Terezín
| Terezín | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Historical part of the country : | Bohemia | ||||
| Region : | Ústecký kraj | ||||
| District : | Litoměřice | ||||
| Area : | 1353.8404 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 31 ' N , 14 ° 9' E | ||||
| Height: | 150 m nm | ||||
| Residents : | 2,924 (Jan. 1, 2019) | ||||
| Postal code : | 411 55 | ||||
| License plate : | U | ||||
| structure | |||||
| Status: | city | ||||
| Districts: | 4th | ||||
| administration | |||||
| Mayor : | Daniel Trapani (as of 2014) | ||||
| Address: | Náměstí ČSA 179 411 55 Terezín |
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| Municipality number: | 565717 | ||||
| Website : | www.terezin.cz | ||||
Terezín (German Theresienstadt ) is a town in northern Bohemia ( Czech Republic ) that was built as a fortress in the 18th century and was named after Empress Maria Theresa . Today, with around 3,000 inhabitants, it belongs to the Leitmeritz district in the Aussiger region .
The former garrison town became famous for the Theresienstadt concentration camp . The historic city center was declared an urban monument reserve in 1992 .
geography
The city is 150 m above sea level. M. in northern Bohemia , on the banks of the Eger (Ohře) , which flows into the Elbe (Labe) a few kilometers away .
history
Theresienstadt was built as a fortress from 1780 during the reign of Emperor Joseph II . At the same time, the monarch had the Josefstadt fortress (later named after him) built in Bohemia . The fortress Theresienstadt was supposed to protect the north-western entrances to Bohemia from military attacks from Prussia . To this end, together with Litoměřice , she secured the river crossings over the Elbe and Eger . The city was named after Maria Theresa , the mother of Joseph II.
Garrison town under the Habsburgs
Construction of the fortress 1780–1790
The official decree for the construction of the fortress was issued on January 10, 1780. Ten months later, on October 10, 1780, the foundation stone was laid for the cavalier 4 lying on the main axis . The first building that arose was the barracks of the engineering team for the local construction management. In the years that followed she organized the construction of the fortress and the city, which is strictly symmetrical , with straight streets that intersect at right angles. The villages of Drabschitz and Deutsch Kopist had to give way to the construction of the new city ; they were rebuilt elsewhere.
Between 1781 and 1785 the inner fortress was expanded. In the next five years the barracks, the armory , the hospital and the provisions store were completed. On December 9, 1782, Theresienstadt was granted city rights as a free royal city . The expansion of other military components of the wall took place in the following years, Kavalier 4 was completed in 1784, the outer rampart in 1786, the irrigation system of the fortress in 1790. In addition to military buildings, the first civil houses for administrative officials were built in 1783 at the southern end of Langen Strasse.
The construction management of the fortress and the garrison town was coordinated by Baron Jakob von Wimmer , kk colonel in the army, who in 1806 acquired the neighboring monastery Doksany (Doksan) by buying its building and the large estates.
In June 1790, not even ten years after the foundation stone was laid, the fortress was declared ready for use in the presence of the Imperial and Royal Field Marshal Karl Clemens Graf Pellegrini (1720–1796). The core of the fortress system was the main fortress with the city in the middle (garrison town or large fortress for short) and Fort B (Mala Pevnost / Small Fortress; the bridgehead) pushed forward to the other side of the river. In between there is a paved area that extends between the Old and New Eger. The total area of the entrenchment is 67 hectares . In addition, there are more than 158 hectares as the area of four artificial basins that can be flooded with water from the Eger. This then ultra-modern fortress was then also the target of international espionage by potential Austrian opponents of the war.
Internal extension of the fortress
There was never a military attack on Theresienstadt. In the following decades, civil institutions could also emerge. The garrison church was built between 1805 and 1810, the only building that towers above the bastion and the spire of which can be seen from outside the wall. An independent ecclesiastical administration only came into existence in 1842. Thirty years earlier, in 1812, the city had received the right to four annual markets and weekly market rights. In 1830, the first local magistrate replaced the administration with Leitmeritz . The new town hall on the market square was built eight years later. On December 5, 1846, Theresienstadt received the coat of arms and seal of a royal city.
The city council first called for compulsory Czech lessons at the German general school in 1861. The new school was built between 1877 and 1879. In 1895 lessons began in a Czech one-class school - an expression of the city's population development; for the first time the Czechs had a majority.
