finally recall the last official Swiss troops in foreign service from Naples. Pope Pius IX however, Schmid immediately promoted to Brigadier General, awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of Gregory and the golden campaign medal "Pro Petri Sede" and made him military governor of the Legations of Umbria and Marche . He had in Monsignor Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci, the future Pope Leo XIII. , who had personally witnessed the uprising in his episcopal palace in Perugia, found an important advocate. The Holy See, more and more distressed on all sides, tried with an appeal to Catholics of all nations to increase the number of its small armed forces. Around 3,000 Swiss responded to the call and were divided into the two foreign regiments and the foreign hunter battalion, which was emerging. In 1861, when the cardinals in the leadership of the papal military administration changed, the papal army was regrouped and the two foreign regiments dissolved. Some of the abdicated members of the regiment switched to the newly formed foreign hunter battalion. |
|
| Name, duration of use |
(20 vat ) 2nd Foreign Regiment 1855–1861 | |
| Year, contractual partner |
1855: Wilhelm von Kalbermatten, employed by his brother Theodosius in 1852, commissioned Pius IX. to rebuild the two former foreign regiments. | |
| Stock, formation |
1 regiment of 2 battalions. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
Catholic volunteers from the Swiss Confederation and two thirds from other countries such as Austria, Bavaria, Alsace, Belgium and Poland. | |
| Owner, commander, namesake |
1855 Colonel Joseph-Raphaël de Courten from Sitten / Wallis; 1860 Colonel François Xavier Philippe de Gady from Freiburg. | |
| Use, events |
The regiment was garrisoned in Forlì and other cities in Romagna with the task of preventing liberal, republican detachment movements, which he did well for a long time. When Austria withdrew from Bologna, Ferrara and Ancona in 1859, the northern Italian principalities joined Sardinia first and then also renounced all northern legations of the Pope from the Papal States. Colonel Joseph-Raphaël de Courten succeeded in restoring the old order with his regiment in Fano , Senigallia and Ancona and thus bringing the legations of Marche and Urbino back under papal control. (It was the beginning of an impressive military career: a year later he was promoted to brigadier general, a whole series of decorations and awards, in 1866 the command of the first army group in Frosinone and in 1870 the chairmanship of the military committee for the defense of Rome under the papal general Hermann Chancellor.) Two years later, in 1861, when the cardinals in the leadership of the papal military administration changed, the army was also regrouped and the 2nd Foreign Regiment, together with the 1st Foreign Regiment, was dissolved. Some of the abdicated members of the regiment entered the service of the new alien hunter battalion. |
|
| Name, duration of use |
(21 vat ) Foreign Jäger Battalion 1860–1868 (21 vat ) Foreign Jäger Regiment 1868–1870 |
|
| Year, contractual partner |
1860: Order of the papal general Hermann Kanzler on behalf of Pope Pius IX. | |
| Stock, formation |
1860: 1 battalion of 6 companies; 1868: Enlarged to form a regiment with 2 other companies. | |
| Origin squad, troop |
For the most part from the two foreign regiments dissolved in 1861, supplemented by Catholic volunteers from all over the world.
The companies were led by the captains: 1st company: Sebastian Wasescha, 2nd company: Gregor-Ciprian In-Albon, 3rd company: Fortunat Stöcklin, 4th company: Georg Federer, 5th company: Jules Meyer, 6th company : Dominik Epp, 7th company: François Russel, 8th company: Karl Kaiser, depot company: César Borrat. |
|
| Owner, commander, namesake |
1860: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Jeannerat from Pruntrut with Major Simon Castella and battalion adjutant Captain Louis de Courten. | |
| Use, events |
The Jeanneret foreign hunter battalion, led by the commander-in-chief of the papal army, Hermann Kanzler, was involved in the slow but ultimately futile defensive battle against the republican noose that was tightening around the papal state. The legations broke away from the papal state and turned to the newly created Italian nation-state . The end came when Austria withdrew from Bologna, Ferrara and Ancona and the French protection force in Rome and Civitavecchia was withdrawn because of the Franco-Prussian War . The papal army was immediately confronted with an overwhelming force of Italian troops, which conquered the Papal States with practically no resistance and now stood in front of the walls of Rome. The alien hunter regiment was part of the papal troops, which in 1867 in Mentana , at the gates of the city of Rome, had asserted themselves against the overwhelming power of Giuseppe Garibaldi and which now stood up to defend Rome. Pope Pius IX had, after demonstratively convening the First Vatican Council in 1869 , which proclaimed the infallibility of the Pope, had Rome fortified against the siege by the troops of the Italian king, Victor Emanuel II , and Giuseppe Garibaldis . Six of the twelve city gates were walled up and the city was divided into four defensive sectors with their own command. However, he broke off the fight in September 1870 under protest ( to nominally protect his rights as a "prisoner in the Vatican" ) before it had even really started. The Italian troops entered the Eternal City almost without a fight . A month later, Pius IX adjourned. the First Vatican Council sine die ("without a day", that is, for an indefinite period) ... it was not resumed. The papal state ceased to exist and its troops were released. The alien hunter regiment was also sent home. |
|
After the Sardinian War , the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 . This occupied the Papal States in 1870 after the French protecting power had withdrawn as a result of the Franco-German War .
