Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist

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Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist during the Munich Security Conference (2009)

Ewald-Heinrich Hermann Konrad Oskar Ulrich Wolf Alfred von Kleist-Schmenzin (born July 10, 1922 at Gut Schmenzin , Pomerania ; † March 8, 2013 in Prien am Chiemsee ) was a German officer in the Wehrmacht (first lieutenant ) and resistance fighter of July 20 1944 . After the Second World War he appeared as a publisher and editor and, from 1963 to 1998, as the initiator of the Wehrkundetagung , which today operates under the name of the Munich Security Conference . He has been honored internationally for his legacy.

Life

Pomeranian origin

Schmenzin manor, birthplace of Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist

On his father's side, Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist comes from an old Prussian aristocratic family ; one of his direct ancestors is District Administrator Otto Bogislaff von Kleist (great, great, great-grandfather). His maternal grandfather was the German national politician Oskar von der Osten-Warnitz . Kleist (junior) was the oldest of the six children of Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin (1890–1945), lawyer and politician ( DNVP ), from his first marriage to Anna von der Osten (1900–1937) and was on the parental estate of Schmenzin Born in Belgard , a district in the Pomeranian administrative district of Köslin . His father married a daughter of Major General Horst Kuhlwein von Rathenow in 1938 and had two other children.

Kleist (senior) met resistance fighter Hans Oster , an officer in the Defense Department of the Reichswehr Ministry , in Schmenzin early on and traveled to England on behalf of the German military to establish relationships there. On 21 July 1944 he was a resistance fighter and provided as a Political Officer for Pomerania, in Schmenzin in " guilt by association taken" and after the death sentence was executed in February 1945 before the People's Court in April 1945th Before that, he probably met Kleist (junior) for the last time in the Lehrter Strasse cell prison .

Since Kleist juniors parents did not want to take lessons from a private tutor him, he attended from 1936 to 1940 that of the education reformers Kurt Hahn founded boarding Birklehof at Freiburg . After graduating from high school , he began an apprenticeship in agriculture in Pomerania in order to be able to take over his parents' business at Gut Schmenzin in the future.

Officer training in Potsdam and the Eastern Front

On August 1, 1941, he volunteered for political reasons as an officer candidate ( Fahnenjunker ) in the Infantry Regiment 9 of the Wehrmacht in Potsdam near Berlin, where many (later) resistance fighters did their service (including Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg , whose "protégé" was Kleist, as well as Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst , Hans Karl Fritzsche , Ludwig Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equord , Friedrich Karl Klausing , Georg-Sigismund von Oppen and Henning von Tresckow ) and which tended to be democratic-conservative was true. Regardless of this, as required from 1934, he was sworn in on the Führer .

On December 1, 1942, he was promoted to lieutenant (later to first lieutenant ). Kleist served as a company commander on the Eastern Front (according to his own statements on Lake Ladoga , see also Ladoga battles off Leningrad ), where he was wounded in July 1943. As a consequence, he was transferred to Infantry Replacement Battalion 9 in Potsdam in December 1943.

Resistance to National Socialism

Conspiracy and assassination plans

In the garrison town of Potsdam he integrated himself into the “social-conspiratorial network of the national-conservative opponents of Hitler”. He was one of the guests of the families of Colonel a. D. Baron von Schilling (statement by Schilling's daughter) and von Oppen in Potsdam and at Neuhardenberg Castle (statement by Kleist) of Count Hardenberg east of Berlin. In the spring of 1944 he, Schulenburg and Fritzsche attended the trial (chaired by Crohne ) against the Potsdam publisher and bookseller August Bonneß before the People's Court in Berlin, from which Kleist, according to his own statements, learned never to confess.