Lifting the status of a fortress
In 1882 the decree on the abolition of the fortress status of the city came into effect six years later. A garrison remained in the city, for which eleven barracks were available. One of the regiments stationed here was the Imperial and Royal Infantry Regiment "Edler von Hortstein" No. 92 .
In the following years the two city gates - the Leitmeritzer and the Bohusovicer Tor - were razed. Other civil buildings were built: the club house (now the Kulturhaus) between 1889 and 1890 and the new post office building in 1910.
Small fortress used as a military prison
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The construction of the small fortress was intended as a guard post for the bridge over the Eger and the weir of the fortress flooding system. Shortly after its completion, it served as a fortress floor house, as a military penitentiary, and soon political prisoners were also imprisoned there. In connection with the Greek struggle for freedom , Alexander Ypsilantis , one of the leaders of the Greeks, was put in the Theresienstadt dungeon. In 1865 Anna Rosicka, the champion of the rights of the Polish people in Galicia, died in the Small Fortress, and Haji Loja , one of the leaders of the Bosnian uprising of 1878, was imprisoned from 1878 to 1883 .
The most famous prisoners in the Small Fortress after the outbreak of World War I were the assassins from Sarajevo : Gavrilo Princip , Nedeljko Čabrinović and Trifun Trifko Grabež . During the war, around 2,500 prisoners were in custody in the small fortress, along with the prominent prisoners. From 1914 to 1915, more than 1,000 so-called Russophiles were interned there as a precaution - Ruthenians from Galicia , Bukovina and Carpathian Ukraine , suspected of sympathy for hostile Russia. Around 560 participants in the soldiers' mutiny of the 7th Rumburk Rifle Regiment in northern Bohemia were also imprisoned in Theresienstadt towards the end of the First World War in 1918 .
Czechoslovak garrison town
After the end of the First World War, Terezín, as Theresienstadt was officially called in 1918 after the establishment of Czechoslovakia , was a garrison town for the Czechoslovak army . From 1920 to 1930 a waterworks, a gym of the Sokol gymnastics movement and a new hospital were built outside the fortress walls. In May 1945, the first returnees who had fled after the Munich Agreement in October 1938 and the creation of the Sudetengau came back to Theresienstadt.
Gestapo prison 1940–1945
During the time of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , Theresienstadt became a collection camp for undesirable people from June 1940. From June 10, 1940 , the Secret State Police (Gestapo) established a prison in the Small Fortress . Between 1940 and 1945 around 27,000 men and 5,000 women were transferred to the Theresienstadt prison by the various Gestapo offices, initially with prisoners from Prague, then from all of Bohemia and from 1944 also from Moravia . Most of the Czechs were held in the Small Fortress until the end of the war , including many people who resisted the Nazi regime. In the last few years also citizens of the Soviet Union , Poland , Yugoslavia and, towards the end of the war, prisoners of war from the ranks of the Allied armies.
About 8,000 of the inmates perished in other camps to which they were deported until the end of the war . 2,500 died in the camp after torture, illness and because of the working and living conditions. 250 inmates were in the fortress itself executed . Among the victims there is also a group of Jews from the Rhineland who arrived on October 4, 1944 - "by mistake" - in the small fortress and not in the "ghetto" in a transport from Cologne . Almost all of them were murdered.
Since its establishment , the commandant of the Gestapo prison was SS Hauptsturmführer Heinrich Jöckel , who commanded the 1st company of the SS Guard Battalion in Bohemia and Moravia .
Victim
- Josef Beran (1888–1969), Archbishop of Prague
- Rudolf Karel (1880–1945), Czech composer
- Karel Kosík (1926–2003), philosopher and literary theorist
- Martin Finkelgruen (*? - † December 10, 1942), merchant, "slain" in the small fortress
- Benno Wolf (1871–1943), cave explorer
- Paul Thümmel (1902–1945), double agent
Perpetrator
- Heinrich Jöckel (1898–1946), SS-Hauptsturmführer, commandant, executed in 1946
- Wilhelm Schmidt , deputy commandant, sentenced and executed on November 12, 1946
- Rudolf Burian , overseer, executed in 1946
- Anton Malloth (1912–2002), overseer, sentenced in 2001 to life imprisonment by the Munich Regional Court for the murder of a prisoner .