The end came through the breach
Pope Pius IX hoisted the white flag in September 1870, when the first serious direct fire hit Rome next to the Porta Pia in the Aurelian Wall , in view of the multiple Italian military superiority on St. Peter's Basilica .
It was the end of the Papal States and with it the last Swiss troops in the Vatican. Only the Papal Swiss Guard remained in Rome . Since then it has been recruited through the personal entry of individuals without surrender .
From then on, the Pope was tacitly tolerated by the Italian government as head of the Vatican. It was only in the Lateran Treaty that Mussolini gave it to Pope Pius XI in 1929 . formally returned to Vatican City as an independent state .
bibliography
- Heinrich Türler, Viktor Attinger, Marcel Godet: Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz , fourth volume, Neuchâtel 1927, OCLC 899085687 .
- Moritz von Wattenwyl: The Swiss in foreign military service. Separately printed from the Berner Tagblatt , Bern 1930, OCLC 72379925 .
- Paul de Vallière, Henry Guisan , Ulrich Wille : Loyalty and honor, history of the Swiss in foreign service (translated by Walter Sandoz). Les Editions d'art ancien, Lausanne 1940, OCLC 610616869 .
- Robert Durrer : The Swiss Guard in Rome and The Swiss in Papal Service , Salzwasser-Verlag, Bremen 2015, OCLC 999476922 .
- Urban Fink, Hervé de Weck, Christian Schweizer: Shepherd's staff and halberd, The Papal Swiss Guard in Rome 1506–2006 ; Swiss Association for Military History and Science, Organizing Committee "500 Years of the Swiss Guard " and Federal Military Library , Theological Publishing House, Zurich 2006, OCLC 887476540 .
- Katarzyna Artymiak, Anna Artymiak: The Uniforms of the Papal Swiss Guard , a historical journey through the centuries , Ex Libris AG, Dietikon 2018, OCLC 1017033441 .
See also
Web links
- Jacques II. De Chabannes de La Palice (French)
- Ottaviano Campofregoso (Italian)
- The Swiss Guard in Avignon
- The Urbino War (Italian)
- papal legations (Italian)
- Text of the Lateran Treaty of February 11, 1929
Individual evidence
- ↑ Stefan Hess : Schönegg, Hüglin from. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Eduard Achilles Gessler: Hüglin von Schöneggs Leben , Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Volume 21, 1923.
- ^ A b c Robert Durrer : The Swiss Guard in Rome and The Swiss in Papal Service , Salzwasser-Verlag, Bremen 2015.
- ↑ Eduard Achilles Gessler: Hüglin von Schöneggs Grabkapelle , Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Volume 21, 1923.
- ^ Hans Stadler: Pension Letter. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ A b c d e f g h i Heinrich Türler, Viktor Attinger, Marcel Godet: Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz. Fourth volume. Neuchâtel 1927.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Paul de Vallière, Henry Guisan, Ulrich Wille: Treue und Ehre, history of the Swiss in foreign service (translated by Walter Sandoz). Les Editions d'art ancien, Lausanne 1940.
- ↑ Peter Quadri: Silenen, Kaspar von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Martin Lassner: Röist, Marx. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Christian Moser: Röist, Caspar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Urban Fink, Hervé de Weck, Christian Schweizer: Shepherd's staff and halberd, The Papal Swiss Guard in Rome 1506–2006 ; Swiss Association for Military History and Science, Organizing Committee "500 Years of the Swiss Guard" and Federal Military Library, Theological Publishing House, Zurich 2006.
