Cottbus circle

The Cottbus district , also Cottbus district or Lords Cottbus and Peitz or Weichbild Cottbus and Peitz was a Markbrandenburg district in Lower Lusatia , whose beginnings go back to the acquisition of the Lords Cottbus and Peitz in the middle of the 15th century. The term Cottbusischer Kreis (or similar spelling) did not appear until the middle of the 18th century. The district was occupied by French troops at the end of October 1806 and had to be ceded to the Kingdom of Saxony in 1807 as part of the Tilsit Peace . In August 1813 the district was occupied again by Prussian troops and in September 1813 it was incorporated into the Prussian administrative structures. In terms of international law, however, the Cottbus Circle only returned to Prussia after the Congress of Vienna on May 25, 1815. In the district reform of 1816, the enclaves of the Cottbus district were assigned to other districts, the enclaves of neighboring districts came to the Cottbus district for this purpose . Most of the area of the Cottbus district today belongs to the Spree-Neisse district and the independent city of Cottbus . Smaller parts now also belong to the Oberspreewald-Lausitz district and the Dahme-Spreewald district . The former Germersdorf (today Jaromirowice ) east of the Neisse now belongs to the rural community of Gubin ( Lebus Voivodeship , Poland).

Geographical location

The Cottbus district, which belongs to the Mark Brandenburg, was almost centrally located in Niederlausitz, surrounded by the Saxon districts of Lübben (in the north, also known as Krumspreeischer Kreis), Guben (in the east), Luckau and Calau (in the west) and Spremberg (in the south) of Niederlausitz . In the time of the Brandenburg sub-principality Brandenburg-Küstrin (1535–1571), the Cottbus district belonged to the latter and was therefore counted as part of the Neumark region from this time on .

The exclaves of the Cottbus district were Wolkenberg, Stradow and Jessen (in the Spremberg district), Straussdorf, Laasow and Ranzow, Gahlen, Bischdorf, Tornow and Schlabendorf (in the Calau district) and Germersdorf, Groß Breesen and Kerkwitz (in the Guben district). Some communities were not fully owned by the Brandenburg margraves; The Saxon electors also had property and / or rights here.

Saxon enclaves in the Cottbus district were Koschendorf , Oelsnig , Groß Gaglow , Klein Gaglow and Kiekebusch , Limberg , Gulben , and part of Werben .

history

The Cottbus circle was formed in the course of the 18th century from the lordships of Cottbus and Peitz and the term Cottbus circle became common for both lords. However, the old term Herrschaft Cottbus and Peitz was still in use until around 1800 , for example Bratring (1809) still used this term.

When exactly the designation Cottbusischer Kreis, Kottbusischer Kreis, also Kottbuser Kreis and Kottbusser Kreis, Cottbusischer Kreis, originated or was used for the first time, has not yet been researched exactly (Houwald). In any case, it appears in the Geographical Description of Marggraffschaft Nieder-Lausitz , published in 1748, as a Cotbusian district . The term Cottbusischer Creis is also used in the address calendar of 1756 (p. 97), but also Weichbild Cottbus (p. 102). At that time Julius Ulrich von Buggenhagen was on Papitz and Ruben district administrator. In 1791 the circle is referred to as the Cotbusian circle or the soft picture of Cotbus and Peitz .

Dominion Cottbus and the Dominion Peitz

The rule of Cottbus came in two parts to the Brandenburg electors. As early as 1443, Reinhard von Cottbus and his half of the Cottbus rule had come under the protection of the Brandenburg Elector Friedrich II . On July 18, 1445 he sold his share to Brandenburg for 5500 shock groschen. In 1452 Luther von Cottbus, the owner of the other half of the Cottbus dominion, granted the Brandenburg margrave and elector Friedrich II a right of first refusal in the event that he should sell his share of the Cottbus dominion. After the death of Luther von Cottbus on July 4, 1455, the other half of Cottbus fell to the Brandenburg margraves and elector.