From 1943 he was part of the circle of military conspirators. Above all, alongside officers Axel von dem Bussche and Eberhard von Breitenbuch , he was one of the staunch opponents of Hitler who were "ready to lose their own lives (in an assassination attempt)". For Schulenburg he initially collected information about reliable officers to be involved in the coup. Captain von dem Bussche, who was seriously wounded on the Eastern Front in January 1944 and thus retired as an assassin, was still working with the battalion adjutant Oberleutnant Helmut von Gottberg on stick grenades , the remains of which Gottberg and Kleist threw from the Glienicke Bridge into the Havel. In January 1944 Schulenburg approached the infantry lieutenant in the shared apartment in Potsdam to recruit him for an assassination attempt against Hitler , after which an interview with Lieutenant Colonel i. G. Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg , Chief of Staff of the General Army Office . As before with von dem Bussche, an assassination attempt against Hitler during a uniform demonstration was planned. Kleist asked for 24 hours to think about it so that he could speak to his father in Schmenzin before deciding on a suicide bombing . He said that he could not evade Stauffenberg's concern: “Yes, you have to do that. If you fail at such a moment, you will never be happy again. ”Kleist consented to Stauffenberg, but the planned assassination attempt with hand grenades tied around the stomach did not take place because the demonstration date with new uniforms was canceled in February 1944 (the old ones burned after an Allied air raid on Berlin in a railroad car). On the 11th, at Schulenburg's request, he was ready with Widany and Oppen in the office of the Quartermaster General , General of the Artillery Eduard Wagner , on Prinz-Heinrich-Strasse in Berlin. On July 15, 1944 (Stauffenberg had the explosives with him, but the attack was postponed because Himmler was not present) he waited again, this time with Hammerstein-Equord and Oppen, in Prinz-Heinrich-Straße .

On the day of the assassination attempt against Hitler on July 20, 1944 , of which he had already found out on July 18, he waited at 1:00 p.m. with the younger officers of Oppen, Fritzsche and Hammerstein-Equord at the Berlin Hotel Esplanade on Potsdamer Platz on news and then acted in the General Army Office of the High Command of the Army (" Bendler Block ") as a kind of "reserve orderly". At around 4:30 p.m. he heard personally from Stauffenberg that Hitler was dead. Then he was present at the arrest of Colonel General Friedrich Fromm , the commander of the replacement army, to whom he and Lieutenant Werner von Haeften held the loaded pistol in front of him. He also arrested General Joachim von Kortzfleisch , Wehrmacht commander of Berlin, together with a sergeant. He also took part in the afternoon together with Hammerstein-Equord in the disarming of SS-Oberführer Humbert Achamer-Pifrader , who had arrived . General Friedrich Olbricht , who had previously triggered the Valkyrie plan , commissioned Kleist at 6:00 p.m. to take a tour of the government district to report on the disarmament (such as the " Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler ") by the guard battalion. Kleist then reported the initially positive progress. During the night, after he had been deployed by Olbricht at the city command (under Lieutenant General Paul von Hase ) and the police headquarters (under SS-Obergruppenführer Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorff ) from 9:30 p.m. to generate strength, he was in Bendlerstrasse fixed. Kleist tried to escape twice in vain. As a prisoner, after midnight, he briefly met SS-Sturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny , who had penetrated the Bendler block with an SS unit and had ended the attempted coup.

Imprisonment in concentration camps and escape to Italy

He was then taken to the Berlin Gestapo headquarters on Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse , where he was interrogated several times. This was followed by interrogations in the Lehrter Strasse cell prison . On July 21, 1944, he was taken to the Drögen Security Police School near Fürstenberg with Ulrich Wilhelm Graf Schwerin von Schwanenfeld and Fritz von der Lancken ; there were “intensified” interrogations by a special commission. This was followed by temporary accommodation with the Counts Schwerin and Wartenburg in the neighboring Ravensbrück concentration camp (for approx. 4 months), where Helmuth James Count von Moltke was one of the inmates. However, in contrast to his father, Kleist succeeded in covering up the activities in the resistance by depicting his seizure as "coincidence". An investigation because of high - and treason against him and Fritzsche and Oppen was amended by in December 1944 senior prosecutor at the People's Court, Emil Brettle , for lack of evidence set . At the Berlin prison in Tegel , Kleist was told that he had safe conduct but that he had to report to the Wehrmacht.