- ↑ Peter Quadri: Meggen, Jost von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
-
↑ a b Minutes of the Federal Council meeting of February 15, 1929, 297. Le nouveau statut du St. Siège, Verbal:
“ … Il est difficile […] de considérer la garde papale comme une armée étrangère au sens de l'article 94 du code pénal militaire; cette troupe étant une simple garde de police, quiconque pourra y prendre du service, comme actuellement, sans l'autorisation du Conseil fédéral ... "
-
^ Military Criminal Law of June 13, 1927:
Article 94:
Swiss citizens who enter into foreign military service without the permission of the Federal Council are punished with imprisonment of up to three years or a fine. - ^ Foundation of the Pontifical Swiss Guard in the Vatican .
- ^ Foundation for the renovation of the barracks of the Pontifical Swiss Guard in the Vatican .
- ↑ Roland Huber: The Swiss Guard in the Vatican, halberdier in the service of the Pope , report for SRF Dok , YouTube video, 2013.
- ↑ Tradition from the 3D printer , In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from January 22, 2019.
- ↑ a b Bernhard Truffer: Schiner, Matthäus. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ a b c 1512 bull "Etsi Romani pontifices": Ecclesiasticae libertatis defensores
- ↑ a b c Alfred Zesiger: The Juliuspanner of Saanen , Bernese Sheets for history, art and archeology, part 1, No. 2, Bern 1905th
- ↑ Urs Kälin: Imhof, Walter. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Joseph Anton Felix von Balthasar : Ueber den Chiasserzug (a historical correction). Chapter in: Helvetia. Memoirs about the XXII Free States of the Swiss Confederation, Volume 2, collected and edited by Joseph Anton Balthasar, member of the daily council of the City and Republic of Lucerne, printed by JJ Christen, book printer and bookseller, Aarau, available from CU Jenni, bookseller, Bern 1826.
- ↑ a b Ernst Tremp: Falck, Peter. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ A b Josef Zimmermann: Peter Falk, a Freiburg statesman and military leader , Freiburg history sheets, Volume 12, Freiburg 1905.
- ↑ Paolo Ostinelli: Mailänderkriege. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Burkhard von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Martin Lassner: Stapfer, Jakob. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Anna-Maria Deplazes-Haefliger: Sax, von (de Sacco). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ a b Gerold Walser : The Itinerar of the Bernese in the Pavier campaign of 1512 , Berner Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Heimatkunde, Volume 47, Issue 4, Bern 1985.
- ^ André Holenstein: Eternal Peace. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Pierre Surchat: Nunciature. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Thomas Gmür: Göldli, Kaspar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Veronika Feller-Vest: Füssli, Peter. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
-
↑ Ernst Ludwig Rochholz: Eidgenössische Liederchronik, printed and published by Chr. Fischer, Bern 1842:
Der Leinlackenkrieg 1521 in the Google book search (abbreviated):
I want to sing a song
Well here at this time
Of nuw-longed things,
As it happened;
Do we serve the Babpst hand,
Are we drawn
far into the Roman country?Babpst Leo, holy father well,
a head of Christianity,
who does against your will -
who contradicts the churches -
I mean who is under the highest spell?
That will no longer apply,
one has no faith in it.... So vyl the Burg and Stetten
Has the Bapst indeed,
If they want to help
and if they are in the Ghorsam,
So he hett so much land and Lüt
that he
wants to protect the church, And not pester us.So synd sy nit
en masse your gentleman is dejected and gracious;
Must give others pay;
With then, when I confuse, he has to
conquer Sin Eigen Lüt
and make underthon.... Ancona, who was
full of veste and overjoyed,
Sy thinks that the pious gesture
shot ir nit
wolt rather gên silver and gold,
That the Bapst
would give the Confederates their wages.In the country we moved,
hand touches the poor Lüt
That same is not a lie,
Otherwise hand we gschaffot not;
Some of them were fleeing to the sea,
They didn't want to expect
the Swiss army.... I want to hear
it now with pleasure.
