List of audio terms

The list of audio terms provides a glossary of specific terms from audio engineering , recording studio technology and electroacoustics that are used in specialist literature .

Generally valid or indirect terms of the categories acoustics , physics , sound , electrical engineering , computer science , communication , ensembles , music theory and harmony are not listed . Components of the list of musical instruments are also not included here.

0-9

1 / f noise , also known as pink noise - noise that decreases with increasing frequency.
1 / f² noise , also brown noise or red noise - noise with an amplitude curve that is inversely proportional to the square of the frequency.
3: 1 rule - rule for microphone positioning.
3D sound - see: ↓ Spatial sound .
5.1 (read: "five point one"), more precisely surround sound 5.1 - describes multi-channel sound systems .

A.

A rating - see: ↓ Frequency , cf .: db A .

AB microphone method , AB stereophony , see: Run-time stereophony - a stereo recording method.

Imaging area - a term used in stereo playback technology.

Image width - a term used in stereo playback technology.

Monitoring volume - a term used to find volume , usually when mixing or mastering in the recording studio .

Listening room - see: recording studio → control room .

Monitoring amplifier - ↓ audio amplifier optimized for the reproduction of ↓ audio signals in recording studios .

Cooldown (ger .: decay) - the time until the echo of a ↓ audio signal is (almost) no longer audible, see: ↓ ADSR .

Mixing - merging of individual audio tracks into a unit or stereo sum; see: ↓ mixer .

Shadowing - see: Sound shadow , an area of reduced ↓ sound pressure on the side of an obstacle facing away from the sound source.

Terminating resistor - see: ↓ Input resistor .

Attenuator - see: ↓ Attenuator .

Absence filter - a ↓ filter arrangementused in recording studio technologyfor sound design.

Absorber - see: Sound absorption , sound absorption ; see also: absorption (physics)

Absorption factor , absorption capacity - see: Degree of absorption → sound waves , size of an absorbed sound as a whole.

Distance factor - cf. Reverberation distance is the distance from the sound source at which the ↓ direct sound level is equal to the ↓ room sound level in the ↓ diffuse field .

Distance attenuation - see: Distance law - describes the amount of decrease in a physical quantity (e.g. sound pressure, sound velocity) depending on the distance to the source or the transmitter.

Radiation characteristics - see: ↓ Directional characteristics .

Sampling frequency , sampling rate , also: sampling rate , sample rate - the frequency with which a continuous audio signal is sampled (digitally) in a given time.

Sampling - see: Sampling (signal processing) .

ABX test - procedure for determining a factor that has an audible influence on a ↓ audio signal.

Axis angle - term from stereo recording technology. It is the total angle between the main axes of two microphones, see: Intensity stereophony .

Figure-eight characteristic - describes the figure-eight ↓ directional characteristic of a microphone .

AD converter (also A / D converter) - stands for analog-digital converter . An important component of every sound engineering device that converts analogue into digital audio signals (especially sound cards).

Adaptation (acoustics) - the decrease in hearing sensitivity when the hearing is excited over a longer period of time with a constant frequency and level signal.

ADAT - see ↓ Alesis Digital Audio Tape .

Additive synthesis - a method of synthetic sound generation; is used in synthesizers, for example.

ADSR - stands for the four (idealized) phases of the tone volume envelope: A ttack (rise), D ecay (fall), S ustain (hold), R elease (release).

AES / EBU - Designation of an interface for the transmission of digital audio signals.

After Fader Listening (AFL) - English. for monitoring behind the fader - function on the ↓ mixer, to checkthe ↓ audio signal at the end of a channel strip.

Acoustic impedance - a summary of all resistances that counteract the propagation of vibrations in a certain environment.

Acoustic performance - cf. The sound power of a sound source is an acoustic quantity.

Acoustic feedback - an audio effect created by creating a feedback loop, e.g. B. between an amplified microphone signal and the loudspeakers that reproduce it.

Acoustic fingerprint - a digital code to characterize a sound or an audio recording, taking into account special acoustic conditions.

Acoustic short circuit - a reduction in the sound radiation from vibrating surfaces.

Acoustic amplifier see: ↓ Audio amplifier .

Acoustic crosstalk - undesirable mutual influencing of actually independent signal channels.

Acoustic efficiency - in the case of sound sources, is the ratio between the electrical or mechanical power consumed for the purpose of sound generation and the radiated sound power.

Alesis Digital Audio Tape (ADAT) - a standard of multi-track recording technology.

Aliasing , aliasing , aliasing effect - occurring in digital sampling error; Mirror distortion due to too low ↑ sampling rate. See also: Sampling frequency → audio technology .

Ambience - English. for ↓ surround sound .

Amplitude vibrato - cf. Tremolo , sinusoidal modulation of the amplitude of a signal.

Analog-to-digital converter - technical device or component for converting analog to digital audio signals.

Analog signal - a form of (here: acoustic) signal with a stepless, uninterrupted course.

Initial time gap (ITDG = Initial Time Delay Gap) - is the time between the arrival of ↓ direct sound and the arrival of the first ↓ is reflection.

Adjustment - see: ↓ Voltage adjustment .

Matching attenuation - attenuation by reflection; At each interface, the output resistance of the source and the input resistance of the load form a matching damping.

Application software , apps - see subject-related: Category: Music software , see also: Category: Free audio software .

Equivalence (sound engineering) - means the equivalence of ↓ transit time differences and ↓ level differences in loudspeakersignals that act in the same direction.

Equivalence stereophony - is a recording procedure for miking for loudspeaker stereophony. With this method, the same-directional and frequency-neutral interchannel level differences ∆ L and, at the same time, the interchannel transit time differences ∆ t are used in a main microphone system.

Assignment - Assignment of a channel strip on the ↓ mixer to subgroups or the main sum.

Atmo - In sound design for film, radio and television, (diffuse) background noises are briefly called Atmo.

Attenuator - see: ↓ Attenuator .

Attacktime - rise time of the envelope, see: ↓ ADSR

Audio - (Latin: I hear) - part of words related to hearing or sound engineering.

Audio CD ( Compact Disc Digital Audio ) - optical storage medium.

Audio recording - see: Sound recording in the broadest sense refers to the recording of sound.

Audio file - a digital file that contains audio data such as music or speech.

Audio data compression - Describes the process of reducing the size of digital audio data.

Audio editors - application programs to digitally record, edit and play back ↓ audio signals.

Audiogram - (tone audiogram, pure tone audiogram [RTA], hearing curve) - describes the frequency-dependent hearing sensitivity of a person.

AudioID - an acoustic fingerprint that enables audio signals (e.g. pieces of music) to be clearly recognized.

Audio compression →

see: Compressor - serves to limit the dynamic range of a signal.
see: Audio data compression - denotes types of data compression in order to reduce the size of digital audio data.
see also: Category: Audio Compression .

Audio level - see: ↓ reference level - is an ambiguous, mostly volume-related term from the sound equipment.

Audio sink - The receiving part of an audio stream, such as headphones

Audio-source - The source of an audio stream, such as a microphone

Audio signal (also sound signal ) - is an electrical signal that carries acoustic information.

Audio transmitter - a transformer is called that is primarily used to transmit information from analog or digital audio signals.

Audio amplifier - a broadband, low-distortion amplifier for AC voltages in the audible low-frequency range i. d. Usually from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.

Auditory perception - refers to the (human) sensory perception of sound.

In stereo recording technology , the recording area is the total angle in which the sound sources to be recorded are located.

Recording head - a magnetic head used to store sound signals in the magnetic layer of an audio tape .

Recording room - see: Recording studio → Recording room .

Recording studio - see: recording studio .

Recording angle - see: ↑ Recording area .

Recording, magnetic - see: Magnetic recording .

Aural Exciter - a musical ↓ effect device that artificially generatesthe high frequency portion of a ↑ audio signal.

Propagation - see ↓ Sound Propagation .

Auralization - a process that enables a room to be made audible, taking into account its geometric and acoustic properties.

Output resistance - The output resistance R_i characterizes the output of an electronic device when the load changes.

Expansion area - the resulting total visible angle of the orchestral area, i.e. the boundaries of the music ensemble, from the standpoint of the microphone system.

Output impedance - see: Output resistance Ri. Also referred to as internal resistance or source resistance.

Ausleger (sound engineering) - support microphones that belong to the main microphone system.

Deflection amplitude - see: Deflection

Level control - This is what the setting of the electrical signal level is called in sound engineering.

Modulation range or modulation range is the range of instantaneous values that the input variable of an arrangement has or may have if the specified conditions are complied with.

For the maximum level, see: Full level - Full level is considered to have reached the highest level that can be transmitted without distortion.

Level meter - a measuring device for checking the volume level of sound recordings.

Headroom , Eng .: headroom - is the difference between nominal level and technical maximum level.

Auto-Tune - automatic pitch correction

Autolocator - control device for tape machines.

AUX input - denotes a signal input for external devices.

B.

B-weighting - see: ↓ Frequency weighting .

Ribbon microphone - dynamic microphone in which the membrane is an aluminum strip folded in a zigzag.

Bathtub filters - special ↓ band-stop filters, which attenuate the middle frequency range of a ↑ audio signal in relation to the low or high audio frequencies.

In a stereo amplifier, the balance control adjusts the ratio of the volume levels of the two audio channels to one another.

Balun - (English ba lanced- un balanced) is in audio engineering a component for conversion between a balanced signal and an unbalanced signal.

Bandwidth - ↓ Filters are characterized by the bandwidth, the center frequency and the upper and lower limit frequency.

Bandpass , bandpass filter - a ↓ filter that only allows signals of one frequency band to pass.

Bandstop filter - a ↓ filter that attenuates a certain, mostly wide frequency band and, in borderline cases, does not let it pass.

Bark , Bark scale - a psychoacoustic scale for the perceived pitch.

Base width →

the real or virtual distance between the two required for stereophonic playback ↓ speakers .
the distance between two ↓ microphones used for stereophonic recording .

Bass (acoustics) , bass range - the low-lying frequency range of the frequency spectrumthat can be heard by humans.

Bass reduction - the frequency-dependent reduction of the volume in the bass range of an ↑ audio signal.

Bass boost - the frequency-dependent increase in volume in the bass range of a ↑ audio signal.

Building acoustics - an area of building physics and acoustics that deals with the effect of structural conditions on sound propagation.

Beamforming - as a miking process (microphone array, "acoustic telescope") - is used for. B. used when measurements in the vicinity of the target are not possible, such. B. with landing aircraft.

Bel - an auxiliary unit of measurement for marking levels. Mostly used as decibel (dB), i.e. 1/10 bel.

Public address , public address system - electrical systems that ↑ amplify audio signals and make them accessible to human perception using ↓ loudspeakers.

Public address technology - see: Category: Public address technology .

Rating level - a measure to identify the sound immission acting on a location.

Weighted sound pressure level - term used in acoustic measurement technology, see: ↓ Sound pressure level.

Weighting filter , evaluation curve - the terms ↓ frequency weighting is used in the measurement of noise.

