Antonio Stradivarius
Antonio Giacomo Stradivari (also Latinized Antonius Stradivarius ; * around 1644 or, according to more recent research, 1648 , the place of birth is unknown; † December 18, 1737 in Cremona ) was an Italian master violin maker and guitar maker who, like his colleague Guarneri del Gesù, is based in Cremona was. He is considered by many to be the best violin maker in history. His violins are the most valuable stringed instruments currently on the market and some of them are sold for many millions of euros .
Life
Antonio Stradivari was probably born in Cremona, Italy, in 1644. It is not certain when and where he learned his trade, but his earliest work already shows his great talent. Some believe that he was a student of Nicola Amati , the grandson of the great violin maker Andrea Amati . This is justified by the wording of the label of the earliest known Stradivari violin: "Made by Antonio Stradivari from Cremona, pupil of Nicolo Amati, 1666". However, this is also the only (surviving) violin sheet on which he describes himself as a student of Nicolo Amati. It may have been forbidden to him by Nicolo Amati (1596–1684), who was still alive at the time.
Other theories suggest that Stradivarius may have learned the trade of carpenter before he became a violin maker, which would explain the exquisite workmanship of his ornate instruments in particular. Census records show that he lived in the 'Casa nuziale' from 1667 to 1680, a house that belonged to the woodcarver and cabinet maker Francesco Pescaroli. Stradivari married Signora Francesca Feraboschi in 1667 and spent the next 13 years in the 'Casa nuziale'. Over the course of eight years, the violin maker and his wife had six children. In 1680 he bought a house in Piazza San Domenico, near the Amati and Ruggieri workshops . Tradition has it that there he made his most famous violins in the attic and experimented with tone and design.
Stradivari's work is usually divided into three (to four) periods according to the standard work of the Hill brothers. The first, until around 1680, is called "Amatise" because his instruments are very similar to those of Nicolo Amati. In the second period, up to around 1700, he experimented with a slightly longer model, hence the name long pattern . From 1700 his so-called "golden period" followed, occasionally limited to 1720/1725, followed by the late phase until his death in 1737. However, these are only rough classifications and not every instrument from a certain “period” fits this classification. A special example from the transition period from the Amatise to the Long-pattern period is the "Hellier" violin from 1679. It is one of the few (ten in all) decorated instruments and one of the largest instruments in terms of dimensions. the Stradivarius built. In the 1680s, Stradivari broke away from the Amati model and looked for his own model (it is also speculated that he got to know instruments from Brescia by Gasparo da Salò and Maggini and emulated their tone). Although he still used the basic structure of Amati, he also built modifications and experimented with different wood thicknesses and various paints. The f-holes became longer and steeper, and he often provided the instruments with a stronger screw (the Hills call them "more masculine").
His two sons Francesco (1671–1743) and Omobono (1679–1742) joined the family business around 1698, but before 1725 there are no traces of their involvement with Antonio's instruments.
During its heyday, he created violins whose resonance bodies are still unsurpassed today. The design was in a unique deep red lacquer, with a black border, wide borders and wide corners. His most famous violins, which he made from 1700 to 1725, include the “Lipinski” from 1715 and the “Messias” from 1716. He never sold or gave away the “Messias” and they remained his property until his death. After he was 80, his work seems to have become a little less flawless than that of the golden years; however, he practiced his craft until his death in 1737 and in 1733 built the "Khevenhüller".
The instruments judged by posterity to be his best he built between 1700 and 1725. Instruments signed after 1730 may have been made by his sons Omobono and Francesco. It is estimated that Stradivarius built around 1100 violins , violas , cellos , some guitars and a harp . There are only about 60 cellos left today, and it is estimated that 650 instruments have survived.
Antonio Stradivari died on December 18, 1737 in Cremona and was buried in the Basilica di San Domenico . When the church was demolished in 1868, his tombstone was saved from destruction. A copy is now in the Piazza Roma in Cremona, the original in the Museo del Violino.
After his two violin-making sons died, Carlo Bergonzi took over his workshop. A large number of Stradivari's tools, models and work templates have been preserved to this day and can be viewed in the Museo del Violino in Cremona.
Value of the instruments
Stradivari's instruments have been very popular since around 1800 and fetch top prices for sales. Since then, many replicas of his instruments have been made and given his name. Good replicas are difficult to identify, even for experts. Unmasking is easier with simpler copies. The Stradivarius nimbus has also led to unrealistic ideas about the supposedly unsurpassable sound of these instruments.
Lovers pay extreme prices for verifiably original Stradivarius instruments: In 1998, at an auction at Christie's in London, the " Kreutzer " sold 947,500 pounds sterling (around 1.5 million euros). The "Lady Tennant" auctioned by Christie's in New York achieved another record price in April 2005: an unknown bidder paid 1.53 million euros. On May 16, 2006, this price record was once again eclipsed when Christie's in New York auctioned the Stradivarius with the name "Hammer" for 3.544 million US dollars (around 2.7 million euros). The " Lady Blunt " auctioned by the Tarisio auction house in London in June 2011 achieved the highest price to date : an unknown bidder paid 9.8 million pounds sterling (around 11 million euros) at the internet auction .
The enormous price development now feeds an "instrument speculation" in which not only dealers but also banks and private investors participate. The Stradivari dealer Dietmar Machold , a heavyweight in the industry, became a fraud. In the bankruptcy proceedings in 2012, claims from creditors accumulated over around 100 million euros.
Many Stradivarius instruments are still in use. However, many highly talented artists do not have the means to purchase such an instrument themselves. Some of them benefit from a patron who lends them their instrument, sometimes even for life. Numerous institutions endeavor to buy Stradivarius and other valuable instruments and to make them available to outstanding musicians for a limited time so that they can benefit them and the audience (see the information on awards in the list of instruments ). The support of foundations or other sponsors has made it possible for some string quartets and string trios to even play exclusively on Stradivarius instruments. These include the Tokyo String Quartet (1995 to 2013), the Hagen Quartet (2013 to 2017), the Stradivari Quartet (2007 to 2017) and currently (2019) the Goldmund Quartet , the Trio Oreade and the Trio Zimmermann . Some associations have made it their business to motivate owners to lend their instruments to artists as patrons. The Stradivari Society is the best known example of this type of mediation.
Sound of the instruments
Characteristic
Stradivari's violins in particular are highly valued and sought-after not only by collectors but also by musicians. Their playing is often described as "very lively", they "flicker", the sound "moves like candlelight". Another special feature of a Stradivarius is that it plays extremely well in the range between 2000 and 4000 Hertz, the sound range in which the human ear is most sensitive. As a result, even a very soft note in a large concert hall can be heard from afar when it is played on a Stradivarius.
Research and theories on sound quality
Various studies have been carried out to understand the sound properties of Stradivari's instruments and various theories have been developed. Investigations into the wood of the Stradivarius instruments show that an acoustically unusually good material was available. For example, the Munich Geigenbaumeister and physicists showed Martin Schleske in 2002 that the spruce one manufactured by Stradivari ceiling of a cello a density m³ comprising of only 390 kg / what should have a favorable effect on the sound quality of the instrument. The density of "normal" spruce wood fluctuates around 450 kg / m³. According to a theory that was rumored in 2005, the special climatic conditions in Europe during the so-called " Little Ice Age " (16th - 18th centuries) were responsible for the fact that low-density wood qualities that no longer exist today could be used to make instruments. The lower average temperatures led to changed tree growth with a smaller annual ring spacing and a reduced proportion of latewood (dark annual ring). The less latewood that is formed per annual ring, the lower the density. In 2008, Berend Stoel of the University of Leiden and violin maker Terry Borman brought the theory of the "Little Ice Age" back into play with reference to the uniformity of density. They examined five old violins from Cremona and seven modern violins in the computer tomograph and found that the wood density of the old violins was more even than that of the modern instruments.
But the special sound of Stradivarius violins cannot only be due to the wood, as this was also available to other violin makers of the time. It cannot be due to the extremely long drying time of the wood: the time difference between the cutting of the wood, which can be dated with the help of dendrochronology , and the year of manufacture noted on the violin label was only about 20 years or less. Investigations of the primer and paint with the scanning electron microscope reveal an unusually high proportion and a large layer thickness of mineral substances.
Joseph Nagyvary, who taught biochemistry and biophysics at Texas A&M University , published the theory in 2001 that Stradivarius treated the wood with borax to protect it from woodworms and inadvertently improved the sound. Nagyvary has focused on chemical wood treatment for years, although it is extremely difficult to obtain appropriate research material. Finally, Nagyvary got hold of some small wood shavings that had been made during repairs. In 2006 he was able to publish his first findings about the treatment of the wood of a Stradivari violin, a Stradivari cello and a Guarneri violin. In 2009 he announced that in addition to borax, the wood of these instruments also contains fluoride, chromium and iron salts, which are not found in untreated woods. His company Nagyvary Violins tries to build violins that match the sound profile of Stradivarius and Guarneri violins as closely as possible.
