Pančevo

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Панчево
Pančevo
Pancsova
Panciova
Pančevo coat of arms
Pančevo (Serbia)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Serbia
Province : Vojvodina
Okrug : Južni Banat
Coordinates : 44 ° 52 '  N , 20 ° 39'  E Coordinates: 44 ° 52 '26 "  N , 20 ° 39' 7"  E
Height : 77  m. i. J.
Area : 161.37  km²
Residents : 76,203 (2011)
Population density : 472 inhabitants per km²
Telephone code : (+381) 013
Postal code : 26101
License plate : PA
Structure and administration (as of 2015)
Mayor : Saša Pavlov ( SNS )

Pančevo ( Serbian - Cyrillic Панчево , pronunciation: [ˈpâːntʃɛvɔ] ; German Pantschowa , Hungarian Pancsova ) is a city with 76,203 inhabitants in Vojvodina , Serbia . It is located in the southern Banat at the confluence of the Temesch in the Danube and is 14 km northeast of Belgrade ( Pančevo Bridge ) away. Pančevo is the capital of the Okrug Južni Banat and the Opština Pančevo . The city is divided into eight mesne zajednice - Centar, Gornji Grad, Kotež, Mladost, Stari Tamiš, Strelište, Tesla and Vojlovica.

history

Tools, jewelry and weapons from the Stone Age , remains of settlements and a burial site ( urn field culture ) from the Bronze Age , remains of settlements from the Roman era and coins from the migration period were found in the city area. Many finds are now in the Pančevo National Museum .

In 1153 Pančevo was mentioned by the Arab geographer Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi under the name of Bansif as an important trading metropolis. Under Suleyman I , after the siege of Belgrade, the region was conquered by the Ottomans and from 1552 to 1716 Pančevo was part of the Eyâlet Tımışvâr as Sancak Pançova . In 1660 Evliya Çelebi described the city as a square wooden fortress with a diameter of a hundred paces . During the Venetian-Austrian Turkish War , the Ottoman fortress was conquered on November 9, 1716 by imperial troops under Claudius Florimund Mercy . Pančevo became the base of the imperial army for the attack on Belgrade . Eugen von Savoyen personally supervised the provisional repair of the damaged fortress and reported to Charles VI on May 29, 1717 . about the much better level of defense.

Austrian State Archives : Map of the Josephinische Landesaufnahme (1769–1772)
Catholic Church of St. Karl Borromeo , built 1746–1747
Town house (now the National Museum), built 1833–1834

With the Peace of Passarowitz , the Banat became part of the Habsburg Monarchy . As an imperial camera property, it was subordinated to the Vienna central authorities ( court war council and court chamber ) and administered by a provincial administration in Temesvár . Pančevo became a temporary garrison location for various regiments, u. a. the Dragoons regiment Montecuccoli and the infantry regiment of Neipperg . The fortress was largely razed under Franz Anton von Engelshofen . 1764 began under Maria Theresa in the southwestern Banat the administrative development and the organized colonization of a border regiment and its regimental district for the further expansion of the military border . Under the direction of the Imperial War Council from May 1764 were a resettlement Corps first veterans from the Aerarial -Invalidenhäusern of Vienna , Prague , Pest and Pettau selected. A military settlement commission conscripted the places intended for settlement. According to the Commission report of December 1764, there were Panczová 564 raizische families and 203 houses, of which 169 were classified as habitable. In the report, the city was divided into the western part Deutsch-Panczova and the eastern part Raizisch-Panczova . In the western part only 21 houses were habitable and in the eastern part 148. No German residents were mentioned in the report. With this conscription, the Slavic residents could opt for military service or for financially compensated relocation with a three-year tax exemption. 309 families decided to move to Jarkovac , Ilandža, Dobrica and Banatsko Novo Selo. In April 1765 the commission reported to the court war council that the settlement of two companies with 400 veterans in Panczova had been completed and only those raizen who had not lost their homes had left here . About half of the soldiers were married and had children. In the first few years, two to three families lived together in one house as a so-called communion . By April 1769 the number of houses had grown to 265 houses through renovation of existing houses and new construction. In 1770, further families from Alsace , Lorraine , Baden , the Palatinate , Franconia , Bohemia and Moravia , Lower Austria , various Hungarian counties and regimental districts on the military border began to settle down to the beginning of the 19th century . The first settlers came in 1770 through recruitment of the imperial advertising direction on Ulmer Schachteln from Ulm along the Danube to Apatin and on to Pančevo. Less than half of the approximately 1,100 families stayed in the region. From 1770 to 1777 they were housed in makeshift accommodation in the Prädium Govedarovacz near Jabuka.