Reference level →

a level is referred to as a reference level if it relates to a specific level specification. For example, the reference level for the level unit dBu can be 0 dBu = 775 mV (effective).

the reference level can be a level for which a certain device, an input, an output or an entire device chain is designed, here the reference level is the same as the nominal level.

Reference sound pressure - see: ↓ SPL .

Reference voltage - see: ↑ reference level .

Reference value (acoustics) - denotes the reference value that is used when specifying levels for a physical quantity commonly used in acoustics.

Bias - premagnetization in tape recorders and cassette recorders, whereby a high-frequency alternating current is sentthrough the ↑ recording head (speaking head SK) in addition to the ↑ audio signal.

Binaural , binaural sound recording - recording of sound signals with ↓ microphones, which are intended to produce a hearing impression with precise directional localization when played back via headphones.

Bit rate - describes the ratio of an amount of data to a time, measured in bits per second, abbreviated as bits / s or bps.

Bit depth - see: ↓ Sampling depth .

Blauert's bands - acoustic frequency ranges that are important for human directional hearing in the median plane (front, top, back ...).

Blumlein microphone method , Blumlein stereophony - see: Blumlein stereo system , a method of stereo recording technology.

BNC connector - used in digital recording studio technology; see: ↓ word clock .

brown noise - see: 1 / f² noise , noise with an amplitude curve inversely proportional to the square of the frequency.

Hum loop - see: Ground loop , a ground connection closed to form a loop.

Bundling factor - a technical parameter of ↓ speakers and ↓ microphones.

Degree of bundling - indicates the bundling ability of the sound with ↓ loudspeakers, ↓ microphones and individual sound sources in the diffuse ↓ sound field.

Bundling measure - makes a statement about the noise suppression with ↓ microphones.

Bypass , bypass effect , bypass switching - a bypass ensures that e.g. B. with ↓ effect devices, the incoming signal bypasses the sound processing, so it remains unchanged. This is usually done either on request (bypass switch or button), or automatically when a device is switched off.

C.

C-weighting - see: ↓ Frequency weighting .

Capstan - the drive shaft in tape machines.

CCIR equalization - see: ↓ Equalization , lowering or raising of frequency ranges.

CD , Compact Disc ( Compact Disc Digital Audio ) - an optical storage medium.

Cent - logarithmic unit of measure for musical intervals.

Chorus - a sound effect that characterizes a tone as if a second, similar tone were also being played at the same time.

Cinch , cinch plug ( RCA jack ) - widely used, slang term for non-standardized connectors (here :) for asymmetrical transmission of ↑ audio signals.
Clipping - see ↓ Oversteering .
Compact Disk - see CD for short is an optical digital storage medium.
Crest factor - see crest factor , describes in electrical measurement technology the ratio of the crest value to the effective value of an alternating quantity and is always greater than or equal to 1. Used in communications engineering, sound engineering and acoustics.

Crossfader - sliding resistance on ↓ mixing consoles to cross-fade two ↑ audio signals.

Crosstalk - see: crosstalk .

Cue Mix - a separate mix for the control monitors.

Cutoff - see: ↓ Cutoff frequency .

D.

D-weighting - see: ↓ Frequency weighting .

Attenuation - see: Soundproofing .

Damping factor - is the quotient of input resistance and output resistance. The damping factor for the adaptation damping at the "interface" from the power amplifier to the loudspeaker is particularly important.

Attenuator - an element that is placed in the signal path to reduce the signal's amplitude or level.

Daisy chain - (English, literally "daisy chain") - describes a number of hardware components that are connected in series. Example: MIDI .

Data transfer rate , also: data transfer rate - describes the digital data volume that is transferred within a unit of time.

Data transfer rate - see: Data transfer rate .

DA converter (digital-analog converter) - see: ↓ Digital-analog converter - device for converting digital into analog ↑ audio signals.

DAW →

Abbreviation for ↓ Digital Audio Workstation .
Abbreviation for digital-to-analog converter (rare), see: ↓ digital-to-analog converter .

dB - see: Bel (unit) .

dB (A) , dB (C) , dBm , dBu , dBV - see: Bel (unit) → use with other units of measurement, appendices .

dBFS - Abbreviation for “decibel full scale”, unit of the absolute logarithmic scale in a digital audio system.

DC offset - unwanted DC voltage component contained in the ↑ audio signal.

Decay Rate - Decay rate of the envelope, see: ↑ ADSR .

Decca Tree - a type of stereo recording technique.

Deemphasis - see: Pre-Emphasis , a process for reducing noise that occurs more intensely at high frequencies.

De-Esser - ↓ Effect device to reduce the sibilants (sibilants) contained in a recording of speech or song.

Delay - a transit time delay that isspecifically usedin sound design .

Demo recording - see Demo recording → Music industry

Clarity , also: degree of clarity - a term used to identify the audibility of rooms.

Of definition - see: Klarheitsmaß is a measure to determine the clarity in language or the transparency in music.

Decibel - see: Bel (unit) .

DI box (abbreviation for D irect I njection) - a device that converts an unbalanced signal to a balanced signal.

Difference Tone Factor - is a dimensionless measure of nonlinear distortion.

Diffuse field - also statistical sound field - describes a ↓ room sound characterized by reflections , see also: Diffusity .

Diffuse field equalization - linearization of the frequency response for a pressure microphone .

Diffusivity - generally describes the degree of distribution of reflected sound from a source in space and over time.

Diffuse sound - see: ↓ Room sound .

Digital-to-analog converter - device for converting digital to analog ↑ audio signals.

Digital audio - Term for digitized ↑ audio signals.

Digital Audio Tape - is a digital audio magnetic tape (audiotape) for short called DAT , for corresponding audio recorders (DAT recorders).

Digital Audio Workstation - computerized system for sound recording, music production, mixing and mastering.

Digital signal processor (DSP) - is used for the continuous processing of digital signals.

DIN plug - slang term for round plug connections according to DIN.

Dipole - see: Dipole (loudspeaker) is a sound transducer that radiates the sound energy evenly both forwards and backwards. The figure-of-eight characteristic of a microphone is also a dipole.

Direct Stream Digital - a method of high-resolution audio signal storage based on the principle of delta-sigma modulation (DSD).

Direct field - see: ↓ direct sound .

Direct sound - in contrast to ↓ room sound, the sound in a closed room that is the first to arrive at the listening location.

Distortion - a ↓ effects device, see distortion .

Dither , dithering - describes a method that can reduce the effects of quantization errors in digital audio technology.

Dolby Digital - a multi-channel process.

Dolby Lossless - see ↓ Meridian Lossless Packing .

Dolby Surround - stereo-compatible multi-channel process.

Dolby Surround Prologic - stereo-compatible multi-channel process.

Doppler effect - temporal compression or expansion of a signal when the distance between transmitter and receiver changes during the duration of the signal.

Three-to-one rule - rule for microphone placement to minimize audible comb filter effects .

Pressure receiver - see: Pressure microphone .

Pressure gradient receiver , see: Pressure gradient microphone , describes a microphone design with regard to its acoustic functionality.

Pressure microphone - describes a microphone design with regard to its acoustic functionality.

Pressure accumulation , pressure accumulation effect , pressure increase - occurs when sound is reflected off an obstacle and is superimposed on its own reflection.

DSP - is used for the continuous processing of digital signals.

DTS - Abbreviation for "Digital Theater System", refers to a multi-channel sound system.

Ducking - the automatic highlighting of an audio signal by lowering the remaining channels.

Duplex Theory - This theory goes a long way toward understanding what happens naturally in human hearing.

Transparency - a term from musicology that sound engineering has adopted.

Transparency , also: ↓ Transparency - expression under which one z. B. understandsthe distinguishability of temporally successive tones as time transparency despite superimposed ↓ room sound.

DVD-Audio - a DVD variant that is mainly used to play music in ↓ Surround sound ↑ 5.1.

Dynamic range - also: dynamic , dynamic range or contrast range - indicates the range of an audio system to, in which the level of the sound signal can move profitably, whether for recording, transmission or reproduction; Will i. d. Usually givenin dB .

Dynamics processor - a ↓ effects device that affects the volume of a signal.

Dynamic microphone - electroacoustic transducer that inductively converts sound pressure pulses into equivalent electrical voltage pulses.

E.

EBU recommendation R 128 - is a technical set of rules that defines the sound control of radio and television programs.

Echo - occurs when reflections of a sound wave are delayed so much that this soundcan be perceivedas a separate auditory event .

Echo chamber - is an architectural component of many recording studios in analog sound technology and is used to generate or amplify the reverberation.

Echo threshold - describes the time difference that sound reflections are just allowed to have in order to be perceivedas an echo after the ↑ direct sound.

Corner frequency (ger .: cutoff frequency) - see: ↓ cutoff frequency .

Effects device - a device for changing an audio signal.

RMS value - abbreviation RMS for R oot M ean S quare - is the average power over a given frequency band, whereby the signal from which the RMS power is calculated represents pink noise within the frequency band. See: Music performance → term RMS performance .

Self-noise →

(Microphones), see: Equivalent noise level .
(Devices), see: Noise floor .

Insertion - English. Insertion Loss - indicates the attenuation of a signal by a component that is inserted into a signal path. This can be, for example, a filter or a plug connection.
Input resistance - The input resistance R_a is at the input of an electrical device and loads the source device, which supplies its voltage to this input.
Grinding in - If z. For example, if an ↑ effects device is looped into a signal path, it will be separated and the ↑ audio signal passed through it.
Settling process - This is e.g. B. the bow painting of a string, which clearly identifies the sound of an instrument to our ears.
Elastic suspension - in the microphone placement - see: Elastic suspension → microphone spider .
Electret microphone , also: electret condenser microphone - an alternative type of → condenser microphone .

Electrical crosstalk - see: Crosstalk .

Electroacoustics - generic term for technical devices that are used to convert, process, record and reproduce acoustic events.

Electroacoustic system , ELA - is a sound system.

Elevation - effect in the ↓ stereophony in loudspeaker stereo listening in the stereo triangle.

Elongation receiver - microphone in which the electrical quantity generated is proportional to the deflection of the mechanical system.

Emission - see sound emission , cf. also emission (environment) .

Sensitivity of a microphone - the output voltage in relation to the incident ↓ sound pressure.

Emphasis - see: Pre-Emphasis , method for reducing noise that occurs more intensely at high frequencies.

Power amplifier , also: power amplifier - the last amplifying stage of a power amplifier.

Distance hearing, also: distance localization - an estimating determination with the ear of how far a sound source is from the listener.

Equalizer - see: Equalizer .

Equalization preamplifier - combination of equalizer and preamplifier; stands i. d. R. for: Phono preamplifier - a technical component for playing back records.

Equalization - targeted lowering or raising of certain frequency ranges.

EQ , equalizer - a ↓ filter as a device or electronic component for sound design and ↑ equalization of sound frequencies.

Ground loop - a ground connection closed in a loop.

Equivalent noise level, also: S / N ratio - this is the term used to describe the inherent noise of microphones.