In 2005, the Swiss materials engineer Melanie Spycher, who works for EMPA , examined the possible influence of mold on sound. She tried to process modern instrument wood using special wood-decomposing mushrooms so that it had comparable sound properties.
The physicist Heinrich Dünnwald , who carried out sound analyzes on more than 1000 violins together with the violin maker Stefan-Peter Greiner , found that the spectrum of Stradivarius violins is very similar to the vowel e or i of the human voice, which makes their sound pleasant and is felt to be familiar. Other violins often have a spectrum like ö and ü that sounds rather thin or nasal. However, according to Dünnwald, the wood does not play a decisive role, and neither does the lacquer, as it is extremely thin. The sound of ordinary violins can be improved in the direction of Stradivari by adding a small weight of less than 1/10 gram in a special place. In the television program W wie Wissen, Dünnwald stuck a lump of modeling clay in the middle of the edge of the footbridge as a hint, although he did not want to reveal the exact location as a company secret. On the basis of joint sound research with Dünnwald, Greiner made copies of Stradivarius violins for musicians - each a “Stradivarius on demand”, an instrument “that is in no way inferior to the old master violins, neither in sound nor in appearance”.
Martin Schleske used computer programs specially developed by him for vibration analysis to measure the acoustic behavior of old master violins in detail. His database with the “acoustic fingerprints” of old master instruments includes around 90 instruments (as of 2018). He also makes "sound copies" - musical instruments that are supposed to correspond as closely as possible to individual reference instruments by Stradivari or Guarneri, not only visually, but also acoustically. Schleske is convinced that the special sound of Stradivarius instruments is not based on a single secret, but above all on precise observation and meticulous craftsmanship, which Stradivarius apparently mastered. The old Italian masters were artists and at the same time “empirical scientists” and developers who continued to improve musical instruments by constantly applying the principle of “trial and error”.
Hearing tests with blind comparisons
In the television program The Secret of the Stradivari (2005 Arte France & Associés), a blind hearing test was carried out at the Chair of Musical Acoustics at the University of Paris Pierre and Marie Curie with four different violins played by two violinists. This showed that not every listener rated the Stradivarius as the most emotionally moving instrument, as expected, but instead thought that a certain modern violin was the Stradivarius. The makers of the show thus cast doubt on the often-voiced claim to absoluteness that Stradivarias are basically the violins with the best or even the "perfect" sound.
A team led by Claudia Fritz, who works as a sound researcher at the Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris, has carried out further tests of this type. The results also suggest that Stradivarius violins sound very good, but are not fundamentally superior to modern violins. In a series of blind tests carried out in September 2012, ten violin virtuosos had to decide which of twelve violins (six old Italian masterpieces, five of which were Stradivarias, and six modern instruments) suited them best. The ten musicians were unable to tell whether it was an old or a modern instrument (hit rate at random level). Six of them opted for a modern violin. The modern violins were rated higher on average with regard to criteria such as playability and sound. The results were published in April 2014. According to a publication in 2017, further blind tests in concert halls - once with 55 particularly knowledgeable listeners in Paris, once with around 80 listeners in New York - led to the same result: the audience preferred modern violins.
Experts in musical instrument science criticize the results from Claudia Fritz et al. performed blind tests for various reasons. They object that all Stradivaris that can still be played today have been modified several times and adapted to more modern sound concepts. This is why a Stradivarius sounds different today than it did when the instrument left the Stradivarius workshop. It should also be noted that Stradivarius instruments differ significantly in their sound quality and characteristics - there is no uniform, consistently optimal Stradivarius sound. However, the authors did not state which instruments were used in the tests. Furthermore, the individual instruments are not equally suitable for all musical epochs and equally suitable for chamber music and violin concertos, but in the listening tests of the study from 2017 only passages from three violin concertos of the late Romantic period were played (by Brahms , Tchaikovsky and Sibelius ). You couldn't just take any Stradivarius and immediately get the best sound out - even the best virtuosos needed some getting used to. After all, the instrument is only one of several factors that determine the sound experience, and not the most important. In fact, the room acoustics and the prior knowledge and expectations of the audience also play a major role. A blind test is nonsensical as the very knowledge that it is a Stradivarius can significantly increase the enjoyment of the sound.
Stradivarius instruments
Violins
The list below contains a selection of 180 Stradivarius violins . This is only a selection of the approx. 620 existing violins by Stradivari.
Surname | Construction year | owner | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Aranyi | circa 1666 | ||
Amatese | 1668 | ||
Clisbee | 1669 | Exhibited in the Museo del Violino, Cremona | |
La Tullaye | circa 1670 | L bench | |
ex Oistrach | 1671 | Glinka Museum for Musical Culture , Moscow (since 2004) | Belonged to David Oistrach . Stolen in May 1996 and recovered in 2001. |
Ole Bull | 1677 | Smithsonian Institution | Part of the "Axelrod Quartet" in the National Museum of American History in Washington. The Axelrod Quartet consists of four ornate Stradivarius instruments. The decorative ornamentation of the two violins and the viola comes from Stradivari, while the “Marylebone” cello from 1688 was later added by the collector Herbert Axelrod. |
Saville | circa 1680 | ||
Paganini-Desaint (part of the " Paganini Quartet ") |
1680 | Nippon Music Foundation |
Lent to:
|
Fleming | 1681 | ||
Books | 1683 | ||
Cipriani Potter | 1683 | Part of the Hill Collection in the Ashmolean Museum , Oxford | |
Cobbett | 1683 | Higgin Kim | Awarded through the Stradivari Society |
Martinelli ex Gingold | 1683 | International Violin Competition of Indianapolis (since 1998) | The Martinelli Gingold is awarded to the winner of the Indianapolis competition for four years, e.g. B. 2006 Augustin Hadelich , 2010 Clara-Jumi Kang , 2014 Jinjoo Cho |
de Ahna | 1683 | Belonged to Saschko Gawriloff until 1996 , then to Machold Rare Violins until 1998 . 1998–2003 owned by the instrument collector Herbert R. Axelrod. Was sold in 2003. | |
Croall | 1684 | ex WestLB | Probably made by order of the English king, the violin came into the possession of the Countess of Seafield in the 19th century, who sold it to William Croall of Edinburgh in 1884/1885. Frederic Smith bought the instrument in 1906, and in 1998 it came to WestLB through a Swiss dealer. The violin was initially loaned to Frank Peter Zimmermann and, after the WestLB music competition, from 2006 to 2008 to Alexander Gilman . Suyoen Kim has been playing the instrument since 2010 . |
Arma Senkrah | circa 1685 | Built between 1683 and 1685 according to Jost Thöne | |
MacKenzie ex Castelbarco | 1685 | ||
Golden Bell | 1686 | Swiss private property | Awarded to Simone Zgraggen |
Spanish Stradivarius I (part of the Cuarteto Real) |
circa 1689 | Patrimonio Nacional, Palacio Real, Madrid, Spain | According to experts, it was built between 1687 and 1696. According to violin notes, built in 1709. |
Spanish Stradivari II (part of the Cuarteto Real) |
circa 1689 | Patrimonio Nacional, Palacio Real, Madrid, Spain | According to experts, it was built between 1687 and 1696. According to violin notes, built in 1709. |
Arditi | 1689 | Dextra Musica | Elise Båtnes, concertmaster of the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra |
Baumgartner | 1689 | ||
Leopold Auer | 1690 | Anonymous | Named after Leopold von Auer . Awarded to Vadim Gluzman through the agency of the Stradivari Society . |
Bennett | 1692 | Winterthur Insurance | Awarded to Hanna Weinmeister |
Falmouth | 1692 | Leonidas Kavakos | |
Baillot-Pomerau | 1694 | ||
Fetzer | 1694 | ||
Rutson | 1694 | Royal Academy of Music , London | |
1697 | This violin, on which Paganini is said to have played, was awarded to Edvin Marton for an indefinite period after winning a competition in Canada . At the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 he accompanied the eventual winner Dima Bilan with her . | ||
L'Alouette (or The Lark), Ferdinand David | 1698 | 1849–1872 owned by Ferdinand David | |
Cabriac | 1698 | ||
Baron Knoop | 1698 | ||
La Rouse Boughton | around 1698 | National Bank of Austria | Awarded to Boris Kuschnir since 1991 |
Vera | 1698 | Swiss private property | |
Kustendyke | 1699 | Royal Academy of Music, London | |
Lady Tennant | 1699 | Anonymous | Sold at Christie's New York auction on April 22, 2005 for $ 2.032 million. Awarded through the Stradivari Society. |
Longuet | 1699 | ||
Countess Polignac | 1699 | Gil Shaham | |
Castelbarco | 1699 | Library of Congress , Washington | |
Cristiani | 1700 | Alexander Scriba | |
Taft ex Emil Heermann | 1700 | ||
Ward | 1700 | Library of Congress, Washington | |
Dushkin | 1701 | ||
Brodsky | 1702 | Adolf Brodsky (Warsaw); Hamma & Co. (Stuttgart); E. Bernhard (Ravel) 1930; Harry Wahl (Vyborg, Finland) 1930–40; Emil Herrmann 1947; Alexander Schneider 1947-56; Isidore Cohen 1956-2005; anonymous 2006 | Named after Adolph Brodsky , who played this violin on December 4, 1881 at the world premiere of Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto in Vienna. Has been played by Kirill Troussov since 2006 , before that by Adolf Brodsky , Alexander Schneider and Isidore Cohen . |
The Irish Stradivarius | 1702 | OKO Bank , Finland | Awarded to Réka Szilvay |
Conte de Fontana, Peterlongo, Oistrach | 1702 | Oistrach played the instrument for about eight years from around 1953 | |
King Maximilian Joseph | around 1702 | ||
Lyall | 1702 | ||
Lord Newlands | 1702 | Nippon Music Foundation | Named after its former owner, Lord Newlands (1890–1929). Was temporarily played by Isaac Stern .