The Peitz rule had numerous rapidly changing owners in the 14th and early 15th centuries. In 1442 Heinrich Schenk von Landsberg transferred his claims to the reign of Peitz to the Brandenburg margrave and elector Friedrich II, who in 1448 was able to buy the reign of Peitz from the lords of Waldow for 6,000 Rhenish guilders and left Reinhard von Cottbus for life. After the death of Reinhard von Cottbus, Peitz fell back to Brandenburg. From then on it was regarded as an office ( Amt Peitz ). In 1462 the Elector of Brandenburg was enfeoffed by the Bohemian King with the lords of Cottbus, Peitz, Teupitz , Bärwalde and Groß-Lübbenau . He also received the right to the Beeskow and Storkow lords . In 1490, the Elector of Brandenburg fell under the rule of Zossen in Lower Lusatia .

The dominions Cottbus and Peitz (like the other Lower Lusatian dominions) remained a fiefdom of the Bohemian crown until 1742 . Only with the preliminary peace of Breslau and the peace of Berlin was the Bohemian supremacy abolished.

The Cottbus District during the Napoleonic Wars

In the Fourth Coalition War , the Prussian Army lost the battles near Jena and Auerstedt on October 14, 1806 . The Cottbus district was occupied by Napoleonic troops in October 1806. By November 1806 at the latest, a French military command had been established. On December 11, 1806, Saxony signed the Peace of Posen , in which the connection of the Cottbus district to Saxony was decided to compensate for Saxon territorial losses to the new Kingdom of Westphalia .

In the Treaty of Tilsit on July 9, 1807, Prussia had to cede the Cottbus district to Saxony, along with other areas. The formal handover of the Cottbus district to Saxony took place on September 20, 1807 in Berlin. Instead of the Neumärkischen War and Domain Chamber , the Oberamtsregierung in Lübbenau acted as a higher administrative authority. The administrative structures remained, however, the previous officials kept their posts.

The reintegration of the Cottbus district into the Prussian state during and after the Wars of Liberation took place in several stages. In March 1813 Prussian troops occupied the area of the Cottbus district for the first time. The Prussian generals Blücher and Scharnhorst had the residents of Cottbus pay homage to the Prussian king again on March 22, 1813, which was irrelevant under international law.

After the battle of Bautzen (May 20/21, 1813) and the armistice of June 4, 1813, Saxony was able to take possession of the Cottbus district again for just under three months. The district administrator of the Cottbus district, Friedrich Wilhelm von Normann, was imprisoned as a state prisoner in the Königstein fortress for high treason (for paying homage to the Prussian king) . After the withdrawal of the Saxon troops at the beginning of August, which took part in the advance on Berlin, a division of Prussian Uhlans was able to reoccupy Cottbus on August 22, 1813, and finally win the district back for Prussia. By order of the government in Potsdam Cottbus was again placed under Prussian administration on September 19, 1813. However, this was not yet legally binding under international law. There are two possible dates for this.

In additional articles on the Paris Peace of 30./31. May 1814 a number of peace treaties that Napoleon had dictated were repealed, including the peace of Tilsit. Since the two contracting parties to the Peace of Tilsit, Prussia and France signed this treaty, one could already consider this date as the return of the Cottbus Circle to Prussia, which is binding under international law. However, since the third party involved, namely the Kingdom of Saxony, did not sign the Peace of Paris, most historians have legitimate doubts as to whether it is legally binding. In the more recent works, therefore, mostly the 25th of May 1815 is assumed, on which the provisions of the Congress of Vienna came into force and Lower Lusatia (including the Cottbus district) fell to Prussia under international law.

Associated places

The compilation is based on Friedrich Wilhelm August Bratring in 1809, who describes the situation in 1806. The names of the places have been brought into today's spelling.