Expander - a control amplifier for suppressing background noise and for sound shaping.

F.

Fade , fade-in , fade-out - time-perceptible raising or lowering of volume levels.
Fader - Term for sliding potentiometers on audio devices, especially on ↓ mixers.
Fake Surround - sound productions in which stereo productions are converted to ↑ 5.1 surround mixes.
Convolution reverb - acoustic reverberation effect that uses a computer system to computeimages of real rooms using ↑ audio signals.
Spring reverb - electro-mechanical hall effect device.
Feedback - engl. for: acoustic feedback , an audio effect by forming a feedback loop, e.g. B. between an amplified microphone signal and the loudspeakers that reproduce the same.
Feedback cancellation - various methods of suppressing acoustic feedback.
Field operation transfer factor , also: field transfer factor - the → sensitivity with which the ↓ sound pressure of microphones is converted into electrical signal voltage.

Far field - defines a distance range during the propagation of a sound wave (opposite: near field).

Television signal - method of transmitting images and sound. (Unfortunately, the article does not deal with the tone separately.)

Filter - A circuit or device that alters a signal in amplitude and phase based on frequency.

Filter quality - see: ↓ Q factor.

Filter envelope - frequency-dependent ↑ ADSR envelope.

Filter center frequency - see: Center frequency , the geometric mean between the lower and the upper ↓ limit frequency of a frequency band.

Finalizer - often used synonymously for: Limiter , extreme form of the compressor with a ratio of infinity to 1.

Flanger - a ↑ effects device that producesa "spacey" soundthrough varying interferences and a comb filter effect .

Edge steepness - in electro-acoustics: the steepness of the range ends of ↑ filters, expressed in decibels per octave (dB / oct).

Whispering cone - see: speaking tube - is a device that directs the propagation of sound and thus improves the intelligibility, especially of spoken language, even at a greater distance between the listener and the speaker.

Aircraft noise - see Aircraft noise → Sound measurement .

FM synthesis - (frequency modulation synthesis ), technical modulation method based on frequency modulation.

FOH , Front of House - In public address technology: the point in the auditorium where the sound engineer or the ↓ mixer is located.

Fourier Analysis - The fast Fourier transformation (FFT) plays an important role in digital signal processing. An example of such a process is a piece of music from which 44,100 amplitude values of the audio signal are sampled per second at the output of a microphone for storage on a conventional audio CD.

Formant - the concentration of acoustic energy in a specific frequency range.

Franssen effect - observation of the localization of sound sources in reverberant surroundings.

Free field - a sound situation in which no reflections occur.

Free field equalization - linearization of the frequency response of a pressure microphone that is in the free ↓ sound field.

Free field frequency response - describes the frequency response of a microphone in → free field , see: binaural sound recording → diffuse field equalization and free field equalization .

External voltage distance - ratio between useful voltage and external voltage of a transmission system for acoustic signals; see. ↓ Signal-to-noise ratio.

Frequency - The frequency of a tone or sound determines its pitch. Compare: frequency spectrum .

Frequency resolution - describes the smallest frequency difference between two tones that can still be distinguished.

Frequency range - see: Transmission range , is determined by the lower ↓ limit frequency and the upper limit frequency.

Frequency weighting - used when measuring noise.

Equal Tuning Frequencies - A list of the frequencies of all the notes on the piano keyboard in equal tuning .

Frequency spectrum - also spectrum, spectral distribution or, in connection with time-dependent signals, rarely frequency response - is a function that depends on the frequency. Its amount is called the amplitude spectrum , its phase angle is called the phase spectrum .

Frequency vibrato in music is the periodically recurring, slight change in the frequency of a sustained note. Unlike a non-vibrating sound, a sound with adequate vibrato is perceived as being alive. This is why vibrato is widely used in classical music.

Crossover divides an electrical signal containing different frequencies into two or more outputs, at each of which different parts (frequency bands) of the entire original frequency spectrum emerge.

Early decay time - a parameter of room acoustics.

Early reflections - in room acoustics: the portion of the reflected sound that arrives at a listenerafter the ↑ direct sound.

Fuzzbox - a ↑ effects device, mostly for changing the sound of an electric guitar.

G

Gain - the input gain , for example with a ↓ mixer , pre- or instrument amplifier.

Gate - a ↑ effects device that suppresses quiet sections of the signal transmission.

Negative feedback - see: negative feedback , element of a control loop that z. B. in audio amplifiers for ↑ equalization or in synthesizers as a resonance filter.

Push-pull output stage - is an electronic circuit and is used in the field of output stages.

Aurally correct volume - describes how sound recordings are reproduced in such a way that they produce a similar auditory impression at different volumes.

Mixed stereophony - see: ↑ Equivalence stereophony .

Wow and flutter - denotes speed fluctuations when recording and playing back analog sound carriers, e.g. B. records, tapes.

Noise - collective term for all hearing sensations that cannot be referred to exclusively as tone or sound.

Signal-to-noise ratio - denotes the difference between the ↓ reference sound pressure level of 94 dB and the equivalent noise level .

Noise voltage, noise level (in dB) - caused by systemic sources of interference in a transmission system for acoustic signals.

Signal to noise ratio - ratio between the useful voltage and noise voltage of an electrical transmission system for acoustic signals; see. ↓ Signal-to-noise ratio.

THD - see: ↓ THD .

Vocal recording - Recording vocals is one of the most important processes in music production .

Vocal microphone - see: microphone .

Speed receivers - microphones in which the electrical quantity produced is proportional to the instantaneous speed of the mechanical system.

Law of the first wavefront - see: ↓ Precedence Effect .

Guitar Amplifier - is an electronic device used to amplify the sound of a concert guitar or an electric guitar.

Bell curve - see: Equalizer .

Goniometer - measuring instrument for determining angles and the electrical phase position in ↓ stereophony.

Granular synthesis - a method used in some synthesizers and programs to artificially create or process sounds.

Boundary microphone - microphone type; Developed to take advantage of the advantageous acoustic properties of sound-reflecting surfaces.

Cut-off frequency (engl .: cutoff frequency) - one value of the frequency above which the signal or modulation amplitude of a component drops below a certain value at the output.

Maximum sound pressure at microphones - the one ↓ sound pressure level (at 1 kHz) from which the ↓ distortion factor is greater than 0.5%.

Order of magnitude (frequency) - compilation of frequencies of different orders of magnitude for comparison purposes.

Large diaphragm microphone - see: Microphone placement → Microphone selection .

Fundamental frequency - denotes the lowest (lowest) frequency in a harmonic frequency mixture.

Background noise - describes the inherent noise of a single device that is ready for operation but does not carry a useful signal.

Fundamental vibration content - the proportion of the fundamental vibration in a signal that is not purely sinusoidal.

Group speed - is the speed at which a wave packet travels as a whole.

Group delay - the time it takes for an excitation signal in the form of a wave group to e.g. B. to run througha ↑ filter.

Quality factor - see: ↓ Q factor.

H

Haas effect - a variant of the ↓ precedence effect that is particularly important for public address technology.

Hall - reverberation, called continuous sound reflections in a closed room.

Reverb distance - see: Reverb radius .

Reverb device - an electro-acoustic or electronic arrangement for generating artificial reverberation .

Reverberation - describes the sensation of an auditory event in which, in addition to ↑ direct sound, there is also reflected sound ( ↓ room sound).

Hall measurement (direct sound-Hall level distance) - logarithmic ratio of the sound energy of the ↑ direct sound to the total reflected sound energy at a point in an interior.

Reverberation radius - the distance from the sound source at which the ↑ direct sound level is equal to the ↓ room sound level in the ↑ diffuse field.

Reverberation room - a special laboratory room for acoustics.

Reverb spiral - see: Reverb device → Electromechanical reverb devices - an electromechanical ↑ effects device or component for the artificial generation of reverberation .

Harmonic oscillation - an oscillation, the course of which over time can be described by a sine function.

Harmonizer - protected term (Eventide) for a feedback pitch shifter.

Main microphone - a microphone arrangement of ↓ stereophony.

Headroom - see: headroom .

Headset - a combination of headphones and a microphone.

Helmholtz resonator - an acoustic resonator, esp .: Helmholtz resonators as absorbers in room acoustics .

HiFi , High Fidelity - a quality standard in sound engineering.

HES , Home Entertainment System - a home theater system

High Com - a noise reduction method.

Rear tape control - With tape recorders, the control of the recording via the playback head.

Background noise - see: Atmo .

High- pass filter , referred to as ↑ filters, which allow frequencies above their ↑ cut-off frequency to pass unattenuated and attenuate lower frequencies.

Tweeter - a special loudspeaker whose construction is designed for the sole reproduction of high-frequency sound waves.

Treble reduction - the frequency-dependent reduction in volume in the higher-frequency range of a ↑ audio signal.

Treble increase - the frequency-dependent increase in volume in the higher-frequency range of a ↑ audio signal.

Hearing adjustment - see: Adaptation (acoustics) .

Listening condition - defines complex properties of a ↓ sound field.

Hearing sensation , sense of hearing , hearing ability - see: Auditory perception .

Auditory event - describes how a physical sound event is perceived subjectively.

Auditory event direction (also: directional localization) - the determination of the direction of the sound source heard.

Listening area , and listening , listening field - that frequency and level range of sound that can be perceived by the human ear.

Auditory limit - see: listening area .

Ear head - see: playback head .

Hearing threshold - the ↓ sound pressure or ↓ sound pressure level at which our hearing can barely perceive tones or noises.

Listening test - experiments in which acoustic perceptions are examined.

Cavity resonator → in acoustics - for generating resonances with a defined frequency.

Concave mirror microphone - for finding the direction (localization) of noises.

Home recording (German: Heimaufnahme) - un- or semi-professional music production in your own four walls or in the rehearsal room.

HRTF ( H EAD R elated T ransfer F unction) - describes the effects of filter head, the outer ear and trunk; finds particular importance in artificial head stereophony .

Envelope - see: ↑ ADSR .

Hydrophone - device for converting water- borne soundinto anelectrical voltage corresponding tothe ↓ sound pressure.

Hypercardioid - designation of a → ↓ directional characteristic of microphones.

I.

In the head localization , ICL - a special case of acoustic localization.
Immission - see: Noise Immission .

Impedance - alternating current resistance - indicates the ratio of electrical voltage at a consumer to the current drawn.

Impedance, acoustic - summary of all resistances that counteract the propagation of vibrations in a certain environment.

Impedance converter - is an assembly that adapts the impedance of a source to that of a consumer.

Impulse content - characterizes sound emissions with strong (periodic) changes in the sound emission level .

In-Ear Monitoring - Monitoring method using earphones.

Inharmonicity - denotes a phenomenon of vibrating strings.

Incoherence - (cf. ↓ coherence) - In sound engineering, incoherent is understood , e.g. B. that the two channels of a stereo signal have no relation to each other.

Insertion Point - the point at which an effects device can be inserted .