Before that, in September, he was apparently expelled from the Wehrmacht . The befriended Lieutenant Colonel i. G. Victor von Schweinitz , Third General Staff Officer of Army Group C in Northern Italy , issued forged papers to Kleist (and Oppen), supported by a colonel in the personnel administration of the Army Group. Schweinitz was intellectually close to the resistance without having listened to it. Kleist received two marching orders (to Genoa and to the Tyrrhenian Sea ), with which he was able to keep himself in constant motion in this region. In May 1945 he was taken prisoner by the fortress brigade 135 in the United States . The Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the US military intelligence service, tried to win him over for propaganda purposes in Genoa, which Kleist refused. In July 1945, after a period of reflection at Lake Nemisee, he was released towards Upper Bavaria ; although not caught up in the ideology of the National Socialists, he received a so-called “ clean bill of health ”.

Memories of July 20th

In the 1950s, Kleist joined a copyright community founded by lawyer Otto Joseph , who specializes in film and copyright law, to protect the personal rights of the survivors and relatives of the resistance.

He took over historical advice for the semi-documentary feature film Es Happened on July 20 (1954) by Georg Wilhelm Pabst . He refused advice on the film Operation Walküre - The Stauffenberg Assassination by Bryan Singer (USA / D 2008) - with Tom Cruise as Stauffenberg - requested by the producers ; he is not mentioned by name in the film. He was repeatedly available to international film and television productions as an interview and discussion partner.

To the military parade on the occasion of the French national holiday on July 14, 1994, he accompanied the politicians Manfred Rommel (CDU), son of Field Marshal General Erwin Rommel , and Klaus von Dohnanyi (SPD), son of the diplomat and resistance fighter Hans von Dohnanyi , the German Chancellor Helmut Kohl to Paris at the invitation of French President François Mitterrand and took his place in the official gallery. For the first time since 1945, German units of the Eurocorps stationed in Strasbourg took part in the parade on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées .

On July 19, 1998 he gave the lecture A Question of Conscience and Morality in the Henning von Tresckow barracks in Potsdam. After the death of the resistance fighter Philipp Freiherr von Boeselager (2008), Kleist was the last living co-conspirator from the Stauffenberg circle, on whose 100th birthday he was one on November 15, 2007 at the central ceremony in the St. Matthew Church in Berlin Speech made. On July 20, 2010, he spoke in front of 2,800 invited guests and to the 420 recruits who took part in a solemn pledge in front of the Berlin Reichstag and reminded them of the Hitler assassination attempt on July 20, 1944. He thanked the Bundeswehr for the confession, "That freedom and justice deserve special state protection and, if it matters, want to be defended, and if necessary must be". The 65 years of peace in Europe are unique.

Post-war period and publishing

Legal publisher in Berlin

After the Second World War he was initially housed in the house of the family of the executed resistance fighter Ulrich von Hassell in Ebenhausen near Munich. Like the resistance fighter von Oppen, he began studying law and state economics at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich in the winter semester of 1945/46 , which he did not, however, finish. He then completed a commercial apprenticeship and became a partner and authorized signatory in a trading company specializing in medical instruments.

According to his own statements, during his law studies he recognized the need for legal literature for students. Until 1974 he was therefore active in this field as an independent publisher : Ewald von Kleist Verlag in Berlin-Charlottenburg (corner of Kurfürstendamm ).

Military editor in Munich

In 1952 he was a co-founder (together with, among others, former military personnel from the Wehrmacht and SS such as Vollrath von Hellermann , Eberhard Graf von Nostitz , Felix Steiner , Heinrich Detloff von Kalben , Joachim Ruoff and Franz Riedweg ) and from 1952 to 1954 a member of the board of the Gesellschaft für Wehrkunde (GfW) in Munich, which campaigned for German integration into the West and rearmament in the spirit of Adenauer . Today it bears the name Society for Security Policy (GSP).

In 1954 he was the founder of the Europäische Wehrkunde GmbH publishing house in Munich's old town , of which he became the sole partner . He also founded the military journal Wehrkunde (later European Wehrkunde ), which then appeared there (until 1990) in 1951 ; later it was transferred to the publisher ES Mittler & Sohn . The magazine advanced to become the most important German-language security policy publication organ and now operates under the name Europäische Sicherheit & Technik (ES&T).

Kleist also worked in the mid-1950s in the personnel appraisal committee , which examined applicants for officer positions with.

Volunteering

Together with Major a. D. Georg von Gaupp-Berghausen , Secretary General of the Occidental Academy and head of the Neues Abendland publishing house , and CDU politician Alois Graf von Waldburg-Zeil , he founded the Club Palais Preysing (CPP) in Munich, which is the association of the European Institute for Political, Economic and social issues from Bad Godesberg and the Occidental Academy from Munich / Eichstätt provided premises. Until the end of the 1960s, Kleist was associated with the European Documentation and Information Center (CEDI), of which he was a member of the international advisory board. This informal association of European conservatives stood for the Western idea ; the Paneuropean Union is the successor .

Like his ancestors, he was also involved in the Protestant Order of St. John , for which he was repeatedly honored.

Defense education

Founder of the Munich Security Conference

Wehrkunde Conference (1964), pictured u. a. Zbigniew Brzeziński (left) and Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist and Franz Josef Strauss (center)
Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist (left) in conversation with Defense Minister Franz Josef Jung at the Munich Security Conference (2009)

In 1962, under the influence of the Cuban Missile Crisis , he founded the Munich Defense Conference . In November / December 1963 the first international military science meeting took place. After the end of the Cold War , the military history conference was renamed the Munich Conference for Security Policy (MSK). Kleist, who moderated it until 1998, also managed to win high-ranking national guests such as Franz Josef Strauss and Helmut Schmidt and international guests such as Henry Kissinger through British and transatlantic friendships . Official collaborations in the form of receptions exist with the Bavarian State Government and the Mayor of Munich . Defense ministers (since the 1970s) and Federal Chancellors (since the 1980s) as well as heads of state and government and representatives of international organizations (since the 2000s) regularly attend the Congress . Functionaries of the Green Party, because they were pacifist , were not invited during Kleist's term of office and only found access under his successors (including Joschka Fischer ). The international conference, now known as the Munich Security Conference (MSC), is now regarded as one of the most important foreign and security policy discussion platforms in Europe. It is considered a model for the Society for Political-Strategic Studies (STRATEG) founded in 1968 by Gaupp-Berghausen in Vienna . The MSC takes place annually, with the exception of 1991 ( Second Gulf War ) and 1997 (Kleist's farewell, which he announced in 1996). Over time, the luxury hotel Bayerischer Hof has established itself as an event location in Munich's old town. Kleist's successor (1999) was the economic manager and Kohl consultant Horst Teltschik , who in turn was succeeded by the diplomat Wolfgang Ischinger (2008).

Appreciation of his life's work

Ewald von Kleist Prize

The Ewald von Kleist Prize of the Munich Security Conference, which was awarded for the first time in 2009, is named after Kleist. It is intended to honor people “who have worked in a special way for peace and conflict resolution ”. When the former US Secretary of State Kissinger received the award (2009), Kleist himself was the laudator, until shortly before his death he and Ischinger presented the award in a festive setting under the motto “Peace through Dialogue” in the Munich Residence .

Further references

After his death in 2013, he was recognized worldwide (including The Economist , El País , Financial Times , The Guardian , Le Figaro , Haaretz , The Independent , The New York Times , Neue Zürcher Zeitung , Time , The Times , The Washington Post and Die Weltwoche ) honored in obituaries . In the Süddeutsche Zeitung, the journalist Tobias Kniebe remembered Kleist as an "unswerving humanist ". The US Ambassador Philip D. Murphy attested Kleist, who with the MSC had made a significant contribution to the transatlantic partnership, an “absolute moral ” as a resistance fighter in Merkur in Munich , he was a hero and a role model for future generations. The Zeit editor Josef Joffe called him “a man of the highest intelligence and the finest irony, of unobtrusive wisdom and dry witticism”. He had "shied away from the aura of the resistance fighter [...]" and "had character".

In March 2013, a previously unnamed quarter , located in the "Altkönigblick" quarter in district 12 ( Frankfurt-Riedberg ), was named after Kleist after a unanimous decision by the local advisory board (consisting of CDU, Greens, SPD, FDP and free voters): Ewald- Heinrich-von Kleist-Platz . The development, which was awarded in 2014, was completed in 2015.