In 1722, the Minorites founded a monastery in the city and set up a temporary church in a residential building as a military chaplain . The Roman Catholic Church of St. Karl Borromeo was built from 1746 to 1747, and the church was only extended with a tower in 1768 . The congregation consisted of five monks in 1733 as Adalbert von Falkenstein the monastery and the parish visitierte . Until 1918 the parish belonged to the diocese of Csanád . The Orthodox Church of the Assumption of Mary was built from 1807 to 1810 .

On January 1, 1794 Pancevo received from Francis II. By decree the city charter . The two communities Deutsch- u. Raitzisch-Panczova were united to a military community . In October 1817 the emperor and his wife visited the city. From 1833 to 1834 the town house ( magistrate ) was built in the classical style, which today houses the national museum (Narodni Muzej). In April 1839 Miloš Obrenović visited the city and was welcomed with all honors by the magistrate. On March 15, 1844, a steamship sailed from Zemun to Pančevo for the first time . In 1850, the First Danube Steamship Company built the quay on the Temesch and started daily regular services to Zemun. In July 1852, Franz Joseph I and Aleksandar Karađorđević met in the city. After the military border was closed in 1872, Pančevo became the capital of the Pančevo administrative district ( Pancsovai járás , Pantschowa chair district ) of Torontál county . In 1887 the city received the first municipal gas lighting . Due to the Hungarian Reichstag law of 1898 on community and place names , only the Hungarian variant Pancsova could officially be used until 1918 . In 1902 a cadastral survey was carried out in the city and cadastral plans were made.

At the end of the First World War , the Serbian army occupied the city and the region just five days after the Austro-Hungarian armistice of November 3, 1918. In the treaties of Trianon and Sèvres , Torontál County was divided up in 1920 . From 1921 the city and the Srez Pančevo belonged to the Belgrade administrative district (Beogradska oblast ) of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , since 1929 to the Danube Banschaft .

Pančevo 1941 to 1945

Svilara concentration camp 1941
Old train station Temesch Kai

On April 6, 1941, the attack on Yugoslavia began . On April 11, 1941, units of the Greater Germany Division marched into Pančevo. On April 21st and 22nd, 1941, after 9 ethnic German members of the paramilitary squadron of the German team of the ethnic group leadership and one member of the SS division "Reich" had been killed by soldiers of the Yugoslav infantry regiment 98 who continued to offer resistance, a total of 36 arbitrarily arrested Serbs murdered. Four people were shot dead on April 21. The next day, 18 people were hanged in the city's Roman Catholic cemetery and 14 were shot dead by a special command of the Greater Germany Division on the outer cemetery wall.

In June 1941, a National Socialist concentration camp for Jewish prisoners with ethnic German guards was set up in the Svilara silk factory .

On September 28, 1944, members of the paramilitary ethnic group formation, the German team, murdered 146 prisoners who had been driven north-west from the Bor forced labor camp . The prisoners were murdered after trying to escape in the Kleiner Ried on the road to Jabuka .

From September 10th to October 4th, 1944, the ethnic German mayor of Panschowa and many functionaries of the ethnic group with their families fled the city. On October 4, 1944, units of the Red Army and the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army began the attack on the city in the course of the Belgrade operation , which should be held by units of the Wehrmacht and the SS Police Mountain Infantry Regiment 18 . On October 6th, the German associations moved to Belgrade. In the following weeks, by order of the city command of the People's Liberation Army, there were house searches, arrests, mistreatment and shootings. From October 16 to November 9, special commandos murdered 553 people of the ethnic group in the Roman Catholic cemetery, in the Protestant cemetery, at the airfield and on the road to the Jabuka starch factory . As a result of the AVNOJ resolutions , people belonging to the German ethnic group ( Yugoslav Germans , ethnic Germans ) were deprived of their Yugoslav citizenship and all associated civil rights were revoked . Exceptions were u. a. Persons who were married to persons of recognized Yugoslav nationalities . In November 1944, an area with several goods warehouses at the fish market ( Ribllja pijaca ) on the Timisoara was delimited with barbed wire fences and an internment camp was set up. From November 11th to 13th, 1944, people of the German ethnic group had to leave their homes and were locked up in this camp. Their property has been confiscated . In December 1944 and January 1945, several contingents of fit women and men from the region were transferred to the camp and deported in special trains to the Soviet Union ( Donets Basin ) for forced labor . By October 1945, many prisoners were transferred to other Yugoslav camps, the largest number to the Knićanin camp . In the former Yugoslavia , a total of 992 prisoners from Pančevo were killed by 1948.