Allmosen (1809: village )
Auras (1809: village and estate )
Babow (1809: village and estate )
Bahnsdorf (1809: village and estate, windmill )
Bärenbrück (1809: village )
Bischdorf (1809: village )
Bräsinchen (1809: village )
Brahmow (1809: village and estate )
Branitz (1809: village and estate )
Groß Breesen (1809: village and estate )
Briesen (1809: village and estate )
Brunschwig (1809: on the mountain, Brunschwig in der Gasse, village or suburb of Cottbus )
Brunschwig (1809: Vorwerk or Kolonisten ), risen in Cottbus
Buchholz (1809: village and estate, with three watermills (one watermill is called Schnegel)), devastated, was located west of Greifenhain
Burg (Spreewald) (1809: Burg Dorf, Burg 1st Kauperetablissement, Burg 2nd Kauperetablissement, actually three villages )
Cottbus (1809: Amtssitzvorwerk, with three (official) water mills )
Dahlitz (1809: village )
Diebsdorf (1809: suburb, jug, watermill ), risen in Peitz
Dissen (1809: village and administrative suburb )
Dissenchen (1809: village )
Groß Döbbern (1809: village and estate, watermill, brickworks )
Klein Döbbern (1809: village and estate )
Döbbrick (1809: village )
Domsdorf (1809: village )
Drachhausen (1809: village and administrative district, jug, tar stove )
Drehnow (1809: village )
Drewitz (1809: village )
Drieschnitz (1809: village and estate )
Eichow (1809: village, estate and windmill )
Fehrow (1809: village )
Frauendorf (1809: village, estate and watermill )
Friedrichshof (1809: Amtsvorwerk )
Gablenz (1809: village, estate and watermill )
Groß Gaglow (1809: village and estate, proportionally, other proportion Saxon)
Gahlen (1809: village and estate ) (exclave in the Calauischen district)
Gahry (1809: village, estate and tavern , proportionally, other proportion Saxon)
Gallinchen (1809: village and estate, watermill and brickworks )
Geisendorf (1809: village and estate, two water mills )
Glinzig (1809: village and Vorwerk, watermill (Koselmühle), Vorwerk Fischerhof )
Klein Görigk (1809: village and dairy )
Germersdorf , village and goods, watermill
Gosda (1809: village and estate, watermill )
Grötsch (1809: village )
Guhrow (1809: village and estate )
Haasow (1809: village )
Hänchen (1809: village and estate, brickworks )
Heinersbrück (1809: village and leasehold farm, windmill )
Peitz ironworks (1809: blast furnace and iron hammer (old and new hammer))
Jänschwalde (1809: village and leasehold farm, sub-forestry )
Jessen (1809: village and estate, brickworks, proportionately, other part Saxon, Vorwerk = Pardutz)
Illmersdorf (1809: village and estate )
Kackrow (1809: village )
Kahren (1809: village and estate, brickworks, forestry, Nutzberg (sheep))
Kahsel (1809: village and estate )
Kalkwitz (1809: village and estate ) (exclave in the Calauischen district)
Kathlow (1809: village and estate, watermill, forestry )
Kerkwitz , village, proportionally, other proportion Saxon
Kiekebusch (1809: village )
Klinge (1809: village and estate, windmill, brickyard, forestry )
Kolkwitz (1809: village, forestry )
Koppatz (1809: village )
Komptendorf (1809: village and estate )
Krieschow (1809: field mill, two water mills (one of which is called field mill))
Kunersdorf (1809: village and estate )
Kutzeburger Mühle (1809: watermill ) (in the Cottbus district of Gallinchen)
Laasow , village and estate, windmill, forestry (exclave in the Calauische Kreis)
Lakoma (1809: village and Vorwerk ) (devastated)
Laubsdorf (1809: village and estate )
Leeskow (1809: village and estate )
Leuthen (1809: village and estate )
Groß Lieskow (1809: village, jug )
Klein Lieskow (1809: village ) (devastated)
Lindchen (1809: village and estate )
Lubochow (1809: village and estate, two watermills called Hallungsmühle and Lubuchowmühle )
Madlow (1809: village, cutting and fulling mill of the cloth makers in Cottbus )
Am Maiberge, Dammeister's apartment over the Spreedämme (1809) (today part of the Döbbrick district of Cottbus, street name Maiberg)
Markgrafenmühle (1809: watermill )
Mattendorf (1809: village )
Mouse (1809: village and administrative district, water, grinding and cutting mill )
Merzdorf (1809: village )
Milkersdorf (1809: village and estate )
Müschen (1809: village and estate )
Neuendorf (1809: village, sub-forestry )
Neuhausen (1809: village and estate, watermill, forestry )
Groß Oßnig (1809: village, estate and dairy, brickworks, forestry )
Klein Oßnig (1809: village and estate )
Ostrow (1809: village or suburb of Cottbus ), incorporated into Cottbus
Ottendorf (1809: colony )
Paper mill on the Spree , next to the Markgrafenmühle
Papitz (1809: village and estate )
Peitz (1809: town, ironworks )
Petershain (1809: village, estate and dairy, water and windmill )
Plantation near Peitz, establishment (jn Peitz risen)
Preilack (1809: village )
Raakow (1809: village and estate, two water mills )
Radensdorf (1809: village and estate, brickworks )
Radewiese (1809: colony )
Ranzow (1809: village and estate, watermill )
Reinpusch (1809: Vorwerk, brickworks )
Ressen (1809: village and estate, brickworks, watermill called sandmill )
Roggosen (1809: village and dairy )
Ruben (1809: village )
Saccasne (1809: colony )
Sachsendorf (1809: or prior, colony )
Sandow (1809: village or suburb of Cottbus, six jugs )
Saspow (1809: village )
Skadow (1809: village and estate )
Schlabendorf (1809: village and estate, share, estate and larger part belonged to Saxony)
Schlichow (1809: village and estate )
Schmellwitz (1809: village )
Schmogrow (1809: village. Water, grinding and cutting mill, sub-forestry )
Schönhöhe (1809: colony and leasehold farm, tar furnace )
Schorbus (1809: village and estate, forestry )
Sergen , village and estate, watermill, forestry
Sielow (1809: village and administrative district, sheep farm )
Siewisch (1809: village, only a small part, the rest of Saxony)
Steinitz (1809: village and estate , share, other part Saxon)
Stradow (1809: village and estate, windmill, forestry )
Straussdorf (1809: village and estate, brickworks, windmill ) (devastated)
Striesow (1809: village )
Ströbitz (1809: village, brickworks, peat warehouse )
Tauer (1809: village, two tar ovens, windmill, brewery jug, upper and lower forestry )
Tornow , village and estate, forestry, near Calau, devastated
Tranitz (1809: village, estate and Vorwerk, brickworks, watermill, forestry )
Trebendorf (1809: village and estate, water and windmill )
Turnow (1809: village and administrative center, brickworks )
Advertise (1809: village and five goods, five jugs, small Saxon share )
Wiesendorf (1809: village and estate, brick kiln )
Willmersdorf (1809: village and leasehold farm )
Wintdorf (1809: village and estate )
Wolkenberg (1809: village and estate ) (devastated)
Zahsow (1809: village )