Intensity difference , intensity difference - see: ↓ Level difference - term used to describe the directions of hearing events in connection with (stereo) loudspeaker signals.

Intensity stereophony , also level difference stereophony - a method of loudspeaker stereophony.

Interaural - "between the ears".

Interaural time difference , ITD - see: ↓ Time difference .

Interaural level difference , ILD - see: ↓ Level difference .

Interchannel - "between the channels".

Interchannel transit time difference , Δ t - see: ↓ Transit time difference .

Interchannel level difference , Δ L - see: ↓ Level difference .

Interface - the part of a system that is used for communication; see also: audio interface .

Interference receiver - see: shotgun microphone .

Isophonic - curves of equal volume level, see: Volume .

ISRC - International Standard Recording Code (ISO 3901) is a digital identifier for a recording that can be entered in the subcode on an audio CD.

J

Jecklin Disk , Jecklin disk - device for making stereo recordings.
Jitter - describes the timing jitter during the transmission of digital signals (fluctuation in accuracy in the transmission rate).

K

Comb filter , comb filter effect - a ↑ filter that filters groups of signals of a certain frequency.
Characteristic sound pressure - denotes the ↓ sound pressure that a loudspeaker generates when supplying 1 W signal power at a distance of one meter.
Notch filter - an electronic ↑ filter with which frequencies within a narrow frequency range can be filtered out.
Club characteristic ,clubdirectional characteristic- describes the club-shaped ↓ directional characteristic of a microphone.

Sound , In acoustics and music theory, the terms tone and sound are handled differently.

Timbre , even Timbre - is in the music of one of the parameters of the single tone and is determined by its sound spectrum .

Tone color difference , tone color difference , see: Spectral difference .

Sound filter - see: Equalizer .

Sound design - see: Sound design.

Sound body area - see: Expansion area .

Tone control (English: tone control) - indicates the electronic filter circuits to which the tone of the audio reproduction can be adjusted.

Sound spectrum - The term sound spectrum describes the sound spectrum or the frequency spectrum of musical sounds .

Sound synthesis - a method of making artificial or modifying natural sounds.

Sound balance - function to be able to set with a single potentiometer whether the bass or the treble should be preferred.

Sound fidelity - describes the ability of an electro-acoustic transmission system to reproduce a recorded sound image in such a way that there is no difference between the original and the reproduction.

Clarity ,degree of clarity - a measure to determine the clarity ( ↓ transparency) in speech or the transparency in music.

Small diaphragm microphone , small condenser (coll.) - condenser microphone with a small diaphragm.

Jack plug - electrical plug connector widely used in audio technology, mostly as a 6.3 mm version ("Jack").

Harmonic distortion , harmonic distortion , Klirrdämpfungsmaß - (logarithmic, defined in decibels or Napier size) - a measure of distortion caused by nonlinear components.

Total harmonic distortion , total harmonic distortion - (specified as dimensionless ratio) - measure of undesired distortion of an originally sinusoidal alternating signal.

Stick stereophony - this is the uncomplicated merging of mono sound sources to form a stereo loudspeaker panorama with the help of panpots.

Structure-borne sound - is sound that propagates in a solid.

Structure-borne sound recorder , structure-borne sound microphone - is an electro-acoustic converter for structure-borne sound measurement.

Coherence - (see ↑ Incoherence) - In sound engineering, coherence refers to two signals of the same curve shape (but possibly different amplitudes ).

Carbon microphone - microphone with an electroacoustic transducer principle based on changes in the contact resistance of graphite parts.

Coincidence microphone - is a stereo microphone with two ↓ directional microphone capsules.

Combination tone - combination tones can arise when two different tones are played at the same time.

Compressor - device to reduce the dynamic range of an ↑ audio signal.

Condenser microphone - uses the capacitance changes caused by changes in the distance between the membrane and the counter electrode.

Contact microphone - Piezoelectric pickups - Mechanical pressure or structure-borne sound of the sound body creates an electrical voltage.

Control room - the room of a recording studio where the sound engineer or mixer is located.

Head-related transfer function , see: HRTF .

Headband microphone - see: Microphone , cf. also: headset .

Headphones - are small loudspeakers that fit directly to the ears and are worn on the head with a clamp.

Headphone stereophony - see: Binaural sound recording .

Copy effect - the transmission of the signal to neighboring windings when tapes are wound on reels.

Switching network - cf. ↓ patch panel.

Correlation - cf. ↓ Correlation meter.

Correlation Meter - A measuring device used to determine relationships between the two stereo channels. Used to find phase cancellations.

Power amplifier - Term from the tube age and describes devices with a powerful output stage.

Omnidirectional , omnidirectional directional characteristic - spherical ↓ directional characteristic of a microphone. See: Directional characteristics → Microphones .

Omnidirectional microphone - provides a type of separator stereophony in which the sound recording is mimicked by the human ear.

Spherical wave - is a wave that spreads regularly and evenly from a source in all spatial directions in strictly concentric fronts.

Shelving Filter - Filter curve named after the shape.

Artificial head - cf. Binaural dummy head recordings ; Spatial sound → artificial head stereophony ; Localization (acoustics) .

Curves of equal volume level = “Isophone” - compare: Volume .

L.

Latency time - an important parameter in digital sound technology (e.g. for analog-to-digital converters).

Lateralization - Ifan auditory event occurs in the head of the listenervia headphones , lateralization describes the lateral deflection of the auditory event.

Transit time difference , transit time difference - (in ms) Concepts of acoustics (regarding directional hearing )and sound technology (regarding direction of the hearing event ), cf. in addition : ↓ level difference .
Time of flight measurement - a method for indirect distance or speed measurement.
Running time stereophony - also AB stereophony is a recording method of loudspeaker stereophony .
Runtime delay - a term used several times in electroacoustics.

Loudness - a measure of the proportional representation of the human volume perception .

Loudness calculation - procedure for the computational determination of the psychoacoustically perceived loudness.

Loudness meter - see: Volume meter .

Loudness level - see: Loudness .

Loudspeaker - converts audio-frequency electrical signals (approx. 20 to 20,000 Hz) into mechanical vibrations.

Loudspeaker base - see: Stereo base - the image width between two loudspeakers in the stereo arrangement.

Loudspeaker box - an acoustic system that is used for sound reinforcement.

Loudspeaker impedance - see: Voltage adjustment → Sound engineering - Adjustment of microphones and loudspeakers .

Loudspeaker line , loudspeaker cable - electrical line that connects the loudspeaker connections of a ↑ audio amplifier with a loudspeaker box.

Loudspeaker signal - Loudspeaker signals are the signals that are generated during stereo sound recording and are required for stereo loudspeaker reproduction.

Loudspeaker stereophony - describes the technique of playing back a sound recording through loudspeakers.

Loudspeaker amplifier - see: ↑ Audio amplifier.

Volume , volume level - The volume of a sound is a measure of how loud it is perceived by people as an auditory event.

Volume meter - is used to control the modulation of audio levels (not to measure the acoustic volume).

Volume control , volume control - for adjusting the volume on electronic devices.

Power adjustment - see: ↓ Voltage adjustment .

Power level - dB (decibel) is the unit of the power level, which describes the ratio of a power P1 compared to a reference power P0.

Power amplifier - see: power amplifier ; see. ↑ Audio amplifier .

Leq - Equivalent continuous sound level - see: Sound level meter → LAT or Leq: Equivalent continuous sound level .

Leslie loudspeaker - effect loudspeaker box, generates beats through the Doppler effect of rotating loudspeakers or horns.

LFO (Engl.) L ow f requency o scillator - low-frequency oscillator.

Limiter - device that limitsthe maximum amplitude of a ↑ audio signal.

Line , Line-In - describes the high-level input of ↓ studio mixers with an input impedance ≥ 10 kOhm.

Line level is also used synonymously for home technology level - a ↑ reference level for audio transmission in the home technology area, cf. Jack plug → line level connection .

Line Array - denotes a concept of public address systems.

Linear distortion - distortion of the output signal that is linear to a certain influencing variable.

Line transformers - components ( transformers ) with a gear ratio of 1: 1, for galvanic isolation or for balancing .

Live End Dead End - furnishing concept for control rooms.

Logarithmic size Logarithmic sizes include: a. in acoustics quantities that are formed as the logarithm of the ratio of two quantities.

Localization - describes the detection of the direction and distance of a sound source.

Localization sharpness , localization accuracy - localization sharpness belongs to the psycho-acoustic determinations (measurements).

Loudness War - denotes the increasing tendency in the music industryto producemusic with gradually increasing loudness levels.

Low-cut - Deep Lock also highpass referred ↑ filters frequencies above its ↑ cutoff frequency can be nearly unabated pass and attenuate lower frequencies.

Low Fidelity - antonym to High Fidelity .

Low-pass - low-pass - ↑ filters that allow signal components with frequencies below their ↑ cut-off frequency to pass almost unattenuated, while attenuating components with higher frequencies.

Extinguishing throttle - device with which the remanent magnetization, especially of the tape heads of a tape machine, can be removed.

Magnifying glass effect - undesirable effect in stereo sound recording in runtime stereophony if the microphone system is too close to the sound source.

M.

Magnetic tape , magnetic tape - a data carrier; usually consists of a long, narrow sheet of plastic coated with a magnetizable material.

Magnetic head - component that is used to write, read and / or erase magnetic storage media / data carriers.

Sheath current filter - a component that prevents either a hum loop or the propagation of high-frequency, unwanted common-mode signals on coaxial cables.

Masking effect - psychoacoustic phenomenon, after which humans can only perceive certain frequency components in a noise to a reduced extent.

Masterfader - refers to the two sliders (L + R) for setting the total volume on the ↓ mixer. see: Mixer → Function groups .

Mastering - the final processing of sound recordings and the final step in music production before the sound carrier is created.

Mechanical filter - an analog ↑ filter for selecting and suppressing certain frequency components from the spectrum of a signal.

Megaphone - see: mouthpiece → Megaphone .

Multi-channel sound system - The aim of multi-channel sound systems is to enable a spatial sound experience that is as realistic as possible, the ↓ spatial sound .

Mel - Mel This is the measure of the psychoacoustic variable tonality and describes the perceived pitch.

Diaphragm tuning - also microphone tuning - see: ↓ Microphone tuning.

Meridian Lossless Packing - a proprietary, lossless compression algorithm for digital sound recordings.

MIDI - see: ↓ Musical Instrument Digital Interface.

Microphone - a sound transducer that converts airborne sound as alternating sound pressure vibrations into corresponding electrical voltage changes as a microphone signal.

Microphone distance - see: microphone base .

Microphone tuning - Describes the tuning (high, low or mid-tuned) of the membrane of a microphone to the ↓ transmission range and the ↓ directional characteristicto be generated.

Microphone arrangement - or a microphone system - consists in the simplest case with stereo recording of two microphones, which form a system with regard to a required imaging width on the stereo loudspeaker base.

Microphone array - see: ↑ Beamforming.

Microphone structure - see: ↓ Microphone installation , see also: Microphone .