Lent to:
|
1703 | Federal Republic of Germany | Musical Instrument Museum Berlin | |
Dancla | 1703 | L bench | Awarded to Linus Roth |
Montbel | 1703 | L bench | |
Allegretti | 1703 | Karl-Martin Bensch | |
Alsager | 1703 | ||
Emiliani | 1703 | Anne-Sophie mother | Especially heard on the recordings with Karajan |
Lady Harmsworth | 1703 | Anonymous | Awarded through the Stradivari Society |
1703 | Federal Republic of Germany | Is awarded by the Deutsche Stiftung Musikleben for a limited period, e.g. B. 2013 to Tobias Feldmann | |
Sleeping Beauty | 1704 | L bench | The violin is also known as the Sleeping Beauty Stradivarius and is played by Isabelle Faust |
Betts | 1704 | Library of Congress, Washington (since 1936) |
A copy of this instrument was made by machine in 2011 |
Liebig ex Schneiderhan | 1704 | Awarded to Julian Rachlin | |
Marsick ex Oistrach | 1705 | Named after Martin Marsick , to distinguish it from Marsick (1715) also with the addition ex- Oistrach . Oistrakh exchanged his Fontana (1702) for this violin. | |
Dragonetti | 1706 | Nippon Music Foundation | Once acquired by WestLB for Frank Peter Zimmermann , who now plays "Lady Inchiquin"
Lent to:
|
Rivaz, Baron Gutmann | 1707 | Dextra Musica, a foundation of the Norwegian bank DNB | Awarded to Janine Jansen for ten years since 2016 |
Breasts | 1707 | National Bank of Austria | Awarded to Benjamin Schmid until 2006, then to David Frühwirth |
Prihoda | 1707 | Luz Leskowitz | |
La Cathédrale | 1707 | Formerly awarded to Nigel Kennedy | |
hammer | 1707 | Named after the first documented owner, the Swedish court jeweler and collector Christian Hammer, who bought the violin in the 19th century. At a Christie's auction in New York on May 16, 2006, the instrument sold for US $ 3.544 million. | |
Castelbarco | 1707 | Only the bottom is from Stradivarius; the ceiling is attributed to Nicolas Lupot ; The sides and scroll are Italian works from the 18th century; the scroll may have been made by Matteo Goffriller | |
Burstein Bagshawe | 1708 | ||
Huggins | 1708 | Nippon Music Foundation | Lent to:
|
regent | 1708 | Royal Academy of Music , London (since 2000) | Was awarded to Tasmin Little from 2000 to 2013 |
Ruby | 1708 | Anonymous | Awarded through the Stradivari Society. a. on
|
Ostrich | 1708 | Samsung Foundation of Culture | Awarded through the Stradivari Society |
Cremona | 1709 | Deutsche Stiftung Musikleben (trustee submission from Hamburg family property) | Awarded to Albrecht Menzel since 2012 |
Hämmerle | 1709 | National Bank of Austria | Played by Gerhart Hetzel , Werner Hink , Albena Danailova |
serious | 1709 | ||
Engleman | 1709 | Nippon Music Foundation | Lent to:
|
Greffuhle | 1709 | Smithsonian Institution | Part of the "Axelrod Quartet" in the National Museum of American History in Washington. The Axelrod Quartet consists of four ornate Stradivarius instruments. The decorative ornamentation of the two violins and the viola comes from Stradivari. The collector Herbert Axelrod had them added to the cello “Marylebone” from 1688. |
Princess Aurora | 1709 | Goh Family Foundation | Awarded to Yury Revich on April 29, 2016 at the Wiener Musikverein |
Nachez | 1709 | Tivador Nachèz (until 1900), e.g. Currently the Costa family, Genoa | Renewed by Stradivarius in 1719 after being damaged. Played by Tivador Nachèz , awarded to Elisabetta Garetti . |
King Maximilian; Unico | 1709 | Owned by the Axel Springer Foundation from 1966 to 1992 and loaned to Michel Schwalbé during the same period , then sold for 2.5 million German marks. Reported stolen in 1999. | |
Viotti ex Bruce | 1709 | Royal Academy of Music, London | Named after Viotti . Viotti also owned another Stradivarius from 1709: the Viotti ex Marie Hall. |
Viotti ex Marie Hall | 1709 | Chi-Mei Culture Foundation, Taiwan | Is named after Viotti , although it was probably only owned for a short time. Was played by Marie Hall from 1905 to 1956 . Fetched the record price of £ 473,000 at a Sotheby’s auction in 1988 . 1991 resale to the Chi-Mei Culture Foundation. Since then it has been in the Chimei Museum in Taiwan. Lent to:
|
Duc de Camposelice | 1710 | Nippon Music Foundation | Formerly owned and played by Váša Příhoda , on loan to Josef Suk from the Czech State.