In Cottbusischen county there were three sovereign offices, Office Cottbus , Office Peitz and the Office Sielow , the latter was managed in a personal union with the Office Cottbus.

Governors, elders, war commissioners and district administrators

The lordly duties were initially carried out by the governor, who was primarily responsible for the jurisdiction. In 1633 a war commissioner was appointed, whose duties were taken over in 1642 by four elders elected by the estates. There was also a state director elected by the estates, who in 1702 received the title of district administrator. The representatives of the Cottbus district have not yet been fully identified.

Governors

1585 Friedrich von Birkholz, captain
Anton von Pannwitz
1752 the gentlemen von der Goltze took over the state administration

Country Director

Christian von Pannwitz, State Elder and State Director
Caspar Friedrich von Löben auf Wiesendorf, state director of the Cottbus district, died on May 25, 1671

District administrators

1702 to 1709 Hans Caspar von Klitzing, District Administrator (+ December 26, 1709 or December 25, 1710)
1710, 1711, 1712 Carl Philipp von Klitzing on Briesen and Brahmow
1717 to 1719 District Administrator Adam Jobst von Löben
(1726) to 1749 Heinrich Wilhelm von Pannwitz
1749 to 1760 Julius Ulrich von Bugenhagen, lieutenant colonel, heir to Ruben and Papitz, district administrator and director of the Cottbus district, lives on his Papitz estate
(1758) Friedrich Wilhelm von Vernezobre (1721–1781), was adjunct to District Administrator Julius Ulrich von Buggenhagen in 1758
1760 Friedrich Wilhelm von Vernezobre (1721–1781), district administrator of the Cottbus district.
1767 Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Vernezobre, District Administrator (on Briesen)
(1768) Julius Ernst von Buggenhagen (1736–1806), was elected second or subsidiary district administrator in 1768.
1760 to 1781 Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Vernezobre (1721–1781), district administrator
1781 to 1805 Friedrich Ehrenreich von Muschwitz (1736–1822) in Geisendorf
1805 to 1813 Friedrich Wilhelm von Normann, district administrator
1814 Rittmeister Wilhelm von Pannwitz, on Babow († 1843)
1816 Friedrich Wilhelm von Normann, district administrator

literature

Friedrich Beck , Lieselott Enders , Heinz Braun (with the assistance of Margot Beck, Barbara Merker): Authorities and institutions in the territories of Kurmark, Neumark, Niederlausitz until 1808/1816. Böhlau, Weimar 1964 (= overview of the holdings of the Brandenburg State Main Archive Potsdam , Part 1. Series of publications: Publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archive , Volume 4), ISSN 0435-5946 (pp. 525/6, 532/3)

Friedrich Wilhelm August Bratring: Statistical-topographical description of the entire Mark Brandenburg. Third and last volume. Containing the Neumark Brandenburg. VIII, 390 S., Berlin, Maurer, 1809 AAAAcAAJ & pg = PR1 & dq = # v = onepage & q & f = false Online at Google Books (in the following abbreviated Bratring, Neumark Brandenburg, with corresponding page number)

Carl von Eickstedt: Contributions to a newer land book of the Brandenburg brands: prelates, knights, cities, fiefdoms, or Roßdienst and fiefdom. Creutz, Magdeburg 1840 (hereinafter Eickstedt, land book with corresponding page number)

Christian Carl Gulde: Historical-geographical-state description of the rule Cottbus. Lausitzisches Magazin or collection of various treatises and news, 20 (3): 33–36, (4): 49–52, 69–71, 99–102, 133–137, Görlitz 1787 (hereinafter abbreviated as Gulde, description of the rule Cottbus with corresponding page number)

Götz Freiherr von Houwald: The Niederlausitz manors and their owners. Volume IV District Calau Part I. 653 p., Neustadt an der Aisch 1988, Verlag Degener & Co. ISBN 3-7686-4120-1 (hereinafter abbreviated to Houwald, Rittergüter, Vol. 4/1 Calau with corresponding page number)

Götz Freiherr von Houwald: The Niederlausitz manors and their owners. Volume VII Kottbus District. 278 p., Neustadt an der Aisch 2001, Verlag Degener & Co. ISBN 3-7686-4206-2 (abbreviated below, Houwald, Rittergüter, Vol. 7 Kottbus with corresponding page number)

Rudolf Lehmann: Historical local lexicon for Niederlausitz. Volume 1 Introduction and overviews The districts of Luckau, Lübben and Calau. Hessian State Office for Historical Regional Studies, Marburg, 1979 ISBN 3-921254-96-5

Frank Müller: A traditional company between Brandenburg and Saxony. The Peitz ironworks at the beginning of the 19th century. In: Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Klaus Neitmann, Thomas Brechenmacher: The Lower and Upper Lusatia - Contours of an integration landscape. Volume III: Early 19th Century. Pp. 254–268, Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2014 ISBN 978-3-86732-162-4 (in the following abbreviated to Müller Peitzer Eisenhüttenwerk with corresponding page number)