Consequences of the NATO attacks in 1999

During the Kosovo war in 1999, several industrial plants in Pančevo were heavily bombed by NATO planes. A large part of the population had to be evacuated from the city and the surrounding areas at short notice because of the high level of toxic contamination of the air caused by the fires . The NIS refinery alone burned an estimated 62,000 tons of oil.

According to studies by the American Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (IEER) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), for example, 2,100 tons of carcinogenic 1,2-dichloroethane , 250 tons of liquid ammonia and 8 tons of mercury seeped into the soil and groundwater . Years after the bombardment, the concentration of toxic chemicals in the groundwater was more than ten thousand times the permissible limit . The long-term consequence is an unpredictable health hazard for humans and the environment.

The IEER study comes to the conclusion that the attacks on Pančevo could possibly constitute a violation of international law, namely Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions .

Economy and journalism

The industrial monument Weifert Brewery

Pančevo is an important industrial city, the center of the Serbian petrochemical industry (HIP Petrohemija, HIP Azotara, NIS Raffinerie ) and numerous other companies ( Utva aircraft factory and many others ). As a result of the industrialization that began in the 19th century, the railway lines to Nagybecskerek and Versec -Péterréve ( Bačko Petrovo Selo) were opened to public transport in 1894 and 1896 and continue to be used by Železnice Srbije . The Orlovat - Pančevo railway line, which was closed in 2011, is due to reopen in early 2019.

Weifert brewery

The brewery was founded by Abraham Keppisch from Preßburg (Bratislava) in 1722, making it the oldest brewery in today's Serbia. In 1840 Georg Weifert (1798–1887) acquired the brewery, and in 1849 he handed over management to his son Ignaz (1826–1911). Ignaz Weifert increased production capacity by expanding the brewery . On a Viennese Agricultural Fair was Weifert beer in 1866 for its top quality excellent. His grandson Adolf Gramberg took over the management in 1911. He modernized the operation and continued to run the brewery with the well-known brand name. Ignaz Weifert's son was the famous industrialist Georg Weifert . After the Second World War, the brewery was nationalized and renamed Pančevačka pivara . In 2003 the brewery was privatized and bought by the Efes concern. Efes reintroduced the traditional brand name Weifert . The group closed its production facility in Pančevo in 2008. In 2014 the city announced an open planning competition for the cultural redesign and revitalization of the old industrial monument . In May 2016, the German ambassador opened the brewery museum in part of the site.

Pančevac

The Pančevac (Панчевац) is the oldest Serbian-language newspaper in today's Serbia. The first edition appeared on April 13, 1869. The newspaper has a circulation of 12,000 copies today.

Vojlovica Monastery

One of the oldest Serbian Orthodox monasteries in Vojvodina is located in the southeastern district of Vojlovica . There are various myths and dates about the foundation . The best-known founding myth says that Stefan Lazarević founded the monastery in 1383 or 1405. The monastery was first published in 1536 in Serbian Almanac of the Venetian exile living book printer mentioned detectable Božidar Vuković. The almanac is in the monastery library and contains a handwritten entry by Abbot Parfenij from 1542, who purchased the book. At that time, according to the entry, 36 monks lived in the monastery. The current architectural appearance of the monastery complex dates largely from the second half of the 18th century. The monastery church is dedicated to the two archangels Michael and Gabriel , who are also depicted on the iconostasis . From 1942 to 1944, Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović lived in the Vojlovica Monastery.

Demographics

Historical descriptions of places (1786–1850)

In a lexicon from 1786, Pancschowa was described as a place that consists of almost 1000 houses . In 1829 more differentiated data were published in political-geographic-statistical notes. The city consisted of 1219 houses with 9925 inhabitants, of which 2781 were Roman Catholic or Greek Catholic ( Diocese of Križevci ), 6911 Orthodox, 83 Protestant and 50 Jewish. According to statistics published by the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Commerce in 1846, 11,962 people lived in the city in 1846.

Census results

population
year total Serbs Croats German Hungary Wallachians ( Romanians ) Macedonians Others
1869 16,888
1890 17,948 7872 7284 2055 319 408
1910 20,808 8849 7467 3364 769 115
1931 22,089 10976 7872 1746 231 1264
1948 30,516 19879 1406 1360 266 185 3584
2002 77,087 61675 172 3279 752 1196 10,013
Orthodox Church of the Assumption of Mary , built 1807–1810

An official census was first carried out in Austria-Hungary in 1869 . At the first count, no data on nationalities and mother tongues were obtained. Of the 16,888 inhabitants, 9,678 professed to be Orthodox , 42 to Oriental Orthodox , 5528 to Roman Catholic , 11 to Greek Catholic , 1,432 to Protestant , 4 to Unitarian and 193 to Jewish . In the 1910 census, 9,185 residents stated that they could speak the state language ( Magyarization ).

