Weißeritztal
The Weißeritztal is a Saxon part of the country between the Osterzgebirgskamm and the Elbe , formed by the valleys of the Wild Weißeritz , the Rote Weißeritz and the United Weißeritz . It has become known through romanticism and early industrialization .
Wild Weisseritz
The Wilde Weißeritz is 53 km long and drops from Nové Město on the Ore Mountains ridge to Freital-Hainsberg by 650 meters. There it unites with the Rote Weißeritz.
Rote Weißeritz
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The natural headwaters of the 35 km long Rote Weißeritz are the gallows ponds west of Altenberg. The Georgenfeld high moor was tapped via the new ditch built in the 16th century, thus increasing the source area of the Rote Weißeritz. Some of the water from the gallows ponds was diverted to Altenberg and used in tin mining there.
United Weisseritz
Between Hainsberg and the confluence of the 13.7 km long, combined Weißeritz into the Elbe, the pre-industrial and early industries developed in the Döhlen Basin and in the western urban area of today's Dresden.
The formation of the Osterzgebirge and the Döhlen basin
The Ore Mountains received their first early forms during the Cadomian mountain formation 540 million years ago. The parent rocks of the Nossen-Wilsdruffer Schiefergebirge and Elbe Valley Schiefergebirge were deposited as sedimentary layers from the Cambrian to the Devonian and came under metamorphosis during the Variscian . From intruding magmas, diabase near Tharandt and granite in the Eastern Ore Mountains emerged.
Between 308 and 285 million years ago, deposits and volcanoes created what was red in the Döhlen basin. An extensive zone of rock units with a rhyolithoid composition emerged under the later Tharandt Forest . There and in Schmiedeberg-Buschmühle , porphyry tufa formed from the volcanic ash .
A special form of late Variscan volcanism within the Tharandt caldera is the globular pitch stone deposit between Mohorn-Grund and the Landberg . The volcanic activities also left a blanket of melting tuffs here , which are exposed with the porphyry fan at Mohorn-Grund.
When rock melts were cooled, metals such as tungsten, silver, iron and other heavy metals entered the slowly solidifying rock body through various geochemical processes or were later deposited in fissures through convection currents and hydrothermal - pneumatolytic processes .
Hematite gave the name to the Rote Weißeritz and magnetite was mined as "Pirnisches Eisen" . A ditch formed between Wilsdruff and Kreischa in which breccias and conglomerates were deposited. Large swamps with horsetail and tree ferns were covered airtight by mud or volcanic ash. This resulted in the up to nine meters thick coal seams in the Döhlen Basin , which were mined from 1540 to 1959.
Between 285 and 235 million years ago, the iron compounds found in weathered soils oxidized and turned them intensely red. Rotliegend conglomerates are visible on the oven rock between Hainsberg and the Pastritzgrund .
In the coastal zones of a former sea 100 to 85 million years ago, sand was deposited, from which sandstone was formed. Dune sandstone occurs in the Tharandt forest; the Dippoldiswalder Heide to the east is a sandstone heather .
A shift in continental plates put pressure on existing rock plates. One of these, the Erzgebirgsscholle, broke 25 to 20 million years ago and was raised in the south. The Pultscholle sloping from south to north gives the Weißeritz valleys their character to this day. The Rote and Wilde Weißeritz could only collect enough water in their lower reaches to dig deep, ravine-like valleys into the Erzgebirge floe. During the Pleistocene 1.8 million years ago, glaciers advancing from north to south pushed piles of rubble in front of them. The rock, reduced to dust, was blown by cold, sloping north winds onto the shed. It solidified to form a loess cover that extends from the Elbe Valley to Dippoldiswalde and Klingenberg.
Settlement history
The Heidenschanze east of the Weißeritz has been around since the Middle Bronze Age and during the Iron Age from 1400 to 500 BC. Colonized continuously.
The Kienberg in Tharandt west of the Wilden Weißeritz was during the Iron Age from 1300 to 1100 BC. Settled, but not by Slavs or Teutons , but rather by Illyrians . Today there is the oldest part of the forest botanical garden . The Elbe Germans migrated from 400 BC. A. The Burgundians , who invaded from the east from 200 AD, left no traces on the Weißeritz. During the migration period from 400 to 600 AD, the area around the Weißeritz was not populated. From 600 to 1000 AD, Slavs settled the Weißeritz, but almost only the Plauen reason . The settlement took place mostly from the north from the plain, and only to a lesser extent from the south over the Erzgebirgskamm, so that the Weißeritz valleys between Wendischcarsdorf and Colmnitz and the Erzgebirgskamm remained uninhabited. Slavic place names are: Döhlen - (důl / valley) ; Leisnitz - (lesni / forest) ; Burgk - (boriku / pine tree) ; Zauckerode - (Zuchewidre / dry falling Otternbach) and Coschütz . Also Deuben - (dubi / Oak Village) is a Slavic place name of the largest contiguous sessile oak forest called Europe east of Deuben on the Windberg. Wendischcarsdorf, today Karsdorf, was also settled by Slavs. The German settlement from 1000 AD ended the Slav period. The Slavs were not exterminated like the Lithuanians later during the Lithuanian expeditions of the Teutonic Order in the 14th century. The German settlement for the northern Plauen reason from the castle Meißen, and for the southern Rote Weißeritz from the burgrave of Dohna . Dippoldiswalde was first mentioned in 1160. First mentions of the German settlement for the mountain ranges above the Plauen reason are: Burgwart Buistrici ( Pesterwitz ) 1068; Deltsan ( Dolzschen ) 1144; Naundorf ( Kleinnaundorf ) 1144; Plauen , Potschappel , Döhlen , Wurgwitz and Gompitz 1206; Wizoch ( Weissig ) 1235; Zauckerode and Burgk 1350; Coschütz , Gittersee , Birkigt , Schurfenberg (Zschiedge) and Niederhäslich 1445, and Hainsberg 1420. There was no fixed border between Slavic and German settlement areas. It was not until the Treaty of Eger in 1459 that a fixed border between the Meissen and Bohemia marches was agreed.
The Margrave of Meissen has always held the state rule over the Weißeritztal. From 1423 to 1485 he was also Duke of Saxony and Elector. In 1485, as part of the partition of Leipzig, the electoral dignity went to the Ernestine Duchy of Saxony to the west; the Albertine sovereign was only a duke. In 1547 the Habsburg Emperor Charles V transferred the electoral dignity to the Albertine Duke Moritz . From 1697 to 1765 the sovereign prefixed the term King of Poland; he exercised this office in personal union with his Saxon offices. After the renunciation of the crown of Poland only the term elector remained. In 1807 Napoleon elevated Saxony to a kingdom, so that the sovereign was King of Saxony until 1918. The state rule over the margraviate of Meißen , to which the Weißeritztal belonged, was legally independent from these offices and was exercised separately until 1831.
Silver mining in Dippoldiswalde (1183 to after 1470)
The German high colonization south of the Wendischcarsdorfer Fault began in 1160. The local rule was held by the Burgrave of Dohna , who was appointed by the German king / emperor. The village church in Dippoldiswalde was built between 1160 and 1170. It was the forerunner of the Nikolaikirche . Silver mining grew strongly between 1183 and 1190 in the east of the village of Dippoldiswalde. The German Emperor Otto IV pledged the Burgraviate Dohna with the mining village Dippoldiswalde in 1212 to Dietrich the distressed , Margrave of Meißen . The burgrave of Dohna thereby became a Wettin office bearer. To mark the founding of the city in 1220, the construction of the city church began at the same time . Between 1230 and 1240 the village church was converted into the Nikolaikirche. The right to silver mining belonged to the Margrave of Meissen as a pledge holder. The rule of "Dipoldeswalde" passed in 1266 from the Burgrave of Dohna to the Margrave of Meißen. The first boom in silver ore mining ended in 1278.
In 1366 , the Margrave Friedrich III. von Meißen , the local rule over Dippoldiswalde to the burgrave Otto Heyde II von Dohna, who thereby became a Saxon feudal man. Margrave Wilhelm I of Meißen used a feud between the burgraves of Dohna in 1402 to finally take possession of the burgraviate.
The mines were located on a 1500 x 430 m wide strip from north to south. The mineralization was on average 5 to 30 cm thick, in individual cases also 1 meter. Solid silver and silver ore were found. Beech and fir were mainly used as pit wood. The pit water was initially channeled to the deepest points of the shafts, the swamp, and from there it was pulled up with leather buckets and reels. Later a tunnel was driven from the Weißeritz. From 1401 to 1405 there were only small mines left, and in 1470 a second mining period began again, in which new deposits were sought, and in which the mining increased again. Silver mining in Dippoldiswalde started as early as in Christiansdorf , later Freiberg , but the deposits were much smaller and the mining was of lesser importance.
Silver mining on the Wilden Weißeritz between today's Klingenberg dam and Tharandt was even less profitable . Since 1330 Conrad Theler operated silver mining in Höckendorf . The Theler were 1349-1565 landlords of Höckendorf. In 1565 Joseph Benno Theler sold the village and mine for 25,000 guilders to August , the second elector from the Albertine branch of the Wettins. Medieval mining ended and was only resumed, largely unsuccessfully, in the middle of the 18th century. The new trades were representatives of the nobility, high officials, artisans, poor miners, innkeepers and landowners. In the 19th century in particular, huge sums of money were invested in mining because the trades believed they could make big profits in a short time. Most of the 25 tunnels in the valley of the wild Weißeritz remained fruitless search tunnels, including the Aurora Erbstolln , which is now a listed building and preserved as a visitor mine . Exceptions were the “New Help God Shaft” in Dorfhain near the Winkelmühle, which was added in 1789, and the “Unverhofft Glück” trade union east of the “Noble Crown”, which was operated until 1894.
Mills in the Döhlen basin
In addition to the coal deposits, the water mills were important for the pre- and early industrial development of the Weißeritztal. The midday mill named after its former owner , today the Cossmannsdorf roller mill , was built before 1462. The sovereign wanted to acquire it as a court mill; however, the attempt was repulsed by the owners in 1622. It was in operation until 1989 and was empty until 2011. From 2012, it was converted into a residential building with condominiums.
A smaller mill was the Pastritzmühle Cossmannsdorf , which had been in operation since 1836 . It was deliberately set on fire on May 9, 1945 to destroy grain stores. The building no longer exists. The Hainsberg oven mill , named after the oven rock, existed until 1938. The building is still there.
The oldest mill was the Mehnertmühle Hainsberg . It was built before 1348 and was in operation for almost 600 years. In 1603 it was renewed and rebuilt. In 1780 it was sold for 1,700 Meissen gulden, and in 1791 for 3,400 thalers. The compulsory meal was ended on January 18, 1844. In 1856 it was sold for 13,000 thalers. In 1919 a bread factory was set up that could deliver 3,000 loaves of bread to the Dresden area every day. In 1945 it was shut down; the building still exists.
The Deuben mill , today Egermühle , was built before 1465. In 1747 it was converted into a more massive structure with five grinding aisles. A brandy distillery was also set up, and later an oil mill. The owner of the Burgk estate and coal works, Dathe von Burgk, bought the mill and inventory in 1846 for 36,000 thalers. He set up a cutting mill that operated until 1897 and a bone pounder that was abandoned after 1887. In 1876 Heinrich Richard Eger bought the mill. In 1879 he set up a bread bakery and in 1886 a retail store that was connected to the main building with the first telephone in Deuben. During the period of high industrialization, a new large-scale operation was built from 1893 to 1895 with a wheat mill, rye mill, grain washing and drying facility. On March 9, 1898, four mill drivers went on strike for a wage increase from 17 to 18 marks a week. From 1954 the mill became publicly owned as VEB Lebensmittelindustrie Freital and supplied the entire Freital district with wheat and rye flour, bread and pastries. After the political change in 1989/1990, the company was permanently shut down. From 1995 the use was completely changed and rental apartments were set up.
The Böhmert mill to the north could not be built for a long time. The first building application was submitted in 1588. The castle of Dippoldiswalde was instructed to listen to the neighboring mill owners. These refused and construction was suspended. In 1602 and 1604 new planning applications were submitted with reference to the builder's own needs. In 1617 and 1623 the construction was rejected again. Not until 1633 was a permit granted. The mill remained in operation until it was closed in 1900.
The Red Mill was built before 1566 in the easternmost part of the Döhlen district on a piece of land belonging to the manor. In 1763 the Rote Schänke was added. Some of the rooms reserved for the owners of the Döhlen manor had artistically valuable carvings. In 1773 the mill was sold. A new grinder was set up and was used until it was demolished in 1937.
The Winkelmühle to the north has no written records and also belonged to the Döhlen manor. In 1813 the sulfuric acid manufacturer Gottfried Reichard bought the mill, which was only used as a bleaching house.
The Obermühle Potschappel was built before 1557. It belonged to the owner of the "Thelers Müll", later the Hofemühle. In 1888 it was sold to the new buyers Weichhold and Lochmann after several intermediate sales. These replaced the undershot water wheel with a turbine. In spring 2002 it was canceled.
The Hofemühle Potschappel was built before 1465. In 1776 it was sold for 5,400 thalers. In 1815 four grinders, a pearl barley mill and a millet mill were set up. Contract milling became commercial milling in 1860, and instead of champagne stones, porcelain and chilled cast iron rollers were installed. Water turbines were used until 1958. Sovereign court mills were first bought by Duke Georg the Bearded (ruled 1500–1539) and operated independently, with a court miller constantly employed. According to the mill regulations of 1516, the court miller received one sixteenth of the grist and additional accommodation, firewood and thin beer . In order to be able to keep the mills evenly available in the area, a compulsory meal was introduced, as it still occurs today as a compulsory connection and use of water, waste water and district heating. From 1688, the mills were then leased to mill tenants who were solely responsible for the business. The compulsory meal was abolished in the middle of the 19th century, also because mill technology became cheaper and more available thanks to prefabricated and exchangeable metal components.
Coal mining from 1540 to 1819
From 1540 coal mining in the Döhlen basin came under the control of the sovereign. In 1542, Duke Moritz von Sachsen granted his mint master Hans Biener the right to dig for coal on any property between Plauen and Tharandt. The sovereign's aim was a third way between the recognized mining rights of the surface owner and the sovereign's barely verifiable mining rights. He wanted to reduce wood consumption, which had increased noticeably because of the construction in the Zwickau and Freiberg pits. He also wanted to organize mining in a mining manner in order to avoid simple, unsafe and inefficient farm pits like in the Zwickau mining area. In addition, the workers should work for wages and not in bondage. In 1563, Elector August von Sachsen tried to subordinate coal mining entirely to the Bergregal and in 1576 also operated mining himself near today's church in Potschappel . In 1577 he let the entire coal mining industry be used for his own fortune and treated the landowners like tenants. The owners resisted the Bergschöffenstuhl Freiberg, but sold their coal fields to the sovereign. In 1612, the Bergschöffenstuhl issued a judgment stating that coal is not a metal because nothing that can be used is left after it has been burned and therefore the surface owner is entitled to mine.