Individual evidence

^ Bratring, Neumark Brandenburg, Appendix, p. 346.
^ Houwald, Rittergüter, vol. 7 Kottbus, p. 9.
^ Geographical description of the Marggraffschaft Nieder = Lausitz and the neighboring Oerter in Silesia. 68 p., O. O., 1748 Online at Google Books (p. 66)
↑ Address calendar of all royal. Preussis. Countries and provinces (apart from the Berlin residences) and the high and low colleges, institu- tions and expeditions located therein, also have servants who are employed, the same as the magistrates, preachers, universities, etc. Also the place and time of their meeting, along with one double register, both of the colleges and of the servants located therein. To the leap year MDCCLVI (1756). 303 p., Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1756 Online at Sächsische Landesbibliothek Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (p. 97,103).
^ Anton Friedrich Büsching: Earth description: eighth part, which contains the Upper Saxon district. 7th greatly improved and increased edition, Carl Ernst Bohn, Hamburg, 1791. Online at Google Books (p. 588)
^ Müller, Peitzer Eisenhüttenwerk, p. 257.
↑ Carl Nicolai, Johann Christian Ludwig Niemeyer, Johann Friedrich Krueger: Descriptions of the lives of famous and strange people of our time, Volume 5. 548 S., Gottfried Baffe, Quedlinburg & Leipzig, 1823 Online at Google Books (p. 307)
↑ Against the state prisoners detained at the Königstein Fortress, District Administrator von Normann from Cottbus and consorts, a highly recommended investigation because of participation in the insurrection in the Cottbusser Kreis. 1813
^ Müller, Peitzer Eisenhüttenwerk, p. 261.
^ Johann Samuel Klüber: Proof of international law for the ongoing validity of the Westphalian or general religious peace, as it is known as the first basic treaty of Europe and charter magna in German states, Erlangen 1841 online at Google Books
↑ Eickstedt, Landbuch. Pp. 96–99 Online at Google Books
↑ ^a ^b address calendar, the all royal. Prussia. Land and provinces: except for the residences of Berlin, the Kingdom of Prussia and the sovereign Duchy of Silesia; of the high and low colleges, instances and expeditions located therein, the same as the royal ones. Servants, magistrates, universities, preachers ... on the leap year MDCCLII (= 1752). 226 pp. And two unpaginated registers, Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1752 online at the University and State Library of Saxony-Anhalt , pp. 88, 95.
^ Houwald, Rittergüter, Vol. 4/1 Calau, p. 135.
↑ Houwald, Rittergüter, Vol. 7 Kottbus, p. 36.
↑ George Adalbert von Mülverstedt, Ed .: Collection of marriage foundations and personal commemorative letters of the knightly families of the provinces of Saxony, Brandenburg, Pomerania and Prussia . 360 p., Magdeburg 1863 Online at Google Books (p. 331)
↑ ^a ^b Straubel, Biographisches Handbuch, Vol. 1, p. 154 Preview at Google Books
↑ Address calendar of all royal. Prussia. Lands and provinces, apart from the residences of Berlin and the Kingdom of Prussia, of the high and low colleges, institu- tions and expeditions located therein, the same of magistrates, preachers, universities etc. to the year MDCCLXVII (1767). 414 pp., Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin. Online at Sächsische Landesbibliothek State and University Library Dresden (p. 61)
↑ Handbook on the royal Prussian court and state for the year 1796. 330 p., Berlin, George Decker, 1796 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek digital (p. 56)
^ Houwald, Rittergüter, Vol. 7 Kottbus, p. 328.
↑ Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian Government in Frankfurt an der Oder, Official Gazette No.12 of March 20, 1816, p. 107. Online at Google Books

[Bratring1809-1] Bratring, Neumark Brandenburg, Appendix, p. 346.

[Houwald-7-9-2] Houwald, Rittergüter, vol. 7 Kottbus, p. 9.