Microphone recording area - see: ↑ Recording area .

Microphone placement - see: ↓ Microphone placement .

Microphone base - is the distance between two microphones in a stereo microphone system.

Microphone characteristics - see: ↓ Directional characteristics .

Microphone data - umbrella term for the characteristics of a microphone, such as B. limit sound pressure , ↓ directional characteristic, ↓ signal-to-noise ratio.

Microphone sensitivity - see: ↓ Transfer factor .

Microphone - an undesirable effect in which non-microphones work unintentionally as sound transducers and thus cause interference. Incorrectly used synonymously for microphone types, microphone transducer principles, microphone arrangements or ↓ miking.

Microphones - refers to the selection and installation of suitable microphones for a current recording situation.

Microphone capsule - an integral part of the microphone .

Microphone diaphragm - the common microphone design is followed by a thin, elastically mounted diaphragm to the pressure fluctuations of the sound.

Microphone polar pattern- see: ↓ # directional pattern.

Microphone signal - a low-level microphone audio signal with electrical voltages in the millivolt range.

Microphone spider - see: Microphone → Microphone spider .

Microphone system - see: ↑ Microphone arrangement .

Microphone technology - see: Category: Microphone technology .

Microphone amplifier - an internal component of condenser and electret microphones, which is located directly behind the microphone capsule in the signal flow.

Microphone curtain , see: boom (sound engineering) .

Microphone preamplifier - a device or electronic circuit that amplifies the weak signal voltage at the output of a microphone after the microphone impedance converter to usable values.

Microphone windscreen - foam cover for microphones; works against low-frequency sound components of swirling air movements (wind) and human pronunciation.

MiniDisc - is a magneto-optical storage medium developed by Sony for the digital recording and playback of music and speech.

Mixing console - technical device (device or software) for combining different audio signals in a group, usually in a stereo signal.

Positive feedback - see ↑ Positive feedback .

Recording - in the audio sector, the sound recording of a musical performance of any kind is called.

Middle - frequencies in the range between about 400 and 4000 Hertz are used in sound processing.

Center frequency - the geometric mean between the lower and the upper ↑ cut-off frequency of a frequency band with a certain filter bandwidth.

MLP - see ↑ Meridian Lossless Packing .

Modes - in physics describes the stationary properties of standing waves and also of continuous waves with regard to their energy distribution in different directions.

Modulation -

(Sound engineering) ↑ audio signal.
(electronic music) Sound change through a ↑ effects device.

Monitoring - the targeted sound reinforcement of artists or sound engineers with specific monitor speakers or systems.

Monitor , monitor loudspeaker - specially designed control loudspeakers for the required application. See: Monitoring .

Mono compatibility - is the positive auditory assessment of the sound of a music production with mono reproduction of the stereo signal.

MP3 - short for MPEG-1 or 2, Audio Layer III - a method for lossy compression of digitally stored audio data.

MP3 player - player or software for MP3 encoded digital audio data.

MS stereo - see ↓ MS stereophony.

MS stereophony , MS stereophony system - a stereophonic signal coding method. The stereo channels are not in accordance with the conventional channels left L and right R, but according to the center-channel M and side-channel S separately.

Mulm - a common expression in sound engineering for acoustically dark, blurred and unclear.

Multicore - audio cable that contains several, individual signal lines (wires), which are also referred to as "channels" or "paths".

Multimikrofonierung - see ↓ Polymikrofonierung

Musical Instrument Digital Interface - MIDI - digital interface for musical instruments - is an industry standard for the exchange of musical control information between electronic musical instruments .

Musical acoustics - is a scientific subject that encompasses both individual areas of acoustics and musicology.

Musical parameters - in music denotes elementary aspects such as duration, pitch and intensity or volume.

Music performance - is a non-standardized performance indicator often used in advertising for audio equipment.

Music production - is the manufacturing process of a musical work that is basically intended for publication.

Music signal see: ↑ Audio signal .

Music transmission - generic term for all techniques and processes in connection with recording and sound studio technology.

Music Perception - see: Universals of Music Perception .

Mute , muting - switching off an audio channel without having to change any other settings.

N

NAB equalization - see: ↑ equalization .
Post-production - see: Post-Production → Post-Production in Music .
Reverberation - in contrast to echo, denotes continuous reflections of sound waves (sound reflections) in an enclosed space.
Reverberation time - the time interval within which the ↓ sound pressure in a room drops to a thousandth part of its initial sound pressure value when the sound source suddenly falls silent.
Post-oscillation - is the term used to describe the free oscillation that occurs after the end of the external stimulus during the transition to the rest position.
Näselformant - a formant as a resonance-like accentuation of overtones in the frequency range between 1500 and 2000 Hertz, which produces this effect of the Näsel effect.
Close talk , close talk effect - is an overemphasis (higher sensitivity ) of the low frequencies in ↓ directional microphones ( pressure gradient receivers ) in the near field of a sound source.
Near field - (see near field and far field (acoustics) ) - describes the immediate area around the sound source, which is characterized by an uneven change between locations with constructive and destructive interference.
negative feedback - (tech.) also called negative feedback , is the central element of a control loop : part of the output variable U_A is fed back to the input in such a way that itcounteractsthe input signal U_E.
Nominal impedance - is the frequency-dependent impedance at the input and / or output of an electrical device, which is specified in the technical data in the data sheet in the medium frequency range at a frequency of 1 kHz. Your unit of measurement is the ohm .
Nominal power →

For loudspeakers: the maximum permissible continuous power consumption when fed with a pink noise according to DIN 45324.
For audio amplifiers: the maximum electrical power that can be supplied in a defined load impedance (usually 2 ... 8 ohms) when fed with pink noise according to DIN 45324.

Neper - auxiliary unit for marking levels and dimensions.

Mains hum - vibrations of 50 to 60 Hertz caused by power lines.

Mains isolating transformer - mains transformer , said mains voltage in the ratio 1: 1 transmits a secondary winding, passing through a so-called protective separation is separated by leading the mains voltage, related to earth potential primary winding.

Cardioid , cardioid polar pattern - the kidney-shaped describes ↓ directivity of a microphone.

Noise Gate - is a ↑ effects device in the dynamics processors categoryand suppresses quiet sections of the signal transmission.

Noise Reduction - see: Noise Reduction Process .
Noise Shaping - see: noise shaping .
Normalization - the process of increasing (or decreasing) the amplitudes of analog or digital audio data so that they are within a specified range. See also: full scale .
Standard frequencies - are defined frequencies at which measurements in the fields of acoustics and electroacoustics are to be carried out.
NOS stereo system - The NOS stereo system describes a special microphone arrangement for recording sound in loudspeaker stereophony .
Notch filter ( notch filter ) - an electronic ↑ filter, can be filtered out with the frequencies within a narrow frequency range.
NR - N oise R eduction - Procedure for the transfer and storage of speech and music, in order to reduce unwanted noise.
Zero crossing - is of great importancein the digital processing of ↑ audio signals, especially in digital editing.
Useful sound - or the useful signal is the opposite of interference sound or interference signal.

O

Overtone , overtones , harmonics - an overtone is a tone that vibrates or resonates with a multiple of the frequency of a fundamental. See harmonics (physics).
Opening angle - see: Axis angle between the main microphone axes for XY coincidence microphones .
Ohm's law of acoustics - see: ↓ Characteristic acoustic impedance .

Ear distance - a term from psychoacoustics thatindicates the correct distance between the microphonesfor binaural sound recording .

Earphones - see: Headphones → Types .

Ear signal - the acoustic signal appearing on the eardrum, which was subject to multiple changes on its way.

Octave filter - a certain form of an electrical ↑ filter, the ↑ cut-off frequency of which is in a constant ratio of 2: 1.

One-point stereo system - stereo recording system for two microphones with omnidirectional characteristics.

Operational amplifier (abbreviation OP, OPV, OpVer, OV, OpAmp, OA ) - an electronic amplifier that plays a major role in almost all sound engineering equipment.

Orchestral Area - see: Expansion Area .

Location determination - see: Localization (acoustics) .

ORTF stereo system - an arrangement of two microphones for recording sound in ↑ equivalent stereophony to loudspeaker stereophony.

OSS disk - see: Jecklin disk .

Overdrive - see ↓ Overdrive ; see also: ↓ Distortion .

Overdub - a recording technique in which an existing recording (playback) is later mixed with a new recording.

Oversampling - occurs when a signal is processed with a higher ↑ sampling rate than would be required to display the signal bandwidth.

P

PA, PA system - Public address system, which is used to reproduce and amplify speech or music.
Packed PCM , PPCM - see ↑ Meridian Lossless Packing .
Pad →

↑ Attenuator in the channel input, with which the sensitivity is reduced, usually by −20 dB.
Pressure-sensitive impact or contact surface on MIDI input devices (MIDI controllers), electronic drums, etc.

Pan control , panoramic plate , Panpot - With the pan control the volume distribution is a ↑ controlled audio signal to two channels.

Parametric filter - band filter in which frequency, quality and factor can be set.

Partial - see: ↑ overtone .

Patchbay - see: ↓ patch panel.

Patch cable - is a short cable that establishes the connection between two devices or sockets. Usually in connection with the ↓ patch panel.

Peak Music Power Output - see: music performance .

Peakmeter , Peak Program Meter - see: ↑ Level meter .

Level - logarithmic quantity , in acoustics one understands quantities that are formed as the logarithm of the ratio of two quantity values.

Level difference , level difference , level ratio - (in dB) Concept of acoustics (with regard to directional hearing )and sound technology (with regard to direction of the auditory event ); cf. in addition: ↑ Runtime difference .

Level difference stereophony - see: Intensity stereophony .

Level controls , level controls - synonyms for volume controls .

PFL - see: ↓ Pre Fader Listening.

Phantom sound source - a term from stereophony - is a virtual sound source that is perceived by the listener between the actual two radiating sound sources, the loudspeakers.

Phantom power , phantom power - power supply that is supplied via the signal lines.

Phase response , phase response , phase amount (Engl. Phase response ), is mostly related to the amplitude response seen or amplitude frequency response.

Phase indicator - see: ↑ Correlation meter .

in phase - the “in phase” wire of a balanced connection is called the + signal (live, hot).

Phase reversal is z. B. used to correctincorrectly polarized ↑ audio signals in their phase.

Phase shift - if two or more sound waves of the same frequency are superimposed, the result is an amplified or attenuated signal, depending on the phase shift angle.

Phon - (according to the new German spelling also Fon ) is the unit of measurement of the psychoacoustic quantity volume level .

Phonograph - a device for acoustic-mechanical recording and reproduction of sound (obsolete).

Phonography - see: Sound recording .

Physical modeling - also known as PM synthesis -is a method for generating or modifying sound in music, which maps the physical properties of a musical instrument or acoustic device in a mathematical model .

Pinch Roller - A roller that presses the tape against the capstan shaft on tape machines.

Pitch shifter , pitch shifting - ↑ Effects device or software that can change the pitch without affecting speed or duration.