Lent to:
|
Leslie, Tate | 1710 | Anonymous patron | Awarded to Susanna Yoko Henkel |
Lord Dunn Raven | 1710 | Anne-Sophie mother | Mother's favorite Stradivarius
Built over the master's most sweeping form. The instrument is the “twin sister” of the “Dancla-Milstein” 1710 (model, design & choice of wood; split upward flamed base). |
Dancla-Milstein | 1710 | One of the two ex-Milsteins. In terms of sound, however, he preferred his “Goldman, Maria Theresia” from 1716. | |
Roederer | 1710 | Played by David Grimal | |
Vieuxtemps | 1710 | ||
King George | 1710 | Habisreutinger Stradivari Foundation | Awarded to Yukiko Ishibashi ( Trio Oreade ) |
Lady Inchiquin | 1711 | North Rhine-Westphalia | Formerly played by Fritz Kreisler . The violin was sold to a Miss Foster by the London dealer Hill in 1889. In 1949 it was owned by Lady Inchiquin in Ireland. Then it came to America and in the 1960s to the Hong Kong collector CM Sin. In 1978 Sin sold the instrument through the Chicago dealer Bein & Fushi to Walter Scholefield, violinist with the Berlin Philharmonic. WestLB acquired the instrument in 2002 and made it available to Frank Peter Zimmermann . As part of the liquidation of WestLB, he had to hand it over to the service company Portigon in 2015, which was to sell it. Due to a repurchase of cultural goods by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in July 2016, Zimmermann was later able to be furnished with the Lady Inchiquin again. |
Liegnitz | 1711 | ||
Boissier | 1712 | ||
Gibson ex Huberman | 1713 | Joshua Bell | Was Bronisław Huberman stolen twice. 1988–2001 owned by Norbert Brainin . Was acquired by Joshua Bell in 2001. |
Sancy | 1713 | Ivry Gitlis | Ivry Gitlis has played the Sancy for more than 60 years |
Dolphin | 1714 | Nippon Music Foundation | Awarded to Akiko Suwanai since August 2000 |
Soil | 1714 | Itzhak Perlman | Before Perlman came into possession of the violin, it was part of Yehudi Menuhin's instruments |
Berou ex Thibaud | 1714 | ||
Le Maurien | 1714 | Stolen April 9, 2002, missing since then | |
Leonora Jackson | 1714 | ||
Smith-Quersin | 1714 | National Bank of Austria | |
Joachim | 1715 | Nippon Music Foundation | Lent to:
|
Lipinski | 1715 | Anonymous owner in Milwaukee | Named after the Polish violinist Karol Lipiński . Since 1962 in the possession of various members of the Anschuetz family (among others Evi Liivak played on it), since 2008 the owner is not known by name. The Lipinski is awarded to the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra and is played by concertmaster Frank Almond. On January 27, 2014, Almond was attacked with a taser after a concert in a college in Milwaukee and the violin was stolen. The perpetrators were caught on February 3, 2014 and the Stradivarius was seized soon after. |
Cremonese | 1715 | Exhibited in the Museo del Violino, Cremona | |
Titian | 1715 | ||
Alard | 1715 | ||
Bazzini | 1715 | ||
Marsick | 1715 | Fulton Collection | Named after Martin Marsick . Awarded to James Ehnes . |
Aurea | 1715 | Habisreutinger Stradivari Foundation | Awarded to Stradivari Quartet , Wang Xiaming |
Adolf Busch | 1716 | In the possession of Adolf Busch from 1913–1933. Is played by David Garrett . | |
Cessole | 1716 | ||
Goldman, Maria Theresia | 1716 | Milstein's favorite Stradivarius | |
Berthier | 1716 | ||
Booth | 1716 | Nippon Music Foundation | Lent to:
|
Colossus | 1716 | Stolen November 3, 1998, since then missing | |
Monasterio | 1716 | ||
Baron Oppenheim | 1716 | National Bank of Austria | Awarded to Michaela Girardi (as of 2013) |
Provigny | 1716 | ||
Messiah | 1716 | Ashmolean Museum , Oxford | A dendrochronological study showed that the ceiling of the Messiah (built in Cremona ) was cut from the same tree trunk as the ceiling of a Rogeri violin from Brescia . Thanks to the fact that the instrument has hardly ever been played, it is in an exceptionally good, almost new condition. Body and scroll are original; however, the neck was later lengthened. The pegs , bridge and tailpiece are from the 19th century. Well-known owners include Antonio Stradivari, who did not sell the violin until his death, then his descendants Francesco Stradivari and Paolo Stradivari, the collectors Cozio di Salabue and Luigi Tarisio, the violin maker Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume , the violinist Jean- Delphin Alard and the Hill collector family, through whose hands the instrument passed several times. Tarisio always talked about his wonderful "Salabue", as it was called back then, but never showed it. This brought Alard, who later became the owner, to the exclamation that the violin was like the Messiah : one was always waiting for him, but he never appeared. Then the current name "Messiah" is based (English Messiah ). The Hill family donated the Messiah and other instruments to the Ashmolean Museum in 1939, thereby establishing its instrument collection. |
Windsor Weinstein | 1716 | The Canada Council for the Arts Musical Instrument Bank | |
Wieniawski | 1717 | ||
Kochanski | 1717 | Pierre Amoyal | |
Sasserno | 1717 | Nippon Music Foundation | Lent to:
|
Piatti | 1717 | Currently played by Hrachya Avanesyan | |
Cariel | 1717 | Jonathan Molds | On loan to Nicola Benedetti |
San Lorenzo | 1718 | Munetsugu Collection, Tokyo (since 2015) |
Was previously played by David Garrett , on loan from the Talbot Foundation Aachen. Was sold in 2008, 2010 and 2015 respectively. |
Maurin | 1718 | Royal Academy of Music, London | |
Viotti ex rosé | 1718 | National Bank of Austria | Awarded to Benjamin Schmid |
Firebird ex Saint Exupéry | 1718 | Salvatore Accardo | |
1719 | University of Art in Berlin | Stolen in June 1945 in Babelsberg | |
Wieniawski, Bower | 1719 | Mercedes-Benz, Zurich | Awarded to Klaidi Sahatçi, 1st concertmaster of the Tonhalle Orchestra Zurich |
Tartini | circa 1720 to 1725 | Free State of Bavaria | Named after Giuseppe Tartini , although there is no evidence that he ever owned the instrument. Played by Yu Yamei from 2001 to 2010 . |
Madrileño | 1720 | ||
Beckerath | 1720 | ||
Red Mendelssohn | 1720 | Played by Elizabeth Pitcairn | |
Lady Blunt | 1721 | The highest price to date was achieved by the "Lady Blunt" auctioned by the Tarisio auction house in London in June 2011: an unknown bidder paid 9.8 million pounds sterling (more than 11 million euros). The Nippon Music Foundation had decided to sell it in order to donate the proceeds to a relief fund for the victims of the earthquake and tsunami disaster in March 2011 . | |
Sinsheimer, Iselin | 1721 | Jeanne Christée | Named after two previous owners, the wife of the New York investor Adrian Georg Iselin and the violinist Bernard Sinsheimer. Is played today by Jeanne Christée. On October 17, 2008, the Stradivari with an insurance value of 1.5 million euros and other valuables were stolen from the moated castle of the Bennigsen manor when the landlords, cellist Roderic von Bennigsen and Jeanne Christée, were away. On September 8, 2009, two men were arrested while attempting a police sale of all the stolen property. At the time, the violin belonged to an insurance company that had already settled the financial damage. |
Artot | 1722 | ||
Jupiter | 1722 | Nippon Music Foundation | Was played by Midori for a number of years from 1992 . Lent to:
|
Laub Petschnikoff | 1722 | ||
Vollrath | 1722 | Bavarian Landesbank | Awarded to Markus Wolf ( Bavarian State Orchestra ) |
Jules Falk | 1723 | Viktoria Mullova | |
Kiesewetter | 1723 | Clement and Karen Arrison | Awarded to through the agency of the Stradivari Society
|
Sarasate | 1724 | Located in the Musée de la musique in Paris | |
Rawark | 1724 | National Bank of Austria | Previously awarded to Lukas Hagen , as of 2013: to Tibor Kovac |
Ludwig | 1724 | L bench | |
Abergavenny | 1724 | Leonidas Kavakos | |
Brancaccio | 1725 | Carl Flesch | Destroyed in Berlin during World War II |
Chaconne | 1725 | National Bank of Austria | Awarded to Rainer Honeck, concertmaster of the Vienna Philharmonic |
Wilhelmj | 1725 | Nippon Music Foundation | Lent to:
|
Barrère | 1727 | Elise Mathilde Foundation | Was played by Janine Jansen for 15 years , currently (2018) by the Dutch Rosanne Philippens |
Davidoff Morini | 1727 | Former owner: Erika Morini | Stolen in October 1995, is still missing and is included in the FBI's top ten list of art thefts |
Général Dupont | 1727 | Yu Art Foundation | Previously played by Arthur Grumiaux . 2016 awarded to Frank Peter Zimmermann . |
Holroyd | 1727 | Suntory | Awarded to Mayuko Kamio |
Kreutzer | 1727 | Maxim Vengerov | |
Hart ex Francescatti | 1727 | Salvatore Accardo | |
Baron Deurbroucq | 1727 | Beare's International Violin Society | |
Paganini Comte Cozio di Salabue (part of the " Paganini Quartet ") |
1727 | Nippon Music Foundation | Lent to:
|
Halphen, Benvenuti | 1727 | Dkfm. Angelika Prokopp Private Foundation | Named after Fernand Halphen and Joseph Benvenuti. Awarded to Eckhard Seifert, formerly first prime violinist of the Vienna Philharmonic |
Vesuvius | 1727 | Exhibited in the Museo del Violino, Cremona | |
Dragonetti; Milanollo | 1728 | Giovanni Battista Viotti | Corey Cerovsek |
Benny | 1729 | Los Angeles Philharmonic | Named after the previous owner Jack Benny , who bequeathed it to the orchestra |
Solomon ex Lambert | 1729 | Christie's did not announce the buyer | Auctioned for $ 2.728 million at Christie's in New York on April 2, 2007 |
Tritton | 1730 | Mrs. Kimiko Powers | Awarded to Kolja Blacher |
Lady Jeanne | 1731 | Formerly awarded to Benjamin Schmid by the Donald Kahn Foundation | |
Baillot | 1732 | Fondazione Casa di Risparmio | Awarded to Giuliano Carmignola |
Duke of Alcantara | 1732 | UCLA | |
Rieu | 1732 | André Rieu | André Rieu owns several instruments. He used to play a violin which, according to him, was a very early Stradivarius from 1667, which is doubtful. Rieu says he bought this older violin for £ 800,000 and later sold it because it was too small for him. |
Des Rosiers | 1733 | Arthur Leblanc, Angèle Dubeau | |
Rode | 1733 | ||
Khevenhüller ex Menuhin | 1733 | Was developed by Yehudi Menuhin played | |
Habeneck | circa 1734 | Royal Academy of Music, London | |
Ames | 1734 | Roman Totenberg (heirs) | Stolen from a concert in early 1980, reappeared in August 2015. |
Baron von Feilitzsch | 1734 | Gidon Kremer | From November 2010, Kremer loaned the violin to Baiba Skride for five years |
Hercules, also in Hebrew Kinor David |
1734 | Jerusalem | 1895–1908 owned by Eugène Ysaÿe . In 1908 it was stolen from a locker room during a concert in Saint Petersburg. In 1925 she reappeared in a shop in Paris. Thereafter Charles Münch was the owner until 1960. From 1962 it belonged to Henryk Szeryng . In 1972 Szeryng donated the violin to the city of Jerusalem as Kinor David (“David's violin”). According to his wishes, it should be played by the concertmaster of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra . |
Lamoureux, cimbalist | 1735 | The previous owners include Charles Lamoureux (1870-1890) and Efrem Zimbalist (1925-1948). David Sarser, then the youngest member of the NBC Symphony Orchestra , bought the violin in 1948 at the age of 27. After it was stolen from him in 1962, he did not feel the need to play any other instrument. He said: "She has become a part of me and I have become a part of her." In 1983 a photo was used to determine that the Lamoureux were in Japan. She is still missing today. | |
Muntz | 1736 | Nippon Music Foundation | Lent to:
In 2012, the value of the Muntz was given in the press as 6 million euros. The occasion was a curious dispute with overzealous customs officials who confiscated the violin, claiming that Janke had not registered its import and therefore had to pay 1.2 million euros in import sales tax. |
Comte d'Amaille | 1737 | Marté van Bären | |
Lord Norton | 1737 | Golo Weber | |
Chant du Cygne - Swan Song | 1737 | Zeri van Neufeld |
Joseph Joachim (1831–1907) owned several Stradivaris: the Joachim (1715) as the main instrument, the Dolphin (1714), the Alard / Baron Knoop (1715), the Cremonese (1715), the Laurie (1722) and the Chaconne / Hammig (1725).