The guard servants with honors
To Rome gant wolgerust,
Sy was called d'Houplüt wilkum syn
As ire gracious gentlemen,
Sy steadily in place.... Because of the sixty pieces that
you shoot, you jerked
to Engelburg,
The pity you gave
in d'Herberg with great reverence, Then on the next
day
you gave an audience.Then real
papal holiness received
The chief charity all resembled,
His arm he led to sy;
Sy knüwtent nider one hate
And kissed jm syn feet,
When it was then something.... We will remember this
for a long time! - He gave
each
one a piece of Samat for what he was,
He kept the main charity enough,
Bar a hundred ducats,
You two knights struck.... Hans Birker has brought this
song and sings it clearly,
Has done it in the service of the churches,
In the twenty-first jar
Has a strange figure,
We served the Bapst,
And we honestly served us. - ^ Johann Jakob Hottinger: Johann's von Müller and Glutz von Blotzheim's Stories of the Swiss Confederation, continued , sixth volume, by Orell, Füssli and Compagnie, Zurich 1825.
- ↑ «... one should rather guard against alliances with lords and princes, because what is promised must also be kept. I wish, however, that a hole had been poked through the Pope's federal letter beforehand, and that he had hanged on the back of the two. These Roman cardinals also wear wide coats and red hats cheaply; shake it, and ducats and crowns fall out, wind them and your blood flows down, ” reports Heinrich Bullinger about a sermon by Zwingli.
- ^ Heinzpeter Stucki: Berger, Jörg. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Thomas Gmür: Göldli, Georg. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Martin Leonhard: Landenberg. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Katja Hürlimann: Schinz. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Niklaus von Flüe: Imfeld, Niklaus. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Waltraud Hörsch: Andacher. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Silvio Färber: Salis, Dietegen von (Soglio). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
-
^ Franz Xaver Seppelt: Papal history from the beginnings to the present ., 5th edition. Kösel, Munich 1954.
Message from the legate Hadrian VI. at the Reichstag in Nuremberg in 1523:
God let this turmoil happen "because of the sins of the people and especially the sins of priests and prelates". - ^ State Archives of the Canton of Bern, online
- ↑ Urs Kälin: Troger Jakob. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Louis Carlen, Pierre Surchat: Papal States . In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
-
↑ a b c d e f g h . The Legation was an administrative area of the Papal States. It was administered by a legate , usually a cardinal or governor , who did not have to be a clergyman. In this case a cleric was assigned to him for spiritual matters. At the time of Pope Pius IX. the legations consisted of 11 provinces (which were divided into delegations):
The 11 provinces of the Papal States at the time of Pius IX.- Marittima e Campagna ( Roma , Tivoli , Subiaco , Frosinone , Terracina , Anagni , Pontecorvo )
- Sabina ( Rieti , Poggio Mirteto )
- Patrimonio ( Viterbo , Orvieto , Civitavecchia )
- Umbria ( Perugia , Città di Castello , Foligno , Todi , Spoleto , Norcia , Terni )
- Camerino
- Marche ( Macerata , Severino , Fabriano , Loreto , Fermo , Ascoli , Montalto , Ancona , Jesi , Osimo )
- Urbino (Urbino, Pesaro , Fano , Senigallia , Gubbio )
- Romagna ( Ravenna , Imola , Faenza , Forlì , Cesena , Rimini )
- Bologna
- Ferrara
- Benevento
- ↑ a b c Birgit Emich: Territorial integration in the early modern times, Ferrara and the Papal States , Böhlau Verlag, Cologne Weimar Vienna 2005.
- ↑ Urs Kälin: Beroldingen, Josue von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ August Püntener: Püntener (of Brunberg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Urs Kälin: Zumbrunnen, Walter. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Urs Kälin: Arnold. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Urs Kälin: Crivelli, Franz Sebastian. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Mark Lischer: Crivelli. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Urs Kälin: Tanner, Johann Jakob. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ State Archives Lucerne ACT13 / 1361.
- ↑ State Archives Lucerne ACT13 / 1359
- ↑ a b c Fridolin Segmüller: The defeat of the Swiss at Paliano, 1557 , Journal for Swiss Church History, Volume 7, 1913.
- ^ Fabian Hodel: Lussi, (Lussy) Melchior. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Erich Meyer: Frölich, Wilhelm. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Ulrich Nersinger: The Papal Swiss Guard in Avignon, http://www.kathnews.de/die-paepstliche-schweizergarde-in-avignon , kathnews-Redaktion, 2014. read July 3, 2016, 8:07 pm
- ↑ a b c d e f g Alois Müller: On the history of the papal guard in Ferrara and their relationship to Zug , Journal for Swiss Church History, Volume 34, 1940.