The above figures for 1931 were published by the Vienna Publications Office of the Southeast German Research Association . The information in this publication agrees with the information in the official Yugoslav publication. Of the 7,872 German residents, 5147 were Roman Catholic, 2 Greek Catholic, 2349 Protestant, 304 Jewish, 12 without information and 58 Orthodox. The Orthodox Germans were members of the Romanian ethnic group . In the publication, no distinction was made between Serbs and Croats, but both peoples were summarized under the term Serbo-Croatians . Of the 10,976 Serbo-Croatians, 10,229 were Orthodox, 593 Roman Catholics, 3 Greek Catholics, 11 Protestants, 84 Muslims, 18 Jewish and 38 without information.

In the category Other 2002 there are 42 Albanians , 35 Bosniaks , 168 Bulgarians , 17 Bunjewatz , 36 Gorans , 1,816 Yugoslavs , 800 Montenegrins , 254 Muslims , 946 Roma , 48 Russians , 29 Ruthenians , 1,407 Slovaks , 121 Slovenes , 30 Ukrainians and 4,221 people summarized without any ethnic information.

Town twinning

Personalities

Honorary citizen

literature

  • Luka Iliċ: Historical sketch of the imperial-royal military community Panschowa . Siebenhaar Verlag, Pantschowa 1855.
  • Felix Milleker : History of the City of Pančevo . Wittigschlager Verlag, Pančevo 1925.
  • Otto Vogenberger: Pantschowa - center of Germanness in the Banat . Pannonia Verlag, Freilassing 1961.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Felix Milleker: History of the City of Pančevo. Wittigschlager, Pančevo 1925, pp. 5-7.
  2. ^ Felix Milleker: History of the City of Pančevo. Wittigschlager, Pančevo 1925, pp. 12-20.
  3. ^ Felix Milleker: History of the City of Pančevo. Wittigschlager, Pančevo 1925, p. 23. Erik Roth: The planned settlements in the German-Banat military border district 1765-1821. Oldenbourg, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-486-54741-0 , pp. 45-70 and 348. National Széchényi Library : Plan of Panschowa 1720 . Detailed view of the city on the map of the Franziszeische Landesaufnahme .
  4. ^ Felix Milleker: History of the City of Pančevo. Wittigschlager, Pančevo 1925, pp. 26, 31, 45 and 90.
  5. ^ Felix Milleker: History of the City of Pančevo. Wittigschlager, Pančevo 1925, pp. 62, 83, 101, 138, 204 and 227. Austrian National Library : Die Presse , July 14, 1850
    Luka Iliċ: Historical sketch of the imperial royal military community Panschowa . Siebenhaar Verlag, Pantschowa 1855, p. 37 u. 45.
    Országgyűlési Könyvtar: Pancsova 1902
  6. ^ Felix Milleker: History of the City of Pančevo. Wittigschlager, Pančevo 1925, p. 229.
  7. ↑ Walter Manoschek : You - knit! You - bullet! Pancevo, April 1941. In: Die Zeit , July 8, 1999.
  8. ^ Walter Manoschek: The massacres in Pančevo and Kragujevac in the autumn of 1941. On the German policy of repression against the civilian population in occupied Serbia , in: Oliver von Wrochem (Ed.): Repressalien und Terror: "Vergeltungsaktion" im German-occupied Europa 1939-1945 . Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2017 ISBN 978-3-506-78721-7 , pp. 89-102
  9. ^ Arnold Suppan : Hitler - Beneš - Tito. Conflict, War and Genocide in East Central and Southeast Europe. Part 2 . Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-7001-7309-0 , p. 1059.
    Ekkehard Völkl : Der Westbanat 1941–1944. The German, the Hungarian and other ethnic groups . Trofenik, Munich 1991, ISBN 3-87828-192-7 , p. 85. Kurir , February 9, 2015: Picerija na mestu logora za Jevreje u Pančevu! Mondo Portal, February 9, 2015: Picerija u zgradi bivšeg nacističkog logora
  10. ↑ Randolph L. Braham : The Politics of Genocide. The Holocaust in Hungary. Volume 1. Columbia University Press, New York City 1981, ISBN 0-231-05208-1 , page 336; Ljubiša Ivanovski: Jabuka kroz vekove. Qubesoft, Pančevo 2011, ISBN 978-86-87881-04-4 , p. 41.