Violas
The existence of 12 Stradivarius violas is known.
Surname | Construction year | owner | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Gustav Mahler | 1672 | Habisreutinger Stradivari Foundation | Oldest viola still in existence, bought July 7, 1960 for Gustav Mahler's 100th birthday , loaned to Antoine Tamestit in 2012 |
Tuscan, Medici (Contralto) | 1690 | Library of Congress , Washington | Originally part of an instrument quintet (two violins, viola contralto, tenor viola, cello), which for the house Medici was made |
Tuscan, Medici (tenor) | 1690 | Luigi Cherubini Conservatory , Florence (since 1863) | Stradivari's only instrument with all parts in original condition |
Axelrod | 1695 | Smithsonian Institution | Part of the "Axelrod Quartet" in the National Museum of American History in Washington. The Axelrod Quartet consists of four ornate Stradivarius instruments. The decorative ornamentation of the two violins and the viola comes from Stradivari, while the “Marylebone” cello from 1688 was later added by the collector Herbert Axelrod. With the viola, however, only the top is definitely from Stradivari. |
Archinto | 1696 | Royal Academy of Music , London | Since the 19th century it has been assumed that the frames were shortened by approx. 4 mm. The collector Count Cozio di Salabue (1755–1840) noted that the frames were extremely low. |
Viola of the Cuarteto Real | 1696 | Patrimonio Nacional, Spain | Palacio Real, Madrid |
"The Russian Viola" | 1715 | Glinka Museum of Musical Culture , Moscow | |
MacDonald | 1719 | until 1987 Peter Schidlof, Amadeus Quartet | Should be auctioned in June 2014. The starting sum was $ 45 million. This would have made the MacDonald the most expensive musical instrument in the world. However, no bidder was ready to bid $ 45 million. |
Kux, Castelbarco | circa 1720 | since 2000 Royal Academy of Music , London | Originally a viola d'amore , since the renovation by Vuillaume it has had a head from Amati's studio. The original head with 12 vertebrae holes is in the Museé de la musique in Paris. |
Cassavetti | 1727 | Library of Congress , Washington | |
Paganini Mendelssohn (the viola of the " Paganini Quartet ") |
1731 | Nippon Music Foundation | Lent to:
|
Gibson | 1734 | Habisreutinger Stradivari Foundation | Awarded to Ursula Sarntheim ( Trio Oreade ) |
Cellos
Antonio Stradivari built between 70 and 80 cellos , of which more than 60 still exist. According to the expert Florian Leonard, only about 30 to 35 of the surviving cellos can still be played so well that they are sold. The list shows all 60 cellos that are in the Tarisio.com database (as of March 2018), as well as the Barjansky .
Surname | Construction year | owner | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Flatback, Betts, Iwasaki | circa 1670 | ||
You pré | 1673 | Acquired in 1961 by Isemene Holland for Jacqueline du Pré . After her death (1987) it was played by Lynn Harrell . | |
Cavalieri, Chigiana | 1680 | ||
Visconti da Madrona | 1684 | ||
General Kyd ex Leo Stern | 1684 | Los Angeles Philharmonic | On April 27, 2004, the instrument was stolen from the cello section leader's house, found in the dumpster by a family in town, and was supposed to be converted into a CD shelf before the true value of the cello was realized. It was returned three weeks later. |
Marylebone | 1688 | Smithsonian Institution | Part of the "Axelrod Quartet" in the National Museum of American History in Washington. The Axelrod Quartet consists of four ornate Stradivarius instruments. The decorative ornamentation of the two violins and the viola comes from Stradivari. After these three instruments came into the possession of the collector Herbert Axelrod, he wanted a decorated cello to go with it. However, there was only one ornate Stradivari cello, that of the Cuarteto Real in Madrid. Axelrod commissioned the French violin maker René Morel to apply the decorations to the sides of this cello on the Marylebone cello. Anner Bylsma called it "the tattooed cello". |
Archinto | circa 1689 | ||
Barjansky | around 1690 | Julian Lloyd Webber | Was played by Julian Lloyd Webber for over 30 years from 1983 and was offered for sale by him after the end of his career (2014). The year of manufacture of this cello is particularly unclear. According to the original note, it was built in 1684. In 1871 a violin maker in Paris noted 1709 as the year of construction. In several publications even 1736 was given as the year of construction, which is now considered an error. |
Bonjour | circa 1690 | ||
L'Evèque | 1690 | ||
Medici, Tuscan | 1690 | ||
Segelman, Hart | 1692 | ||
Gendron | 1693 | Was played by Maurice Gendron from 1958 to 1985 . 2002 Acquisition by the Foundation for Art and Culture of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia. The cello was loaned to Maria Kliegel for a number of years until the foundation sold the cello on. | |
Bonnet | 1693 | ||
Cuarteto Real cello | 1694 | Patrimonio Nacional, Spain | Palacio Real, Madrid |
Bonuses, Hegar | circa 1695 | ||
Bonjour | 1696 | Abel Bonjour | Awarded to Kaori Yamagami |
Prince Gursky | 1696 | ||
Lord Aylesford | 1696 | Nippon Music Foundation | Was played by János Starker from 1950 to 1965 . Lent to:
|
Castelbarco | 1697 |
Library of Congress , Washington (since 1936) |
The year of construction is given partly in 1697 (Tarisio), partly in 1699 (Library of Congress) |
St. Senoch, Murray | 1698 | Hill et al. indicate the year of construction 1696 | |
Magg | 1698 | ||
Marquis de Cholmondeley | 1698 | ||
De Kermadec-Bläss | 1698 | Habisreutinger Stradivari Foundation | Awarded to Anita Leuzinger until 2013, from 2014 to David Pia, since 2017 Christine Hu ( Trio Oreade ) |
Cristiani, Stauffer | 1700 | Jean-Louis Duport is one of the previous owners. Today owned by the Fondazione Stauffer in Cremona. Exhibited in the Museo del Violino, Cremona. | |
Servais | 1701 | Smithsonian Institution | Named after Adrien-François Servais . A particularly large instrument that may have been tuned a note lower earlier; the first cello to have a spike inserted (around 1850). Very good condition. Located in the National Museum of American History in Washington, was exhibited there with the Axelrod Quartet. Anner Bylsma recorded the six solo suites by Johann Sebastian Bach with this cello in 1992 . |
Countess of Stainlein | 1707 | Jacqueline Desmarais | Niccolò Paganini bought this cello in 1839, a year before his death. His son Achille Paganini sold it in 1854 to the Parisian violin maker Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume , who in the same year sold it on to Count Ludwig von Stainlein . After his death (1867) the cello was bequeathed to his widow, the Countess von Stainlein, after whom it is named today. The next owners were the cellist Paul Grümmer (1909–1938), the entrepreneur Georg Talbot (1938–1948) and his son Richard Talbot (1948–1957). 1957–2011 the cello was owned by Bernard Greenhouse, founding member of the Beaux Arts Trio . In January 2012 it was acquired for around 6 million dollars from the patroness Jacqueline Desmarais from Montreal , who loaned it to the Canadian cellist Stéphane Tétreault. |
Fau, Castelbarco | 1707 | ||
Markevitch, Delphino | 1709 | ||
Boccherini, Romberg | 1709 | ||
Baron Rothschild, Gore-Booth | 1710 | Rocco Filippini | |
Duport | 1711 | Heir to Mstislav Rostropovich | Named after Jean-Louis Duport . Napoleon is said to have caused some of the traces of the ribs that are still visible today with the spurs of his riding boots in 1812 when, after a private concert in the Palais des Tuileries , he talked to the artist about handling the cello and tried to clamp the instrument between his legs. Duport's son Louis sold the cello to Auguste-Joseph Franchomme , who owned it for 50 years (1842-1892). In 1974 it was acquired by Mstislav Rostropovich. It has been in the possession of his heirs since his death in 2007. |