To protect the heavily used forests, the Elector August III. From Saxony in 1736 an order was issued that Bergschmiede were only allowed to burn Döhlen coal. A report by the mountain council and saltworks inspector JG Borlach found that the more than 30 mines in Potschappel, Döhlen, Pesterwitz, Kohlsdorf and Burgk were hardly able to do this. Tunnels, shafts and water lifting systems did not meet the mining requirements. In the hard coal mandate of 1743, the sovereign finally recognized that hard coal, lignite and peat belong to the surface property and do not belong to the sovereign. Only if the surface owner did not start mining within one year of discovering the deposit, third parties were allowed to mine. In this way, the small landlords received legal security for their mining fields. Magdalena Isabella von Schönberg, the heiress of the Zauckerode and Döhlen estates in 1721, founded the Döhlische coal union in 1745. 128 Kuxe were issued to six trades. The owners of the coal fields in Kohlsdorf and Niederhermsdorf, including JC Burkhardt, signed a contract with the Freiberg Huts Office in 1759 for the delivery of 75,020 tons of forged coal per year. The Zwickau and Lugau-Oelsnitz coalfields were only to become important as large deposits when August Breithaupt discovered the abundance of the coal deposits through systematic test drilling in 1837.
On the right of the Weißeritz, too, a change of ownership led to an expansion of coal mining. In 1767 Carl Gottfried Dathe acquired the Burgk estate from his wife Johanna Sophia Seyler. By 1780 he expanded the "old shaft" to a depth of 125 meters and the art shaft to a depth of 101 meters. They were the first deep shafts in the Döhlen basin. Dathe took a monopoly position in the area in the delivery of hard coal to the Freiberg smelting works. After the death of Carl Gottfried Dathe in 1802, the court and justice advisor Karl Gottlieb Dathe took over the Burgk estate and expanded it into an important large enterprise. In 1819 the Freiherrlich von Burgker coal and iron works were founded.
In 1542 the route from Potschappel to Deuben was expanded. From 1560 the first continuous footpath led through the Plauenschen Grund. In 1712 complaints were made about the only way to the Elbe valley, the poor and steep way from Potschappel to Coschütz. However, the elector refused to expand the footpath to a level path through the mountain breakthrough of the Plauen reason because of the difficult conditions in the narrow valley. From 1741 to 1745, a mobile path was created for the first time as a level connection through the narrow valley. The Königliche Steinkohlenwerke Zauckerode expanded the road from 1807 to 1809. From 1807 to 1821 the coal works laid a road from Zauckerode to Kesselsdorf.
Vitriol and alum boiling
Vitriolwerk Burgk
The rock sampler ( Wardein ) von Freiberg digged for years for a type of mountain from which "Victrill", ie vitriol and alum , could be boiled in order to set up a permanent alum and copper water mine. Alum was the common name for potassium aluminum sulfate, which was used to cook animal hides white in white tannery , to pretreat fabrics during dyeing, and as a flame retardant for wood. Vitriol was the common name for zinc sulfate, iron sulfate and copper sulfate. Iron vitriol was used in fabric dyeing, copper vitriol for wood impregnation, for preserving animal hides and for the production of dyes. Hans Harrer, a chamber master of the Elector August von Sachsen (reigned 1553–1586) ran a vitriol and alum boiling plant on his own account from 1558 to 1580 along with a tunnel in the village of Burgk and the garden of the Burgk Vorwerk to the east. The landowner of Dorf and Vorwerk stated the value of the claim at 465 guilders per year. Between 1560 and 1568 a loss compensation of 5,961 guilders was necessary, between 1568 and 1580 the loss rose to 19,036 guilders. The elector took over 11,343 guilders of this and 7,602 guilders remained with Harrer. Vitriol and alum were brought to Hamburg and Amsterdam in barrels by water. Every week, 200 capacity tons (17 weight tons) of hard coal were mined in Burgk. A Steiger received six groschen for a barrel of hard coal (86.7 kg) and nine groschen for a barrel of gray slate, i.e. gray-hard coal for boiling alum and vitriol. Harrer's widow had to pay her husband's debts to the landlord of Burgk and tried to sell the vitriol work to the elector in 1581.
Vitriolwerk Potschappel
In the same year, however, he set up a new, larger vitriol hut closer to the Weißeritz, in Potschappel on today's Uferstrasse. It consisted of a boiler house, a copper house, a forge and a horse stable. The elector moved in a piece of land from Gut Potschappel for this purpose. A new weir was built in the Weißeritz and a trench was dug to the plant. Steigers, lye workers, shift supervisors, miners, pan servants, lye workers and workers for sawing and chopping wood were constantly employed in the 24-hour operation. Bricklayers, blacksmiths, carpenters, pipe masters, glaziers, roofers and farmers were employed as day laborers in wages. Gray hard coal was crushed and washed out on lye heaps. The liquid was collected in the caustic pot and pumped with a pump sealed with leather sleeves through wooden pipes into a lead pan in the boiling house. There, the lye was evaporated with a lot of wood, but not with the existing coal. The so concentrated lye was brought by cart to the Feinhaus in the southeast corner of Dresden Castle and processed there. In 1582, 5,061 cubic meters, i.e. 439 tons by weight of vitriol, were produced. Up to the end of boiling in the autumn of 1585, 7,437 capacity tons, i.e. 637 tons by weight of vitriol had been produced. The burning of slate ash was unsuccessful, because "pyrite is not digested." After the boiling operation in Potschappel was stopped, the inventory of the alum works was taken to the sovereign's armory, which is now a museum as the Albertinum . In 1780 there was an oleum distillery in Potschappel am Geiersgraben near today's house plots for shift 54/56 , in which smoking sulphurous acid was produced.
Vitriol and sulfuric acid plant Potschappel
In 1796 Ernst Heinrich v. Hagen, the owner of the Potschappel manor, granted a concession to build a vitriol factory in Potschappel, in the upper part of the Geiersgraben, where the borders of the villages Potschappel, Birkigt, and Zschiedge met. A legal dispute arose with the mining authorities as to whether the concession fell under the mining shelf or surface ownership. A settlement was reached, according to which the concession was granted against an annual fixed fee of 70 thalers. There were the following conditions: Employment of wage laborers, i.e. exclusion of compulsory labor on the part of farmers, submission of 4 thalers per year per boiler to the Altenberg tithing fund; Obligation to keep production records and reports, to use coal only instead of firewood. In 1804, 1,131 bushels, i.e. 98 tons by weight of vitriolic shale coal were processed. It was completely evaporated until only crystals remained. The workforce consisted of a boiling master, a night boiler, five liquor crushers and two oleum crushers for the oleum distillery.
In 1799 sulfuric acid was also produced using the vitriol method. 18 galley stoves with 24 retorts each were in use. Six burners were responsible for three ovens. It took 10-12 hours to set up and 36 hours to burn. There were three fires every week. In 1804 the following were produced: 1,500 quintals, or 75 tons by weight of vitriol, and 10,500 pounds, or 5.2 tons by weight, of sulfuric acid, which was known as vitriol oil. 5 Dresden bushels, i.e. 430 kg of hard coal, made one hundredweight, i.e. 50 kg of vitriol. A fathom was also required, ie 250–300 kg of logs. In 1811, one pound of vitriol oil sold 7 groschen.
In 1812 the owner of the Potschappel manor applied for an extension of the vitriol privilege to include alum. The Oberbergamt Altenberg rejects the application, but the called Secret Finance College agreed. The concession was subject to the conditions to only burn Potschappler hard coal and to pay 6 groschen per hundredweight of alum to the mining office of Altenberg. During the Napoleonic Wars, the French lived in the Potschappel manor for five months from 1813 to 1814 and destroyed the boiling pans, overturned ovens and chopped vitriol benches in two. The restoration cost was 1,600 guilders. In 1836 operations were stopped; some buildings were still used by the coal works.
Gottfried Reichard joined the Potschappel vitriol factory in 1812 and produced sulfuric acid , which had not been available from England since 1806 because of Napoleon's continental barrier. In 1813 Reichard bought the former Winkelmühle in the area of the Döhlen Chamber Estate, which was used as a bleaching house. In 1823 he founded the vitriol factory in Döhlen with his brother Carl August Reichard. Sulfuric acid has been used by calico printers, dye works, bleaching, stearin mills and oil refineries. A speech by Gottfried Reichard to the Dresden Trade Association in 1840 was understood as the entry of the Weißeritztal into the industrial age. In 1842, 24 workers in six lead chambers and two platinum kettles produced up to 40 quintals of sulfuric acid a day. In addition, Reichard produced fuming sulfuric acid, vitriol oil, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and soda and other auxiliaries for dye works and printing works. He bought coal fields in Niederpesterwitz and was able to burn the inferior coal there thanks to the special furnishing of the ovens. For 75 years, up to the end of operations in 1898, 7 tons of coal were processed every day. Gottfried Reichard died in 1844.
Time of romance and sensitivity
The first initiative to discover the Weißeritztal as a landscape experience, especially the Plauen reason , the narrow valley from Plauen to Potschappel, came from the Princely House. Elector Johann Georg IV. Built a water palace for his lover Magdalena Sibylla von Neitschütz in 1692 within sight of the Plauen court mill. In 1698 August the Strong had a procession of Saxon miners organized for Tsar Peter I of Russia (r. 1696–1725) at today's Felsenkeller brewery. In the same place, August the Strong held a Saturn Festival with 1,600 miners in 1719 on the occasion of the marriage of his son, later Elector Friedrich August II, to the Austrian Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (1699–1757) . Coins were struck in a temple of Saturn for the guests present. The festival started with a driven hunt, during which stags, roe deer and a bear fell from the Hohe Stein into the narrow valley of the Weißeritz. The literature approached the Weißeritztal from 1739 to 1769 with shorter poetic descriptions of the pleasant and enjoyable country life in Roßthal, Pesterwitz and Dölzschen. Johann Karl Wezel published a novel Herrmann und Ulrike in 1780 . The protagonists meet in Plauenschen Grund, which is described in detail.
The writer and lawyer Benjamin Gottfried Weinart (1751–1813) wrote an initial presentation of the Weißeritz Valley from the perspective of geology, mineralogy and ore deposits . It appeared in 1781 under the title: The description of the plauic reason near Dresden and also contains a report on the Saturn Festival in 1719. In 1799 Wilhelm Gottlieb Becker , a professor at the Dresden Knight Academy, added the first comprehensive and fundamental work, The Plauic reason Dresden and added a list of plants and insects and works of drawings on coal mining. The poetry and travel writer Wilhelm Müller (1794–1827) wrote a collection of spring wreaths from Plauen's reason that has become popular .
At the same time, in the “Age of Sensibility” between 1770 and 1830, well over a thousand pictorial representations were created, mainly drawings and etchings, which glorify the “wildly romantic beauty” of the valley as far as Tharandt.
Many of the sculptures come from the brothers Carl August Wizani (1767–1818) and Johann Friedrich Wizani (1770–1835), who created many drawings and etchings together. Other artists were: the painter and etcher Johann Gottfried Jentzsch (1759–1826); Christian Gottlob Hammer (1779–1864), who was professor at the Dresden Art Academy from 1829; Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1860), member of the Dresden Academy from 1818; Carl August Richter (1770–1848), professor at the Dresden Art Academy from 1814 to 1834 and his son Ludwig Richter (1803–1834), who was professor at the Dresden Art Academy from 1841. During the destruction of the environment from 1840 onwards through industrialization and population growth, the enthusiasm for nature awakened in Romanticism kept the memory of nature still alive.
Early hydropower industries
Bienertmühle
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The Bienertmühle , located below the Hohe Stein and east of the Weißeritz, was not located on the Weißeritzmühlgraben , but on a mill moat created just for them, also derived from the Weißeritz. Its weir is still preserved today on the Hegereiterbrücke at the exit of the Plauen reason. The return or the confluence of this Mühlgraben was last downstream on the right on Hofmühlenstraße near the Weißeritzbrücke Altplauen. The Bienertmühle was the fulling mill of the Dresden cloth makers until 1565. Elector August bought it in 1568, and in order to be able to operate it as a court mill, he introduced compulsory meals for 32 surrounding villages with 210 guests in 1569. By 1571 he had the mill converted into a mill with 16 grinding cycles. In 1661 the compulsory meal was extended to 66 places. The mill was run for wear and tear until the compulsory grinding ceased in 1851. A year later, Traugott Bienert was won as a tenant, and he quickly began to modernize and expand. In 1853 he converted three grinding courses to the Vienna system in order to be able to grind finer flour. Water turbines built Bienert in the years 1858 and 1859, as well as hydraulic presses for oil mill from 1857 to 1861. From 1867 to 1869 he built new storage with rail connection to the track of Albert Bahn AG . In 1872 he was able to buy the mill for 150,000 thalers. In 1874, Bienert built a gas works west of the Weißeritz, which supplied the mill and the village of Plauen with luminous gas. From 1875 to 1879, Bienert built a water pipe that the village could also use. Within 30 years, the Bienertmühle became the largest of the 13 factories in Plauen. The mill had 212 workers and became the most important mill in the Dresden area. Bienert's son Theodor builds the harbor mill in Friedrichstadt at Alberthafen . A bread factory was operated in Plauen until 1992. After a short period of vacancy, the Bienertmühlen area was gradually revitalized.
Another fulling mill north of the Bienertmühle, located at the later Weißeritzmühlgraben, mentioned for 1550 by the Humelius crack. It had two water wheels in a row and also had a grain grinder. Until 1915 it served the Trinks file grinder and was a box factory until it was demolished in 1934.