[Geographische_Beschreibung-3] Geographical description of the Marggraffschaft Nieder = Lausitz and the neighboring Oerter in Silesia. 68 p., O. O., 1748 Online at Google Books (p. 66)

[Adresskalender1756-4] Address calendar of all royal. Preussis. Countries and provinces (apart from the Berlin residences) and the high and low colleges, institu- tions and expeditions located therein, also have servants who are employed, the same as the magistrates, preachers, universities, etc. Also the place and time of their meeting, along with one double register, both of the colleges and of the servants located therein. To the leap year MDCCLVI (1756). 303 p., Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1756 Online at Sächsische Landesbibliothek Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (p. 97,103).

[Erdbeschreibung-5] Anton Friedrich Büsching: Earth description: eighth part, which contains the Upper Saxon district. 7th greatly improved and increased edition, Carl Ernst Bohn, Hamburg, 1791. Online at Google Books (p. 588)

[Müller2014-257-6] Müller, Peitzer Eisenhüttenwerk, p. 257.

[Lebensbeschreibungen-7] Carl Nicolai, Johann Christian Ludwig Niemeyer, Johann Friedrich Krueger: Descriptions of the lives of famous and strange people of our time, Volume 5. 548 S., Gottfried Baffe, Quedlinburg & Leipzig, 1823 Online at Google Books (p. 307)

[Archivwesen-Normann-8] Against the state prisoners detained at the Königstein Fortress, District Administrator von Normann from Cottbus and consorts, a highly recommended investigation because of participation in the insurrection in the Cottbusser Kreis. 1813

[Müller2014-261-9] Müller, Peitzer Eisenhüttenwerk, p. 261.

[Klüber-28-10] Johann Samuel Klüber: Proof of international law for the ongoing validity of the Westphalian or general religious peace, as it is known as the first basic treaty of Europe and charter magna in German states, Erlangen 1841 online at Google Books

[Eickstedt-97-11] Eickstedt, Landbuch. Pp. 96–99 Online at Google Books

[Adresskalender1752-12] ress calendar, the all royal. Prussia. Land and provinces: except for the residences of Berlin, the Kingdom of Prussia and the sovereign Duchy of Silesia; of the high and low colleges, instances and expeditions located therein, the same as the royal ones. Servants, magistrates, universities, preachers ... on the leap year MDCCLII (= 1752). 226 pp. And two unpaginated registers, Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1752 online at the University and State Library of Saxony-Anhalt , pp. 88, 95.

[Houwald-4-1-135-13] Houwald, Rittergüter, Vol. 4/1 Calau, p. 135.

[Houwald-7-36-14] Houwald, Rittergüter, Vol. 7 Kottbus, p. 36.

[Mülverstedt-331-15] George Adalbert von Mülverstedt, Ed .: Collection of marriage foundations and personal commemorative letters of the knightly families of the provinces of Saxony, Brandenburg, Pomerania and Prussia . 360 p., Magdeburg 1863 Online at Google Books (p. 331)

[Straubel-154-16] Straubel, Biographisches Handbuch, Vol. 1, p. 154 Preview at Google Books

[Adresskalender1767-17] Address calendar of all royal. Prussia. Lands and provinces, apart from the residences of Berlin and the Kingdom of Prussia, of the high and low colleges, institu- tions and expeditions located therein, the same of magistrates, preachers, universities etc. to the year MDCCLXVII (1767). 414 pp., Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin. Online at Sächsische Landesbibliothek State and University Library Dresden (p. 61)

[Handbuch1796-18] Handbook on the royal Prussian court and state for the year 1796. 330 p., Berlin, George Decker, 1796 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek digital (p. 56)

[Houwald-7-328-19] Houwald, Rittergüter, Vol. 7 Kottbus, p. 328.

[Amtsblatt1816-20] Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian Government in Frankfurt an der Oder, Official Gazette No.12 of March 20, 1816, p. 107. Online at Google Books