Mara | 1711 | anonymous | Named after the cellist Giovanni Mara, husband of the opera singer Elisabeth Mara . Was badly damaged when a ferry went down in the Rio de la Plata in 1963 and was then restored. Awarded to Heinrich Schiff until 2012 , since then to Christian Poltéra, cellist of the Trio Zimmermann |
Davidov | 1712 | LVMH | Named after Karl Juljewitsch Dawidow , who Tchaikovsky described as the tsar of the cellos . 1964–1987 Jacqueline du Pré owned this cello. It has been played by Yo-Yo Ma ever since . |
Bass of Spain, Adam | 1713 | ||
Batta | 1714 | Gregor Piatigorsky owned two Stradivari cellos: this one and the Baudiot (1725) | |
Bonamy Dobree-Suggia | 1717 | Habisreutinger Stradivari Foundation | Awarded to Maja Weber ( Stradivari Quartet ) |
Amaryllis Fleming | 1717 | ||
Becker | 1719 | Emirates Group, Dubai | Named after Hugo Becker |
Piatti | 1720 | Carlos Prieto | Named after Alfredo Piatti , it is also called "the red cello". The current owner Carlos Prieto published a biography of the instrument in 2006 under the title The Adventures of a Cello , in 2011 an updated edition followed. |
Househusband | 1724 | ||
Chevillard | circa 1725 | ||
Gallay, Vaslin, La Belle Blonde | circa 1725 | ||
Baudiot | 1725 | Named after Charles-Nicolas Baudiot . In addition to this cello, Gregor Piatigorsky also owned the Batta (1714). | |
(no name) | 1725 | ||
Marquis de Cerberon ex Loeb | 1726 | Royal Academy of Music , London (since 1960) | The first known owners were a Marquis de Corberon (until 1789) and then a commoner named J. Loeb. Hugo Becker later owned this cello. Until 2002 it was played by Zara Nelsova . Awarded today to Steven Isserlis . |
Comte de Saveuse | 1726 | ||
Chester-Ward | circa 1727 | ||
Iwasaki | circa 1727 | ||
Leg, early | circa 1727 | ||
Early gamba | 1727 | ||
Feuermann, De Munck, Gardiner | circa 1730 | Nippon Music Foundation | From 1869 Ernest de Munck owned this cello, later Emanuel Feuermann .
Lent to:
|
Vaslin Composite | circa 1730 | ||
Pawle, Ben Venuto | circa 1730 | ||
Scholz, Goltermann | circa 1730 | ||
Braga | 1731 | Chung Myung-wha | Named after Gaetano Braga . Owned by the South Korean cellist Chung Myung-wha since 1978 (the musicians Chung Kyung-wha and Chung Myung-whun are her younger siblings). |
Giese | 1731 | ||
Josefowitz | circa 1732 | ||
Pleeth | 1732 | ||
Stuart, Honigberg | 1732 | ||
Paganini, Ladenburg (the cello of the " Paganini Quartet ") |
1736 | Nippon Music Foundation | Lent to:
|
Dance master violins
According to the Hill brothers, Stradivari has preserved two pochettes ( dance master violins ). One comes from Stradivari's late work and is a "highly uninteresting" specimen. The other is a “charming” example of his early work; the year 1717 on the slip does not apply, the instrument is to be dated to the time before 1700. This pouch is in the Musée de la musique in Paris. The museum gives the dating "around 1700".
Guitars
There are still five complete guitars built by Stradivari , as well as some fragments. All guitars have five double strings. Only the Sabionari is playable.
Surname | Construction year | owner | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Sabionari | 1679 | Owned by the Dominichini family; exhibited in the “Friends of Stradivari” collection, Cremona. This guitar is playable. | |
Giustiniani | 1681 | ||
Hill | 1688 | Together with the Messiah Stradivarius and other instruments, it belongs to the Hill Collection in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford | |
Rawlins | 1700 | National Music Museum, Vermillion (South Dakota) , USA | |
1711 (?) | Located in the Musée de la musique in Paris. The year of construction according to the slip is 1711, but it is doubtful. |
Mandolins
Two Stradivari mandolins are known. The Mandolin Cutler-Challen from 1680 has ten strings and is in the National Music Museum in Vermillion (South Dakota) , USA. The mandolino coristo was built in the period 1700–1710 and has eight strings. It belongs to the collection of the British violin maker and instrument dealer Charles Beare. In 2018 she was shown at the Museo del Violino in Cremona.
harp
A single harp by Antonio Stradivari has survived . It now belongs to the Museum of the Naples Conservatory . Construction drawings for this instrument can be seen in the collection of the Museo del Violino in Cremona.
Collections of Stradivarius instruments (selection)
The Museo del Violino is located in Stradivari's place of work, Cremona . The permanent exhibition includes, in addition to one instrument by five other masters from Cremona, four instruments by Stradivari: the violins Clisbee (1669), Cremonese (1715) and Vesuvius (1727) and the cello Stauffer ex Cristiani (1700). The sound of these four instruments has been digitized for posterity. The association “friends of Stradivari” shows other instruments in changing exhibitions. Currently (as of January 2018) five works by Stradivari are among them: two violins, a cello, a guitar and a mandolin.
The publicly accessible collections of Stradivarius instruments also include those of the Spanish royal family. It consists of two violins, two cellos and one viola . The specialty of this quintet (group of five) is that all instruments are decorated. They are exhibited in the Music Museum of the Royal Palace in Madrid .
The collection of the Musée de la musique in Paris includes six instruments by Antonio Stradivari: the violins Tua (1708), Davidoff (1708), Sarasate (1724), another violin (built around 1692), a guitar and a pochette .
One of the most extensive Stradivarius collections is in the Glinka Museum of Musical Culture in Moscow . At an exhibition in 2010, nine violins, a viola and a cello by Stradivari from the Russian state instrument collection were on view. As part of a cooperation with France, young Russian violinists played a total of four Stradivari violins and one Stradivari viola at concerts in Moscow (2011) and Bordeaux (2012), accompanied by Yuri Bashmet's Moscow Chamber Orchestra, which also uses instruments from the Museum made music. The Glinka Museum collaborated with the Museo del Violino in Cremona on an exhibition entitled The Stradivari Myth , which opened on November 30, 2017. According to the museum director, the museum's collection of instruments includes fifteen Stradivarius violins.
A quartet of ornate instruments, called the Axelrod Quartet, and the Servais cello belong to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC and are in the collection of the National Museum of American History there . The five instruments were on public display until 2012. Six more Stradivarius instruments are located just two kilometers away, namely those in the Library of Congress . Five of these instruments were donated to the Library of Congress in 1935 by Gertrude Clarke Whittall. In Washington there are therefore a total of eleven Stradivari instruments.
There are three Stradivarius violins in the musical instrument collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York:
literature
- Literature by and about Antonio Stradivari in the catalog of the German National Library
- W. Henry Hill, Arthur F. Hill, Alfred E. Hill: Antonio Stradivari: His Life & Work. Dover Publications, New York 1963, ISBN 0-486-20425-1 . Reprint of the original publication by WE Hill & Sons (1902). Still considered a standard work.