- ^ Gregor Egloff: Cloos, Heinrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Martin Merki: Amrhyn. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ State Archives Lucerne ACT13 / 1319
- ↑ Salvatore Caponetto: . Pesaro e la legazione d'Urbino nella seconda metà del sec XVIII , in Studia Oliveriana VII, organ of oliverianischen library and museums, Pesaro 1959th
- ↑ State Archives Lucerne ACT13 / 1374.
- ↑ Domenico Boccolari: Nuova Geografia dell'Europa , Stamperia del R. ed I. Monastero di S. Salvatore, Pavia 1,782th
- ↑ State Archives Lucerne ACT13 / 1368.
- ↑ State Archives Lucerne ACT13 / 1369.
- ↑ State Archives Lucerne ACT13 / 1371.
- ↑ State Archives Lucerne ACT13 / 1372.
- ^ Paul M. War: The Swiss Guard in Rome. Räber-Verlag, Lucerne 1960.
- ↑ State Archives Lucerne : State holdings (historical holdings, pertinence system)
- ^ Renato Morosoli: Brandenberg. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ a b Jürg Simonett: Salis, Franz Simon von (-Zizers). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ A b Frédéric Giroud: Courten, Eugène de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Excerpts from: Famille de Courten. Généalogie et services militaires, Metz 1885. and Courten family archive (Archives Etat du Valais) , kindly made available by Colonel i Gst aD Antoine de Courten, Rolle 2016.
- ^ Adolf Collenberg: Latour, Caspar Theodosius de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Marie-Claude Schöpfer Pfaffen: Stockalper, (von / de) (vom Thurm). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ a b Hubert Foerster: Schaller, de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Bernhard Truffer: Kalbermatter (Kalbermatten), (from / de). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Bernhard Truffer: Werra, (from / de). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Régis de Courten: Boccard, de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Ignace Carruzzo: Quartéry, de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ a b c d Bernhard Truffer: Kalbermatten, Theodosius de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Pierre-Alain Putallaz: Dufour. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Hubert Foerster: Raemy, de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ A b Bernhard Truffer: Kalbermatten, Wilhelm von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ René Roca: Sonderbund War. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ a b c Pierre-Alain Putallaz: Courten. Raphaël de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Urs Kälin: Schmid, Anton. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
-
↑ Federal law on advertising and entry into foreign military service (of September 30, 1859):
Article 1:
Entry into those troops from abroad that are not to be regarded as national troops of the state in question is prohibited to any Swiss citizen without the approval of the Federal Council .
The Federal Council can only grant such a permit for the purpose of further training for the purposes of the patriotic defense system . - ^ Sébastien Rial: Gady, de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
-
↑ Decorations and awards from Brigadier General Joseph-Raphaël de Courten:
- Knight of the Order of Pius 2nd class (1853);
- Commander of the Papal New Year's Eve Order (1856), the Order of Saint Gregory (1856), the Neapolitan Order of Francis I (1867) and the French Legion of Honor (1867);
- Gold medal enamelled per Petri sede (“for Peter's chair”, 1860) and Mentana cross fidei et virtuti (“to faith and virtue”, 1867);
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Gregory (1860), the Order of the Eagle of Este (1867) and the Military Order of Merit of Léopold II of Tuscany (1870).
- ↑ a b c : L'Esercito Pontifico 1867 , pages 97-100. ( Memento of September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: Annuario Militare Pontifico 1867, accessed July 9, 2016.
- ^ Philipp Kalbermatter: In-Albon. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Hubert Foerster: Meyer, Jules de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Marco Jorio: Epp, Dominik. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ^ Pierre de Castella: Castella, Simon. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- ↑ Pierre-Alain Putallaz: Courten, Louis de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
-
↑ Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ ( Pastor Aeternus ):
« As the successor of Peter, representative of Christ and supreme head of the Church, the Pope exercises full, ordinary, direct episcopal power over the Church as a whole and over the individual dioceses. This extends to matters of faith and morals as well as to discipline and church leadership. » - ↑ Olivier Meuwly: Vallière, Paul de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .