Cluj-Napoca

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 81.208.31.218 (talk) at 19:22, 14 November 2007 (→‎Transport). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

46°46′N 23°35′E / 46.767°N 23.583°E / 46.767; 23.583

Cluj-Napoca
County capital
File:Panorama-Nocturna (Cluj-Napoca).jpg
Coat of arms of Cluj-Napoca
Coat of arms
Location of Cluj-Napoca
Location of Cluj-Napoca
Country Romania
CountyCluj County
StatusCounty capital
Founded1213 (first official record as Cluj)
Government
 • MayorEmil Boc (Democratic Party)
 • Deputy-MayorAdrian Popa (National Liberal Party)
 • Deputy-MayorBoros János (UDMR)
Area
 • Total179.5 km2 (69.3 sq mi)
Population
 (2002)311,391 (as of January 1, 2007)
 • Total318,027
 • Density1,771/km2 (4,590/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal Code
400xyz1
Area code+40 x642
Car PlatesCJ-N3
Websitehttp://www.primariaclujnapoca.ro
1x, y, and z are digits that indicate the street, part of the street, or eaven the building of the address
2x is a digit indicating the operator: 2 for the former national operator, Romtelecom, and 3 for the other ground telephone networks
3used only on the plates of the vehicles that operate only in the city limits (like trolleys, trams, utilitary vehicles, ATVs, etc.)

Cluj-Napoca (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/; German: Klausenburg; Hungarian: Kolozsvár; Latin: Napoca, Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis), until 1974 Cluj, is the second largest city in Romania,[1] seat of Cluj County, in north-western Transylvania. It lies some 426 km north-west of Bucharest, in the valley of the Someşul Mic river and it used to be the capital of the historical province of Transylvania.

The municipality ([Municipiul Cluj-Napoca] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) has a population of 311,400. The population of the metropolitan area, as proposed by the current project is estimated at 360,000. Finaly the population of the influence area (periurban area) counts over 400 thousand residents.[2] The metropolitan area of Cluj-Napoca should be functional as early as June 2008.[3] According to an official in the City Hall, the total population of the city is high as 504,000, including students and other non-residents (Romanian flotanţi).[4]

The municipal border covers a relatively small area, of 179,52 km². According to estate experts, because of the development of the infrastructure, localities ([comune)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) like Feleacu, Vâlcele, Mărtineşti, Jucu and Baciu will eventualy become neighbourhoods of the city, therefore enlarging its area.[5]

Cluj-Napoca is today one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among others, it hosts the largest university in the country, Babeş-Bolyai University, state-renowned cultural instutions, as well as the largest Romanian-owned commercial bank.

Etymology

Romanian inscription "Tiperit en Klus en Anul Domnului 1703" (Printed in Klus AD 1703) of a religious book

The first written mention of its name was in 1213 under the Latin name Castrum Clus. However CLUS as a county name appeared earlier in 1173 as Thomas comes Clusiensis.

There are several theories concerning the origin of the name:

  • The word Clus means "closed" in Latin, and is related to the hills that surround the city.
  • from the Slavic kluè (meaning key)
  • from German, either from the name Klaus, or from the word Klause (meaning mountain pass, or weir - from clusa).
  • from its first magistrate Miklos/Miklus/Kolos -> Klus

The Hungarian form was recorded first time in 1246: Kulusuar; 1250: Culuswar; 1275: Clwsuar; 1297: Cluswar; 1299 Klusvar; 1315 Clusuar; 1332: Koloswar.

In 1348 appeared its Saxon name Clusenburg, Clusenbvrg, since 1408 the form Clausenburg was used.

The first Romanian name of the city was Cluş, also written as Klus.

Klausenburg was one of the seven medieval fortified Saxon cities of Siebenbürgen (meaning seven fortresses) in Transylvania. The city appears mostly under this name on maps of Austria-Hungary.

The city became known by the Romanian variant name Cluj after becoming part of the Kingdom of Romania in 1918. The city's name was changed to Cluj-Napoca in 1974 by the Romanian Communist authorities.

History

Main article: History of Cluj-Napoca
Cluj-Napoca in 1759

After the Roman Empire conquered Dacia at the beginning of the 2nd century, Trajan established a legion camp known as Napoca. Hadrian raised Napoca to the status of a municipium, naming it Municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napoca. The locality was later raised to the status of a colonia, probably during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Napoca became a provincial capital of Provincia Porolissensis and the seat of a procurator.

In the 10th century, the region was conquered by the Magyars (Hungarians) and became part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The Mongol invasion destroyed the old plank fortress and also the surrounding village. A new castle and a village was built in a new place (present-day Memorandului and Emil Isac street) in the late 13th century. Crown Prince Stephen Duke of Transylvania encouraged the Transylvanian Saxons to settle down in the new village in 1272.

In 1270 Kuluzsvar (the castle and the village) was donated (so thus degraded) to the bishopric of Transylvania. In 1316 received town privileges from Charles I of Hungary and to the memory of this event they began building the Saint Michael Church. In 1331 the voivode of Transylvania lost his supremacy over Kuluzsvar. Kolozsvar-Klausenburg became a free royal city in 1405. By this time the number of Saxon and Hungarian inhabitants was equal, and King Matthias Corvinus (born in Klausenburg in 1440) ordered that the office of the chief judge should be alternating between Hungarians and Saxons.

Palatul New York

In 1541 Klausenburg became part of the independent Principality of Transylvania after the Ottoman Turks occupied the central part of the Hungarian Kingdom. Although Alba Iulia served as political capital for the princes of Siebenbürgen (Transylvania), Klausenburg was the main cultural and religious centre for the principality. Prince Stefan Batory founded a Jesuit academy in Klausenburg in 1581. Between 1545 and 1570 large numbers of Germans (Saxons) left the city due to the introduction of Unitarian doctrines.[citation needed] The remaining assimilated with Hungarians, and the city became a centre for Hungarian nobility and intellectuals. With the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, Klausenburg became part of the Habsburg Monarchy.

The first Hungarian-language newspaper was published in Klausenburg in 1791, and the first Hungarian theatrical company was established in 1792. In 1798, the city was heavily damaged by a fire.

From 1790-1848 and 1861-1867, Klausenburg was the capital of the Grand Principality of Siebenbürgen within the Austrian Empire; the city was also the seat of the Transylvanian diets. Beginning in 1830, the city became the centre of the Hungarian national movement within the principality. During the Revolutions of 1848, Klausenburg was taken and garrisoned in December by Hungarians under the command of the Polish general Józef Bem.

Regele Ferdinand Avenue

After the Ausgleich (compromise) which created Austria-Hungary in 1867, Klausenburg and Transylvania were again integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary. During this time, Kolozsvár was among the largest and most important cities of the kingdom, and was the seat of Kolozs County. On September 26, 1895, the Emperor Franz Joseph visited nearby Bánffy-Hunyad following the end of the Hungarian Army manoeuvres in Transylvania and was given an enthusiastic welcome by the townspeople, who built an arch decorated with the region's flowers and plants for the occasion.[6] In 1897, the Hungarian government decided that only Hungarian place names should be used and therefore prohibited the use of the German or Romanian versions of the city's name in official government documents.[7]

After World War I, Transylvania, with Cluj, was transferred to the Kingdom of Romania. In 1940 Cluj was again returned to Hungary through the Second Vienna Award, but in October 1944 the Hungarian forces in the city were defeated by the invading Soviet army. Cluj was restored to the Kingdom of Romania by the Treaty of Paris in 1947.

Cluj had 16,763 inhabitants of Jewish ancestry in 1941. After Hungary's German occupation in March 1944, the city's Jews were forced into ghettos under conditions of intense overcrowding and practically no facilities.

I. Maniu Street: Construction of this symmetrical street was undertaken during the 19th century

Liquidation of the ghetto occurred through six deportations to Auschwitz between May and June 1944. Despite facing severe sanctions from the Hungarian administration of Horthy, many Jews escaped across the border to Romania with the assistance of the inhabitants of neighboring villages. They were then able to flee Europe from the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanţa. Other Jews originating from East European countries were helped to escape from Europe by an Anti-Nazi group led by the Jewish Joint and Romanian politicians in Cluj and Bucharest. The leader of this network, between 1943 and 1944, was Raoul Şorban.

Hungarians remained the majority of the city's population until the 1960s, when Romanians began to outnumber Hungarians. According to the 1966 census, the city's population of 185,663 was composed of 56% Romanians and 41% Hungarians. Until 1974 the official Romanian name of the city was Cluj. It was renamed to Cluj-Napoca by the Communist government to recognize it as the site of the Roman colony Napoca.

Following the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the nationalist politician Gheorghe Funar became mayor and ruled for the next 12 years. His tenure was marked by strong Romanian nationalism and anti-Hungarian ideas. A number of public art projects were undertaken by the city with the aim of highlighting Romanian symbols of the city, most of them regarded by Hungarian ethnics as a way of obscuring the city's Hungarian ancestry. In June 2004 Gheorghe Funar was voted out of office. He was replaced by Emil Boc of the Democratic Party. The laws on municipal bilingualism have not been applied in administration as the 2002 city census showed less than 20% Hungarians.

Palaces on the Someş River

In 1994 and 2000, Cluj-Napoca hosted the Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI). It thus made Romania not only the first country to have hosted the CEOI, but also the first country to have hosted it a second time.

The city is known in Hasidic Jewish history for the founding of the Sanz-Klausenburg dynasty.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Cluj-Napoca

The mayor of Cluj-Napoca is Emil Boc, the leader of the Democratic Party, ex-FSN.

The Cluj-Napoca Municipal Council, elected in the 2004 local government elections, is made up of 27 councillors, with the following party composition:

    Party Seats Current Council
Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Justice and Truth Alliance 12 Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/DA |  
Template:Romanian politics/party colours/UDMR |   Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania 6 Template:Romanian politics/party colours/UDMR |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/UDMR |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/UDMR |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/UDMR |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/UDMR |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/UDMR |              
Template:Romanian politics/party colours/PSD |   Social Democratic Party 5 Template:Romanian politics/party colours/PSD |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/PSD |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/PSD |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/PSD |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/PSD |                
Template:Romanian politics/party colours/PRM |   Greater Romania Party 3 Template:Romanian politics/party colours/PRM |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/PRM |   Template:Romanian politics/party colours/PRM |                    
Template:Romanian politics/party colours/Independents |   Independents 1 Template:Romanian politics/party colours/Independents |                        

The most important parties at Cluj are Partidul Naţional Liberal, Partidul Democrat (ex-FSN), Partidul Social Democrat, Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc Creştin-Democrat (PNŢCD), Partidul România Mare, Uniunea Democratǎ a Maghiarilor din România, Partidul Conservator

Population

Calvaria Church. Detail

From the Middle Ages onwards, the city of Cluj has been a multicultural city with a diverse cultural and religious life. As of 2002 the city's population was 317,953 (ranked third in Romania after the capital Bucharest and Iaşi). The 2007 data published by the National Statistics Institute of Romania puts this figure at 311,400, ranking the city of Cluj-Napoca second only to the capital of Bucharest. Moreover, according to an official in the City Hall, the total population of the city is high as 504,000, including students and other non-residents (Romanian flotanţi).[4]

The ethnic composition, according to the 2002 census, is:

Population dynamics

Official Censuses show the following population dynamics:

  • 1850: || 19 612 (Romanians: 21.0%, Hungarians: 62.8%)
  • 1880: ||| 32 831 (Romanians: 17.1%, Hungarians: 72.1%)
  • 1890: |||| 37 184 (Romanians: 15.2%, Hungarians: 79.1%)
  • 1900: ||||| 50 908 (Romanians: 14.1%, Hungarians: 81.1%)
  • 1910: |||||| 62 733 (Romanians: 14.2%, Hungarians: 81.6%) (After Transylvania united with Romania in 1918-1920, an exile of Hungarian inhabitants occurred. Also the city grew and many people moved to the town from the surrounding area and Cluj county, populated largely by Romanians).
  • 1920: ||||||||| 85 509 (Romanians: 34.7%, Hungarians: 49.3%)
  • 1930: |||||||||| 103 840 (Romanians: 35.7%, Hungarians: 46.5%) (In August 1940, as the second Vienna Award transferred the northern half of Transylvania to Hungary, an exile of Romanian inhabitants occurred.)
  • 1941: ||||||||||| 114 984 (Romanians: 9.8%, Hungarians 85.7%)(The 1941 Hungarian census is considered unreliable by most historians. In 1941, Cluj had 16,763 Jews. They were forced into ghettos in 1944 by the Hungarian forces and deported to Auschwitz between May and June 1944.)
  • 1948: |||||||||||| 117 915 (Romanians: 40%, Hungarians: 57%)
  • 1956: ||||||||||||||| 154 723 (Romanians: 47.8%, Hungarians: 47.9%) (In the sixties a very strong policy of Industrialization started. Many people from the surrounding rural areas (largely Romanian) were moved into the city. As a consequence, for the first time in its long history, Cluj had a Romanian majority.)
  • 1966: ||||||||||||||||||| 185 663 (Romanians: 56.5%, Hungarians: 41.4%)
  • 1977: |||||||||||||||||||||||||| 262 858 (Romanians: 65.8%, Hungarians: 32.8%)
  • 1992: ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 328 602 (Romanians: 76.6%, Hungarians: 22.7%)
  • 2002: |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 318 027 (Romanians: 79.4%, Hungarians: 19.0%)

Source: Template:Hu icon Varga E. Árpád: Ethnical and religious statistics for Transylvania

Famous natives/inhabitants of Cluj

Central Park night view
File:Kolozsv-jszaka Cluj Napoca.jpg
Cluj Napoca at Night

Administration

Cluj-Napoca administrative areas

The city contains over 15 districts, some of them with their own local administrative structure (townhall). The city townhall intend to develop local administrative structures for most of the districts.

Cluj-Napoca 2007 districts map

Because of the last years' massive city development, in 2005 some areas of Cluj were named as districts. Most of them are still building yards:

  • Sopor district, placed in Sopor colony area.
  • Borhanci district, placed in Borhanci colony area.
  • Becaş district, placed in Becaş colony area.
  • Făget district, placed in Făget colony area.
  • Zorilor South district, placed in Observatorului South area.

Beside these, there are some other building areas like Tineretului, Lombului or Oser, which are likely to become districts in the following years.

Cityhall

Main article: List of mayors of Cluj-Napoca
The old building of the City Hall. Currently used as the location where citizens pay their taxes and where the civil wedding ceremonials occur

Mayor of Cluj is the democrate Emil Boc, representing the PNL-PD alliance. Vicemayors are: Adrian Popa (PNL) and Boros János (UDMR). The local coalition is composed from PNL, PD and UDMR.

Prefecture and County Board

The two institutions administration board was decided after 2004 alections:

Arts and culture

An important cultural centre, Cluj-Napoca has many museums, theatres, and the like.

The Lucian Blaga National Theatre, opened on 1 December 1919 in Avram Iancu Square, is the most important theatre in Transylvania. The building, designed by the Austrian architects Helmer and Fellner was built in 1904-1906 to house the Hungarian National Theatre. The building also hosts the Romanian Opera, the oldest lyrics and dramatics institution in Romania. The Hungarian Theatre and Opera in Cluj was moved in 1919 to a smaller building where it remains to this day.

In the Bánffy Palace, where the National Art Museum is located, many notable artists are on display: Romanian painters Nicolae Grigorescu, Ştefan Luchian, and Dimitrie Paciurea, as well as foreign painters such as Constantin David Rosenthal or Karl Storck. Other museums: include the National Transylvanian History Museum, the Pharmacy Museum, the Village Museum, and the Geology and the Zoological Museum.

In Cluj-Napoca there are also the following foreign culture centres:

  • French Cultural Centre
  • J.F. Kennedy American Cultural Center
  • British Cultural Centre
  • German Cultural Centre
  • Italian Cultural Centre
  • The Japanese Centre of Art and Culture
  • Indian Cultural Centre

Since 1955 Cluj has also hosted the Transylvania National Philharmonics.

On June 3, 2006, the MTV România Music Award ceremony took place in Cluj.

One of the main cultural events that take place in Cluj-Napoca is the Transilvania International Film Festival (official site). The Gay Film Nights festival, showcasing LGBT culture and cinema, is also organised annually in Cluj-Napoca by Be An Angel, the city's largest LGBT rights organisation.

Economy

Cluj-Napoca is an important economic centre in Romania. Famous local brands that have become well known at a national, or even international level, include: Banca Transilvania, Farmec, Jolidon, Napolact, and Ursus breweries.

The city has also become an important IT sector centre, with over 100 software companies and two universities that provide quality graduate engineers. Nokia will invest 200 million euros in a mobile telephone factory and a research centre in Cluj.[8] The final discussion between representatives of the County Council and those of the Finnish group were held on March 20, 2007 after the decision was made to invest in Romania. "Given that demand for mobile phones is seeing a steady increase, Nokia has looked into opportunities of increasing its production capacities in order to meet the growing demand from customers". Ericsson is also in discussions to open a plant here.[9] On March 26, 2007 a memorandum was signed between Nokia and Cluj County Board, in the presence of Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu prime-minister.[10]

British investment and financial services group Dawnay Day, owner of the Brasov-based commercial centre MacroMall, says it will invest 135 million euros in two real estate projects in Cluj-Napoca. The first project, which has started construction on the site of the former Tricotaje Somesul plant located in Cluj-Napoca city centre, amounts to 85 million euros. The project will include a four-star hotel, a business centre with a total surface area of 10,000 square metres, as well as some 32,000 square metres of retail space. The Tricotaje Somesul plant held an 18,000 square-metre plot of land in the area.[11]

Cluj-Napoca is also an important regional commercial centre, with shopping centres and hypermarkets like: Polus Center (including an Carrefour hypermarket), Iulius Mall (including an Auchan hypermarket), Ambient, Baumax, Billa, Central, Cora, Kaufland, Plus, Praktiker, Profi, Metro, Selgros, Sigma Center, Sora. Another shopping mall, Atrium[12] is also currently under construction, as well as the hypermarket Real.

Among famous retailers found in the center of the city, one can mention Nike, Reebok, Adidas, Puma, Lee Cooper, Ecco, Quiksilver, Kenvelo, United Colors of Benetton, Guess, Outwear, Steillmann, s.Oliver, L'Oreal, Yves Rocher, Paco Rabanne and others. The shopping centers in the outskirts include stores like Mango, Zara, New Yorker, Intersport, Sephora, Calvin Klein, O'Neill, Energie, Swatch, Bata and so on.

Transport

Cluj-Napoca is very well served in terms of transport and infrastructure for Romanian city standards, being an important element of the national air, rail and road transport networks.

Air

The Cluj-Napoca International Airport (CLJ), located 9 km to the east of the city centre, is the fourth busiest airport in Romania, after the two Bucharest airports (OTP and BBU) and Timisoara airport. Situated on the European route E576 (Cluj-Napoca - Dej), the airport is connected to the city centre by the local public transport company, RATUC, bus number 8. The airport servers direct destinations like Bucharest,Venice, Barcelona, Valencia, Budapest, Bologna, Frankfurt, London, Madrid, Milan and Vienna.

Rail

The Cluj-Napoca Main Rail Station, located about 2 km to the north of the city centre, is situated on the CFR-Romanian Railways Main Line 300 (Bucharest - Oradea - Romanian Western Border) and on the Line 401 (Cluj-Napoca - Dej). CFR provides direct rail connections to all the major Romanian cities and to Budapest. The rail station is very well connected to all the parts of the city by the trams, trolleybuses and buses of the local public transport company, RATUC.

The city is also served by two other secondary rail stations, the Little Station (Romanian: Gara Micǎ) and Cluj-Napoca East (Halta "Clujana").

Road

Cluj-Napoca is an important node in the European road network, being on three different European routes (E60, E81 and E576). At a national level, Cluj-Napoca is located on three different main national roads, DN1, DN1C and DN1F.

City bus in Cluj-Napoca

The Romanian Motorway A3, also known as Transylvania Motorway (Romanian: Autostrada Transilvania), currently under construction, will link the city with Bucharest and the Romanian western border. Its western part (Romanian border - Oradea - Cluj-Napoca) is planned to be finished by 2009, while its eastern and southern part (Cluj-Napoca - Braşov) is planned to be finished by 2012.

The Cluj-Napoca Coach Station (Romanian: Autogara) is used by several private transport companies to provide coach connections from Cluj-Napoca to a large number of locations from all over the country.