Record player - player that converts the groove deflections on records into electrical voltage.

Playback - playing an audio recording.

PMPO - see: Music Performance .

For polar diagram, see: ↓ Directional characteristics and polar coordinates .

Polarity change - see: Reverse polarity - often incorrectly “phase shift” - reversing the polarity of the two symmetrical signal lines results in a polarity change.

Upholstered whistle - a physical model to explain acoustic vibrations.

Polymicrofoning - describes a microphone arrangement in ↓ stereophony or ↓ surround sound , using many, distributed support microphones, without the use of main microphones.

Pop protection - a plastic membrane that, positioned between the singer and the microphone,dampens plosive sounds .

Positive feedback - also known as positive feedback - is when a signal or a variable has an amplifying effect on itself.

Postproduction - (engl. Postproduction ) - includes all steps of the post-processing in film , television , the music production .

Poti, potentiometer - electrical rotary or sliding resistance. "Potis" are used in almost all audio engineering devices.

PPM (Peak Program Meter) - see: ↑ Level meter .

Pre-emphasis - see: pre-emphasis .

Presence , presences - common term among sound engineers for the high-center frequencies around 3 - 5 kHz.

Presence filter - filter to increase or decrease the presence area.

Precedence effect - a psychoacoustic effect that says: If the same sound signal reaches a listener with a time delay from different directions, the listener only perceives the direction of the sound signal arriving first.

Pre-emphasis - pre-emphasis (accent) and de-emphasis (de-emphasis) - English. preemphasis and deemphasis - means raising the high and lowering the low frequencies during recording or transmission ( linear pre-emphasis ), which is then reversed during playback or reception; reduces the noise that occurs more intensely at high frequencies.

Predelay - The signal delay before the onset of the Hall effect.

Prefader - pre fader - a term from audio engineering or mixing console technology, which means that a signal tap - z. B. an aux path - is in a mixer channel in front of the channel fader.

Pre Fader Listening - refers to the process of tapping a signal running through a mixer in front of the controller and routing it to a special listening path.

Pressure Zone Microphone - see: boundary microphone .

Pseudo quadraphony - the seemingly plastic reproduction of an original stereo recording .

Pseudostereophony - Pseudostereophony (also known as electronic stereo ) describes the seemingly plastic reproduction of an original mono recording .

Psychoacoustics - a branch of psychophysics . It deals with the description of the relationship between the human perception of sound as an auditory event and its physical sound field parameters as a sound event .

Psychoacoustic model - see: Audio data compression → Psychoacoustics .

Public Address - PA - PA System, which the reproduction and amplification is used by speech or music.

Pumping - a “pump-like” dynamic effect in compressors due to unfavorably set attack and release times.

PZM - see ↑ Boundary Microphone.

Q

Q factor , Q value , Q , also quality factor, quality, circular quality, resonance sharpness, resonant circuit quality, pole quality →

is a measure of the damping of an oscillating system, e.g. B. a filter. See: figure of merit .
With a filter (e.g. with a parametric equalizer ) is a value or a controller for influencing the frequency band to be processed.

Quadrofonie - form of multi-channel recording.
Quantization - is the name given to the process with which z. B. MIDI notes can be shifted to a point in time in the musical sequence given by the quantization grid.
Quantization noise - certain disturbances in the digitization of analog signals.
Quasi -peak value - peak value detector for measuring electrical signals in the frequency range from 9 kHz to 1 GHz.
Source resistance - see: ↑ Output resistance .

R.

Spatiality , spatial impression - component of the ↓ spatial impression.

Roughness - a psychoacoustic sensation variable that is particularly perceived in frequency and amplitude modulated sounds.

Room acoustics - the area of acoustics that deals with the effects of the structural conditions of a room on the sound events taking place in it.

Room impression - term for the hearing sensation of a sound source in a room closed on several sides.

Spatial information - the image of space contained in sound; see: ↓ Room sound .

Surround sound - term for a spatial sound impression in sound recordings.

Room microphone - see: Transit time stereophony .

Room mode - describes the stationary properties of standing waves with a natural frequency in closed rooms.

Room sound - the sound in a closed room whichhas experienced ↓ sound reflectionswhen it arrives at the listening location: (Ggs .: ↑ direct sound ).

Room signal - see: ↑ Room sound .

Signal to Noise Ratio - The dynamic difference between the useful signal and the noise; see. ↓ Signal-to-noise ratio.

Noise - Defines the ratio of the energy of the non-harmonics to the total energy of an acoustic signal.

Noise - an acoustic sound, see: Noise , see also: Noise (physics) .

Noise factor - see: Noise figure .

Noise shaping - (. Engl noise shaping ) refers to a method for shifting the noise energy in the frequency spectrum occurs.

Noise generator - a special form of signal generator.

Noise level - see: Noise voltage .

Noise source - Various types of noise sources are used to generate noise. See: Noise Generator → Noise Sources .

Noise voltage - is the resistance noise (so-called white noise) at a certain measured frequency bandwidth.

Noise reduction processes - (English. Noise Reduction , Noise Cancellation or Squelch ) - are technical processes in the transmission and storage of speech and music that reduce unwanted noise .

Noise figure - code for the noise e.g. B. an amplifier stage.

Square wave , square wave signal - is one of the basic forms of sound generation in synthesizers.

Reference level - see: ↑ reference level .

Reflection , here: sound reflection , denotes the throwing back of sound waves at an interface (wall); see also: reflection (physics) .

Low-reflection room - (colloquially “anechoic”) is a special acoustic (laboratory) room, the boundary surfaces of which reflect almost no sound.

Control room - see: Recording studio → Control room - From there, recorded sound material is monitored, assessed and, if necessary, processed via studio monitors.

Release time , release time see: ↑ ADSR .

Remix - is a new version of a music track based on the multi-track original.

Register transparency - the ability to distinguish between musical instruments being played at the same time, despite superimposed ↑ room sound; cf.: ↓ time transparency .

Residual tone - Term for a psychoacoustic phenomenon related to the perception of overtones .

Resonance - Acoustic resonance ("resonance") plays a role in almost all musical instruments.

Resonance frequency - is the frequency at which the amplitude of an oscillating system is greater than when excited by neighboring frequencies.

Directional characteristic - describes the dependence of the sensitivity of a microphone on the angle of sound incidence or the direction of radiation of a loudspeaker (radiation characteristic).

Directional factor , directional factor - describes the spatial sensitivity in the electroacoustic system (recording or playback).

Directional microphone - a type of microphone that primarily picks up the frontal sound and thus has a ↑ directional characteristic.

Shotgun microphone , shotgun - also interference microphone - denotes a microphone design with regard to its acoustic functionality (pronounced directional effect).

Directional hearing , directional localization - see: Localization (acoustics) .

Direction mixer - see: Panorama controller → Direction mixer .

Directional bands - see: Blauert bands .

Directional perception - see: Localization (acoustics) .

Directivity - occurs when the ↑ directional characteristic of a microphone is not isotropic, i.e. the radiated power or the sensitivity depends on the direction.

Tube amplifier - device that uses electronic tubes to amplify the electrical signal.

RMS , Root Mean Square - see: RMS value .

pink noise - synonymous with 1 / f noise .

red noise - synonymous with 1 / f² noise .

RT60 - The symbol for reverberation time T60, in English mostly RT (reverberation time), is the best known room acoustic parameter.

Rubens' flame tube for visualizing ↓ standing sound waves .

Feedback - see: Acoustic Feedback .

Backward attenuation - characteristic value for ↑ directional microphones.

Throwback - see: ↑ Reflection.

Quiet hearing threshold - see: Hearing threshold .

S.

SACD - Super Audio Compact Disc - a data carrier; physically a special form of DVD .
Sampler - electronic musical instrument that can record sounds of any kind and play them back at different pitches at the touch of a button.
Sample rate , sampling rate - see: ↑ Sampling rate.
Sampling - describes the process of using part of a sound or music recording in a new context.
Sampling depth - also called bit depth, specifies the number of bits that are used per sample when digitizing an analog signal.
Singer formant - describes a formant in the frequency range around 3 kHz, which arises from the singing voice of trained singers.
Sound shadowing - see: Sound shadow .
Sound absorption - refers to a process of reducing sound energy.
The sound recording - see: Sound Recording .
Sound propagation - describes the wave phenomenon that leads to the propagation of a pressure disturbance and the transmission of the alternating sound pressure in a sound field. An elastic medium (air) is required to propagate sound.
Speed of sound propagation - see: Velocity of sound .
Sound deflection - see: deflection .
Sound acceleration - see: sound velocity .

Sound diffraction - see: Diffraction (physics) .

Refraction of sound - also refraction - is a fundamental phenomenon in the disturbed propagation of sound waves.

Sound bundling - see: Degree of bundling .

Sound insulation - describes the obstruction of the sound propagation of structure-borne or air-borne noise.

Sound attenuation - denotes the obstruction of sound propagation by absorption of airborne sound.

Sound density - see: Sound energy density - a measure to describe the sound energy present at a certain location of the ↓ sound field.

Sound diffusion - see: Diffusion (acoustics) .

Sound pressure - is the most important sound field quantity in sound engineering and acoustics.

Sound pressure receiver - see: microphone .

Sound pressure meter - see: Sound level meter .

SPL - (. English sound pressure level , often with SPL for short) is a logarithmic measure to describe the strength of a sound event.

Direction of sound incidence , angle of sound incidence - terms when considering the direction of incidence of a sound signal z. B. on a microphone.

Sound emission - in acoustics the emission of sound ( sound event ) from a sound source is called.

Sound energy - theenergy containedin a ↓ sound field or sound event.

Sound event - a physical-acoustic process that objectively, i. H. regardless of subjective perceptions, exists.

Sound generation - also tone generation or sound generation is the name for the process with which sound waves are actively generated.

Sound field - the area in which sound waves propagate.

Speed of sound - is the speed at which sound waves propagate in a medium.

Sound size - see: Sound field size .

Noise immission , sound immission level - describes the effect of sound on a location.

Characteristic acoustic impedance - is the specific impedance, which is referred to as the wave resistance of the medium (air). It is a physical quantity that is defined by the ratio of ↑ sound pressure to sound velocity. The SI unit is Ns / m³.

Sound power - describes the sound energy emitted by a sound source per unit of time.

Sound power quantity - see: Sound energy quantity .

Sound power level - see: Sound power → Sound power level .

Sound localization , sound localization - see: Localization (acoustics) .

Sound level - is a colloquially shortened term for the level of an acoustic variable.

Sound level meter - a measuring device for determining ↑ sound pressure levels.

Record , record player .

Sound source - In sound engineering, a sound source is a body of sound, such as a piano, a drum computer or a string quartet.

Sound source distance - see: Distance hearing .

Sound reflection , see: ↑ Reflection.

Sound reproduction - the reproduction of a sound recording.

Sound shadow - occurs when there are obstacles on the direct sound path from the sound source to the microphone.

Sound velocity - indicates the speed at which the air particles oscillate around their position of rest.

