Nysa
| Nysa | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Opole | ||
| Powiat : | Nysa | ||
| Gmina : | Nysa | ||
| Area : | 27.40 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 29 ′ N , 17 ° 20 ′ E | ||
| Height : | 185 m npm | ||
| Residents : | 44,474 (Dec. 31, 2016) | ||
| Postal code : | 48-300 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 77 | ||
| License plate : | ONY | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | Opole - bald | ||
| Rail route : | Kędzierzyn-Koźle – Nysa , Nysa – Brzeg | ||
| Nysa – Opole | |||
| Next international airport : | Wroclaw Airport | ||
Nysa [ ˈnɨsa ] (German Neisse , also spelled Neisse ) is a city in the Opole Voivodeship in Poland. It is also the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with around 57,500 inhabitants and the powiat Nyski .
From 1290 until the secularization in 1810, Neisse was the seat of the Breslau prince-bishops. Together with the episcopal principality Neisse , Neisse came to the Crown of Bohemia as a fief in 1342 . After the First Silesian War in 1742, it fell to Prussia, along with most of Silesia . It was only with the reorganization of the province of Silesia in 1813 that Neisse was incorporated into the administrative district of Opole and thus Upper Silesia . At the end of the Second World War , the city fell to Poland . Due to the destruction of the Second World War, the historical cityscape has only survived in fragments. The most important architectural monuments were rebuilt. Because of its baroque architecture it was called "Silesian Rome".
Geographical location
The city is located 55 kilometers southwest of Opole ( Opole ) on the Glatzer Neisse , which is dammed southwest of the city to the Neiss reservoir .
In the vicinity of Nysa are the places Grodków (Grottkau) in the north, Niemodlin (Falkenberg) in the northeast, Korfantów (Friedland) in the east, Prudnik (Neustadt OS) in the southeast, Głuchołazy (goat neck) in the south and Otmuchów (Ottmachau) with the reservoir of the same name in the west. Beyond and along the border with the Czech Republic , which runs about 20 kilometers southwest, lies the Zuckmanteler Bergland .
history
The city of Neisse was founded before 1223 at the confluence of the Glatzer Neisse and Biele rivers by the Breslau bishop Lorenz in a Slavic settlement under Flemish law and settled with Germans. It was built on an almost square area and a grid-shaped street network with a ring and church square in a central location. It was first mentioned in a document dated May 23, 1223, when the Neisser Vogt Walter was appointed locator of the episcopal estate Ujest . The city belonged from the beginning to the territory of the Ottmachau castellan , which was owned by the diocese of Breslau as early as 1155 . After the division of the Duchy of Silesia in 1248/1251 Neisse fell to the Duchy of Wroclaw together with the Ottmachau administrative district . Shortly before his death, Duke Heinrich IV granted the Neisser-Ottmachau diocese sovereignty , in which the bishops exercised both spiritual and secular power. At the same time Neisse became the residence of the principality of Neisse , which was created in 1344 under Bishop Preczlaw von Pogarell as a fiefdom of the Crown of Bohemia , which the Habsburgs held from 1526 .
The episcopal moated castle, already occupied in 1260, was included in the city fortifications in the middle of the 14th century, which at that time already had four gates: the Münsterberger , Breslauer, Zoll- and Brüdertor. The road connection from Vienna to Breslau ran over the rounded south-western side of the ring , which also made Neisse important in long-distance trade. Numerous churches, monasteries and other ecclesiastical institutions were built in and in front of the city. As early as 1239, the Wroclaw Bishop Thomas I founded the Order of the Lords of the Cross with the double red cross in Neisse , which was located in the Marienspital (Kreuzstift) in the old town. The parish school near St. Jakobus was first mentioned in 1366 and raised to a grammar school in 1418. In 1428, during the siege by the Hussites , the city was able to assert itself, but the suburbs were destroyed. At that time Neisse had about 4500 inhabitants. In 1477 the Ottmachauer Kollegiatstift was relocated to Neisse, where it was initially located in St. John's Cathedral and, from 1650, in the Jakobus Church.