- William Henley: Antonio Stradivari and his instruments . Cyril Woodcock (editor). Amati Publishing, 1961 ISBN 978-0-901424-03-7
- Walter Hamma: Master of Italian violin making . 8th edition, edited and expanded by Josef-Stefan Blum. Publisher: Florian Noetzel, Wilhelmshaven 1993, ISBN 978-3-7959-0537-8
- John Huber: 18th Century Italian Violins 1. Selected Reference Examples . Edition Bochinsky 2000, ISBN 978-3-923639-38-0
- Count Ignazio Alessandro Cozio di Salabue: Memoirs of a Violin Collector . Translated from Italian into English and edited by Brandon Frazier, Baltimore 2007. ISBN 978-0-9799429-0-7
- Jost Thöne, Jan Röhrmann: Antonio Stradivari. Photo image documentation in 4 volumes, Jost Thöne Verlag, Cologne 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-031644-9 (148 instruments by Antonio Stradivari, images in original size, English text). In the meantime another 4 volumes have been published which document a further 152 Stradivarius instruments. The project continues.
- Frédéric Chaudière: Story of a Stradivarius. Translated by Sonja Finck . Salto, vol. 147. Wagenbach, Berlin 2007, ISBN 3-8031-1246-X (novel about the "troppo rosso Gibson", the author is a violin maker himself)
Web links
- Antonio Stradivari Documentation by Jost Thöne and Jan Röhrmann (photographer) on 148 instruments in volumes I – IV and 152 instruments in volumes V – VIII
- Stradivari - a story of sound and echo
- Antonio Stradivari in the Bavarian Musicians' Lexicon Online (BMLO)
Individual evidence
- ^ Antonio Stradivari Biography
- ^ A b W. Henry Hill, Arthur F. Hill, Alfred E. Hill: Antonio Stradivari: His Life & Work. Dover Publications, New York 1963, ISBN 0-486-20425-1 . Reprint of the original publication by WE Hill & Sons (1902).
- ↑ Stradivari violin - The secret of its sound
- ^ The History of Stradivarius Violins
- ^ Kreutzer Stradivarius sold for record pounds 947,500 The Independent, April 1, 1998
- ↑ Record price: Stradivari auctioned for eleven million euros manager-magazin.de, June 21, 2011.
- ↑ Vergeigt spiegel.de, May 7, 2012, about Dietmar Machold's bankruptcy.
- ↑ Become a Patron of the Stradivari Society Presentation of the concern of the Stradivari Society, see there also list of instruments and the respective patrons as well as picture gallery of the recipients .
- ↑ a b c Physics fails because of the Stradivarius mystery nzz.ch. January 21, 2007
- ^ Martin Schleske: Empirical Tools in Contemporary Violin Making: Part I. Analysis of Design, Materials, Varnish and Normal Modes. In: CAS Journal, Vol. 4, No. 5, May 2002 ( PDF ).
- ↑ A medical practitioner wants to have revealed the secret of the Stradivarius violins spiegel.de, July 2, 2008
- ↑ The Cold Secret of the Stradivarius. in: Epoc , issue 5/2008, Spektrum, Heidelberg.
- ^ CY Barlow, J. Woodhouse: Firm ground? A detailed analysis of ground layers under the microscope. In: The Strad 1989. Part 1: March 1989, pp. 195-197. Part 2: April 1989, pp. 275-278.
- ^ Robert Uhlig: Stradivari 'owes it all to worms' The Telegraph , March 31, 2001
- ↑ Stradivari's secret was a woodworm remedy . Pictures of Science, April 5, 2001, accessed September 11, 2019 .
- ↑ Joseph Nagyvary et al .: Wood used by Stradivari and Guarneri . In: Nature 2006; 444, p. 565 ( PDF )
- ↑ Stradivari's Chemiebaukasten Bild der Wissenschaft, January 26, 2009 (with a link to the original publication).
- ↑ Nagyvary Violin's homepage
- ↑ With mushrooms to the perfect violin sound EMPA press release , June 15, 2005 (PDF)
- ↑ Holzpilze für Wohlklang ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) scienceticker.info, May 20, 2005.
- ↑ Biography greinerviolins.com
- ↑ It doesn't always have to be Stradivarius Welt am Sonntag, November 30, 2003.
- ↑ Stradivarius off the assembly line? , Broadcast from the W for Knowledge series on January 29, 2006: Video excerpt ( memento from January 19, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) at Längengrad Filmproduktion (2:00 min.) With accompanying text ( memento from February 10, 2006 in the web archive archive .today ) (archived website).
- ↑ The Acoustic concept schleske.de, see. there resonance profiles in comparison .
- ↑ Research schleske.de, see section Art and Science .
- ↑ Overview of the blind test series and its reception on Claudia Fritz's homepage . Film documentation on YouTube: short version (5:44 min.), Long version (28:28 min.).
- ^ Claudia Fritz et al .: Soloist evaluations of six Old Italian and six new violins Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, 2014, pp. 7224–7229.
- ↑ Legend of instruments in the blind test: Violinists decide against Stradivari n-tv.de, April 7, 2014.
- ↑ The fairy tale of the legendary sound of the Stradivarius spiegel.de, May 9, 2017 (with a link to the original publication).
- ↑ See Helga Rietz: Demystification with a wooden hammer nzz.ch, May 12, 2017.
- ^ Herbert K. Goodkind: Violin Iconography of Antonio Stradivari. 1972, ISBN 0-9600498-1-9 .
- ↑ a b c d e Instruments on exhibition Museo del Violino, Cremona (English, detailed information available with a click)
- ↑ Information on ex Oistrach from 1671 ( memento of December 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) on cozio.com (archived website)
- ↑ a b c d e f Exhibition at the National Museum of American History (until 2012) with five Stradivari instruments: “Axelrod Quartet” and the “Servais” cello.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Nippon Music Foundation: Instruments , nmf.or.jp, accessed January 11, 2018
- ↑ a b c d e f g The Stradivari Society: Instrument Collection
- ^ Tarisio Auctions - Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1683, the 'Martinelli, Gingold' tarisio.com
- ↑ 1683 - Violin "Martinelli-Gingold" Archivio della Liuteria Cremonese
- ↑ International Violin Competition of Indianapolis: Quadrennial Competition , Laureates
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1683, the 'de Ahna, Amatise' tarisio.com
- ↑ a b c Cuarteto Palatino o Cuarteto Decorado patrimonionacional.es
- ↑ a b c d Stradivaris in the Royal Palace in Madrid ( Memento from May 3, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Database query at Cozio.com, status 2008 (archived website)
- ↑ a b c d e f g Stradivaris in the Royal Academy of Music Museum: the five violins Rutson (1694), Kustendyke (1699), Viotti ex-Bruce (1709), Maurin (1718), habeneck (approx. 1734), the Viola Archinto (1696), the cello Marquis de Corberon (1726).
- ^ Straordinari Stradivari Il Giornale dell'Arte, February 2011 (Italian)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h The collection of historical string instruments of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank oenb.at, as of 2013 (flipbook)
- ↑ Information on Lady Tennant christies.com
- ↑ a b c Stradivari violins in the Library of Congress: Castelbarco (1699), Ward (1700), Betts (1704) , details available with a click
- ↑ Linus Roth's website ( Memento from January 20, 2018 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Instruments of the German Musical Instrument Fund , see violin by Antonius Stradivari, Cremona 1703 .
- ↑ Replica of a Stradivarius orf.at, November 28, 2011.
- ↑ For the provenance of Liebig see the homepage of Julian Rachlin
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1705, the 'Marsick' tarisio.com
- ↑ Janine Jansen receives 1707 Stradivarius violin on ten-year loan The Strad, September 22, 2016
- ↑ Information on the "Hammer" christies.com
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1707, the 'Castelbarco' tarisio.com
- ↑ According to the article in the Independent of March 8, 2013 , the regent had been awarded to Tasmin Little since 2000 and until then, see end of article. An article dated July 16, 2014 said Little recently had to return the Regent.
- ↑ schick-magazin.com: Friday Nights with Yury Revich
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1709, the 'King Maximilian, Unico' tarisio.com
- ↑ Axel Springer Foundation (ed.): A foundation in the service of reconciliation, freedom and unity - On the history of the Axel Springer Foundation . Brochure, published on May 2, 2012 in Berlin on the occasion of the founder's 100th birthday.
- ↑ The 1709 King Maximilian Unico ( Memento from December 17, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) on lostfiddle.blogspot.de, May 24, 2011 (archived website)
- ↑ Tony Faber: Stradivari's Genius: Five Violins, One Cello, and Three Centuries of Enduring Perfection . Random House Publishing Group, 2012.