For the 50th anniversary of the Munich Security Conference (2014), Ischinger presented the anniversary volume Towards Mutual Security. Fifty Years of Mutual Security (with anniversary wishes from Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel , US Vice President Joe Biden and Economic Manager Wolfgang Reitzle ). In it Kleist u. a. honored by US Senator John McCain , who called him a friend. Joffe underlined Kleist's close professional and personal relationship with the United States . Peter C. Hughes and Theresa M. Sandwith, both friends of Kleist, called him a "German patriot " and transatlantic.

family

Kleist married the daughter of a former officer and lawyer in 1960. The couple has two children and lived in the Harlaching villa district in Munich . His son-in-law is the French photographer and racing driver Ferdinand de Lesseps (* 1957), a great-grandson of the Suez Canal builder . Kleist died in 2013 in his house on Chiemsee and was buried in close family circles. He was related by marriage to the Swiss artist Karl Hausherr (* 1922) and the Spanish diplomat Rodolfo Gijón Belmonte (* 1924).

He was a passionate hunter all his life and hunted regularly in the US state of Alaska .

Speech by Ewald von Kleist

Awards

Other orders and decorations:

Cinematic reception

In the historical film Stauffenberg (D / A 2004) by Jo Baier , he is played by Sebastian Rüger ("Oberleutnant von Kleist").

Interviews on military resistance:

See also

literature

Biographical

  • Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist , In: Internationales Biographisches Archiv 28/2013 from July 9, 2013, in the Munzinger archive ( beginning of article freely available)
  • Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the Military History Research Office and the Potsdam Museum . Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, ISBN 3-7930-0697-2 , p. 79 ff. ("Profiles in Resistance")
  • David T. Zabecki : Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald-Heinrich von . In the S. (Ed.): Germany at War. 400 Years of Military History . With a foreword by Dennis Showalter , ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara 2014, ISBN 978-1-59884-980-6 , p. 704.

Memories and appreciations

Festschrift for the Munich Security Conference:

  • John McCain : Remembering Ewald von Kleist . Pp. 45-48.
  • Peter C. Hughes, Theresa M. Sandwith: Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist. The man behind military science . Pp. 49-78.
  • William S. Cohen : Little Patience for Frivolous Speeches - A Personal Remembrance of Wehrkunde and Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist . Pp. 367-370.

Interviews

Web links

Commons : Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Speeches on resistance:

More obituaries (online):