Mirror loop
The next operation downstream was the Spiegelschleife . At the same location there was an iron hammer mill with a forge from 1700 to 1710. In 1710, the year the Meissen porcelain factory was founded, the Electoral Chamber bought the iron hammer for 2,000 thalers. and converted it into a polishing and cutting mill for jasper and agate with eight stone saws. It is a territorial, mercantilist foundation, oriented towards court needs, technically significant, but typically remained an unprofitable subsidy company. The inefficiency was proven in 1715. Therefore the mirror loop was converted from 1715 to 1720 into the electoral mirror grinding and polishing mill. The glass was sanded smooth and underlaid with tin foil and mercury. There was a foil beating, sand chamber, plaster chamber and silver washing house. The inefficiency of the second factory was established by 1720. The mirror loop was leased until 1744, was again considered a bottomless pit and vegetated on the verge of inefficiency. The Seven Years' War (1746–1763) brought frequent business interruptions. In 1773 the company was shut down. A new tenant was found for the period from 1780 to 1783, and after 1783 the rent chamber withdrew from the uneconomical operation. A new workers' house was built in 1787, and operations were satisfactory for the first time by 1811, as the Spiegelschleife produced more cheaply than the Bohemian competition. During the Napoleonic Wars, the Spiegelschleife was first shot at in August 1813, but it was only slightly damaged. In October it suffered severe damage to walls and roofs, and in November Russian troops cremated buildings, waterwheels and machines. In 1820 the ruin was sold to a secretary of the house marshal's office. He set up a cotton spinning and dyeing works with apartments, stables, a carriage shed and a coach house. From 1821 to 1829 it was operated as the "Rosenbaum'sche Spinnfabrik", and from 1829 as an oil press. From 1871 wooden household and kitchen utensils were manufactured. A steam engine was installed, and then a tobacco roasting plant and a straw weaving plant were operated. The Lippoldsche Chocolate Factory was operated from 1887 until the bombing in 1945. In 1909 the operators installed an older type of turbine and in 1911 two standing Francis turbines .
Powder mill
The powder mill was built in 1576 with two plants and eight powder pounders. There was Waghaus, Stampfhaus, Körnhaus, and a living room for the powder miller. There were repeated explosions because the pounders, equipped with metal shoes, hit a stone that had not been sieved out and struck a spark that set the powder on fire. The powder mill was partially damaged by explosions in 1613, 1638, and 1640. Only the water wheel survived 1689. The grain house, drying room and ammunition vault were damaged by an explosion in June, the Stampfhaus and Läuterhaus by an explosion in November. Reconstruction began immediately. When August the Strong tested the fireworks for the Zeithain camp in front of the powder mill in 1730, there was another explosion. Larger construction measures were planned, but only smaller ones were implemented. Instead of an annual production of 198 quintals, up to 600 quintals were now required. In 1775 18 quintals of powder exploded; 50 soldiers and 60 construction prisoners were supposed to put out the fire. 6 powder workers and 2 fire extinguishers died. The reconstruction took place in 1776 and 1777; To the grinder, pan mills were added, i.e. vertical rollers to crush the material to be crushed. The powder mill was expanded to include a workers' house and a mansion for trips by the elector. The last explosion took place in 1796; Another reconstruction between 1798 and 1799 modernized the powder mill with a laboratory for production and dry toilets for the powder workers. In 1875 powder production in Dresden was stopped and relocated to the newly built Royal Saxon Powder Factory in Gnaschwitz near Bautzen. Subsequently, the vacant buildings of the old powder mill were leased, u. a. as a colored wood rasp and from around 1900 a small grain mill was established in the former saltpeter house. It was operated with an undershot Zuppinger water wheel , which was connected to the mill building by an underground transmission shaft. In 1945 all buildings were largely destroyed by bombing.
rafting
A raft yard was set up between the powder mill and the cannon boring mill . It was where the Zellesche Weg turns into the Kesselsdorfer Strasse . In 1521, Duke George the Bearded (ruled 1500–1539) decreed that the heavily damaged forests around Dresden should be spared and that the wood should be taken from the Eastern Ore Mountains and in particular the Tharandt Forest. In the same year he had a wooden garden laid out. The storage area for rafted wood had the greatest expansion in 1717 under Elector August the Strong (r. 1694–1733); 14,295 tons of wood were stacked. Until 1850 wood could hardly be replaced; it was used for building in the frame construction ( half-timbering ), to generate heat for house fires and for the production of basic materials such as iron, copper, glass and vitriol. Drilled logs were used as wooden pipes for water pipes. However, mainly firewood and split logs were rafted because the Weißeritz did not have enough water for long-timber rafting. Much of the wood flooding took place during the snowmelt.
The natural amount of water was increased by rafting ponds, the water of which was drained as a torrent. The largest was the up to six meters deep Seerenteich on Seerenbach near Kleindorfhain . The wood was pushed over the Weißeritzmühlgraben through the main inlet channel onto the Floßhof area and could be distributed over three fields. The water was drained into the Weisseritz to pick up, measure and stack the wood. The wood was measured in Dresden cubits and sold according to Schragen and Klaftern; a three-fathom tray corresponded to 15.2 m². The wood prices fluctuated strongly; The decisive factor was the raft costs, depending on the distance from the impact area. Weather conditions and wars also increased prices. In the wooden yard there were barns, stables, a kiln yard and an apartment for the cabbage burner and the wood man. An independent tenant called raft master ran the timber yard, his assistants were called lumbermen. Hazardous situations arose at the end of winter when wood and ice clogged the inlet racks to the mills. The water built up and the rakes broke or had to be broken as a precaution to keep the backwater as low as possible. In 1875 the raft yard was given up because the wood could be brought by train from Tharandt to the nearby Albertbahnhof .
Copper hammer, cannon boring mill
The copper hammer was first drawn in 1550 in the Humelius crack. In 1665, the elector acquired the copper hammer from the elector's Oberzeugmeister Paul Buchner. In 1730 the elector leased the copper hammer; In the lease agreement it was agreed that the hammer leaseholder may not keep the mill ditch closed at the expense of the downstream, the powder mill. The lease was not renewed, and the main armory set up an inventive (innovative) horizontal and vertical drilling machine in 178 working days in 1765. The building with a high wall and a copper-covered tent roof shaped the area for a long time. In addition to the drilling machines, there was a smelter and forge for reprocessing the drilling chips. There was also a crane, a wooden lifting arm with a pulley system, the rope of which was wrapped around the waterwheel shaft. The boring mill operation ceased in 1870, and the building was leased to the last boring mill foreman, who manufactured multi-bladed wind motors there mainly for rural water pumps and operated a nickel-plating plant. A major fire broke out in 1928 and the building remained empty until it was bombed in 1945. A gas turbine thermal power station was built on the site from 1993 to 1995 .
Paper mill
Duke Albrecht (ruled 1486–1500) built a paper mill for the sovereign's own needs before 1500, in what is now the Gleisdreieck between the main train station, the Mitte train station and the Dresden-Altstadt freight station. In 1518 it was sold to Michael Schaffhirt . Schaffhirt was granted the privilege of using the Saxon diamond-shaped wreath coat of arms as a watermark (1578). Unauthorized users of the trademark were threatened with a fine of 40 guilders and the removal of the signed paper. Another brass wire mesh was placed on the brass mesh of the paper form, so that the paper became thinner and more transparent at this point. On June 4, 1578, the mill received the rag collection privilege of four miles in a radius to supply raw materials. In addition, no further paper mills were allowed to be built here. In 1633 the privilege was changed to the 15 offices of Annaberg, Dresden, Dippoldiswalde, Doberlug, Düben, Eilenburg, Finsterwalde, Liebenwerda, Meißen, Mühlberg, Oschatz, Schlieben, Schweinitz, Torgau and Wurzen. Due to the Thirty Years' War from 1618 to 1648, economic conditions deteriorated, so that in 1629 the mint writer Cornelius Melde took over the paper mill, whose family ran the mill until 1688. Johann Gottlob Schuchardt took over the paper mill from his father in 1717 and built a wing windmill on the mill roof, the tower of which with the wings was long perceived as a landmark. The wind turbine should have produced 5 to 6 HP and the water wheel 10 to 15 HP depending on the flow rate. Unfortunately, the windmill could never be started properly. During the Seven Years' War, the Prussian governor Lieutenant General Karl Christoph Graf von Schmettau had the suburb burned down on November 10, 1758. As the owner Fischer described, he was left with only the things on his body. The paper mill was in ruins, and even underground water pipes were destroyed. In 1784 Carl August Schaffhirt was able to purchase the mill. He rebuilt it, expanded it and modernized it. However, he could not keep it for long in the family's repurchase and had to sell it half-finished to his partner Christian Ephraim Fischer in 1786. The mill was well equipped until 1791. Three undershot water wheels drove a ramming mechanism with 9 ramming holes in which rotten rags were tamped soft. They also drove two Dutch rollers, which crushed and crushed the rag pulp, made viscous with water, in a narrow wooden trough. Carl August Schaffhirt managed to buy back the paper mill in 1802. It remained in family ownership until it was converted into the Dresden Paper Factory Aktiengesellschaft in 1858.
The paper mill was extensively modernized in 1878. The undershot waterwheels were replaced by a highly effective, medium-sized Poncelet waterwheel . Two Woolf's composite steam engines with a nominal output of 80 HP each and two high-standing steam engines with a nominal output of 8 HP each were installed. Every year 1,500 tons of rags and 500 tons of wood pulp could be processed into paper. The paper mill had several deep wells drilled because the water from the Weißeritzmühlgraben was too dirty and the water from the city's pipeline network was too expensive for paper production. Between 1.25 million pounds and 2.25 million pounds of paper were produced annually. Between 180 and 300 people were employed, 60% of them women. An even more powerful steam engine with 250 hp was installed in 1902, and another steam engine with 120 hp was planned. However, the operation did not withstand competition from more modern factories and was shut down in 1914. The site was sold to the Royal Saxon State Railroad, which completely removed the large factory complex.
Silver hammer
Elector August (reigned 1553–1586) founded the second Dresden silver coin in 1556 between the palace and the Elbe bridge . From 1559 there was also a stamping mill and a drawing mill with an undershot water wheel with water from the Kaitzbach, continuously operated by the Münzmeisterteich in Mockritz . When the court church was to be built, the stamp mill stood in the way. For the annealing and stretching of the Zaine with the help of flat rollers, the 35 m long and 15 m wide silver hammer was erected at today's Staatsschauspiel in 1700 . There, the blanks were cut from the silver rods, then knurled, and driven back into the coin for minting. There were about 200 loads a year with a guarded handcart. A new, downsized silver hammer was in operation from 1803 to 1886. The mill wheel was 7½ m high and 2 m wide and was enclosed in an accessible wheel room that could be heated in winter with the waste heat from the annealing furnace. The water wheel could be lifted out of the mill moat to protect it from winter ice sheets. There was also a secondary canal to drain the flood. The big water wheel broke in 1885, and after the right to mint coins was transferred to the German Reich, the Dresden Mint was relocated to Freiberg in 1886, so that the silver hammer no longer had a buyer. In 1887 the building was sold to the city of Dresden and demolished in 1897.
Glassworks and patient castle
To cover the needs of the court, a stone cutting and polishing mill was set up in a former iron hammer on today's Maxstraße in 1697. In 1698 an electoral Saxon glassworks (" Ostrahütte ") was founded and in 1700 it was housed as a royal Polish and electoral Saxon glass factory in the converted stone cutting and polishing mill. As early as 1706 the glassworks was shut down according to plan in order to have a clear field of fire in the Swedish War, but was rebuilt in the same year. Since economic operation was not possible, a capable tenant was sought and found in 1709 in the polymath Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus . On this occasion, an inventory was made in 1710. In addition to courtly luxury goods such as chandeliers and wall lights, consumer goods such as butter dishes, salt barrels, bedside tableware and urine glasses were also listed. A flood of the Elbe destroyed the glass factory in 1712, and Johann Friedrich Böttger then made well-salable ruby glass. The wedding of Prince Elector Friedrich August II and the Habsburg Emperor's daughter Maria Josepha in 1719 once again ensured a brief upswing in the glassworks. After a fire in 1723, the glassworks was reduced in size and rebuilt in 1726 for only 22 workers. The brother of the Saxon premier ministre Heinrich Graf Brühl , Hans Moritz von Brühl , leased the glassworks in 1746, but the lease agreement was canceled as early as 1753 and a patient castle for old and sick court servants was set up in the former glassworks, which lasted until it was demolished in 1842.
Pasta mill
The court actor Antonio Bartoldi built a house on Ostra-Allee at the height of today's theater workshops in 1773 with a small mill building at the rear and operated a noodle and macaroni mill there. His children continued to run this early industrial food factory until around 1830. In 1854 the steel and model smith JC Bär acquired the property, on which the small pub "Zur alten Nudelmühle" also established itself from 1880 on. The house was demolished in 1913 and replaced by a Wilhelminian style building. Until the building was destroyed in 1945, there was again a pub there, now under the name “Restaurant alte Nudelmühle”. Until the demolition of the ruin in 1972, it was temporarily continued. The noodle mill initiated the early industrialization of food production with the beet sugar factory of Franz Carl Achard , which had been producing since 1802, and the van Houten cocoa roasting plant, which had been in operation since 1828 .
Smelting mill
The last mill was the smelting mill before the Weißeritzmühlgraben poured black and dirty into the Elbe. In 1550, Elector Moritz bought a tree garden between Elbe and Ostra-Allee and expanded it into a larger estate. According to plans by Hans Irmisch , he had a smelter built for the production of copper in 1582 . The ore was brought here at great expense from the Ore Mountains and the Harz Mountains. Remnants from the Dresden mint were also melted down. The operation was stopped again in 1586 and only one smelter remained. In 1606 a flour mill with two grinding courses was set up. The Swedes destroyed the flour mill in 1706 during the Northern War . In the same year the mill was rebuilt, but as a stamping mill for the production of emery along with two lathes. In the course of the next few years, different machines for cutting, grinding and polishing were added. The smelting mill also served as a spice and pearl barley mill, as a stamping mill and a colored wood grater. The mill burned down in 1848 and was sold to a private individual who ceased operations. Later a forwarding business and a fire fighting equipment factory were operated. The mill building was demolished in 1899 and the house destroyed in 1945.
There was also a spice mill in Dresden (since 1550), a snuff mill (since 1766) and a tobacco mill (1769), but these are not described.