Although Neisse was an episcopal city, the Reformation also found its way there from 1522 . In 1575, under Bishop Jakob von Salza , the Breslau seminary was relocated to Neisse, where it remained until 1655. 1586 donated Bishop Andreas von Jerin a Pädagogium for twelve noble students. Including the suburbs, there were 36 fortification towers (nine of which were gate towers) and bastions in Neisse.
It was not until 1622, under Bishop Karl of Austria , that the Counter Reformation was carried out, with which the Jesuits had been commissioned. In 1624, at the suggestion of the bishop, the Jesuits founded the Carolinum grammar school , which developed into an important educational institution. The establishment of a university and a Konvikt as intended by Bishop Karl of Austria could no longer be realized because of his death in 1624. The baroque churches and monastery buildings built after 1650 still shape the cityscape, which is why Neisse was nicknamed "Silesian Rome".
During the Thirty Years' War Neisse was occupied by Margrave Johann Georg in 1621 , by the Saxons in 1632 and by the Swedes under Torstensson in 1642 . In 1633 the plague raged. The cityscape was fundamentally changed by the subsequent construction of fortifications according to the Dutch system, to which the suburbs were sacrificed. In 1729, Bishop Franz Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg built a new bishop's residence and a central hospital.
The yarn and linen trade as well as the trade in Austrian and Hungarian wines, which were regulated by episcopal ordinances in 1552 and 1556, were of economic importance. Since the city had the right to stack this , large wine cellars were built on the upper ring. Neisser Konfekt , a gingerbread specialty, has been produced just as successfully for centuries . The goldsmith's craft also gained importance .
After the First Silesian War in 1742, Neisse and most of Silesia fell to Prussia . With the Peace of Berlin , the state constitution was reorganized and the administration was reorganized, whereby the powers of the previous episcopal government were almost completely restricted. On the left bank opposite the old town which was the citadel Fort Prussia built and after King Frederick II. Named Frederick city , in the u. a. the garrison was housed.
In 1769 diplomatic negotiations between the Austrian Emperor Joseph II and the Prussian King Friedrich II took place in Neisse . The meeting was depicted in 1857 by Adolph Menzel in his history painting Meeting Friedrich II. With Emperor Joseph II in Neisse in 1769 . During the Fourth Coalition War , the Neisse fortress was besieged from February 23, 1807 to June 16, 1807. It was successfully held under the command of the fortress commander Georg von Steensen . After that, General Vandamme's French garrison capitulated .
The Prussian reforms brought about the introduction of the town structure in 1809 and the secularization of the Prussian part of the Principality of Neisse in the following year . This ceased the rule of the Breslau bishops in Neisse and in the Prussian part of the principality. The collegiate monastery and the monasteries were dissolved and the church property was expropriated, transferred to state property or partially squandered. The same fate befell the valuable libraries. In 1815 the district of Neisse was established, which one year later was reclassified from the administrative district of Breslau to the administrative district of Opole . Since then, Neisse has been included in Upper Silesia .
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From the 19th century, curtain and lace manufacture gained economic importance. 1830 a. a. Agricultural machinery factories. In 1842 the congregation of the Gray Sisters of St. Elisabeth founded, which is dedicated to caring for the sick. In 1848 Neisse received a railway connection to Brieg . Further connections followed in 1874 to Kamenz , 1875 to Ziegenhals , from 1876 with a branch to Neustadt and in 1887 to Opole . From 1912 the circular railway operated to Steinau and Weidenau .
The city theater was opened on October 14, 1852. Until 1926 it was mainly touring theaters , from 1926 it was restructured into a house with a permanent ensemble in the areas of drama, opera and operetta. In 1932 it was one of the most theater-loving venues in what was then the German Reich, with 2.65 visits per inhabitant annually. Well-known mimes have been involved over the years, such as Albert Bauer , Elfie Dugal , Wolfried Lier , Georg Molenar, Henry Vahl , Bruno Vahl-Berg , Otto Zedler or the director Erich Freund . During the last weeks of the war the interior was completely destroyed by fire; In the 1950s, it was rebuilt as Dom Kulturny - still the cultural center of the city today.