- Albert Neubauer , overseer, executed in 1946
- Stefan Rojko , overseer, sentenced in 1963 by the Graz Regional Court to life imprisonment for the killing and mistreatment resulting in death of political prisoners and Jews
- Kurt Wachholz (1909–1969), overseer, sentenced to death by the East Berlin City Court in 1968
- Julius Viel (1918–2002), sentenced in 2001 to 12 years imprisonment in the so-called "Ravensburger War Criminal Trial".
Ghetto and transit camp of the German Reich 1941–1945
In November 1941 the Theresienstadt ghetto was established , a collection and transit camp for the Jewish population in Bohemia and Moravia . On February 16, 1942, the city council was dissolved; the local population had to leave the city. In the following years Jews from Germany and other European countries also came to the concentration camp known as the old age ghetto. At times, Theresienstadt served as a model ghetto for Nazi propaganda in order to deceive the international public about the goals connected with the final solution to the Jewish question .
In a description, a survivor of the concentration camp recalls how Theresienstadt presented itself in the 1940s: the blocks are all of the same size, as are the barracks, and even the floor plans show the same number of gates, courtyards, walkways and staircases. The barracks are gloomy old buildings with very primitive plumbing. The great majority of the houses are also old, one-story buildings with narrow, dark backyards, without gardens or sunlight.
Since 1943 a total of around 250 people have been executed in the Small Fortress, even without a court order. The last execution took place on May 2, 1945, when 52 people - mostly members of the Předvoj resistance group - were executed.
On May 5, 1945, the SS fled Theresienstadt. The Red Army released the prisoners three days later . More than 140,000 prisoners had lived in the Theresienstadt camp. 38,000 of them died there, and almost 90,000 were transported to extermination camps in Eastern Europe.
Internment camp for Germans, 1945–1948
After the Second World War , the government of Czechoslovakia established the Theresienstadt internment camp in the Small Fortress . During the expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia until 1948, more than 3,500 mostly German-speaking people were imprisoned in this camp who were to be expelled . Over 500 internees did not survive the camp; They died as a result of inadequate nutrition and unsanitary conditions or after the use of force by the supervisory staff. An exhibition in the rooms of the Small Fortress deals with this part of the history of Theresienstadt.
Return of the former Czech-speaking residents
The first Czech residents returned to the city from June 1946, mainly in the buildings of the former garrison on the western bank of the Eger. The National Cemetery was built in front of the gates of the Small Fortress in September 1945 and contains the remains of around 10,000 deceased people.
Memorials and museums
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In 1947, on the initiative of former prisoners and bereaved relatives, the Memorial of Völkerleids - today the Theresienstadt Memorial - was founded in the Small Fortress. However, the first inventory of historical monuments did not take place until 1967. In 1972 the Jewish and Russian cemeteries were completed, and in 1974 a memorial place was built on the Eger.
The town in which the camp was set up served as a garrison town for the army during the entire phase of socialism from 1948 to 1989 - and beyond until 1996. It was only with the end of the socialist reign and the withdrawal of the army that plans could be developed that meant that Theresienstadt would be used exclusively for civil purposes. Today numerous memorials also in the city itself remind of the past of the place.
In the past few years the flow of visitors from all over the world has increased steadily. Most of them visit the Small Fortress. In 2003, 194,588 people came there, compared to 248,136 in 2005. In the garrison town the number rose from 115,022 in 2003 to 172,484 in 2005. Theresienstadt became a destination in developing tourism .
The Small Fortress - Theresienstadt Memorial
In the Theresienstadt Memorial ( Památník Terezín ) numerous facilities from the time of National Socialism have been preserved and can now be visited in the Small Fortress. This includes the administrative courtyard with business rooms, a guard room, the headmaster's office and the clothing store. A gate with the inscription Arbeit macht frei connects the administrative courtyard with courtyard I. It is divided into blocks A and B, in which there are 17 community and 20 individual cells. A place of execution with a gallows lies in front of the fortress wall, as are the mass graves. Another execution site is located in the eastern part of the Small Fortress in the area of courtyard IV, which was only laid out in 1943. Two community cells that belonged to this courtyard are now used for exhibition purposes. This also applies to the building in which the SS garrison was housed. In addition, visitors can see the scenes from the film Theresienstadt in the cinema . Watch a documentary from the Jewish settlement area .
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A separate museum is housed in part of the fortress wall that surrounds the Small Fortress. The more than 200-year history of Theresienstadt can be seen in exhibits .
An exhibition in one of the cells in Court IV recalls the use of the Small Fortress as an internment camp for Germans from 1945 to 1948.
Ghetto Museum
The Ghetto Museum is located in the city's former school. During the German occupation the building served as a boys' home. The museum opened on October 17, 1991 - 50 years after the first prisoners were brought to Theresienstadt from Prague.
The exhibitions extend over two floors and document the life of the inmates in the camp. In addition, the role of Theresienstadt in the National Socialist system of the final solution to the Jewish question is presented. On the ground floor, visitors can look at pictures of inmates, including many children, in a gallery. Films are shown regularly in a cinema.
Magdeburg barracks
The Magdeburg barracks was the seat of the council of elders and the Jewish self-government. Today a section of the Ghetto Museum is located there, which is dedicated to the artistic activities of the camp residents.
An exhibition room conveys the variety of musical activities in the ghetto to visitors. You can see the biographies of musicians, extracts from their work and posters announcing events in Theresienstadt. There is a reconstruction of a theater hall in the attic of the barracks. Three halls exhibit pictures by artists who were imprisoned in Theresienstadt. There are also exhibits on the subject of poetry and literature in the ghetto .
There is also an international meeting place and the seat of the Theresienstadt Memorial.
The office of the German-speaking volunteers who have been sent to Theresienstadt since 1992 ( memorial service ) and 1997 ( ASF ) is also located in this building . Until 2011, the young men from Germany and Austria were doing alternative military service ( civilian service ) in Theresienstadt; since the suspension of compulsory military service in Germany, the service has been done voluntarily. The volunteers look after German-speaking visitor groups before and during their visit to the Theresienstadt Memorial.
The death chambers
In the camp, the prisoners were mostly able to observe the religious rituals at the burials. Until August 1942, the dead were buried in individual graves. After that, mass graves were dug for 35 deceased each time. The chambers in which the dead were laid out are located within the ramparts on the southeastern outskirts on the way to the cemetery. Two chambers can be seen here. The transport to the cemetery took place in a car that is now on display in one of the chambers. In addition to the mortuary chambers, there is a larger hall where services were held.
The columbarium
Until autumn 1942 the dead were buried in mass graves in front of the city's entrenchments. At the end of 1942 the management of the Theresienstadt concentration camp had the crematorium built by the Teplice company Ignis Hüttenbau A. G. For this purpose, rooms for storing the ashes were set up near the death chambers. Thousands of cans were stored here. After the cremation of the deceased, the ashes were collected and, instead of in the usual ash jars, kept in simple paper or tin boxes with the names and registration numbers of the deceased.
National cemetery and Jewish cemetery
The National Cemetery was built in front of the gates of the Small Fortress in September 1945 and contains the remains of around 10,000 deceased. The National Cemetery (Národní Hřbitov) is located on the avenue leading to the main entrance of the Small Fortress. From September 1945 to 1958, exhumed victims of the Theresienstadt concentration camp were transferred here and buried. 3000 named individual graves and a number of mass graves with a further 7000 corpses are surmounted by a large wooden cross. A large wooden cross had been erected in the National Cemetery as early as 1945 and fell victim to a storm in the 1950s. On the initiative of the Bishop of Litoměřice , a large central wooden cross was erected again in the mid-1990s.
This Christian symbolism, which dominates the area, led to protests by Jews. As a result, a smaller Star of David was also placed near the mass graves in the mid-1990s .
The approximately 3,000 grave slabs indicate predominantly Jewish people who died after liberation from the consequences of malnutrition, poor storage and hygiene conditions and a typhus epidemic. The dates of death are carved on the gravestones with a featured cross. Rose bushes have been planted between the tombstones and there are small stones and pebbles on the tombstones, not flowers.
At the Jewish cemetery by the crematorium outside the city, around 12,000 deaths from the concentration camp were buried in mass and individual graves.
_(KZ_Theresienstadt)_-_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_der_Nationen_-_Friedhof.JPG)
Beit Terezin
The Beit Terezin memorial was opened in 1975 in Israel in the Givat Chaim kibbutz , north of Tel Aviv . It also includes an exhibition entitled “Liga Terezin” about the “ Theresienstadt Football League ”, which made it possible to play football in the Theresienstadt ghetto in 1943/44. In 2013 a documentary of the same name was also released about the Liga Terezin ; In 2015, a small exhibition area on the subject was set up in the German Football Museum.
Development of the population
Up to 1941 there were about 3500 inhabitants in the city. Then there was the same number of soldiers. The number of inhabitants changed significantly during the German occupation. The Czech residents had to leave the city. Wehrmacht soldiers who had been housed in the barracks until the end of 1941 were also withdrawn. In their place came camp inmates, with the highest number being reached in September 1942 at 58,500.