Early form of aviation: balloon flights
The balloonist couple Wilhelmine Reichard (1788–1848) and Gottfried Reichard (1776–1844) lived in Döhlen from 1812 onwards . Gottfried Reichard rode a balloon for the first time in 1810. He built a gas balloon, not the well-known hot air balloon. Wilhelmine Reichard drove for the first time in Berlin on April 16, 1811. The journey took 85 minutes and Wilhelmine Reichard reached a height of 5,171 m. In the same year the couple moved to Große Plauensche Gasse in Dresden . Wilhelmine Reichard's third balloon flight started from Dresden on September 3, 1811. It involuntarily reached an altitude of 7,800 m. After 60 minutes she crashed at Saupsdorf because she passed out. She was caught by trees and survived the fall unscathed. The balloon was torn to the point of uselessness. Due to the lack of money, there was a forced break. Gottfried Reichard published the description of the journey by Wilhelmine Reichard geb. Schmidt undertook third air journey. In 1812 the couple moved to Altmarkt No. 9 in Dresden. In the same year, Gottfried Reichard joined the von Hagensche Vitriolfabrik. There was another move to Döhlen in the Winkelmühle on the Weißeritz. From 1815 onwards, the balloonists' scientific questions were clearly defined: How do the different layers of air affect one's physical condition? Do the air temperatures depend on the distance from the earth's surface? Wilhelmine Reichard denied this connection. Is the air above different from below? Wilhelmine Reichard took air samples, but nothing has been reported about an evaluation. Can the progress of a balloon be observed and recorded from Earth? This happened in Vienna in 1820. The fourth trip in 1816 was the first destination trip and led from Berlin to Fürstenwalde. For the first time, Wilhelmine Reichard took a paying passenger with her. At three and a half hours, it was Wilhelmine Reichard's longest drive. The fifth trip in 1816 in Hamburg was the longest trip with 222.6 km. This time, too, a passenger was taken.
From 1816 to 1820 a balloon was used with the following specifications: The diameter was 24 Bavarian feet and two inches, about 7 m. The circumference was 76 Bavarian feet, the surface 1,839 Bavarian square feet, the volume was 7,417 Bavarian cubic feet, about 185 m³. The weight of the balloon, including the ball, net, basket and anchor, was 103 pounds. The ball was sewn together from red and yellow segments of Mantuan taffeta and cost a little more than 1,800 thalers. For the destination journey from Berlin to Fürstenwalde in 1816 with two people for a total of 262 pounds, hydrogen gas from 2,440 pounds of sulfuric acid and 2,400 pounds of iron was required. In 1818, at public lectures, Gottfried Reichard presented model balls made of gold bat skin , which the couple themselves sewn together using elaborate manual labor. Gold bat skin is the inner part of the cattle's appendix, which is used as a separating agent in the production of gold leaf. In 1819 the balloon of Sophie Blanchard , the French balloonist in Paris, went up in flames because fireworks rockets launched from the basket fell on the balloon and caused the hydrogen to explode. Wilhelmine Reichard did without missiles. The fourteenth trip took place in Prague in 1820. After that, the Reichards marketed the balloon rides to finance their own vitriol factory. Also in 1820 the sixteenth and last trip of Wilhelmine Reichard took place in Vienna. Wilhelmine Reichard had this trip measured trigonometrically by the Imperial-Royal University Observatory and the Imperial-Royal Triangulation Directorate. With the help of coordinated chronometers, the balloon was measured every three minutes in the horizontal and vertical direction and a progress diagram was made.
Gottfried Reichard built his own vitreous factory in Döhlen from 1821 and ran it with his brother Carl August Reichard from 1823. Vitriol production in Germany was profitable due to Napoleon's continental barrier. Gottfried Reichard's last, sixteenth balloon ride was at the Munich Oktoberfest in 1835. The last reinvention was that the balloon was made of cotton fabric and made gas-impermeable after sewing with linseed oil varnish. It only cost 400 instead of the more than 1,800 thalers. Since the cotton ball was 100 pounds heavier than a ball made of silk, additional costs were incurred for each 6 quintals of sulfuric acid and iron or zinc. In the year of his death in 1844, Gottfried Reichard summed up that the horizontal direction of the ball is and will remain an absolute impossibility. One could not enjoy a useful application of ballooning. The military use for battlefield reconnaissance, known since 1794, was not taken into account. Wilhelmine Reichard died in 1848 and, like Wilhelm Reichard, was buried in the Döhlen cemetery. Wilhelmine Reichard was the main character in the story Wanda by Karl May. Wilhelmine Reichard was included in the New German Biography in 2003.
Sustainable forestry
Overuse of the forest
From 1500 the wood consumption had a negative effect on the forests. The withdrawals for mining, for setting fire to crush stone and for use as pit wood, for glassworks and construction timber were too large to be compensated for by natural regrowth. Beeches were preferred as firewood, fir and spruce as construction timber. Grazing with goats that ate the seedlings of fir and spruce caused great damage. The farmers removed dry leaves as litter for stables, which led to under-fertilization of the forest floor. Oak, birch and aspen increased in the lower mountains. The lack of usable old trees prompted Elector August (r. 1553–1586) to issue a timber ordinance against overexploitation in 1697. The Freiberg mining captain Hanß Carl von Carlowitz , author of the Sylvicultura oeconomica , issued instructions on wild tree cultivation in 1713 and made the first attempts of coniferous wood planting and sowing for reforestation. However, this did not eliminate the overexploitation of the forest and the shortage of wood, rather the wood became scarcer every day.
Tharandt Forestry University
The Saxon King appointed Heinrich Cotta as director of the Saxon surveying institute in 1811 . He brought a private forestry school with him, from which the Royal Saxon Forest Academy Tharandt emerged in 1816 , a place for teaching, research and theory generation. In 1811 Johann Adam Reum established the Tharandt Forest Botanical Garden, which has now been enlarged many times.
Martin Faustmann , Max Robert Preßler and Friedrich Judeich developed the pure soil yield theory from 1849 to 1858 , according to which a forest stand is to be cut when it brings the highest interest and no longer grows. In the case of spruce, this is the case in a comparatively short time, after 85 years. In 1811, the Tharandt forest consisted only of light scrub forests of pioneer trees and crooked branches. There were few old trees; the forest was close to nature, but economically inadequate.
A remedy should be created by the pure cultivation of fast-growing and high-yielding coniferous trees. Pines were particularly suitable for the heather and spruce for the Tharandt forest. The special suitability lay in the fact that seeds could be obtained quickly and cheaply, the climate in open spaces was beneficial to the conifers and they were not bitten by the game. They had a wide range of uses in industry, including the manufacture of paper and cardboard. Age-class forests with different stand blocks were created; and the oldest block was cleared in the piece. Pine and spruce tolerate this clear-cutting economy, but are sensitive to sulfur dioxide and the bark beetle as a secondary pest. In the Tharandt forest, pure conifer stands still predominate today; in the Grillenburg forest district there is less than one percent near-natural, and 14 percent in the Tharandt forest district. The forest policy developed in the Tharandt Forestry University was overall successful because the wood supply that was no longer guaranteed was restored. The wood supply doubled and the wood growth tripled. The Saxon clear-cutting economy was able to remedy the instability of the coniferous forests against storms. Near-natural forest survived on the steep slopes of the Weißeritz valleys, where the most significant near-natural forest area in Saxony is over 1000 ha. This forest could withstand global warming.
Forest and agricultural chemistry
A first chemical laboratory was set up in Tharandt in Hafergasse, today's Heinrich-Cotta-Strasse. The energetic Saxon agricultural politician Theodor Reuning initiated the establishment of a chair for agricultural chemistry and the appointment of Julius Adolf Stöckhardt in 1847.
Stöckhardt was a trade teacher in Chemnitz from 1838 to 1846. In Chemnitz, he published the first edition of the textbook School of Chemistry in 1846 . 20 editions in Germany up to 1900 showed the urgent need for a basic work. Translations into ten foreign languages demonstrated Germany's lead in chemistry education at the time. The School of Chemistry has been translated into English, Finnish, French, Dutch, Italian, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, Swedish and Czech. In Japan it was the very first chemistry textbook. Four Nobel Prize winners were influenced by Stöckhardt: Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917), Emil Fischer (1852–1919), Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932) and Otto Wallach (1847–1931). From 1850 Stöckhardt propagated the nitrogen fertilization of arable crops against Justus von Liebig and his former mentor Theodor Reuning , who remained on Liebig's side. Gradually, the lack of water solubility of the Liebig fertilizer mixtures became apparent. In Tharandt, Stöckhardt published the chemical field sermons and the Guano booklet in 1851 . The liberation of the peasants , which began in Saxony in 1832 , could only be achieved thanks to the introduction of paper money, the rural exodus and the industrial revolution thanks to the increased yields from artificial fertilizers; otherwise an uncertain outcome would have been conceivable because of the considerable financial burden for the farmers.
Theodor Reuning, Wilhelm Crusius and Julius Adolf Stöckhardt set up an agricultural test station in Möckern near Leipzig in 1851 because Tharandt did not find a suitable product. Hermann Hellriegel , Stöckhardt's assistant from 1851 to 1856, discovered the binding of nitrogen by nodule bacteria and founded the Saxony-Anhalt Ducal State Research Institute in Bernburg / Saale in 1881, today's Prof. Hellriegel Institute at the Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg. Stöckhardt's successor, Julius von Schroeder , founded the German Tanner School in Freiberg in 1889 and the German Research Institute for the Leather Industry in 1897, which is still active today as the Research Institute for Leather and Plastic Sheets (FILK) Freiberg. Wilhelm Sandermann founded the Institute for Wood Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Wood at the Federal Research Center for Forestry and Wood Management in Reinbek near Hamburg in 1947. Today it is known as the Institute for Wood Technology and Wood Biology, Team Wood Chemistry of the Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forests and Fisheries.
The agricultural sciences were moved to Leipzig in 1870, where they remained until the faculty closed in 1993. From 1870 Stöckhardt was only professor of chemistry. He died in Tharandt in 1897.
Immission research
It was known from the middle of the 19th century that the smoke from the hut in the Freiberg district damages trees. In 1850, Stöckhardt published the first scientific article on smoke damage in the Zeitschrift für Deutsche Landwirthe under the title About some of the disadvantages for the local culture caused by mining and smelting . From 1871 Julius von Schroeder published studies on the effects of sulphurous acid on plants and on the damage to vegetation by acid gases . Carl Reuss and Julius von Schroeder published the first book on the damage to vegetation by smoke and the Upper Harz hut smoke damage in 1883. The book remained the authoritative basic literature for more than a hundred years and was reprinted in 1986.
After the high forge of the Halsbrück smelting works was built in 1889, damage to the smelting works intensified. From 1900 onwards, lignite utilization gained in importance in the North Bohemian Basin, primarily in the area of Brüx , Teplitz , Oberleutensdorf and Komotau . Between 1939 and 1945, lignite hydrogenation was added to the production of aviation fuel, which also caused smoke damage. From 1960, the pure spruce trees began to die off due to smoke damage. Today they are referred to as "classic forest damage". The bark beetle caused further damage as a secondary pest, especially the book printer. By 1980 the Erzgebirge and Tharandt Forest developed into an ecological disaster area. Therefore, since 1961, forest pollution research at the Institute for Plant and Wood Chemistry has been rebuilt by Hans-Günther Däßler . A forest smoke damage diagnosis of large areas in the Ore and Elbe Sandstone Mountains was published in 1968. In 1976, Hans-Günther Däßler first published an overview and textbook on the influence of air pollution on vegetation - causes, effects, countermeasures . By 1991 it had four editions and translations into Hungarian, Russian and English. From 1988, damage caused by nitrogen oxides was described and researched as a new type of forest damage at the Institute for Plant and Wood Chemistry. After Däßler retired, Otto Wienhaus continued his immissions research from 1990.
Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) create ozone , a very aggressive oxidizing agent that also attacks the leaf organs of plants. This damaged conifers, but also beeches. Practical countermeasures were taken from 1980, which led to an improvement in forest quality from 1990. Smoke-resistant tree species have been planted since 1980, especially spruce , coastal pine , western Weymouth pine and Japanese larch , but these are not productive. Domestic suitable trees were not found. Since 1990 production facilities have been provided with dust filters, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide filters. The forest administration counteracted the acidification of the soil with extensive limescale. In 1995, a prolonged inversion of the weather caused another 1,000 hectares of the Erzgebirge forest to die. Long periods of drought in 2003 and 2006 promoted the mass reproduction of bark beetles. The effect of nitrogen oxide filters and catalytic converters is partially canceled out by increased car traffic. Since 1990 ecological forest conversion has been carried out, the aim of which is stable, natural mixed forests.
Coal mining 1804–1825
For water retention, i.e. the drainage of the tunnels, miners from Johanngeorgenstadt built an artificial tool between 1804 and 1806, a pumping station in the New Döhlener Kunstschacht . The miners had to live in unsanitary conditions in the completely overcrowded winegrower's house in Döhlen. The drive energy for the artificial tool was provided by a 14.3 m high water wheel, which was built into the mill ditch above the Red Mill. There, 17.5 m high half-timbered building with a bell tower was erected as an artificial bike building. The power transmission took place via a field linkage of 424 m length. A bell rang with every revolution. The system could not stop a water ingress in 1807 in Döhlen with 9 deaths, but it was able to pump the water out of the tunnels again in 40 days. The investments overwhelmed the owner Christoph von Schönberg and at his instigation the tax authorities bought the manors Döhlen and Zauckerode in 1805 together with the mines to the left of the Weißeritz for 425,000 thalers, of which 215,000 thalers were for the mining rights and 210,000 thalers for surface property and buildings. From the Leopold Erbstolln Niederhermsdorf, the two mining fields Zauckerode with nine shafts, and Döhlen with eight shafts and an opencast mine, the Zauckerode Royal Coal Works was established in 1806, the first state-owned and large-scale enterprise in the Döhlen Basin. He was subordinated to the Freiberg Mining Authority. The top management was Carl Wilhelm von Oppel . The local administration was entrusted to Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Lindig . In order to obtain pure forged coal , the coal washer was invented in 1810 by the factor Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Lindig . When floating with water, the light pure coal floated upwards, while the heavier inferior coal and the dead rock sank downwards. The wet processing took place for the first time in Zauckerode. The first coal washing house was built there in 1820.
From 1817 to 1837 the 5,685 m long Elbstolln , which flows into the Elbe near Briesnitz , was built to drain the Burgk, Döhlen and Zauckerode districts . The management of the hard coal works prepared plans for the additional use of the Elbe tunnel for coal removal in barges or a single-track tunnel railway. The Ministry of Finance took no position on the plans. From 1817 coal was also in demand for private consumption. Reluctantly, coal caught on as a house fire, because open fires and stoves were not suitable for burning coal because of the coal smoke.