- ^ Violin by Antonio Stradivari, 1709 ex “Viotti-Marie Hall” Digital Violin Archive Project, Chi Mei Museum
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1710, the 'Dancla, Milstein' tarisio.com
- ↑ a b c d e f Stradivarius Foundation Habisreutinger: instruments stradivarius-stiftung.ch
- ↑ Star violinist separates from “Lady Inchiquin” - Frank Peter Zimmermann returns Stradivarius worth millions. Kölner Stadtanzeiger, February 21, 2015.
- ↑ Violinist Frank Peter Zimmermann receives Stradivari back musik-heute.de, July 4, 2016
- ^ Frank Peter Zimmermann KünstlerSekretariat am Gasteig, as of 2018.
- ↑ 'Priceless' Stradivarius violin stolen in armed robbery in Milwaukee Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, January 28, 2014
- ↑ Stolen Stradivarius Found By Milwaukee Police NPR , February 6, 2014
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1715, the 'Marsick' tarisio.com
- ↑ Description of the Busch bongartz-auktionen.de
- ↑ Adolf Busch: Biography contraclassics.com
- ↑ David Garrett: About Me
- ↑ Arjan Versteeg: Blood Brothers , in: The Strad, March 2011, pp. 42–44 ( PDF )
- ↑ a b Messiah violin, by Stradivari: Like the Messiah, worth waiting for ashmolean.org. Provenance information according to tarisio.com.
- ↑ 1717 Windsor-Weinstein Stradivari violin instrumentbank.canadacouncil.ca
- ^ Homepage of Nicola Benedetti
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1718, the 'San Lorenzo' tarisio.com
- ^ Homepage of Benjamin Schmid
- ^ Violin 'Antonius Stradivarius ... 1719' in the Lost Art database of the German Center for Cultural Property Losses
- ↑ Web site Klaidi Sahatçi
- ↑ a b Information on Tartini at Archivio della Liuteria Cremonese
- ↑ Information on Tartini from Jost Thöne
- ↑ homepage Jeanne Christée
- ↑ Stolen Stradivarius is back haz.de, September 9, 2009
- ↑ Star violinist performs with a thank you to cabbies video on YouTube (1:55 min.).
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1724, the 'Sarasate' tarisio.com
- ^ Violon dit le "Sarasate" Musée de la musique, Paris
- ↑ Rainer Honeck wienerphilharmoniker.at
- ^ Antonio Stradivari 1727 VL Barrère Jost Thöne Verlag
- ↑ Rosanne Philippens: Biography ( Memento from January 21, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) rosannephilippens.com
- ↑ FBI Top Ten Art Crimes fbi.gov
- ↑ Frank Peter Zimmermann and his new "voice" br-klassik.de, January 21, 2016
- ↑ Presentation of the Kreutzer Stradivarius in the video christies.com (English, 2:31 min.)
- ↑ Johanna Ensbacher: Antonio Stradivari violin "ex Benvenuti, ex Halphen". A documentation of the history and the acoustic properties of the instrument. ( Memento from January 19, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Diploma thesis, Vienna 2009 (PDF).
- ↑ Eckhard Seifert wienerphilharmoniker.at
- ↑ Homepage of Kolja Blacher ( Memento from January 14, 2018 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1732, the 'Rieu' tarisio.com
- ↑ It is possible that the manufacturer of this violin cannot be clearly identified. In the instrument database at tarisio.com, the name André Rieu can only be found in connection with the Stradivarius Rieu from 1732.
- ^ 'I sold more records so I could afford a castle' Report on André Rieu in the Daily Mail, November 29, 2014.
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1733, the 'Prince Khevenhüller, Menuhin' tarisio.com
- ↑ Stolen Stradivarius resurfaced after 35 years in the USA ( memento from March 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Zeit online, August 6, 2015
- ^ Violin "Baron Feilitzsch - Heermann" Archivio della Liuteria Cremonese
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1734, the 'Hercules, Ysaye, Szeryng, Kinor David, Semel' tarisio.com
- ↑ Violin "Lamoureux-Zimbalist" Archivio della Liuteria Cremonese
- ↑ Carla Shapreau: Lost and found: stolen instruments tarisio.com, September 8, 2015
- ↑ Tax advantage Stradivari sueddeutsche.de, October 9, 2012
- ^ Viola by Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1690, "Tuscan-Medici" Library of Congress
- ↑ Rare Stradivarius viola goes under the hammer. faz.net, March 28, 2014, accessed April 9, 2014
- ↑ Information on the Sotheby’s auction house , accessed on March 28, 2014
- ↑ The most expensive instrument in the world? faz.net, April 20, 2014.
- ^ John Dilworth: Stradivari's violas, Part 2 tarisio.com, September 17, 2014
- ^ Tête de viole (head of a viola) by Antonio Stradivari in the Musée de la musique, Paris
- ^ Viola by Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1727, "Cassavetti" Library of Congress
- ↑ Florian Leonard ( homepage ), quoted by the music journalist Helen Wallace in a blog article about the Barjansky cello , March 5, 2015.
- ↑ Stolen 320-year old Stradivarius found nbcnews.com, May 19, 2004
- ↑ Stradivarius for 3.5 million almost ended up in the garbage can faz.net, May 19, 2004
- ^ René Morel obituary in The Telegraph November 18, 2011, with a photograph of the Marylebone cello. A comparison with the cello from the Cuarteto Real ( see illustration ) shows that Axelrod had the decorations on the sides copied, but not the decoration on the edge of the top .
- ^ Cello Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1688, the 'Cazenove, Marylebone' tarisio.com
- ↑ Information on the Barjansky Jost Thöne Verlag
- ↑ Cello Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1693, the 'Gendron, Lord Speyer' tarisio.com
- ^ From Stradivari to Tononi Report in the Schaumburger Zeitung about Maria Kliegel's cellos, December 24, 2014
- ^ Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1697, the 'Castelbarco' tarisio.com
- ^ Cello by Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1699, "Castelbarco" Library of Congress
- ^ Website on the history of the violoncello
- ↑ Montreal musician lent famous 'Stradivari' cello CTV News, January 24, 2012
- ^ Website of Stéphane Tétreault
- ^ Cello Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, 1711, the 'Duport' tarisio.com
- ↑ Article in the New York Sun , August 11, 2008, on the ownership structure at the time, see below the correction note of September 10, 2008.
- ↑ Carolin Pirich: Stradivari's Cello: Oh, Mara! zeit.de, May 7, 2015
- ↑ Pochette - Antonio Stradivari Musée de la musique, Paris (French text, with picture and audio sample)
-
↑ Jonathan Graham: Hear the World's Only Remaining Playable Stradivarius Guitar in Action guitarplayer.com, November 8, 2017.
In an integrated video (2:41 min.) Rolf Lislevand plays a tarantella from Santiago de Murcia on the Sabionari . - ^ Guitar, 1688, Antonio Stradivari Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
- ^ The Rawlins Stradivari Guitar, 1700 National Music Museum
- ^ Guitare, Antonio Stradivari Musée de la musique, Paris
- ^ The Cutler-Challen Choral Mandolino by Stradivari, 1680 National Music Museum
- ↑ Mandolino Coristo classicfm.com
- ↑ Exhibition of the Mandolino coristo in the Museo del Violino, Cremona (2018): invitation to the presentation of the instrument , exhibition in room 9 , report by the TV station Cremona1 (YouTube, 2:20 min.).
- ↑ An Italian city falls silent - to save the sound of a Stradivarius
- ↑ Exhibition of the friends of Stradivari in room 9 Museo del Violino, Cremona (English)
- ↑ On the Museo del Violino see also the brochure in German (PDF).
- ↑ Stradivari instruments in the Musée de la musique in Paris: violin Tua , violin Davidoff , violin Sarasate , violin (built around 1692) , guitar , pochette (French text).
- ^ Stradivari Violins on Display in Moscow Museum epochtimes.de, November 25, 2010.
- ^ The State Collection of Unique Musical Instruments of the Russian Federation Today Glinka National Museum Consortium of Musical Culture
- ^ In Moscow opens the exhibition "the Myth of Stradivari" chelorg.com, November 30, 2017.
- ^ Stradivari instruments in the library of Congress collection: three violins , two violas and a cello
- ^ The Coolidge and Whittall Legacies Library of Congress, May 29, 2007.
- ↑ Article about the Stradivarias in Washington washingtonpost.com, October 21, 2011 (English)
- ^ Instruments by Antonio Stradivari in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (database query).
- ^ Antonio Stradivari: Volume I – IV and Volume V – VIII Jost Thöne Verlag
personal data | |
---|---|
SURNAME | Stradivarius, Antonio |
ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Stradivarius, Antonio |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Italian master violin maker |
DATE OF BIRTH | 1644 or 1648 |
DATE OF DEATH | December 18, 1737 |
Place of death | Cremona |