After the Second World War in May 1945, most of the Czech residents returned and in 1970 Terezín had 2797 inhabitants. A downward trend began in 1990. After the army had cleared the barracks in the following years, residents also left the city, so that in 1994 Terezín had less than 2000 inhabitants. This loss was more than made up for by 2004.
Education and culture
In 1955 the citizens of Terezín completed a new gymnasium and sports field on their own. In 1973 a new primary school with a gym and swimming pool was built. A little later a new kindergarten was built in the immediate vicinity. There are no secondary schools in town.
The Hus festival is one of the annual festivals in the city . There is a singing choir named after the Czech composer Smetana and cultural events are held in the garrison house throughout the year.
City structure
The city of Terezín consists of the districts České Kopisty (Bohemian copyist), Nové Kopisty (German copyist), Počaply (Potschapl) and Terezín (Theresienstadt)., Which also form cadastral districts. Basic settlement units are Bohušovická kotlina, České Kopisty, K Želeticím, Litoměřická kotlina, Malá pevnost, Na Krétě-východ, Na Krétě-západ, Nové Kopisty, Počaply, Terezín-střed and U Malé pevnosti.
Town twinning
City partnerships exist with the cities of Dębno in Poland and Strausberg in Germany.
politics
After the municipal elections in 1990, a non-communist, Jan Horníček, was elected mayor for the first time in more than 40 years in a democratic election. The city council that emerged from the free elections included twelve non-communists and three communists.
traffic
Terezín is about ten kilometers from the D8 motorway, which passes the city to the west. It can be reached via exits 45 Lovosice and 35 Doksany .
The nearest train stations are three kilometers away Bohušovice nad Ohří on the Prague – Děčín railway line and five kilometers away Litoměřice on the Kolín – Děčín railway line .
The Elberadweg leads through the city.
Future development
Since the city's civilian use began in the 1990s, city residents, politicians, town planners and historians have developed ideas for the future development of Terezín. The Theresienstadt conference after 2000 , which was held in November 1997, indicated new opportunities and development paths for the city . The participants saw the future of the city best if it was geared towards tourist traffic. In addition, it should transform itself into a cultural and meeting center and aim to establish a university.
The most urgent task to achieve these goals was and is to renovate the abandoned barracks and convert them into student dormitories and the former team rooms into lecture halls, a library and cafeteria. This requires financial donations of 260 million euros. The European Union , which has signaled its support for this project in recent years, however, demands that a quarter of the total amount be contributed by the Czech side.
The flood of the Elbe in 2002 caused a setback for this project . Between August 15 and 18, the waters of the Elbe and Eger also flooded Terezín. The floods stood over a meter and a half high in the streets. Apartments, shops and offices on the ground floor were badly damaged. Unforeseeable danger threatened the fortifications, where the first break-ins were recorded.
After the end of the flood, flood relief funds were used to immediately set in motion the repair of the extensive fortifications, above all to repair the damage to the water, sewer and drainage system. Support for the goals on the part of the Czech state can be seen in a decision from 2002 to make Terezín a city of science and art through the establishment of a university. In February 2006 the Czech government decided to provide Terezín with financial support amounting to 7.5 billion crowns (around 260 million euros), with the funds coming from both domestic and European sources.
In order to support the planned development of Terezín, preparations have been made for a number of years to register the city on the list of world cultural heritage .
Persons connected with Theresienstadt
- Marquis Johann Gabriel von Chasteler , born January 22, 1763 at Mulbais Castle in Hainaut (Mons b. Ath); † May 7, 1825 in Venice, Austrian general, was governor and commandant in Theresienstadt
- Friedrich Kellner von Köllenstein , (born June 4, 1802 in Theresienstadt, † 1881) Austrian military officer and politician
- Anton Ohorn , born July 22, 1846 in Theresienstadt; † June 30, 1924 in Chemnitz, teacher, poet and writer
- Lucia Laube, (born May 28, 1872), President of the Prague German Women's Employment Association, daughter of the geologist Gustav Carl Laube , died on October 14, 1945 in the internment camp for Germans 1945–1948 in Theresienstadt
- Julius Fučík , born July 8, 1872 in Prague; † September 15, 1916 in Berlin, Czech composer and conductor, worked in Theresienstadt for several years
- Maria Müller , born January 29, 1898 in Theresienstadt; † March 15, 1958 in Bayreuth, soprano
- Helmut von Zborowski , born August 21, 1905 in Theresienstadt; † November 16, 1969, Austrian aircraft designer
literature
- Táňa Kulišová: Small fortress Theresienstadt. (= Association of Antifascist Resistance Fighters. Documents. Issue 143, ZDB -ID 540373-x ). German by Olga Jeřábková. 2nd Edition. Naše Vojsko, Prague 1966.