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It was not until 1817 that the technology was so advanced that the king was able to give up house owners no longer prohibiting tenants and residents from using coal and peat. Nevertheless, wood was still becoming scarcer and more expensive. In 1847, even in miners' families, the room stoves were not yet suitable for firing hard coal. The Royal Mining Authority Freiberg therefore set a premium of 50 thalers for the construction of a cheap, economical and easy-to-use room stove. A low-pressure steam engine built by Christian Friedrich Brendel for draining the Zauckerode mine field began in 1820 as the first steam engine in the Saxon mining industry. The coal miners gradually lost their status as earthworkers. The heir of the Burgk estate, Carl Friedrich August Krebß, reacted with the introduction of mandatory uniforms and annual mountain parades in Burgk from 1821; both were later extended to include the servants of the iron hammer Dölzschen. The uniform requirement was lifted in 1918. Another hard coal mandate from 1822 made it possible for the builders of water dissolving tunnels to use neighboring third parties for the costs of building the tunnels if their mineworks were also drained. This was especially true for the residents of the Weißeritz tunnel and the Tiefen Elbstolln. The coking of coal began in Burgk in 1823 and, from 1828, coal gas was produced for three shaft buildings , a hut house and a castle. From 1825 the wheelbarrows in the tunnels were replaced by Hunte. From 1873 the mine train in Zauckerode was pulled by horses.
Industries
Primarily in the 19th century, industries emerged that were highly diversified, were not exclusively close to occurrences or sales, and often gained supra-local importance:
- Döhlen Manor Brewery (1725–1991); the black beer "Schwarzer Steiger", which has been brewed since 1983, continues to be brewed by the trademark owner Feldschlösschen AG Dresden .
- Eisenhammer Dölzschen (1794), from 1846 König-Friedrich-August-Hütte.
- Von Hagen'sche Glasfabrik (1802–1820). Part of the Potschappel Manor, made famous by a picture by Caspar David Friedrich .
- Königliche Friedrichshütte , founded in 1818, subsidized by the state with 9,000 thalers. Later Döhlen glass factory, taken over by Friedrich August Siemens in 1871; Still in operation today as the Freital glassworks .
- Vitriol factory Reichard (1823–1898) by Carl Gottfried and Carl August Reichard, Döhlen.
- Zauckerode steam boiler factory (1829) by Robert Lattermann.
- Turkish red and yarn dyeing works Römer , Hainsberg (1836). Industrialization in the Weißeritztal was not based on rural spinning and weaving as in the rest of Saxony, but on the basic industry. A former factory building of the dye works is used by the Hainsberg paper mill.
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- Hainsberg wood grinding and straw material factory (1838), later Thodesche Hainsberg paper factory with 850 employees; in 1867 it was one of the largest paper mills in the German Confederation. It is still in operation today as the Hainsberg paper mill and produces recycled paper. The raw material processing plant operated from 1869 to 1901 was built by Emil Nacke , who later became known as an automobile manufacturer.
- Upholstered furniture industry Oelsa-Rabenau (1840). Ferdinand Reuter began trading handcrafted chairs in Rabenau in 1840. He started industrial chair production in 1866 in the Vorwerk of Rabenau Castle. In 1888 the company had 600 employees and 2000 home workers. In 1911 the company was liquidated after a 26-week strike. In 1919 cinema chairs were put back into operation. In 1946 the plant was dismantled. Resumption of operation with box furniture in 1952. Merger with factories in Cottbus, Waldheim and Frankenberg to form VEB Vereinigte Polstermöbelindustrie 1971. Upholstered furniture combine Oelsa-Rabenau 1979. From 1980 onwards almost all was exported, including to IKEA . From 1988, Dr. Andreas Käppler Operations Director; the company had 1,600 employees. From 1990 trust business , 1992 by several buyers, including Dr. Andreas Käppler, taken over. In 1998 a CNC cutting machine and in 2011 a computer-controlled cutter for leather and fabric were put into operation. Today the company produces high-quality convertible upholstered furniture.
- Wimmer Grocery Store , Potschappel (1842).
- Velvet factory, Brothers Berndt , Deuben (1844). A leather factory was later set up.
- Mechanical engineering institute Johannes Samuel Petzhold , Döhlen (1853). With his gas preparation plant built in 1863 for his own use, Petzhold supplied the Plauen reason with gas until 1872. From 1870 rotary mixers for chocolate, paints, shoe polish, cosmetics and dairy products were manufactured.
- Otto Baumann tannery and drive belt factory (1855). Strap leather.
- Saxon cast steel factory near Dresden (1855): later Döhlen cast steel works. The earliest steel production started in 1857 with charcoal irons from Berggießhübel. From 1930 the Free State of Saxony bought the majority of the shares. The company was gradually converted to war production from 1933. The dismantling took place in 1945 and 1946. The new start took place in 1948 as the Döhlen ironworks. Steel production was resumed in 1949. In 1965, a vacuum steel mill for ultra-pure forging blocks was set up. A ten-ton plasma furnace followed in 1972. The company continues to exist as the Edelstahlwerk Freital and is of national importance.
- Mehlhose file factory , Hainsberg (1860).
- Weisser cigar factory , Potschappel (1862).
- Naxos abrasive works Georg Voss and Co , Deuben (1862). Georg Voss relocates his Dresden factory for emery paper, glass paper and glass linen from Dresden to Deuben and establishes the Naxos abrasives factory with Reinhard Berndt on the site of his velvet factory. 1880 handover to Guido Zische. In 1897 the production of corundum ( silicon carbide ) from petroleum coke and sand in Acheson furnaces in the power plant in Plauenschen Grund fails . Import of silicon carbide from USA; Production of the “Silicar” whetstone. Continuation as VEB (K) Spezial-Schleifmittelwerk until integration into VEB Prüfgerätewerk Medingen in 1963.
- Teubner cocoa and chocolate factory , Deuben (1866).
- Friedrich cigar factory , Döhlen (1871).
- Hainsberg fireclay and melting pot works (1874). From 1883 the Römer Brothers melting pot factory.
- Porzellanfabrik Carl Thieme , Potschappel: The company moved from Dresden to Potschappel in 1872. From 1864 porcelain painting was practiced in Dresden, mainly vedutas and portraits as individual pieces. Today the company sees itself as a manufacturer of art and not of handicrafts. The company mainly exports.
- Armaturenfabrik Michalk , Deuben. The company was founded in 1879 and produced gas and water gate valves, water taps and oil press lubricating pumps. Michalk's standard lubrication pump for locomotives with an operating pressure of 500 bar gained importance throughout Germany. From 1929 the company manufactured shoe gluing machines.
- Worsted yarn spinning mill Dietel and Schmidt , Cossmannsdorf . The company was founded in 1880 by Franz Dietel and Felix Schmidt and employed 300 people for 14,000 spindles, powered by a steam engine with 200 hp. From 1883 gas was extracted from wool washing water for its own lighting facility. The textile industry only played a minor role in the Weißeritztal; the metal industry dominated. In 1927 the Coßmannsdorf GmbH spinning mill acquired the majority of shares in the worsted yarn mill in Leipzig . Since the Coßmannsdorf spinning mill was a raw white spinning mill, the worsted yarn spinning mill in Leipzig was expanded into a colored spinning mill. In 1990 the company was shut down as VEB Buntgarnwerke Freital; from 1994 converted into the Weißeritz-Park shopping center by Roger Wolf and Henning Pentzlin.
- Xylolite plate factory, Döhlen (1886). The company produced waterproof and acid-proof floor panels from a cement-wood mixture, which were often used as factory floors.
- Sohre leather factory , Deuben (1893). In 1895 a chrome tannery was added; In 1910/1911 the new building took place on today's site. The decaying industrial ruin is no longer used.
- Alfred Brückner, workshop for travel and studio cameras , Rabenau (1900).
- Ferdinand Merkel, company for the manufacture of photographic equipment , Tharandt (1900–1945). Training of the later founders of the Weka camera works Walter Waurich and Theodor Weber. Fresh start after bankruptcy in the Great Depression in 1928 by Fritz and Charlotte Richter. Conversion from wood to metal construction. 140 employees in 1935. Two-lens reflex camera "Reflekta" in large numbers. Inclusion in the 1939 armaments program. Dismantling and expropriation after 1945.
- VEB electrical and radio accessories, Dorfhain. Otto Ellinger and Max Geißler opened the electrical engineering workshops Ellinger & Geißler in Tharandt in 1900 for the manufacture of light and power transmission systems. In 1904 a factory was built in Dorfhain. From 1934 onwards, film rotating resistors and tube bases for radio sets were also produced. In 1945 the company was dismantled. With the original equipment left behind, 30 factory employees resumed operations. From 1946 expropriation and expansion. 1969 Merger with VEB Mechanik und Feinwerktechnik Glashütte to form VEB Electronic Components Dorfhain. In 1970 the plant had 1,517 workers, 970 of them women. Resistors, potentiometers, capacitors, contact components, circuit boards and switches were manufactured. 1990 Trust business, 1991 takeover by AB-Elektronik GmbH Werne / Westphalia. 1997 independent GmbH; Shareholder in TT Electronics, Weybridge, Surrey. Temperature and pressure sensors are manufactured by 344 employees, including 11 apprentices.
- Saxon punching and drawing plant , Hainsberg (1902), Hainsberg metalworks from 1911 . After 1946 it also built motorcycles and, for a short time, cars. The company still exists today as Hainsberger Metallwerk GmbH .
- Kolbe and Schulze, Photographic Apparatus Factory (1902) in Plauen's Grund.
- Glass mold and glass machine construction Friedrich Wilhelm Kutzscher , Deuben (1905–1990).
- Bombastus-Werke , Potschappel (1906). The Bombastus factory continues to manufacture sage products and teas to this day. The company is important across Europe and also exports to Asia.
- Maschinenbau Fischer , Potschappel (1910).
- WEKA camera works Waurich and Weber , Deuben (1914), from 1920 WELTA camera works, Hainsberg.
- Thowe-Kamerawerk , Potschappel (1914). Co-founder was Woldemar Beier, who also founded the Beier camera factory in Deuben in 1923. From 1931 one of the early 35mm cameras was produced.
- Rumbo soap works , Potschappel (1916). Albert Rumberg produced soap powder of the brand “Überalles”, curd soap, soft soap and candles; Clay soap in World War II. The company no longer exists; the former factory rooms are used by dealers.
- Deutsche Elektrion Öl-Gesellschaft , Birkigt (1917), Deutsche Voltolwerke from 1922 to 1946.
- Special machine and wax paper factory Otto Hänsel Birkigt , (1918). Otto Hänsel relocated his packaging machine manufacturing factory, founded in 1911, from Leipzig to Birkigt in order to be closer to his sales area of Dresden, the center of the confectionery and chocolate industry. He invented a machine-compatible wax paper for wrapping candy and was able to offer both products in a coordinated manner. In 1939 the company had 360 workers and employees. During the Second World War, prisoners of war and slave labor were employed. On August 24, 1944, the company was mistakenly bombed in place of an aircraft engine oil manufacturer , Rhenania-Ossag AG, and completely destroyed except for parts of the house. There were 82 dead. In 1948 Otto Hänsel founded Hänsel Papierwerk GmbH in Hanover. Remnants that remained in Freital were incorporated into the NAGEMA combine . Cats Haensel Flexible Packaging GmbH still produces wax paper in Birkigt to this day.
- Werner canning factory , Potschappel (1920); still in operation today as "Werner's Dumpling Flour".
- Motor vehicle plant Klahre and Gentsch , Potschappel (1921–1928). The light motorcycle type L with a displacement of 142 cm³ and an output of 2.5 hp were produced from 1924 to 1928; the geared motorcycles BG and B G-Sport with a displacement of 175 cm³ and an output of 3.5 hp; the geared motorbike BG (1927) with a displacement of 196 cm³ and an output of 4 hp. The engines were supplied by the Zschopau engine works, whose main shareholder was Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen .
- Benn Couplings GmbH , Döhlen, 1922.
- Camera works by Karl Pouva (1939); Pouva produced the cheap, but usable and widespread simplest camera "Pouva Start".
- VEB Plastmaschinenwerk Freital (1948); Because there was no independent plastic machine construction in the Soviet occupation zone, a press and pump construction company was developed into one of the seven injection molding machine manufacturers in the GDR. On average, with 925 employees, 568 injection molding machines were manufactured annually. After reunification, a total of 322 injection molding machines were built until bankruptcy in 1997.
- Uranium processing plant 93 of Wismut AG, Döhlen (1948–1960). From 1948 to 1954 ore coal was leached from the Heidenschanze, Gittersee and Lower Burgk districts. Uranyl chloride was obtained from the pulp using chamber filter presses. Yellow sodium diuranate ( yellow cake ) was precipitated from the uranyl chloride filter cake with sodium hydroxide solution . The concentrate was transported to Zeche 50 in Aue and from there to the Soviet Union for enrichment. From 1957 to 1960 ore slate was brought in by rail from the Ronneburg deposits and leached alkaline. The used lye was pumped through flushing pipes into four higher-lying sludge ponds without a base seal. 0.7 million m³ of radioactive fine sludge and 15,000 m³ of slightly radioactive water are stored in the non-rehabilitated sludge pond 4. Between 1950 and 1960, 2,410 t of ore were processed. In 1953 around 600 people were employed in the fields of chemists, engineers, classifiers, press operators, pumpers, fitters and machinists.
- VEB test equipment factory in Medingen (1960). The Medinger Prüfgerätewerk took over 472 laid-off employees of VEB Welta-Kamerawerke Deuben and relocated its headquarters to Freital. Thermostats, cryostats, laboratory stirrers, parts for other laboratory equipment and domestic hot water tanks were built. From 1961 rotational viscometer Rheotest. 1972–1982 Discontinuous automatic analyzer DA 240–244. From 1980 fixed volume dispenser DS 250. 1990 Takeover by the Treuhandanstalt; 1993 Transformation into a GmbH. The Freital operations were shut down in 1993. The Medingen operations were re-privatized and continue to operate under the name Rheotest Medingen GmbH today.
Motorized traffic
Albertsbahn
As early as 1823, two years before the first railway went into operation in England in 1825, a traffic connection between Leipzig and the coal mine in Plauen's reason was considered urgent. After the commissioning of the first railroad from Nuremberg to Fürth in 1830, Friedrich List suggested in his writing: About a Saxon Railroad System as the Basis of a General German Railroad System in 1833 for the first time to connect the Döhlen coal district to Leipzig by rail. List preferred a variant on the left Elbe for the first German long-distance railway from Leipzig to Dresden, because he expected coal to be transported to the Elbe through the Tiefen Elbstolln. The size of the lignite deposits in the Leipzig lowlands was only to become known towards the end of the 19th century. However, in 1838, at the instigation of the Saxon hydraulic engineering director Karl Theodor Kunz, the railway was run on the right bank of the Elbe for structural reasons.