Sound sensor - see: sound converter - in sound engineering: a microphone .

Sound spectrum - the graphical representation of the result of breaking down an acoustic signal (sound process) into the components that can be assigned to the individual partial frequencies.

Sound intensity - see: Sound intensity - the sound power that passes through a sound-penetrated surface per unit area.

Anechoic space - see: Anechoic space .

Sound transducer - generic term for devices that convert acoustic signals into electrical signals (microphones) or vice versa (loudspeakers).

Sound pressure - see: ↑ SPL .

Sound wave - see: Sound .

Sound wave resistance - see: ↑ acoustic impedance .

Sharpness - a perception variable in psychoacoustics thatcan be assessedindependently of pitch , loudness and roughness . Unit of measurement : Acum .

Slider - see ↑ Fader.

Degree of swallowing - see: Degree of absorption .

Pain threshold , pain threshold - in acoustics and medicine, denotes the lowest strength of a stimulus that is perceived as painful by the test person.

Cutting curve - a measure of the lateral deflection of a record groove.

Rapid receiver - a sensor thatmeasures the speed of sound , i.e. the speed of air particles. Sometimes speed receivers are also referred to as speed receivers .

Interface (Interface) is the part of a system which serves the communication. → Audio interface .

Interface attenuation see: Adaptation attenuation .

Fluctuation strength - a measure of the subjectively perceived fluctuation in volume .

Beat - the resultant of the additive superposition (superposition) of two vibrations , which differonly slightlyin their frequency .

Vibration membrane - a "thin skin" or film thatis intended to generate or modify vibrations .

Voice coil - (see also: Coil (electrical engineering) ) - represents the drive unit of an electrodynamic sound transducer or a dynamic loudspeaker .

Vibration - also: oscillations - are repeated, temporal fluctuations in the state variables of a system.

Anterior vibration - see: ↓ Standing wave .

Node of oscillation - see: ↓ Standing wave .

Scribble patch - small writable area on the mixer channels for notes.

Scrubbing - manually moving an audio recording forwards or backwards for precise positioning.

Sideways attenuation - Part of the microphone data of ↑ directional microphones . The specification is the attenuation that ismeasuredfrom the side of the microphone , i.e. from the 90 ° direction of sound incidence, and isspecifiedin decibels (dB) as the sound level attenuation .

Sequencer - electronic device or software used to record, play back and manipulate data to create music.

Shaping , (Noise Shaping) - see: ↑ noise shaping .

Shelving filter - see: ↑ Shelving filter .

Shepard scale - or Shepard scale - the illusion of an infinitely ascending or descending scale that never exceeds the limit of one's own hearing.

Side-chain - the control of a compressor by an audio signal other than the compressed one.

Shepard tones - special harmonically complex tones.

Signal generator - are electronic devices or assemblies that generate electrical voltages with a characteristic time course; see also: tone frequency generator .

Signal-to-noise ratio , signal-to-noise ratio , SNR, S / R, SNR, S / N is a measure of the technical quality of a desired signal; (Ratio of useful signal: interfering signal).

Signal level - see: Logarithmic size → Level

Signal distortion - see: ↑ THD .

Syllable intelligibility - a fundamental criterion for the audibility of language areas such as lecture halls, conference rooms or classrooms in schools.

Singing formant - see: ↑ singer formant .

Sine tone - an audible tone is called if the oscillation generating it can be described mathematically (except at its beginning and end) by a sine or cosine function .

Signal - see: ↑ Audio signal .

Signal transmission - transmission of ↑ audio signals - cf. ↑ Music transmission - generic term for all techniques and processes in connection with recording and recording studio technology.

SMPTE time code - one of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers introduced (SMPTE) timecode in television, radio and studio, the equipment from different manufacturers, and any video and audio techniques synchronized.

SNR - see: ↑ Signal-to-Noise Ratio.

Sone - The Sone [ soʊn ] is the psychoacoustic unit of measurement for the subjective loudness N of a sound event.

Sonification - ("sounding") is the representation of data in non-linguistic sound events.

Sound design - see: Sound design .

Sound Pressure Level , SPL - see: ↑ Sound pressure level .

Soundscape - soundscape - is an English made-up word, composed of the terms sound and landscape.

Sound Studies describes the interdisciplinary research field of sound research.

Sound effect - a naturally or artificially created or technically modified acoustic signal thatis intended to suggest a changed realitytothe listener.

Soundtrack - literally describes the soundtrack of a film . Nowadays it is usually only understood to mean themusicthat is used for a specific film or computer game (see film music ).

Speech Transmission Index - STI - is a measure of the speech transmission quality of a transmission link from speaker to listener. An acoustic or electro-acoustic voice signal transmission is understood as a transmission path. The measure STI describes the speech intelligibility to be expected by the listener.

Voltage adjustment - With sound and hi-fi technology, devices are always connected via voltage adjustment. The ratio of output impedance Zi (also: internal resistance Ri or source resistance) to input impedance Za (also: external resistance Ra or input resistance) of the following stage is decisive for the adaptation. Zi is significantly smaller than Za, i.e. Zi << Za, because then a change in Za hardly changes the output voltage U at the connection point. See: Voltage adjustment → Sound engineering - Adjustment of microphones and speakers . See also: adaptation (electrical engineering) .

S / PDIF , Sony / Philips Digital Interface - an interface specification for transferring digital ↑ audio signals between different devices.

Spectral difference - term from the acoustics, concerns the human directional hearing.

Spectrum analyzer - comparable to the oscilloscope , in contrast to this, it does not display signals in the time domain , but in the frequency domain .

Specific acoustic impedance - see: ↑ Characteristic acoustic impedance .

Peak level , peak voltage - see: peak value .

Peak value meter - see: ↑ Level meter .

SPL - Sound Pressure Level - see: ↑ SPL .

Splitbox - is always used when audio signals are distributed and used multiple times.

Spoke tube - see ↑ Whisper Bag.

Speech intelligibility - see explanations for ↑ Speech Transmission Index.

Speech intelligibility test - a test that tests a person's ability to hear and understand speech.

Speech head - ( SK ) - see: ↑ Recording head

Stagebox - a box with sockets (usually XLR ) thatis mountedon the stage side of the multicore of a sound system .

Stammton - called in German-speaking C , D , E , F , G , A and H .

Stapedius reflex - describes the reaction mechanism of the hearing that protects the inner ear from damage caused by loud sound pressure levels.

Statistical directivity factor - one of the quantities used to describe the ↑ directional characteristic of a sound source.

Statistical sound field - synonymous with ↑ diffuse field .

Pin assignment - with the different connection plugs used in the audio sector - depending on the type of connection - the poles of the plugs must be assigned correctly.

Steckfeld - also: Patchbay - is a technical device to simplify cabling, to which several devices are connected, the connections of which can be easilyestablished and changedusing short patch cables via sockets on the front.

Connector - cf. z. E.g .: XLR , cinch , jack plug ; see also: Category: Connectors .

Standing wave - superposition of two oppositely progressing waves of the same frequency and amplitude; play an overriding role in acoustic construction and in studio room design.

Stereo system - refers to devices for music reinforcement in the private sector (home technology).

Stereo recording - see: Sound recording → Stereo recordings .

Stereo recording area - see ↑ Recording area.

Stereo base , stereo center - is the loudspeaker base in stereo playback, i.e. the image width between two loudspeakers.

Stereo triangle - is a term used in stereo reproduction technology and deals with speaker placement.

Stereophony - a term for techniques that use two or more sound sourcesto create a spatial sound impression in natural hearingthrough ↑ level differences Δ L or ↑ transit time differences Δ t of the loudspeaker signals.

Stereo localization , see: Image width , also: Localization (acoustics) .

Stereo microphone , see: coincidence microphone .

Stereomitte - term from ↑ stereophony .

Stereo viewing device (goniometer) - a display that shows the relationship between the two channels of a stereophonic audio program.

Signal-to- noise ratio - see: ↑ Signal-to-noise ratio.

Background noise - Noises with negative noise quality, that is, the sound event leads to an auditory event that is perceived as unpleasant, annoying, annoying, triggering negative associations or not suitable for the product.

Interfering sound - Interfering sound is the designation for a noise that is intended to record a sound or the perception of a sound event, e.g. B. a music lecture, disturbs.

Straus package - a double microphone combination known in sound engineering for sound recording.

Studio adaptation - a collective term for necessary adaptations of impedances and ↑ reference levels of various audio components to be connected to one another; see also: adaptation (electrical engineering) .

Studio level - see: ↑ reference level .

Studio technology - specifies the term audio technology in relation to its use in the recording studio .

Support microphone - Support microphones are used to improve sound recordings in stereophony .

Subbass - the lowest frequency range within the bass, ranging from around 60 Hz to around 20 Hz.

Subgroup - Section of the ↑ mixer on which individual tracks can be summed independently of the master area. See: Mixer → Function groups .

Subtractive Synthesis - a method of synthetic sound generation; is z. B. used in synthesizers .

Subwoofer - a special loudspeaker box that is designed for the sole reproduction of low-frequency sound waves (bass).

Sum output - see: Mixer → Function groups .

Sum localization - a specific form of localization of auditory events , which is fundamental for stereophonic stereo loudspeaker reproduction.

Super Audio CD - see ↑ Super Audio Compact Disc.

Supercardioid - special ↑ directional characteristic of microphones.

Surround sound 5.1 - see ↑ 5.1 .

Sustain →

(Acoustics) certain aspects of the sound behavior of sound generators.
(Electronic music) the third phase of the (see: ↑ ADSR) envelope.

Sweet spot - the optimallistening location , the listening position of the so-called stereo triangle .
Balancing - converting an asymmetrical into a symmetrical audio signal, e.g. B. by means of a transformer . Compare: ↓ Symmetrical signal transmission .
Symmetrical signal transmission .

T

Clock head - the analog ↑ recording head (speaking head SK) is called when it is used temporarily as a playback head (listening head).
Talkback - This allows you to speak from the mixer with a microphone into the monitors, with the actual signal being lowered.
Plunger coil - a (magnetic) coil that is resiliently suspended in a stationary magnetic field and that is deflected by the Lorentz force when current flows through it.
Moving coil microphone - see: Dynamisches_Mikrofon → Moving coil microphone .
Partial tone - see: ↑ Overtone .
Partial series see: Overtone → The overtone series .
Threshold - in a compressor or limiter, the starting point of compression
THD , Total Harmonic Distortion - a specification used to quantify the size of the components that result from non-linear distortion of an acoustic signal.
Depth gradation - an illusion in stereo sound recording (stereo mix) based on distance hearing.
Low-pass filters - ↑ filters, which allow signal components with frequencies below their ↑ cut-off frequency to pass (almost) unattenuated, while attenuating components with higher frequencies.
Woofer - see: Subwoofer .
Timbre - one of the parameters of the single tone; is determined by its sound spectrum as well as the temporal course of the frequency spectrum and the volume.
Timecode - see: MIDI timecode , SMPTE timecode , ↓ word clock , timecode (video).
Time stretching - describes changing the playback speed of existing audio material without changing the pitch.
Sound - sound event to which the human ear can assign a more or less exact pitch.
Pickup , pickup system - electroacoustic converter that converts mechanical vibrations or a needle in a record groove into an electrical voltage ( ↑ audio signal).
Tone supply - is used to supply power to condenser microphones.
Tone audiogram - describes the subjective hearing ability for tones, i.e. the frequency-dependent hearing sensitivity of a person.
Sound recording - refers to the recording and reproduction of sound, i.e. noises, tones, music and speech, with audio recorders.
Sound recording technology - synonymous with sound technology .
Sound recording - see: Sound recording .