As early as 1877, with the razing of the inner fortress belt, new residential areas had emerged. At the beginning of the 20th century, Neisse had two Protestant churches, seven Catholic churches, a synagogue , a grammar school, a secondary school, a military technical school, a prince-bishop's college for boys and an agricultural winter school. In 1910 the southern suburbs Mittel and Nieder Neuland were incorporated, and on July 1, 1911, Neisse became an independent urban district . Before the First World War , the Catholic associations Quickborn and Heimgarten Adult Education Center were founded in Neisse . After the First World War, new residential areas were built due to the large influx of refugees from East Upper Silesia . In 1921 the community of Ober Neuland was incorporated into the Heiligkreuz Mission House . In the Reichstag elections , the Center Party was the strongest party in the Neisse district until 1933 .
Towards the end of the Second World War, Neisse was declared a fortress . Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner sentenced the commandant of Neisse Fortress , Colonel Georg Sparre, and his alleged deputy to death without trial on March 22, 1945 , because they had left the fortress to the Red Army almost without a fight. The judgments were not carried out.
On March 24, 1945, the Red Army took Neisse. The population had already been asked to leave the city. Under the Soviet occupation, Neisse, which until then had not suffered any war damage, was about 80% destroyed. The houses on the Ring and the rows of houses along the main streets were particularly affected.
After the Second World War
In spring 1945 the Soviet Union placed Neisse under the administration of the People's Republic of Poland, as did almost all of Silesia . The city was named Nysa . Some of the people who had fled had returned to the city, which had suffered further damage from arson. In December 1945 there were about 8,700 Germans and 5,000 newly settled Poles in the city. The latter came partly from the areas east of the Curzon Line , which fell to the Soviet Union as part of the " West shift of Poland " , where they had belonged to the Polish minority.
In early June 1946, almost all the long-established residents of Neisse sold . The remaining German minority was only recognized after the political change in Poland in 1989/90. In the 2002 census, only 98 people (0.2% of the population) with German nationality were counted. Today Nysa is an important economic and cultural center.
Jews in Neisse
The presence of Jews in Neisse is first recorded in 1319. In 1327 the Breslau bishop Nanker pardoned a convicted Jew. In 1349 the local Jews were victims of a severe plague pogrom, in 1361 there was a new pogrom on account of allegations of desecration of the host . A wooden synagogue was built in 1410 and a Jewish cemetery in 1423 . In 1526 the Silesian Jews came under the rule of the German Empire . The Jewish community in Neisse had the largest number of members in 1861 with 464 people. In 1892 a new brick synagogue was built to replace an older building. In 1933 there were still 220 Jews living in the city. The end of the German-speaking Jewish community came with the Reichspogromnacht on November 9, 1938, during which the synagogue was devastated but not set on fire, and dozen of Jewish shops and households were demolished by SA troops. The 93 remaining Jews were deported to Auschwitz in July 1942 . In 1943 the Jewish cemetery was confiscated by the Gestapo and the synagogue was destroyed.
Demographics
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1756 | 5284 | mostly Catholics |
| 1766 | 4426 | |
| 1776 | 4512 | |
| 1780 | 4369 | |
| 1782 | 5657 | |
| 1783 | 4584 | |
| 1784 | 4550 | without the garrison |
| 1816 | 7219 | |
| 1825 | 10,398 | including 1754 Evangelicals, 8429 Catholics and 215 Jews |
| 1840 | 11,086 | including 1969 Protestants, 8839 Catholics and 278 Jews |
| 1852 | 16,672 | |
| 1855 | 12,346 | Civil residents |
| 1861 | 12,760 | Civil residents, including 2,133 Evangelicals, 10,163 Catholics, 464 Jews |
| 1867 | 19,660 | on December 3rd |
| 1871 | 19,376 | including 3700 Protestants and 500 Jews (4075 military personnel); According to other data, 19,367 inhabitants (on December 1), of which 3379 Protestants, 15,545 Catholics, ten other Christians, 433 Jews |
| 1880 | 20,507 | |
| 1885 | 21,837 | |
| 1890 | 22,444 | including 4960 Evangelicals, 17.134 Catholics and 342 Jews |
| 1905 | 25,394 | with the garrison (an infantry regiment No. 23, a division of field artillery No. 21, a battalion of foot artillery No. 6, a pioneer battalion No. 6), of which 5035 Protestants, 20.090 Catholics and 269 Jews |
| 1910 | 25,938 | |
| 1919 | 29,415 | |
| 1925 | 32,604 | including 4929 Evangelicals, 27,259 Catholics, 34 other Christians and 216 Jews |
| 1933 | 35,037 | including 5079 Protestants, 29,556 Catholics, seven other Christians and 222 Jews |
| 1939 | 35,433 | including 5013 Protestants, 29,757 Catholics, 41 other Christians and 94 Jews |
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Attractions
- In Schedel's world chronicle of 1493, Silesia is represented with the vedute of Breslau and Neisse, the first two cityscapes of the country.