Friedrich Karl Pressler planned the railway line to the coal area and on to Freiberg via the combined Marienbrücke, opened in April 1852. The 13.6 km long coal railway from Dresden to Tharandt was built from 1853 to 1855. But it ended on the left Elbe in Albertbahnhof without a connection to the long-distance railway. From there, the 3.2 km long Elbezweigbahn enabled the coal to be transported to the embarkation point on the Elbe. The railway not only transported Döhlen coal and iron; railway construction itself needed coke, coal, iron and rails. For the railway, the field linkage between Döhlen and the Weißeritz had to be raised and crossed under. The 26.4 km long route from Tharandt to Freiberg was put into operation in 1862. Technically, the construction was difficult because of the 1:39 slope between Tharandt and Edler Krone. Generally only a gradient of 1:40 was allowed for main railways. A direct route from Plauen to the Dresden-Altstadt freight yard in Falkenschlag, today's Zwickauer Straße, was built in 1865/66, and in 1868 the Albertbahnhof on Freiberger Straße lost its independence. However, it was still used as a coal and building material station and was last used in 1993 to deliver building materials for the nearby World Trade Center. The gap in the main line between Chemnitz and Flöha was closed in 1866, between Flöha and Freiberg in 1869.
Fourteen years after it went into operation in 1869, the Albertsbahn was extended to the Böhmischer Bahnhof , the predecessor station of the main train station, and thus connected to the long-distance railway network for the first time. In 1966 the railway to Reichenbach was electrified and from 1996 the superstructure was rebuilt. In the August flood of 2002, the railway from Edler Krone to Dresden was destroyed and then rebuilt. The switches are controlled centrally with computers from Leipzig.
Windbergbahn
In 1857 the Hänichen branch line to Bannewitz and Possendorf connected the Marienschacht and the Segen-Gottes-Schacht to the coal railway to Dresden. This railway remained in operation until 1993 and was used for uranium mining from 1950 to 1989.
Freital-Potschappel-Nossen narrow-gauge railway
The Nossen-Wilsdruffer narrow-gauge network was connected to the Weißeritztal via Zauckerode and Potschappel. From Potschappel to Niederhermsdorf ( Albertschacht ), there was a three-rail track.
Weißeritztalbahn
The first planning for the narrow-gauge railway from Hainsberg to Kipsdorf began in 1865. The surveying work took place in 1880, the first groundbreaking in 1881. The railway reached Schmiedeberg in 1882 and Kipsdorf in 1883. Since 1990 it has only been used for excursions. It is 26 km long and originally had 28 connection points for mills and businesses. She suffered from the three flood disasters.
Coal mining 1852–1967
From 1852 to 1854, the small drawing and reel shafts in Döhlen and Zauckerode were taken out of service and the access to the three main shafts, Oppelschacht (named after Carl Wilhelm von Oppel ), Albertschacht and Döhlener Kunstschacht, was concentrated. The Burgker coal works received its first miners hospital with seven beds in 1857. A lot of methane escaped from the gray-hard coal on the right of the Weißeritz due to the low degree of coalification . Because an existing Guibal fan was not installed, a coal dust and methane gas explosion occurred on August 2, 1869. The firedamp catastrophe killed almost the entire shift occupancy of 276 miners. A memorial at the Segen-Gottes-Schacht commemorates them. Otto Lilienthal invented a cutting machine for the Royal Coal Works in 1878. Also on the left of the Weißeritz, where less methane escaped, in the Carola and Albert shafts, electric high-speed fans were installed in 1881.
From 1873, the dogs in Zauckerode were pulled on rails with pit horses. In June 1878, Siemens presented the first draft for an electric mine locomotive. The world's first usable electric locomotive was presented at the Berlin trade fair in 1879. On May 16, 1881, the world's first electric tram was put into operation between the Lichterfelde station and the Prussian Principal Cadet Institute. The Anhalt mine showed its first interest in the electric locomotive. Trial operation with an electric locomotive began on August 25, 1882 in Zauckerode. The voltage on the locomotive was 80–90 V. The current could be provided with up to a maximum of 70 amps. The cost of the locomotive, steam engine, generator, 700 m contact line and supply cable amounted to 16,238 marks. Between 1883 and 1902, 52 locomotives of a similar type were built. The hard coal works bought a second locomotive of a similar design in 1891. The first locomotive "Dorothea" was rebuilt around 1892 like the second locomotive. The track was 620 m long and was extended to 750 m in 1892. The locomotive could carry 20 hunte per train. The cost per electrically pulled hunt was 3.01 pfennigs; with pit horse to 3.71 pfennigs. However, the railway remained an isolated facility with no passing points. There were no known accidents involving electrical power. The mine railway was closed on August 3, 1927; the locomotive was exhibited at Siemens in Berlin from 1932. In 1954 it was transferred by plane to the German Museum in Munich and was brought back to Freital in 1998. However, it is no longer at the Zauckerode site, but east of the Weißeritz in a converted stable of the former Burgk manor.
The first electric hoisting machine in the local area was installed in the König-Georg-Schacht in Weißig in 1909. The peak of hard coal mining for both hard coal works was the Weißeritz on the right and left with 660,972 tons in 1900, which were mined by 2,802 miners. From then on, the gradual depletion of the deposits made itself felt and the production volume steadily decreased. The first disused shaft was the Segen-Gottes-Schacht in 1916. The next to be dropped was the Georgsschacht in Niederhermsdorf in 1922. The Marienschacht and the Glückauf-Schacht both followed in 1930. The Burgker coal works were shut down in 1930. Because after the Second World War Saxony was no longer allowed to obtain coal from the Ruhr area and the coal regions of Upper Silesia, coal mining in the Döhlen basin gained even more importance. Several attempts have been made to exploit remains of coal seams to the left of the Weißeritz. The new shaft, which was sunk in 1946 near the former Oppelschacht in Zauckerode, was renamed after the activist Arthur Teuchert in October 1948 and closed in 1959 due to exhaustion of supplies. Also in 1959, the Paul-Berndt-Grube in Döhlen (former Queen-Carola-Schacht) was closed. Until 1960, the Döhlen laundry was fed with coal from Gittersee, driven to wear and tear and shut down as a living industrial ruin. The VEB coal works "Willi Agatz" resumed mining on the right of the Weißeritz from the Gittersee shaft in 1960, even if only for the remaining pillars of the Marienschacht and the Glück-Auf-Schacht. It finally stopped the production of energy coal in 1967; the remaining stock is still 136,000 tons of hard coal. A rough estimate based on Rissen by the Markscheider in 1972 assumed that 53.2 million m³ of coal without uranium ore coal were mined. Coal was important for early industrialization and the industrial revolution in central Saxony, but it was of little importance outside of Saxony. Coal from the Döhlen basin was only delivered to Hettstedt in the Prussian province of Saxony and to the Rothenburg saltworks (Saale) .
Creation of an industrial city in the Döhlen basin
In 1843, the “United Sparkassen zu Tharandt , Wilsdruff and the Plauenschen Grund” became the “Sparkasse im Plauenschen Grund” for the communities of Döhlen , Weißig , Niederpesterwitz, Deuben , Niederhäslich , Großburgk , Kleinburgk, Potschappel , Birkigt and Zschiedge . The savings bank expanded until 1861. In 1864, Johann Samuel Petzhold, who ran a small gas company in Döhlen for his own use in his iron foundry and mechanical engineering company, applied for a concession to supply the villages of Hainsberg , Deuben , Döhlen , Potschappel and Neucoschütz with gas. The first gas light went into operation in 1865.
In 1893, when the public power supply began in Tharandt , the representatives of the municipal councils of Deuben , Niederhäslich , Schweinsdorf , Döhlen , Potschappel , Niederpesterwitz , Somsdorf , Coschütz and Dölzschen decided to build a coal-fired power station. In 1895 the municipalities of Deuben , Niederhäslich, Potschappel, Hainsberg and Coschütz built the power station and in 1896 they founded the “Municipal Association of Electricity Works for the Plauenschen Grund zu Deuben ”. The supply area expanded to Rabenau , Tharandt, Somsdorf, Coßmannsdorf , Eckersdorf , Weißig , Unterweißig , Saalhausen , Döhlen and Niederpesterwitz by 1900 . The coal-fired power station supplied the Plauensche Grundbahn with electricity to the tram line that went into operation in 1902 and ran parallel to the Albertsbahn. In 1929 the coal power plant was shut down.
In 1892 the communities of the Plauenschen Grund founded an association of those interested in Weißeritz water, from which a compulsory cooperative was to emerge to set up collection ponds, reservoirs and dams to avoid high and low water. The construction of the Malter and Klingenberg dams did not begin until 1908 , and in 1909 the Weißeritz dam cooperative was founded. It operated the four existing hydropower plants, Tharandt, Rabenauer Grund (later Rudelt power plant), Malter and Klingenberg.
In 1895, on the initiative of Deuben's mayor and modernizer Ernst Robert Rudelt, the Deuben municipal council considered the establishment of a town appropriate in an administrative report. But there was no reaction. In a first step, Schweinsdorf merged with Deuben in 1900 and Niederhäslich was added in 1914 . From 1902 a tram line was run from Dresden to Deuben to Goethepark and later extended to Hainsberg .
In 1909, Deuben , Döhlen , Potschappel and Niederhäslich promoted the founding of a city to the Dresden administration and met with rejection because the Kingdom of Saxony wanted to prevent urbanization. A first public unification meeting in the golden lion in Potschappel ended without result. It was not until 1919 that the USPD and SPD initiated unification negotiations between Deuben , Döhlen and Potschappel. The approval authority, the Ministry of the Interior, rejected the plan in 1920 due to an expected budget shortfall of 300,000 Reichsmarks. Improvements were made, and approval was given in 1921. The town name was determined by the councils of the merging communities on Freital, "Weißeritz" or " Deuben " was favored in the surveys of the local newspaper .
Militarily important industries in World War II
The industry of the Weißeritztal was extensively integrated into the war economy. So produced:
- the iron hammer works Dölzschen : from 1933 armored fan, gun barrels, bullet jackets.
- the special machine and wax paper factory Otto Hänsel , Birkigt: instead of candy packaging machines and drop rolling machines, flak parts and ammunition and, from 1940, HE shells for the navy.
- the brothers Buhler GmbH, Mühlenbauanstalt and Machine Works , Birkigt: armored carriages and ambulance sled for horses covering.
- the Gebrüder Bindler Maschinenfabrik , Döhlen: the KwK 7.5 cm combat vehicle cannon for Panzer III and cannon vehicles.
- the Birkigte art furniture factory Anton Schega : instead of furniture and radio housings, ammunition covers and nose wheel flaps for Junkers aircraft.
- the Welta camera factory Waurich und Weber : instead of cameras, only armaments contracts.
- the Woldemar Beier camera factory , Deuben: remote controls for the air force.
- the Sohre leather factory , Deuben: pistol pouches and air force equipment.
- the German Voltol Werke GmbH : lubricating oil.
Deutsche Voltolwerke GmbH has been producing lubricating oil mixed with rapeseed oil and treated with alternating current for aircraft at high altitudes since 1917. Josef and Leopold Stern founded the Elektrion oil company in 1917 with confiscated Belgian business assets. The owner was Rhenania-Ossag from 1926, which was later taken over by Deutsche Shell AG. At the beginning of the war in 1939, 1933 tons of Voltol were produced. The Voltolwerke were included in the target map of the Western Allies in 1941. On July 21, 1944, the Bühler mill building establishment in the southeast was erroneously designated as an oil target. The bombing raids on August 24, 1944 at 12:45 p.m. were directed against the packaging company Hänsel at Coschützer Strasse 88 and against the mill construction company Bühler at Gitterseer Strasse 19. 242 people died. The BBC reported an attack on the Freitaler Shell mineral oil plant at 5:00 p.m. on August 24, 1944. One of the reasons for this error was probably that the paraffin stocks of the packaging company Hänsel were set on fire. On September 4, 1944, the Joint Oil Targets Committee described the Voltol factory in Freital as "recently badly damaged". Voltol was no longer produced from 1946.
- the Freitaler-Stahl-Industrie (FSI) , Döhlen: tank and HE shells
Freitaler-Stahl-Industrie GmbH, founded on December 19, 1939, was the largest direct arms company in the region. It belonged to the Flick Group and was located in Freital-Döhlen. The main production areas were tank and HE shells. The workforce at the end of the war in 1945 was 2900 men. 40% of them were foreign workers. Mainly forced laborers from Lithuania, Czechoslovakia and France but also 25% prisoners of war from the USSR. After 1945 the FSI was dissolved as a former arms company, the facilities were dismantled and large parts of the buildings were blown up. In the remaining hall and the administration building, the former FSI production engineer, Johannes Vogler, founded the Mechanische Werkstätten Freital (MWF) and in 1953 the later plastic machine works Freital moved here .
Consequences of war
The main consequences of the war were the Soviet occupation, the separation of Central Germany from industrialized West Germany with the Ruhr area, and from East Germany with coal-rich Upper Silesia. The coal mining in the Döhlen Basin, which had become unprofitable due to the exhaustion of the deposits, had to be restarted due to a lack of means of transport. Further consequences were growth barriers because of the Soviet-influenced central administration economy and trade barriers because of the restriction of foreign exchange.
Mining of uranium coal
The Soviet occupation forces began looking for uranium in Thuringia and Saxony in 1946. In 1947 she found uranium-mineralized hard coal, or uranium coal for short, in the mine field between Gittersee and the Weißeritz. In the same year, a first stage of drilling began with 397 deep boreholes. The extraction of uranium ore in the Heidenschanze mine field began in 1948. A flood in 1949 caused a one-year standstill. The construction of the double shaft system Gittersee began in 1950 and was handed over to the Soviet joint stock company Wismut in the same year. According to a forecast in 1953, 3940 kilotons of ore were stored in the Gittersee mine, from which 0.092%, i.e. 3620 tons, of uranium should be extracted.
From 1954 to 1958 the Gittersee shaft was deepened. In 1972 devastating fires broke out there. In 1986 a radiometric sorting system was built above ground. In June 1989 uranium ore mining was stopped due to depletion of the deposits. 4,134.9 kilotons of ore and 0.089%, i.e. 3,691 tons of uranium were mined from it. The German deposits and mining quantities of uranium were more important than those of the Soviet Union, which needed the uranium for nuclear weapons. A mountain damage analysis was carried out in 1989 and repeated in 1993. The Gittersee pit was flooded in 1995. The natural flooding of the pits failed in 2001 because water leaked in the urban area of Potschappel. By the end of 2013, the 2900-meter-long bismuth tunnel is to carry the water from Dresden-Gittersee to the Tiefen Elbstolln , which then releases it into the Elbe in Dresden-Briesnitz. The breakthrough to the Tiefen Elbstolln came in August 2013 under the Burgwartsberg.