Public transport

RATUC, the local public transport company, runs an extensive 342 km public transport network within the city using trams, trolleybuses and buses.

Public transport

Car and driver company RomaniaByCar.eu

Education

Babeş-Bolyai University

Cluj-Napoca is one of the most important academic centres in Romania. Students count more than a third of the town's population.

Universities:

File:UBB logo.gif
BBU logo
File:Sigla UTC-N.jpg
UTC-N logo

Some private universities:

Some important public schools: Liceul Teoretic Avram Iancu, Liceul de Informatică Tiberiu Popoviciu, Colegiul National George Baritiu, Liceul Teoretic Lucian Blaga, Colegiul National Emil Racoviţă, Liceul Gheorghe Şincai, Liceul Nicolae Bălcescu, Liceul George Coşbuc, Liceul Mihai Eminescu, Liceul Onisifor Ghibu, Báthory István Elméleti Liceum, János Zsigmond Unitárius Kollégium, Brassai Sámuel Gimnázium, Apáczai Csere János Elméleti Liceum, Liceul de Arta.

Modern architecture

Main article: Modern architecture in Cluj-Napoca

Cluj is one of the most important cities in Transylvania, so many companies and banks have headquarters there, some building modern tall skyscrapers and glass buildings throughout the city.

Sports teams

Football (soccer)

Basketball

Handball

  • U Jolidon Cluj-Napoca (women)
  • U Hasit Cluj-Napoca (men)

Rugby

  • Universitatea BT Agressione Cluj-Napoca

Volleyball

  • Universitatea Cluj-Napoca (women)
  • Universitatea Cluj-Napoca (men)

Waterpolo

  • Poli CSM Cluj-Napoca

Women's soccer

  • Clujeana Cluj-Napoca

Foreign relations

Sister cities

Legations

Before the communist centralization of 1948, several foreign consulates for countries like France, Czechoslovakia, Canada were based in Cluj. The last closed legation was that of the Republic of Hungary in 1988. In 1997 the legation was re-opened, as part of Timişoara Treaty.

Currently there are legations from several countries in Cluj:

  • Hungary General Consulate of the Republic of Hungary,
  • United States US Embassy Information Office,
  • Italy Honorary Viceconsul of the Republic of Italy,
  • Netherland Netherlands Business Support Office,
  • Turkey Honorary Consul of Turkey.

Tourism

Main article: List of places in Cluj-Napoca
Panorama from the Belvedere

Placed in the centre of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca is a good starting point for a tourist who wants to visit Transylvania.

Main sights

Any tourist's must-see list should definitely include the following:

Gallery

See also

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cluj-Napoca.

Notes

  1. ^ Clujul, al doilea municipiu din ţară, published in Ziua de Cluj, on 2007-06-11
  2. ^ The metropolitan area of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County Council
  3. ^ Zona metropolitană a Clujului: un sfert din judeţ, published in Gândul, on 2007-10-03
  4. ^ a b Clujul, liderul dezvoltării în provincie, published in Ziua de Cluj, on 2007-10-18
  5. ^ Comunele din jurul Clujului se transformă în cartiere, published in Ziua de Cluj, on 2007-10-29
  6. ^ Hubmann, Franz, & Wheatcroft, Andrew (editor), The Habsburg Empire, 1840 - 1916, London, 1972, p.292-3. ISBN 0-7100-7230-9
  7. ^ Georges Castellan, A history of the Romanians, Boulder, 1989, pp.148
  8. ^ [www.nokia.com/A4136001?newsid=1114420 Nokia press release]
  9. ^ Template:Ro icon http://www.zf.ro/articol_116190/dupa_nokia__si_ericsson_este_interesat_de_cluj.html
  10. ^ Template:Ro iconhttp://www.zf.ro/articol_117865/nokia_a_confirmat_investitia_de_la_cluj.html
  11. ^ >Template:Ro icon http://www.zf.ro/articol_116771/dawnay_day_invests_135m_euros_in_cluj_and_arad.html Dawnay Day invests 135m euros in Cluj
  12. ^ Template:Ro icon http://www.hotnews.ro/pp_articol_18227-Al-treilea-mall-la-Cluj.htm
Panorama

Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cluj-Napoca&oldid=171494228"