- The Gothic St. Jakobus Church was built on the site of a previous church from 1198 between 1401 and 1430 as a three-aisled hall church and expanded several times. Next to the large church is the free-standing unfinished bell tower from 1474 to 1516, in which the Matthias bell from 1498 hangs. Inside the former cathedral are the graves of seven Wroclaw bishops. The fresco painting of the Trinity Chapel was created by Felix Anton Scheffler in 1753 . The repair of the church roof and the building fabric took place a few years after the end of the war. It was a joint effort of the remaining German population and the new Polish citizens.
- In the bell tower of the St. Jacobus Church there is a treasury with ecclesiastical equipment. On display are precious liturgical implements that were made during the Second World War at the instigation of the last German pastor, Prelate Dr. Wawra had been walled in and were only found by chance. The establishment of the treasury was made possible by generous donations of 230,000 euros from Germany.
- The Evangelical Lutheran Christ Church was first mentioned in 1341 as the Sankt Barbara Church .
- The Wroclaw Tower is part of the medieval city walls.
- The treasury building was built between 1602 and 1604 in the late Renaissance style on the initiative of Bishop Johann VI. from Sitsch . Before that there was a small market hall on the premises of the building, which housed 24 stalls. The administration of the Principality of Neisse was housed in the finance building. During the Napoleonic Wars , the building was destroyed in 1807 and only rebuilt in 1890. After the invasion of the Red Army in 1945, the building was looted and set on fire. The cubature of the collapsed display gable was reconstructed after the war, so that the city library could move into the building. In 2011 there was a reconstruction of the ornamentation and the figurative decoration of the facade based on the pre-war condition.
- The St. Peter and Paul Church was built from 1720 to 1730 as the collegiate church of the Lords of the Cross with the double red cross by the court architect Michael Klein and, after his death, by his successor Felix Anton Hammerschmidt, based on the model of St. Nicholas on the Lesser Town of Prague accomplished. The frescoes were created by the brothers Christoph Thomas and Felix Anton Scheffler . The church has a rich baroque interior with numerous paintings by Christian Philipp Bentum and Johann Melchior Brandeis.
- The baroque Schöne Brunnen was created in 1686 by Wilhelm Helleweg. In 1942 the fountain grille was dismantled and stored to protect it from war damage, and stolen after the end of the war in 1946. After it was found again, it could be put up again after the restoration in 1969. In 2000 the fountain got its golden crown again.
- St. Anne's Jesuit College, a baroque building from 1709
- Two-towered, former Jesuit church St. Marien , a baroque building from 1688 to 1692
- The baroque high school Carolinum from 1722 to 1725
- Palace of the Wroclaw Bishops from 1722 to 1725
- Jerusalem cemetery with the tomb of Joseph von Eichendorff
- Garrison cemetery
- Fortress Fort Prussia from 1744
- Town hall tower : This hallmark of Neiss' old town was rebuilt in a modern form.
- Munsterberg Tower
Fountain with a view of the ring and the rebuilt town hall tower.