- Rudolf Iltis, František Ehrmann, Ota Heitlinger (Red.): Theresienstadt. Translated from English by Walter Hacker. Europa-Verlag, Vienna 1968.
- Hana Drori, Jehuda Huppert: Theresienstadt. A guide. Vitalis, Prague 1999, ISBN 80-7253-000-3 .
- Vladimir Kupka: Theresienstadt Fortress. In: publication series fortress research. Vol. 14, 2000, ZDB -ID 787111-9 , pp. 31-66.
- Uta Fischer: Theresienstadt / Terezin - A forgotten city in Bohemia. To the status of the conversion. In: Yearbook Urban Renewal 2002. Uwe Altrock, Ronald Kunze, Ursula von Petz, Dirk Schubert (eds.), Berlin 2002, ISSN 0723-2039 .
- Jitka Kejřová (Ed.): Theresienstadt, Leitmeritz. Places of suffering and valor. = Terezín, Litoměřice. V Ráji, Památník Terezín et al. 2003, ISBN 80-86758-11-7 .
- Astrid Debold-Kritter: Research and teaching on Terezin / Theresienstadt in the Czech Republic. In: Yearbook Urban Renewal. Vol. 12, 2002, ZDB -ID 1097921-9 , 317-324.
- Astrid Debold-Kritter, Gabriele Fliesbach (ed.): Theresienstadt / Terezin. Visualization of city history. Fortress, town and building plans of the planned town of the 18th century. Technical University, Berlin 2004.
- Uta Fischer, Roland Wildberg: Theresienstadt. A journey through time. Wildfisch, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-9813205-1-0 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/565717/Terezin
- ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
- ^ Klaus Freckmann: The Theresienstadt / Terezín fortress as an international espionage object around 1800 . In: INSITU. Zeitschrift für Architekturgeschichte 5 (1/2013), pp. 67–80.
- ↑ Kejřová: Theresienstadt. 2003, p. 6.
- ↑ Malá pevnost , Prague 1988, p. 46
- ^ Josef Polak: The camp. In: Iltis et al .: Theresienstadt. 1968, pp. 24–51, here p. 25.
- ↑ Policejní věznice v Malé pevnosti, online at: www.pamatnik-terezin.cz ( Memento of the original from September 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed July 11, 2012
- ^ Senator Barta: Internment camp for Germans was administered by the communist interior ministry. ( Memento of the original from February 19, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Volunteer team at the Theresienstadt Memorial | Volunteer office. Retrieved June 5, 2018 (German).
- ^ Theresienstadt. Accessed June 5, 2018 .
- ↑ Peter Hallama: National hero and Jewish victims. Czech representations of the Holocaust (interfaces. Studies on Eastern and Southeastern Europe 1) . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2015, p. 67 .
- ↑ National Cemetery (Národní Hřbitov)
- ↑ Kejřová: Theresienstadt. 2003.
- ↑ deutschlandfunk.de , January 25, 2015, Ronny Blaschke : Death and Games
- ↑ deutschlandradiokultur.de , January 26, 2015, Ronny Blaschke : Kick-off in the barracks courtyard
- ↑ Liga Terezin (2013) in the Internet Movie Database (English)
- ↑ ligaterezin.com
- ^ Iltis et al .: Theresienstadt. 1968, p. 29.
- ↑ Jan Horníček: Terezín today from 1991 to 1994.
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/casti-obce-obec/565717/Obec-Terezin
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi-obec/565717/Obec-Terezin
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/zsj-obec/565717/Obec-Terezin
Remarks
- ↑ In 1889 the Austro-Hungarian State Railway Company turned to the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Commerce to issue a concession for the construction and operation of a local railway Theresienstadt - Bauschowitz - Eisendörfel , for which a route revision had already been carried out in 1883. See: State Railway Company. In: Neue Freie Presse , Morgenblatt (No. 8983/1889), August 28, 1889, p. 9, top right. (Online at ANNO ).