Nature protection and monument preservation
In 1880, Ernst Rudorff named the factory chimneys in Plauenschen Grund as an example of the destruction of nature that came with industrialization. Rudorff coined the term nature conservation in 1888 and suggested the establishment of the Federation for Homeland Security in 1904 .
Soon after the city was founded in 1923, a collection of objects from the mining and industrial history was continuously built up in Freital. The traditional above-ground facilities, which were dismantled between 1960 and 1980 in favor of residential and transport structures, received less care. The lack of money and the demand for scrap became noticeable; but also the memory of the “ugly shafts”, which robbed the “silent valley” of its beauty, stood in the way of the preservation of the industrial monuments.
literature
Wilhelm Gottlieb Becker , a professor at the Dresden Knights' Academy, published the first extensive, geographical description of the Plauische Grund near Dresden with a scientific claim in 1799 , which covered geology, mineralogy, mining, plants and insects.
Friedrich August Leßke , teacher in Niedergorbitz , describes in the articles on the history and description of the Plauen reason near Dresden, which appeared between 1892 and 1903, the history, administration, working life and land ownership in the valley of the Wild Weißeritz from Tharandt to Cossmannsdorf, in the Döhlener basin and in Mountain breakthrough between Potschappel and Plauen. For many details, the contributions are still an indispensable aid today.
In 1927, Rudolf Schumann compiled three special issues on the Plauen reason for the Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz (Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz ), which basically report on geology, mining, prehistory, cultural history, industrial history, and the declining flora and fauna as a result of high industrialization. The contrast between the quiet valley of pre-industrialization and the ugly pits and the tightly packed houses of industrialization is impressively represented. The work edited by Schumann contains an extensive bibliography with over 90 titles. Hellmuth Heinz describes the transition to industrial society in the first illustrated book after the Second World War, Heimatbuch Plauenscher Grund - Tal der Unrast , also with the gaze of the romantic . The eighty-page volume contains rare visuals.
In addition to Karl Söhnel , The Valley of Work for the Döhlener Basin, the work by Wolfgang Müller, Memories of Alt-Dresden - Der Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005, published in 2005, contains a first-time compilation of the proto and early industries from Dresden-Plauen to the Marienbrücke.
In a few pages, but linguistically very carefully, the Montanethnographer Helmut Wilsdorf describes in Documents on the History of Hard Coal Mining in the House of Homeland 1542–1882 the history of modern hard coal mining up to the beginning of electric coal mining in Zauckerode.
Wolfgang Reichel and Manfred Schauer report extensively and in great detail on all geological and technical aspects of the mining of hard coal and uranium-mineralized hard coal up to the cessation in 1989 and on the renovation measures up to 2005 in: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining .
Information on the climate, geological history, landscape history and pollution damage up to the emergence of ecological disaster areas and their subsequent restoration can be found in the nature guide Osterzgebirge, Volume 2 - Nature at a Glance with images and maps. The flora and fauna as well as geological and industrial monuments along the Weißeritzen are described in Volume 3 of the Eastern Ore Mountains Nature Guide - Natural History Hiking Destinations .
Research and documentation of medieval silver ore mining began in Dippoldiswalde in 2010. Fourteen individual authors present the results in the research reports by Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Aufbruch unter Tage - Status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony .
The lawyer Katrin Schulze deals with the integration of industry in the war economy, military reconnaissance, the bombing raid on Freital-Birkigt and its strategic principles under the title GQ 1612 - What brought the Allies to Freital-Birkigt on August 24, 1944 . She also made use of American archives.
Web links
bibliography
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- Peter Boenke: Gas and Power Supply in Freital , Freital 2003.
- Dietrich Conrad: The Dresden train stations . In: Stadtmuseum Dresden (Ed.), Dresdner Geschichtsbuch, Volume 2, Dresden 1996.
- Reiner Groß : History of Saxony , Berlin 2001.
- Reiner Groß: Kurstaat and kingdom on the threshold of capitalism (1789–1830) in: Karl Czok (Ed.): Geschichte Sachsens, Weimar 1989
- Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Ost-Erzgebirge , Volume 2 Nature of the Ost-Erzgebirge at a glance , Dresden, 2007.
- Eberhard Gürtler: Barrages - Mühlgräben Contemporary witnesses long past , Freital 2006. Digitized version of the Saxon State and University Library.
- Hellmuth Heinz (Ed.): Heimatbuch Plauenscher Grund - Tal der Unrast , Dresden 1950.
- Heiner Hegewald: plant chemistry, wood chemistry, pollution research, agricultural chemistry. The Tharandt Chemical Institute - Past and Present , Dresden 2009.
- Gerhard Herber: From the world to the test equipment factory , Freital 2001.
- Yves Hoffmann: The history of Dippoldiswalde up to the beginning of the 15th century . In: Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Departure underground - status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony . Dresden 2011, pp. 95-104.
- Ludwig Jenchen: The deep Elbe tunnel - an element in Friedrich List's railway planning Leipzig-Meißen-Dresden . Wiss-Z of the University of Transportation “Friedrich List” Dresden, 36 (1989), no. 1, 143–177.
- Friedemann Klenke: The Plauensche Grund in Dresden . In: Mitteilungen des Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz , Issue 2/2003, pp. 34–40.
- Rainer Karlsch : Uranium for Moscow - The bismuth - A popular story , 4th edition, Berlin 2011.
- Rainer Karlsch, Michael Schäfer: Economic history of Saxony in the industrial age , Leipzig 2006
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- Susann Lentzsch: The wood finds from the medieval mines of Dippoldiswalde - a preliminary report . In: Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Departure underground - status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony . Dresden 2011, pp. 135–141.
- Helge Mai, Holger Neumann, Rainer Dominik: The first electric mine train , reprint from Werkbahnreport No. 5, Dresden 1996.
- Ulrich Mignon (Ed.): BGH Edelstahlwerke - Perspektiven einer Unternehmensentwicklung , Gummersbach 2012.
- Heide Monjau: Wilhelmine Reichard - first German balloonist 1788 to 1848 , Freital 1998.
- Wolfgang Müller: Memories of Old Dresden - The Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005.
- Dietrich Noack: A walk through the Saxon railway history from the beginnings to the founding of the Deutsche Reichsbahn , issue 4 of the lecture series on Saxon history, Rabenau 2003.
- Henri Pirenne : History of Europe. From the Great Migration to the Reformation . Translated from the French by Wolfgang Hirsch, Frankfurt am Main 1982, reprinted in Cologne 2009.
- Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlen basin near Dresden - geology and mining , Dresden 2007.
- Friedrich Reichert: Plauen-Dresden from village to city, in: Stadtmuseum Dresden (Hrsg.), Dresdner Geschichtsbuch, Volume 1, Dresden 1995
- Otto Eduard Schmidt : History and cultural history from the Plauen reason , in: Rudolf Schumann (Ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, S. 144–177.
- Volkmar Scholz: The mine workings of the high medieval mining of Dippoldiswalde from the end of the 12th to the middle of the 13th century . In: Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Departure underground - status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony . Dresden 2011, pp. 111–116.
- Katrin Schulze: GQ 1612 - What led the Allies to Freital-Birkigt on August 24, 1944 , Freital 2011.
- Karl Söhnel : The valley of work . In: Rudolf Schumann (Ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Issue 3–6, Dresden 1927, pp. 178–200.
- Folke Stimmel u. a .: City Lexicon Dresden . Dresden / Basel 1994.
- Silvio Stute: Processing factories in the uranium mining area Freital . Freital 2007.
- Emil Treptow : The mining of the Plauen reason in old times . In: Rudolf Schumann (Ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, pp. 103–127.
- Joachim Voigtmann (eds.), Rolf Günther, Juliane Puls, Wolfgang Vogel: Städtischeammlung Freital , Munich, Berlin, 2003
- Ulrich Wengenroth: German economic and technological history since the 16th century , in: Martin Vogt (Hrsg.): German history from the beginnings to the present, Frankfurt am Main, 3rd edition 2006
- Helmut Wilsdorf : Documents on the history of coal mining in the house of the homeland 1542–1882 , Freital, 1985.
- Roland Zeise and Bernd Rüdiger : Federal State in the German Empire (1871–1917 / 18) in: Karl Czok (Ed.): Geschichte Sachsens, Weimar 1989
Individual evidence
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, p. 210.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge, Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a Glance , Dresden 2007, S 366, 399.
- ↑ a b c d Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge, Volume 2, An overview of the nature of the Osterzgebirge , Dresden 2007, p. 71.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge, Volume 2, An overview of the nature of the Osterzgebirge , Dresden 2007, p. 72.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge, Volume 2, An overview of the nature of the Osterzgebirge , Dresden 2007, p. 81.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge, Volume 2, Overview of the nature of the Osterzgebirge , Dresden 2007, pp. 83 f.
- ↑ a b Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge, Volume 2, An overview of the nature of the Osterzgebirge , Dresden 2007, p. 86.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge, Volume 2, An overview of the nature of the Osterzgebirge , Dresden 2007, p. 87.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge, Volume 2, An overview of the nature of the Osterzgebirge , Dresden 2007, p. 90.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge, Volume 2, An overview of the nature of the Osterzgebirge , Dresden 2007, p. 94.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge, Volume 2, An overview of the nature of the Osterzgebirge , Dresden 2007, p. 101.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge, Volume 2, An overview of the nature of the Osterzgebirge , Dresden 2007, p. 103.
- ↑ Georg Bierbaum : The prehistory of the Plauen reason , in Rudolf Schumann (Ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, P. 127–144 (134)
- ↑ Georg Bierbaum: The prehistory of the Plauen reason, in Rudolf Schumann (ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, P. 127–144 (140).
- ↑ Georg Bierbaum: The prehistory of the Plauen reason , in Rudolf Schumann (ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, P. 127–144 (140).
- ↑ Georg Bierbaum: The prehistory of the Plauen reason , in Rudolf Schumann (ed.): Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, P. 127–144 (140).
- ^ Henri Pirenne : History of Europe. From the Great Migration to the Reformation . Translated from the French by Wolfgang Hirsch, Frankfurt am Main 1982, reprint Cologne 2009, p. 475.
- ↑ Georg Bierbaum : The prehistory of the Plauen reason , in Rudolf Schumann (Ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, S. 143 f.
- ↑ Reiner Groß : Geschichte Sachsens, Berlin 2001, p. 28.
- ↑ Reiner Groß : Geschichte Sachsens, Berlin 2001, p. 204.
- ^ Yves Hoffmann: The story of Dippoldiswalde up to the beginning of the 15th century . In: Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Departure underground - status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony . Dresden 2011, pp. 95-104 (95.)
- ^ Yves Hoffmann: The story of Dippoldiswalde up to the beginning of the 15th century . In: Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Departure underground - status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony . Dresden 2011, pp. 95-104 (97.)
- ^ Yves Hoffmann: The story of Dippoldiswalde up to the beginning of the 15th century . In: Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Departure underground - status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony . Dresden 2011, pp. 95-104 (100).
- ^ Yves Hoffmann: The story of Dippoldiswalde up to the beginning of the 15th century . In: Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Departure underground - status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony . Dresden 2011, pp. 95-104 (102.)
- ↑ Jan-Michael Lange / Martin Kaden: On the geology and mineralogy of the mining area of Dippoldiswalde . In: Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Departure underground - status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony . Dresden 2011, pp. 90–94 (91 f.)
- ↑ Susann Lentzsch: The wood finds from the medieval mines of Dippoldiswalde - a preliminary report . In: Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Departure underground - status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony . Dresden 2011, pp. 135–141 (136.)
- ↑ Volkmar Scholz: The mine workings of the high medieval mining of Dippoldiswalde from the late 12th to the middle of the 13th century . In: Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Departure underground - status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony . Dresden 2011, pp. 111–116 (p. 116.)
- ^ Yves Hoffmann: The story of Dippoldiswalde up to the beginning of the 15th century . In: Regina Smolnik (Ed.): Departure underground - status and tasks of mining archaeological research in Saxony . Dresden 2011, pp. 95-104 (p. 103.)
- ^ Rudolf Schumann : Poetry and truth about mining between Tharandt and Dippoldiswalde in: Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Volume XXII, Issue 10-12, Dresden 1933, pp. 285-322, 285.
- ^ Rudolf Schumann: Poetry and truth about mining between Tharandt and Dippoldiswalde in: Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Volume XXII, Issue 10-12, Dresden 1933, pp. 285-322, 284.
- ^ Rudolf Schumann: Poetry and truth about mining between Tharandt and Dippoldiswalde in: Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Volume XXII, Issue 10-12, Dresden 1933, pp. 285-322, 286.
- ^ A b Rudolf Schumann: Poetry and Truth about Mining Between Tharandt and Dippoldiswalde in: Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Volume XXII, Issue 10-12, Dresden 1933, pp. 285-322, 305.
- ^ Rudolf Schumann: Poetry and truth about mining between Tharandt and Dippoldiswalde in: Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Volume XXII, Issue 10–12, Dresden 1933, pp. 285–322, 302.
- ↑ a b Rudolf Schumann: Poetry and truth about mining between Tharandt and Dippoldiswalde in: Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Volume XXII, Issue 10-12, Dresden 1933, pp. 285-322, 307.
- ^ Rudolf Schumann: Poetry and truth about mining between Tharandt and Dippoldiswalde in: Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Volume XXII, Issue 10-12, Dresden 1933, pp. 285-322, 306.
- ^ Rudolf Schumann: Poetry and truth about mining between Tharandt and Dippoldiswalde in: Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Volume XXII, Issue 10-12, Dresden 1933, pp. 285–322, 317.
- ^ Rudolf Schumann: Poetry and truth about mining between Tharandt and Dippoldiswalde in: Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Volume XXII, Issue 10-12, Dresden 1933, pp. 285–322, 320.
- ↑ Eberhard Gürtler: Barrages - Mühlgräben Contemporary witnesses long past , Freital 2006, digitized version of the Saxon State and University Library, p. 18 f.
- ↑ Eberhard Gürtler: Barrages - Mühlgräben Contemporary witnesses long past , Freital 2006, digitized version of the Saxon State and University Library, p. 9.
- ↑ Eberhard Gürtler: Barrages - Mühlgräben Contemporary witnesses long past , Freital 2006, digitized version of the Saxon State and University Library, p. 27 ff.
- ↑ Eberhard Gürtler: Barrages - Mühlgräben Contemporary witnesses long past , Freital 2006, digitized version of the Saxon State and University Library, p. 38 ff.
- ↑ Eberhard Gürtler: Barrages - Mühlgräben Contemporary witnesses long past , Freital 2006, digitized version of the Saxon State and University Library, p. 45 ff.