Audio tape - (magnetic tape) is a steel, paper or plastic tape that is coated with magnetic substances; as a magnetic storage medium for ↑ audio signals.

Tone control - see: tone controls .

Tone duration - one of the musical parameters relating to the individual tone or sound and indicates its time interval.

Sound generation - see: Sound generation .

Audio frequency generator - device that generates an electrical signal in the frequency range that can be heard by humans.

Sound mixture - term from electronic music; denotes sound that is composed of several partials.

Tone generator - see: Tone frequency generator .

Sound Design (Engl. Sound design) is the creative work with sounds.

Tonality - occurs when individual tones can be heard within a noise.

Tonicity - see: Mel - The mel is the unit of measurement for the psychoacoustic quantity of tonicity.

Pitch - There are different definitions for the term pitch.

Pitch change - change the pitch, e.g. B. using a digital audio workstation . With acoustic musical instruments, glissando describes a sliding change in pitch.

Pitch Sensing , Pitch Perception - see: Pitch .

Sound engineer - (English sound engineer, audio engineer) is a technical profession in the fields of sound engineering, studio and recording technology, signal processing, acoustics and computer music.

Sound head - generic term for the speech, listening or combination heads of tape recorders, video recorders and film projectors used for sound recording or sound reproduction.

Tonkutscher coll. For sound engineer .

Sound engineer - occupation in the field of tension between art and technology. The main activity corresponds to that of a unit manager.

Sound control room , sound control room - see: recording studio .

Sound signal - see: ↑ Audio signal .

Soundtrack - in analogue recordings, the recording strip that takes up a certain proportion of the entire width of a tape.

Recording studio - a facility for recording and editing sound events.

Recording studio technology - see: recording studio , also: audio technology .

Sound technology - generic term for technical devices that are used to convert, edit, record (store) and reproduce acoustic events (sound).

Sound engineer - in the original job description , he operated technical equipment that was used for sound recording , processing and reproduction ( sound engineering ).

Sound carriers - umbrella term for technical media for storing and transmitting acoustic signals, in particular music and speech.

Total Harmonic Distortion - see: THD.

Trading - the balancing of different perceptual effects while listening.

Transients - a very fast, impulsive, electrical or acoustic transient process is called transients.

Transient designer - devices that allow the targeted processing of the transients of a ↑ audio signal.

Transparency - an expression by which, in musical sound presentations in closed rooms, one understands the differentiation of temporally successive tones as ↓ time transparency and simultaneously played instruments as ↑ register transparency despite superimposed ↑ room sound.

Treble - A tone control for high frequencies.

Tremolo - refers to an electronically or mechanically generated periodic change in volume.

Separator - A separator plays a role in stereo recording technology for main microphone recordings by omnidirectional microphones.

Trigger - the triggering of a change in an existing signal and also the triggering of a new signal.

Impact sound - a sound that is created by the movement of people on a floor.

Impact sound filter - see: high pass .

Impact sound insulation - soundproofing impact sound.

Tuchel plug - slang term for screwable DIN plug, known as "Kleintuchel" and "Großtuchel".

Tweeter - a loudspeaker for high frequencies.

U

Over base , over base range - term related to M / S signal processing; see: Panorama controller → direction mixer .
Fader - see: ↑ crossfader.
Crossover frequency - see: ↑ cutoff frequency .
Crosstalk attenuation - see: Crosstalk → Electrical crosstalk .
Crosstalk →

Electrical crosstalk (ger .: crosstalk, XT ) unwanted interference actually independent signal channels (including of consumer electronics).
Acoustic crosstalk - musical instruments speak acoustically, such as B. when recording the drums, the hi-hat on the snare microphone.

Overdrive , overdrive - loading of signal processing units with input signals outside the permitted input range. See also: ↓ Distortion .
Overdrive reserve - describes a dynamic range of the transmission channel that usually remains unused.
Transmitter - a transformer is called that is used to transmit information from analog or digital signals
Transmission range is the frequency range for which a device is designed.
Transfer factor - the sensitivity with which the ↑ sound pressure of microphones is converted into electrical signal voltage.
Transmission medium - a technology for the transmission of optical or acoustic signals over distances.
Transfer rate - see: Data transfer rate .
Discomfort threshold , discomfort threshold - denotes the ↑ sound pressure of an acoustic signal above which it is perceived as unpleasantly loud when listening.

Universals of music perception - are the elements of music perception and processing that are considered innate, that is, independent of culture.

Environmental Noise - The term environmental noise are to noise impact of the sound sources road , rail , air traffic and industry be considered together.

V

VBAP - Vector Base Amplitude Panning - is a method for positioning virtual sound sources.

VCA - Voltage Controlled Amplifier - voltage controlled amplifier.

VCF - Voltage Controlled Filter - voltage controlled ↑ filter.

VCO - Voltage Controlled Oscillator - voltage controlled oscillator.

Concealment , masking effect - see ↑ masking effect .

Reverse polarity - In audio engineering, the incorrect term "phase shift" is often used instead of reverse polarity.

Offset angle - also axis angle , comes from the X / Y stereophony recording technique ( intensity stereophony ).

Degree of comprehensibility Colloquial expression for audibility or clarity (acoustics) .

Amplifier - is an electrotechnical assembly which processes an analog signal in such a way that the output variable is greater than the input variable. Compare: ↑ audio amplifier .

Gain measure - see: Gain (physics) .

Distortion - electronic ↑ effects unit , the one ↑ audio signal changed so that it non-linear distortion (ger .: Distortion ) is the signal.

Distortion - nonlinear distortion.

Distortion measure - nominal size in the rate distortion theory .

Delay time - cf. also: start time gap , delay (music) , runtime delay .

Vibrato - in music is the periodically recurring, slight change in the frequency of a sustained note .

Video signal - see: ↑ TV signal .

Vocals - colloquially short for vocals or vocal tracks.

voice coil - see: ↑ Voice coil .

Vowel - (vocal - concerning the voice) - Vocal music is music that is performed with the human voice

Full scale - term of studio technology. From a purely technical point of view, full modulation can be defined as the achievement of the highest level that can be transmitted without distortion.

Voltage Controlled Amplifier - voltage controlled amplifier .

Pre- listening - see: Pre Fader Listening .

Pretension - see: Bias (electronics) .

Preamplifier - (English: PreAmp , preamplifier , also preamplifier ) is an amplifier that has the task of adapting (different) input signals so that the actual amplifier works in its optimal working range.

Pre-delay , Eng .: Predelay - cf. Start time gap , delay (music) , runtime delay .

VU-Meter - is a ↑ level meter , i.e. a measuring instrument for assessing the level in sound engineering .

W.

Perceptibility threshold - see: Hearing threshold .

Wah-Wah - an electronic ↑ effects device that is primarily used to influence the sound of an electric guitar.

Wall of Sound - is the term used in music production to describe the pop music created by the producer Phil Spector (high sound density, intensive use of audio effects).

Converter coll. short for DA converter and AD converter .

Underwater Sound - is transmitted in the water is sound. The associated specialty of acoustics is hydroacoustics.

Wavetable synthesis - this is a simplified form of the generation of acoustic tones.

Weber-Fechner law - states that the subjectively perceived strength of sensory impressions is proportional to the logarithm of the objective intensity of the physical stimulus.

Alternating pressure - see: ↑ Sound pressure .

white noise - noise with constant power per unit of bandwidth, theoretically from 0 Hz (DC voltage) to infinitely high frequencies; Band-limited in practice.

Wave belly - see: ↑ Standing wave .

Wave mountain - see: ↑ Standing wave .

Wave field synthesis - is a spatial audio reproduction process with the aim of creating virtual acoustic environments.

Wavefront - a surface on which all points have the same transit time to a transmitter, e.g. B. a sound source.

Wave speed - term for the speed of movement of a wave in physics. Compare: sound velocity , sound velocity .

Wave knot - see: ↑ Standing wave .

Wavelength - The human ear is sensitive in a wavelength range from a maximum of around 17 mm to 21 m (this corresponds to frequencies of around 16 to 20,000 Hertz).

Wave shadows - see: Sonic shadows .

WFS see: ↑ wave field synthesis.

Winding core - in the professional field, a tape is not wound onto a reel, but onto a winding core (bobby).

Playback head - (also hearing head) is a magnetic head and component of a tape recorder.

WiSA technology - Lossless audio transmission from the Wireless Speaker and Audio Association (WiSA), one of the first to be implemented and marketed by Bang & Olufsen .

Wind protection - (also: pop protection) acts against low-frequency sound components of swirling air movements (wind) and human pronunciation.

Well-tempered mood - under the collective name, Andreas Werckmeister introduced a series of moods on keyboard instrumentsfrom 1681, which expanded the mean-tone moods so that the keys of the entire circle of fifths became playable.

Word clock - the basic clock in digital audio technology.

X

XLR - industry standard for electrical plug connections in professional sound reinforcement and recording studio technology
XY microphone method - see: Intensity stereophony
XY stereophony - see: Intensity stereophony
XY stereo system , XY stereophony system - a stereo miking method for loudspeaker stereophony

Z

Time weighting - With time weighting, the time course of a measured ↑ sound pressure level is filteredwith a certain time constant .

Time transparency - the ability to distinguish signal components that follow one another in time, despite superimposed ↑ room sound; see: ↑ register transparency

Timecode - cf .: MIDI timecode , SMPTE timecode , ↑ word clock , timecode (Video)

Time delay - cf. Start time gap , delay (music) , runtime delay

Room volume - an imprecisely defined term for noise levels that remain limited to the room in which the noise source is located

Sibilance - plays a special role in ↑ vocal recordings; In phonetics, denotes a sound that is accompanied by an audible whistling or hissing sound

Individual evidence

↑ Andreas Gernemann: Coherence and correlation in recording studio technology . (PDF; 10 kB) Brief work at the University of Cologne; Retrieved April 26, 2013

↑ ^a ^b Worksheet for studio adaptation at sengpielaudio.com (PDF; 74 kB) Informative worksheet with regard to ↑ reference levels and impedances. Retrieved April 26, 2013

↑ Thoughts on the lecture: Music transmission (PDF; 24 kB) Retrieved on April 28, 2013

[KoKoKoeln-1] Andreas Gernemann: Coherence and correlation in recording studio technology . (PDF; 10 kB) Brief work at the University of Cologne; Retrieved April 26, 2013