  11. ^ Donauschwäbische Kulturstiftung (Ed.): The suffering of the Germans in communist Yugoslavia. Volume 2: Reports about the crimes against the Germans by the Tito regime in the period from 1944 to 1948. Munich 1993, ISBN 3-926276-17-7 , pp. 131-133. Donauschwäbische Kulturstiftung (Ed.): The suffering of the Germans in communist Yugoslavia. Volume 3. Shootings-extermination camps-children's fates in the period 1944–1948. Munich 1995, ISBN 3-926276-21-5 , pp. 202–204 and 703.
    Donauschwäbische Kulturstiftung (ed.): The suffering of the Germans in communist Yugoslavia. Volume 4: Human casualties - names and numbers on crimes against the Germans by the Tito regime in the period 1944–1948. Munich 1994, ISBN 3-926276-22-3 , pp. 288-301 Genocid nad Podunavskim Nemcima 1944-48 ; Logor Riblja pijaca.
  12. ^ IEER : Two Case Studies of the Bombings of Industrial Facilities at Pancevo and Kragujevac . UNEP: Feasibility Study .
  13. ↑ Official website of HIP Petrohemija
  14. ↑ Official website of HIP Azotara
  15. ^ Felix Milleker: The Banat Railways 1847-1917. JE Kirchner's widow, Vršac 1927, page 17 and page 18
  16. ↑ Serbian line reopens on railwaygazette.com of November 3, 2018, accessed November 18, 2018
  17. ^ Felix Milleker: The Weifert family and the brewery in Pančevo 1722 / 23-1923: in memory of Georg Weifert's golden wedding with Marie Gassner on September 9, 1923. Wittigschlager, Pančevo 1925, pp. 9-27. Mira Sofronijević: industrialist, humanist, benefactor. Georg Weifert (1850–1937) ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Hürriyet, September 21, 2004 Efes Weifert Pivara ad Pančevac, July 30, 2010 ( Memento of the original from June 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Bankruptcy za re Konstrukciju i revitalizaciju Pivare u Pančevu @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.drustvosns.org  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pancevac-online.rs
  18. ↑ German Embassy Belgrade - Read on. (No longer available online.) In: www.belgrad.diplo.de. Archived from the original on September 2, 2016 ; accessed on August 31, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.belgrad.diplo.de
  19. ↑ Srpski Manastiri i Crkve: Manastir Vojlovica Ivannikij Milković: Pověst 'vo kratcě spisannaja o obščežitel'nom monastyrě Vojlovicě. Buda 1801, pp. 3-4.
  20. ^ Johann Matthias Korabinsky : Geographisch-Historisches u. Products encyclopedia of Hungary. Weberscher Verlag, Preßburg 1786, pp. 510-511
    Lajos Nagy: Notitiae politico-geographico-statisticae partium Regno Hungariae adnexarum, see Slavoniae et Croatiae, Litoralis item Hungarico-Maritimi commercialis, et confiniorum militarium Hungaricorum. Volume 2. A. Landerer, Buda 1829, p. 155
    Direction of administrative statistics in the Imperial and Royal Ministry f. Handel (Ed.): Tables for the statistics of the Austrian monarchy for the years 1845 and 1846. First part. kk Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1850, plate 2, p. 15
  21. ↑ Az 1869. évi népszámlálás vallási adatai (PDF; 10.4 MB) p. 216.
  22. ↑ Magyar Király Statisztikai Hivatal (ed.): A magyar korona országainak helységnévtára. Budapest 1892, p. 614  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / konyvtar.ksh.hu  
  23. ^ Magyar Király Központi Statisztikai Hivatal (ed.): A magyar szent korona országainak 1910. évi népszámlálása. Budapest 1912. page 372 and page 373
  24. ↑ Publication point: The breakdown of the population of the former Yugoslavia according to mother tongue and denomination according to the unpublished information from the census of 1931. Edited and edited by the Publikationsstelle Wien. For official use only. Staatsdruckerei Wien, Vienna 1943, p. 23. Opšta Državna Statistika: Definitivni rezultati popisa stanovništva od 31 marta 1931 godine. Knjiga 2: Prisutno stanovništvo po veroispovesti . Državna Štamparija, Belgrade 1938, p. 124
  25. ↑ Konačni rezultati popisa stanovništva od 15 marta 1948 godine .
  26. ↑ Republic of Serbia: 2002 Census of population, households and dwellings. Volume 1 p. 36 u. 37.
  27. ↑ Predrag Voštinic: Pancevo: Giangrandi cittadino onorario . November 9, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2012.

Web links

Commons : Pančevo  - collection of images, videos and audio files