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Bodo Scheurig :  Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 12, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1980, ISBN 3-428-00193-1 , p. 29 f. ( Digitized version ).
  2. ↑ a b c d Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the Military History Research Office and the Potsdam Museum . Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, ISBN 3-7930-0697-2 , p. 81.
  3. ^ A b Antje Vollmer , Lars-Broder Keil : Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist (1922–2013) on his participation in the resistance against Hitler "Death was a big issue" . In: Ders .: Stauffenberg's companions [electronic resource]. The fate of the unknown conspirators . Hanser Berlin, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-446-24281-4 , o. P.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the Military History Research Office and the Potsdam Museum . Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, ISBN 3-7930-0697-2 , p. 79.
  5. ^ Mario Niemann : July 20, 1944 in Mecklenburg and Pomerania . In: Hans Coppi junior u. a. Resistance to the Nazi regime in the regions of Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania (= series of contributions to the history of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . No. 12). 2nd edition, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung , Landesbüro Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin 2005, ISBN 3-89892-399-1 , pp. 90-102, here: p. 97; Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, Coup, Assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 398.
  6. ↑ See register: Peter Hoffmann : Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 707; Bernhard R. Kroener : Colonel General Fritz Fromm and the German resistance. Approaching a controversial personality . In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945. Accompanying volume for the traveling exhibition of the Military History Research Office . On behalf of the Military History Research Office , 5th completely revised and expanded edition, Mittler, Hamburg u. a. 2000, ISBN 3-8132-0708-0 , pp. 411-431, here: 422; Horst Mühleisen : Hellmuth Stieff and the German resistance . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 39 (1991) 3, pp. 339–377, here: p. 356; Bodo Scheurig : Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin. A conservative against Hitler. Biography . Propylaea, Berlin a. a. 1994, ISBN 3-549-05324-X , p. 184; Mario Niemann : July 20, 1944 in Mecklenburg and Pomerania . In: Hans Coppi junior u. a. Resistance to the Nazi regime in the regions of Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania (= series of contributions to the history of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . No. 12). 2nd edition, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung , Landesbüro Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin 2005, ISBN 3-89892-399-1 , pp. 90-102, here: p. 97; Ulrich Schlie : "Long live holy Germany". A day in the life of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. A biographical portrait . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau a. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-451-29875-2 , p. 22; Wolfgang Schieder : Fascist dictatorships. Studies on Italy and Germany . Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-8353-0358-4 , p. 296; Guido Knopp : The end of 1945 (= the damned war ). Bertelsmann, Munich 1995, p. 92.
  7. ↑ Ralf Neukirch, Martin Doerry : Spiegel talk. I think fear is very sensible . In: Der Spiegel , 9/2011, February 28, 2011, pp. 42–44, here: p. 44.
  8. ↑ Gerd Schmückle : Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist . In: Europäische Wehrkunde 37 (1988) 3, p. 126.
  9. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the Military History Research Office and the Potsdam Museum . Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, ISBN 3-7930-0697-2 , p. 48.
  10. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the Military History Research Office and the Potsdam Museum . Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, ISBN 3-7930-0697-2 , p. 52.
  11. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the Military History Research Office and the Potsdam Museum . Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, p. 53.
  12. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the Military History Research Office and the Potsdam Museum . Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, ISBN 3-7930-0697-2 , p. 61.
  13. ↑ a b c d e Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the Military History Research Office and the Potsdam Museum . Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, ISBN 3-7930-0697-2 , p. 80.
  14. ↑ Peter Hoffmann : The military resistance in the second half of the war 1942 to 1944/45 . In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945. Accompanying volume for the traveling exhibition of the Military History Research Office . On behalf of the Military History Research Office , 5th completely revised and expanded edition, Mittler, Hamburg u. a. 2000, ISBN 3-8132-0708-0 , pp. 223-247, here: p. 243.
  15. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the Military History Research Office and the Potsdam Museum . Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, ISBN 3-7930-0697-2 , p. 69; Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, Coup, Assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 403.
  16. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 401.
  17. ↑ Bodo Scheurig : Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin. A conservative against Hitler. Biography . Propylaea, Berlin a. a. 1994, ISBN 3-549-05324-X , p. 184.
  18. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 402.
  19. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, coup d'état, assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 470.
  20. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, coup d'état, assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 477.
  21. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, coup d'état, assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 482.
  22. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, coup d'état, assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 522.