The ring
Neisse fortress
The grave of Joseph Eichendorff in the Jerusalem cemetery
The beautiful fountain
coat of arms
Town twinning
- Lüdinghausen ( North Rhine-Westphalia ) since 1993
- Ingelheim am Rhein ( Rhineland-Palatinate )
- Jeseník ( Czech Republic )
- Šumperk ( Czech Republic )
- Kolomyja ( Ukraine )
- Baltiysk ( Kaliningrad Oblast )
Personalities
sons and daughters of the town
- Eberhard von Neisse (around 1250–1326), Bishop of Warmia
- Michael Czacheritz (1420–1489), provost of the Augustinian canons of Glatz
- Johannes Unglaube (around 1445 - around 1520), provost and master at the Kreuzherrenstift in Neisse
- Dominicus Sleupner (around 1483–1547), Protestant theologian and reformer
- Michael Weisse (1488–1534), clergyman of the Unity of the Bohemian Brethren, hymn poet and composer
- Valentin Krautwald (around 1490–1545), theologian and humanist
- Martin Helwig (1516–1574), geographer and educator, drafted the first map of Silesia
- Kaspar von Logau (1524–1574), bishop
- Adam Weisskopf (1533–1605), titular bishop of Nicopolis and auxiliary bishop in Breslau
- Johannes Ferinarius (1534–1602), educator and Lutheran theologian
- Martin Kohlsdorf (around 1585–1624), titular bishop of Nicopolis and auxiliary bishop in Breslau
- Karl Franz Neander von Petersheide (1626–1693), titular bishop of Nicopolis and auxiliary bishop in Breslau
- Johannes Hancke SJ, (1644–1713), professor of theology and mathematics
- Dominicus Geyer (1662–1726), abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Grüssau
- Johann Georg Carl von Hannig (~ 1709 / 10–1784), Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal
- August Wilhelm von Neumann-Cosel (1786–1865), Prussian infantry general, 1841–48 head of the military cabinet
- Karl von Byla (1806–1852), administrative lawyer, district administrator of the Prussian district of Nordhausen
- Friedrich von Sallet (1812–1843), poet and essayist
- Friedrich Wilhelm Held (1813–1872), journalist, magazine publisher, writer and politician
- Theodor Paur (1815–1892), historian, philologist and member of parliament
- Theodor Jacobi (1816–1848), philologist and university professor
- Hugo von Thile (1817-1894), general of the infantry
- Rudolf von Krosigk (1817–1874), Prussian lieutenant general
- Max Ernst Wichura (1817–1866), botanist
- Maria Merkert (1817–1872), co-founder of the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Elisabeth; Beatified in 2007
- Theodor Poleck (1821–1906), chemist and pharmacist
- David August Rosenthal (1821–1875), doctor, publicist and writer; Jewish convert to the Catholic faith
- Wilhelm von der Osten (1824–1895), Prussian lieutenant general and division commander
- Carl Faust (1825–1892), Prussian military musician and composer
- Emanuel Hoffmann (1825–1900), classical philologist
- Emanuel Oskar Deutsch (1831–1872), orientalist
- Heinrich Fiedler (1833–1899), geologist, mineralogist and educator
- Hermann Herlitz (1834–1920), Protestant pastor
- Arthur König (1843–1921), Catholic theologian
- Walter von Gersdorff (1848–1929), Prussian lieutenant general and commandant of Magdeburg
- Arnold von Winckler (1856–1937), Prussian general
- Günther von Pannewitz (1857–1936), General of the Infantry
- Thaddäus von Jarotzky (1858–1938), Prussian lieutenant general
- Curt von Morgen (1858–1928), Prussian infantry general and explorer
- Johannes von Busse (1862–1936), Prussian lieutenant general
- Martin Freund (1863–1920), chemist
- Richard von Berendt (1865–1953), German artillery general, commander of Group Command 1
- Hans von Tresckow (1866–1934), detective
- Hans Hellmann (1873–1900), officer in the Imperial Navy
- Karl-Anton Schulte (1873–1948), lawyer and politician (German Center Party)
- Alfred von Randow (1879–1958), officer and free corps leader
- Sigismund Freyer (* 1881–19 ??), German show jumper and officer
- Otto Feige (1882–1951), Admiral in the Navy
- Carl Hoffmann (1885–1947), cameraman and director
- Max Herrmann-Neisse (1886–1941), poet, narrator, essayist and playwright
- Franz Jung (1888–1963), narrator, essayist, journalist, playwright and socialist politician
- Werner Schulemann (1888–1975), pharmacologist
- Günther Schulemann (1889–1964), Roman Catholic theologian and professor of philosophy
- Karl Schodrok (1890–1978), writer, publicist
- Karl Hoffmann (1891–1969), lawyer
- Max Hodann (1894–1946), doctor, eugenicist and sex reformer
- Walter Schramm (1895–1966), theater director and DEFA film actor
- Hertha Sponer (1895–1968), physicist
- Rudolf Nissen (1896–1981), surgeon
- Rudolf Fränkel (1901–1974), architect and university professor
- Joachim Hein (1901–1987), doctor and university professor
- Karl Georg Saebisch (1903–1984), actor
- Emanuel Sperner (1905–1980), mathematician
- Hans-Joachim Caesar (1905–1990), banking lawyer
- Johannes Binkowski (1908–1996), publicist, President of the Federal Association of German Newspaper Publishers, governor of the Order of Knights of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem .
- Bernhard Grzimek (1909–1987), veterinarian, zoo director and conservationist
- Konrad Bloch (1912–2000), biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
- Bernhard Binkowski (1912–2002), music teacher
- Cläre Barwitzky (1913–1989), pastoral worker, Righteous Among the Nations
- Hans Karl Adam (1915-2000), TV chef
- Hans Hartwig (1917–2012), composer, conductor and violinist
- Heinrich Theissing (1917–1988), auxiliary bishop in Berlin, apostolic administrator in Schwerin
- Dieter Wachweger (* 1919), lawyer
- Ottmar Knacke (1920–2004), metallurgist, rector of RWTH Aachen
- Hans Guido Mutke (1921–2004), fighter pilot, commercial pilot and doctor
- Lothar Quinte (1923–2000), painter
- Rudolf Langer (1923–2007), poet and narrator
- Hans Kubis (1924–1991), General
- Heinrich Jarczyk (* 1925), biologist and painter
- Klaus Groh (* 1936), artist and author
- Peter Horst Neumann (1936–2009), poet, essayist and literary scholar
- Stefan Knobloch (* 1937), Roman Catholic theologian
- Bernhard Walke (* 1940), mobile communications pioneer
- Norbert Kruse (* 1942), Germanist
- Henning Wiesner (* 1944), veterinarian, formerly zoo director in Munich
- Zygmunt Kukla (1948-2016), football player
- Ryszard Zawadzki (* 1951), member of the Sejm
- Roman Wójcicki (* 1958), football player and coach
- Ewa Wiśnierska-Cieślewicz (* 1971), paraglider pilot
Other personalities associated with the city
- Christoph Kirmeser (* around 1550), rector of the Neiss parish school
- Christoph Scheiner (1573–1650), rector of the Jesuit college, astronomer, co-discoverer of sunspots
- Charles of Austria (1590–1624) , Prince-Bishop of Breslau and Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
- Johann Brunetti (1646–1703), titular bishop of Lacedaemonia and auxiliary bishop in Breslau and from 1700 to 1703 regional president of the episcopal principality of Neisse
- Joachim Christian von Tresckow (1698–1762), fortress commander of Neisse from 1747 to 1762
- Eugen von Raumer (1758–1832), Prussian lieutenant general and fortress commander from Neisse 1806 to 1815
- Karl Söffner (1773–1837), Vice Director at the Principality Court in Neisse and President of the Oberhofspitalkommission
- Aloysia von Eichendorff (1792–1855), wife of Joseph von Eichendorff
- Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff (1788–1857), romantic poet
- Rudolf von Neumann-Cosel (1822–1888), Prussian major general and honorary citizen of Neisse
- Bernhard Strehler (1872–1945), co-founder of the Quickborn movement
- Klemens Neumann (1873–1928), co-founder of the Quickborn movement, publisher of the song book Der Spielmann
- Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), French general and statesman; prisoner of war in fortress Neisse during World War I
- Nini Dombrowski (1899–1960), music teacher, co-editor of the songbook Der Spielmann
- Otto Zirnbauer (1903–1970), sculptor, worked in the East German workshops / Neisse from 1925 to 1928
- Peter Jaskola (* 1952), Polish Catholic priest and professor of theology at the Nysa seminary
local community
The town-and-country community (gmina miejsko-wiejska) Nysa has around 57,500 inhabitants on an area of 217.6 km² and is divided into 26 villages in addition to the main town of the same name.
literature
- Karl August Müller: Patriotic images, or history and description of all castles and knight palaces in Silesia and the county of Glatz. Second edition, Glogau 1844, pp. 142–143.
- Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, towns, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia . 2nd edition, Breslau 1845, pp. 879-882.
- Ferdinand Minsberg: Historical representation of the strangest events in the principality of Neisse . Neisse 1834 ( e-copy ).
- Paur: The history of Neisse in the first half of the 17th century . In: Journal of the Association for History and Antiquity of Silesia ( Richard Roepell , ed.). Born in 1856, No. 1, Breslau 1856, pp. 95–129. .
- August Kastner: History of the city of Neisse with special consideration of church life in the city and the principality of Neisse . Part I, Volume 3, Neisse 1866 ( e-copy ).
- Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 331-338.
- Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland: Silesia. Munich / Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 669-679.
- Bernhard W. Scholz: The spiritual principality Neisse . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2011, ISBN 978-3-412-20628-4 .
- Neisse . In: Meyers Konversations-Lexikon . 4th edition. Volume 12, Verlag des Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 43.
- Ferdinand Minsberg, historical presentation of the strangest events in the principality of Neisse , digitized
Web links
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Individual evidence
- ↑ territorial.de: reorganization of the province of Silesia
- ↑ www.territorial.de: Neisse district
- ↑ Dr. Gabriela Dziedzic: The old Neiss city theater. oO, oJ
- ^ Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe: Old interior view of the city theater
- ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 14, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, pp. 502–503.
- ↑ www.territorial.de: Neisse district
- ↑ Colonel-General Sigfrid Henrici , as mayor of the 1st Panzer Army, had a court martial clarified that Sparre was in the hospital after a severe heart attack and later had to be treated on an outpatient basis and was therefore innocent. Schörner insisted on the immediate execution, although Henrici had intervened explaining the above facts. GdI Friedrich Schulz, as OB of the 17th Army, forbade the execution, and only under the impression of a renewed reply from Henrici, supported by Schulz, did Schörner not obey the order.
- ^ Franz Christian Jarczyk: Neisse . Bergstadtverlag Korn 1994, ISBN 3-87057-196-9
- ^ Virtual Shtetl: History
- ↑ a b c d e f g Friedrich Gottlob Leonhardi : Earth Description of the Prussian Monarchy , Volume 3, Part 1, Halle 1792, pp. 124–129, especially p. 127 .
- ↑ Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 3: Kr – O , Halle 1822, p. 257, item 381.
- ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, towns and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration . Breslau 1830, pp. 976-978.
- ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia . 2nd edition, Breslau 1845, pp. 879-882.
- ^ Kraatz: Topographical-statistical manual of the Prussian state . Berlin 1856, p. 413.
- ↑ a b Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 965, number 1 .
- ^ A b Royal Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the province of Silesia and their population. Based on the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Berlin 1874, pp. 398–399, item 1 .
- ^ Gustav Neumann: Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 183-185, item 15.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. neisse.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ gemeindeververzeichnis.de
- ↑ 1975: Heinz Rudolf Fritsche: Schlesien Wegweiser. Bechtermünz Verlag, Augsburg 1996 - 1983: Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN - 1995, 2000, 2005: Link ( Memento from February 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Report of the Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, Essen, Gladbeck district about Dieter Thierse von Römhild on February 11, 2015
- ↑ Folklor Nyskiego Regionu - Zabytki In: interklasa.pl , accessed on June 21, 2017.
- ↑ Ludwig Petry , Josef Joachim Menzel (Hrsg.): Geschichte Schlesiens . Volume 2, ISBN 3-7995-6342-3 , pp. 184, 186 and 193.
- ^ Hermann Muthesius: The East German workshops in Neisse. In: Illustrirte Zeitung , Leipzig, August 16, 1928 with mention of Otto Zirnbauer and illustrations of majolica created by him
- ^ Franz-Josef Sehr : Professor from Poland in Beselich annually for decades . In: Yearbook for the Limburg-Weilburg district 2020 . The district committee of the district of Limburg-Weilburg, Limburg-Weilburg 2019, ISBN 3-927006-57-2 , p. 223-228 .