- ↑ Eberhard Gürtler: Barrages - Mühlgräben Contemporary witnesses long past , Freital 2006, digitized version of the Saxon State and University Library, p. 49 ff.
- ↑ Eberhard Gürtler: Barrages - Mühlgräben Contemporary witnesses long past , Freital 2006, digitized version of the Saxon State and University Library, p. 49.
- ↑ Eberhard Gürtler: Barrages - Mühlgräben Contemporary witnesses long past , Freital 2006, digitized version of the Saxon State and University Library, p. 59.
- ^ Eberhard Gürtler: Barrages - Mühlgräben Contemporary witnesses long past , Freital 2006, digitized version of the Saxon State and University Library, p. 59 ff.
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller: Memories of Old Dresden - Der Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005, pp. 126–128.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 188.
- ↑ a b Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 189.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 190.
- ↑ Zwickau and its coal . In: The Gazebo . Issue 32, 34, 37, 1857, pp. 442-445, 470-472, 506-508 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).
- ^ Rainer Karlsch , Michael Schäfer: Economic history of Saxony in the industrial age , Leipzig 2006, pp. 36, 90.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 191.
- ↑ a b Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 192.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 191
- ↑ Friedemann Klenke: The Plauensche Grund in Dresden , in: Mitteilungen des Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, issue 2/2003, pp. 34–40, (36.)
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 253.
- ^ A b Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 254.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 255.
- ^ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 255 f.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 256.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 257.
- ^ Heide Monjau: Wilhelmine Reichard - first German balloonist 1788 to 1848 , Freital 1998, p. 89.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 257 ff.
- ↑ Otto Eduard Schmidt : Geschichtliches und Kulturgeschichtliches aus dem Plauenschengrund , in Rudolf Schumann (Ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, S. 144–177, (159.)
- ↑ Folke Stimmel et al. a .: Stadtlexikon Dresden , Dresden and Basel 1994, p. 323 f.
- ↑ Otto Eduard Schmidt: Geschichtliches und Kulturgeschichtliches aus dem Plauenschengrund , in Rudolf Schumann (Ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, S. 144–177, (175.)
- ↑ Otto Eduard Schmidt: Geschichtliches und Kulturgeschichtliches aus dem Plauenschengrund , in Rudolf Schumann (Ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, S. 144-1177, S. 146 ff.
- ↑ Friedrich Reichert: Plauen-Dresden from village to city , in Stadtmuseum Dresden (ed.), Dresdner Geschichtsbuch, Volume 1, Dresden 1995, pp. 88-90.
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller: Memories of Old Dresden - Der Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005, pp. 23, 30 ff.
- ↑ Ulrich Wengenroth: German economic and technological history since the 16th century , in Martin Vogt (ed.): German history from the beginnings to the present , Frankfurt am Main, 3rd edition 2006, p. 329
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller: Memories of Old Dresden - Der Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005, p. 35 ff.
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller: Memories of Old Dresden - Der Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005, p. 48 ff.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Ost-Erzgebirge Volume 2, An overview of the nature of the Ost-Erzgebirge , Dresden, 2007, p. 295.
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller: Memories of Old Dresden - Der Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005, p. 66 ff.
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller: Memories of Old Dresden - Der Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005, p. 74 ff.
- ^ Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Dresden 10079 State Government Privileges I
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller: Memories of Old Dresden - Der Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005, p. 105 ff.
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller: Memories of Old Dresden - Der Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005, p. 144 ff.
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller: Memories of Old Dresden - Der Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005, p. 155 ff.
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller: Memories of Old Dresden - Der Weißeritzmühlgraben , Dresden 2005, p. 164 ff.
- ↑ Wolfgang Müller: Memories of old Dresden - The Weißeritzmühlgraben. Dresden 2005, p. 171 ff.
- ^ Heide Monjau: Wilhelmine Reichard - first German balloonist 1788 to 1848. Freital 1998, p. 117.
- ^ Heide Monjau: Wilhelmine Reichard - first German balloonist 1788 to 1848 , Freital 1998, p. 28.
- ↑ a b c d Heide Monjau: Wilhelmine Reichard - first German balloonist 1788 to 1848 , Freital 1998, p. 117.
- ^ Heide Monjau: Wilhelmine Reichard - first German balloonist 1788 to 1848 , Freital 1998, pp. 40, 42.
- ^ Heide Monjau: Wilhelmine Reichard - first German balloonist 1788 to 1848 , Freital 1998, p. 49
- ^ Heide Monjau: Wilhelmine Reichard - first German balloonist 1788 to 1848 , Freital 1998, p. 83
- ^ Heide Monjau: Wilhelmine Reichard - first German balloonist 1788 to 1848. Freital 1998, p. 75.
- ^ Heide Monjau: Wilhelmine Reichard - first German balloonist 1788 to 1848 , Freital 1998, p. 76.
- ↑ a b Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, p. 226.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, p. 157.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a Glance , Dresden 2007, p. 178.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, p. 165.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, 166.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a Glance , Dresden 2007, p. 221
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, p. 175.
- ↑ a b Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, p. 227.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, p. 233.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, p. 234.
- ↑ Heiner Hegewald: Plant chemistry, wood chemistry, pollution research, agricultural chemistry. The Tharandt Chemical Institute-Past and Present , Dresden 2009, pp. 15–21.
- ↑ Heiner Hegewald: Plant chemistry, wood chemistry, pollution research, agricultural chemistry. The Tharandt Chemical Institute-Past and Present , Dresden 2009, pp. 26 ff, 76.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a Glance , Dresden 2007, p. 258
- ↑ Heiner Hegewald: Plant chemistry, wood chemistry, pollution research, agricultural chemistry. The Tharandt Chemical Institute-Past and Present , Dresden 2009, p. 56.
- ↑ Heiner Hegewald: Plant chemistry, wood chemistry, pollution research, agricultural chemistry. The Tharandt Chemical Institute-Past and Present , Dresden 2009, p. 105
- ↑ Heiner Hegewald: Plant chemistry, wood chemistry, pollution research, agricultural chemistry. The Tharandt Chemical Institute-Past and Present , Dresden 2009, p. 108
- ↑ a b Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, p. 261.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, p. 260.
- ↑ Green League Osterzgebirge e. V. (Ed.): Naturführer Osterzgebirge Volume 2, Nature of the Osterzgebirge at a glance , Dresden 2007, p. 207.
- ^ Artificial wheel building and field rods (water art) of the Döhlener Kunstschacht (Freital), on the left in the background the Windberg, on the right the Alte Döhlener Kunstschacht. Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden , accessed on July 29, 2018 .
- ↑ Helmut Wilsdorf : Documents on the history of hard coal mining in the house of the home 1542–1882 , Freital 1985, p. 13 f.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 193.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 194.
- ↑ Helmut Wilsdorf : Documents on the history of hard coal mining in the Haus der Heimat 1542–1882 , Freital 1985, p. 14.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 197.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlen Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 310
- ↑ Helmut Wilsdorf : Documents on the history of hard coal mining in the Haus der Heimat 1542–1882 , Freital 1985, p. 1
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 200.
- ↑ Ludwig Jenchen: The deep Elbstolln - an element in Friedrich List's railway planning Leipzig – Meißen – Dresden , Wiss-Z of the University of Transport Friedrich List Dresden 36 (1989), no . 1, pp. 143–177 (155 ff.)
- ^ Emil Treptow : The mining of the Plauen reason in old times , in Rudolf Schumann (ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, pp. 103–127 (125)
- ^ Emil Treptow: The mining of the Plauen reason in old times , in Rudolf Schumann (Ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, pp. 103–127, p. 126
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 260.
- ↑ a b Helmut Wilsdorf : Documents on the history of hard coal mining in the Haus der Heimat 1542–1882 , Freital, 1985, p. 15.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 199.
- ↑ Helge Mai, Holger Neumann, Rainer Dominik: The first electric mine train , special print from Werkbahnreport No. 5, Dresden 1996, p. 20.
- ^ Karl Söhnel : The Valley of Work , in Rudolf Schumann (Ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, S. 178-200, (S. 180)
- ↑ Helmut Wilsdorf : Documents on the history of hard coal mining in the Haus der Heimat 1542–1882 , Freital 1985, p. 35, note 104.
- ↑ Reiner Groß : Kurstaat and Kingdom on the Threshold of Capitalism (1789-1830) in Karl Czok (Ed.): Geschichte Sachsens, Weimar 1989, p. 298.
- ↑ a b Peter Boenke: Gas and Power Supply in Freital , Freital 2003, p. 22.
- ↑ Thomas Hoinka: steel location Freital - success story with obstacles in: Ulrich Mignon (ed.): BGH Edelstahlwerke - Perspectives of a company's development , pp 315-325, Gummersbach 2012th
- ↑ Ref Gerhard Herber: From the world to the test equipment factory , Freital 2001, pp. 29–33.
- ↑ Gerhard Herber: From the world to the test equipment factory , Freital 2001, pp. 10-11
- ↑ Helmut Petzold: Contradictions and anachronisms when industry moved into the Weißeritztal , Yearbook for Economic History, Berlin 1986, Part 3, 59–70, (67–69).
- ↑ Gerhard Herber: From the world to the test equipment factory , Freital 2001, p. 10.
- ↑ Monika Dänhardt / Uwe Hessel: Sachse overtook the English , Sächsische Zeitung of January 29, 2015.
- ↑ Heinrich Hiller: When Freital was still a motorcycle manufacturer , Saxon newspaper of September 24, 2014.
- ↑ Matthias Weigel: How much the Uranteich really shines , in: Sächsische Zeitung of January 7, 2014
- ↑ Silvio Stute: Processing factories in the uranium mining area Freital , Freital 2007, pp. 7-11.
- ↑ Gerhard Herber: From the world to the test equipment factory , Freital 2001, p. 39.
- ↑ Gerhard Herber: From the world to the test equipment factory , Freital 2001, p. 49,55.
- ↑ Gerhard Herber: From the world to the test equipment factory , Freital 2001, p. 58.
- ^ Dietrich Conrad: Die Dresdner Bahnhöfe , in: Stadtmuseum Dresden (Ed.), Dresdner Geschichtsbuch, Volume 2, Dresden 1996, p. 115.
- ↑ Ludwig Jenchen: The deep Elbstolln - an element in Friedrich List's railway planning Leipzig – Meißen – Dresden , Wiss-Z of the University of Transport "Friedrich List" Dresden, 36 (1989), no. 1, 143–177, p. 144, 157.
- ^ Roland Zeise and Bernd Rüdiger : Federal State in the German Empire (1871-1917 / 18) , in: Karl Czok (ed.): Geschichte Sachsens, Weimar 1989, pp. 381-428 (404).
- ^ Dietrich Conrad: Die Dresdner Bahnhöfe , in: Stadtmuseum Dresden (Ed.), Dresdner Geschichtsbuch, Volume 2, Dresden 1996, p. 127.
- ↑ Ludwig Jenchen: The deep Elbstolln - an element in Friedrich List's railway planning Leipzig-Meißen-Dresden , Wiss-Z of the University of Transport "Friedrich List" Dresden, 36 (1989), no. 1, 143-177, p. 149.
- ↑ Dietrich Noack: A walk through the Saxon railway history from the beginnings to the establishment of the Deutsche Reichsbahn , issue 4 of the lecture series on Saxon history, Rabenau 2003, p. 10 f.
- ^ Dietrich Conrad: Die Dresdner Bahnhöfe , in: Stadtmuseum Dresden (ed.), Dresdner Geschichtsbuch, Volume 2, Dresden 1996, pp. 121–123.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 208.
- ^ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 207.
- ^ Helge Mai, Holger Neumann, Rainer Dominik: The first electric mine railway , special print from Werkbahnreport No. 5, Dresden 1996, p. 19 f.
- ^ Helge Mai, Holger Neumann, Rainer Dominik: The first electric mine railway , special print from Werkbahnreport No. 5, Dresden 1996, p. 31.
- ^ Joachim Voigtmann (eds.), Rolf Günther, Juliane Puls, Wolfgang Vogel: Städtischeammlung Freital , Munich, Berlin, 2003, p. 58 ff
- ^ Emil Treptow : The mining of the Plauen reason in old time , in: Rudolf Schumann (Ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, pp. 103–127 (p. 118.)
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 211 f.
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 214.
- ^ A b Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, p. 216.
- ↑ a b c Joachim Voigtmann (eds.), Rolf Günther, Juliane Puls, Wolfgang Vogel: Städtischeammlung Freital , Munich, Berlin 2003, p. 88.
- ↑ Peter Boenke: Gas and Power Supply in Freital , Freital 2003, p. 52.
- ↑ Peter Boenke: Gas and Power Supply in Freital , Freital 2003, p. 57.
- ↑ Peter Boenke: Gas and Power Supply in Freital , Freital 2003, p. 68.
- ↑ Peter Boenke, Gas and Power Supply in Freital , Freital 2003, p. 62.
- ↑ Joachim Voigtmann (eds.), Rolf Günther, Juliane Puls, Wolfgang Vogel: Städtischeammlung Freital , Munich, Berlin 2003 p. 91.
- ^ Joachim Voigtmann (eds.), Rolf Günther, Juliane Puls, Wolfgang Vogel: Städtischeammlung Freital , Munich, Berlin 2003, p. 92.
- ↑ Katrin Schulze: GQ 1612 - What led the Allies to Freital-Birkigt on August 24, 1944 , Freital 2011, p. 10 f.
- ↑ Katrin Schulze: GQ 1612 - What led the Allies to Freital-Birkigt on August 24, 1944 , Freital 2011, p. 90.
- ^ A b Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener Basin near Dresden - Geology and Mining , Dresden 2007, pp. 217–244.
- ↑ Rainer Karlsch : Uranium for Moscow - Die Bismut - A popular story , 4th edition, Berlin 2011, pp. 161, 197, 219.
- ↑ Ernst Rudorff: About the relationship between modern life and nature . In: Prussian year books , XLV, 1880, pp. 261–276 [261].
- ^ Friedemann Klenke: The Plauensche reason in Dresden. The transformation of a cultural landscape . In: Messages from the Saxon Homeland Security Association. V. Heft 2, Dresden 2003, pp. 34-40 [38].
- ↑ Wolfgang Reichel, Manfred Schauer: The Döhlener basin near Dresden - geology and mining . Dresden 2007, p. 339.
- ↑ Otto Eduard Schmidt : Geschichtliches und Kulturgeschichtliches aus dem Plauenschengrund , in Rudolf Schumann (ed.) Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Mitteilungen, Heft 3–6, Dresden 1927, S. 144–177, S. 174f.