  23. ↑ Ulrich Schlie : "Long live holy Germany". A day in the life of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. A biographical portrait . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau a. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-451-29875-2 , p. 22.
  24. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 459.
  25. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 460 f.
  26. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, coup d'état, assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 524.
  27. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, coup d'état, assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 523.
  28. ^ A b c Peter Hoffmann : Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 469.
  29. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, coup d'état, assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 611.
  30. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, coup d'état, assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 625.
  31. ↑ a b c d e f g Michael Stürmer : The last one from July 20. Ewald von Kleist was one of the conspirators around Colonel Stauffenberg. That he survived still amazes him today. An encounter . In: Die Welt , July 19, 2010, No. 165, p. 8.
  32. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, coup d'état, assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 627.
  33. ↑ Johannes Tuchel : "... and the rope was waiting for all of them". The cell prison Lehrter Straße 3 after July 20, 1944 (= writings of the German Resistance Memorial Center . Series A: Analyzes and Representations . Vol. 7). Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-86732-178-5 , p. 63.
  34. ^ Günter Brakelmann : Peter Yorck von Wartenburg, 1904–1944. A biography . Beck, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63019-4 , p. 270.
  35. ↑ Guido Knopp : You wanted to kill Hitler . Bertelsmann, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-570-00664-6 , p. 275.
  36. ^ A b Peter C. Hughes, Theresa M. Sandwith: Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist. The man behind military science . In: Wolfgang Ischinger (Ed.): Towards Mutual Security. Fifty Years of Mutual Security . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen u. a. 2014, ISBN 978-3-525-30054-1 , pp. 49-78, here: p. 51.
  37. ↑ David Childs : Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist: Last known survivor of the 1944 plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler . In: The Independent , March 16, 2013, p. 42.
  38. ↑ See list of persons: Helmuth James Graf von Moltke , Freya von Moltke : Farewell letters, Tegel prison. September 1944 - January 1945 . Edited by Helmuth Caspar von Moltke and Ulrike von Moltke, Beck, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-61375-3 , p. 594.
  39. ^ Peter Hoffmann : Resistance, coup d'état, assassination. The fight of the opposition against Hitler (= Piper . 418). 4th, newly revised and supplemented edition, new edition, Piper, Munich a. a. 1985, ISBN 3-492-00718-X , p. 834.
  40. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the Military History Research Office and the Potsdam Museum . Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, ISBN 3-7930-0697-2 , p. 38 ff.
  41. ↑ Duel of the producers . In: Der Spiegel . June 1, 1955, p. 39 ( spiegel.de [accessed July 29, 2019]).
  42. ↑ Thomas Schuler : Yes, You Have To Do It . Ewald Heinrich von Kleist: the last surviving plotter ( memento from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). In: The Atlantic Times , February 2009.
  43. ↑ Peter C. Hughes, Theresa M. Sandwith: Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist. The man behind military science . In: Wolfgang Ischinger (Ed.): Towards Mutual Security. Fifty Years of Mutual Security . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen u. a. 2014, ISBN 978-3-525-30054-1 , pp. 49-78, here: p. 67.
  44. ↑ Edith Heller: The "other Germany" receives a place. Correspondents of the Tagesspiegel report on the response to July 20th in neighboring countries. In: Der Tagesspiegel , No. 14979, July 23, 1994.
  45. ^ A b c Peter C. Hughes, Theresa M. Sandwith: Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist. The man behind military science . In: Wolfgang Ischinger (Ed.): Towards Mutual Security. Fifty Years of Mutual Security . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen u. a. 2014, ISBN 978-3-525-30054-1 , pp. 49-78, here: p. 68.
  46. ↑ a b Lars-Broder Keil , Antje Vollmer : He was ready to kill Hitler . In: Welt am Sonntag , March 17, 2013, issue 11, p. 6.
  47. ↑ Jörn Hasselmann, Alina Stiegler, Sidney Gennies: Standing at attention in the heat . In: Der Tagesspiegel , No. 20682, July 21, 2010, p. 7.
  48. ^ University of Munich. Student Directory. Winter semester 1945/46 (semester A 1946). As of June 1946. Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich 1946, p. 48; University of Munich. Student Directory. Summer semester 1946 (semester B 1946). As of June 1946. Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich 1946, p. 57.
  49. ^ A b Peter C. Hughes, Theresa M. Sandwith: Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist. The man behind military science . In: Wolfgang Ischinger (Ed.): Towards Mutual Security. Fifty Years of Mutual Security . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen u. a. 2014, ISBN 978-3-525-30054-1 , pp. 49-78, here: p. 71.
  50. ^ A b c Johannes Grossmann : The International of Conservatives. Transnational elite circles and private foreign policy in Western Europe since 1945 (= Studies on International History . Vol. 35). De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-76507-6 , p. 281.
  51. ↑ a b c Wolfgang Fechner: Persistence and openness. Ewald Heinrich von Kleist on his 70th birthday . In: Europäische Sicherheit 46 (1997) 8, p. 4.
  52. ↑ Johannes Großmann : The International of Conservatives. Transnational elite circles and private foreign policy in Western Europe since 1945 (= Studies on International History . Vol. 35). De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-486-76507-6 , p. 186.
  53. ↑ Vanessa Conze: The Europe of the Germans. Ideas of Europe in Germany between imperial tradition and western orientation (1920–1970) (= studies on contemporary history . Vol. 69). Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57757-3 , p. 178.
  54. ↑ Tobias Kniebe : Whoever fails here… . In: Sueddeutsche Zeitung , July 10, 2012, p. 11.
  55. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Tobias Greiff : Munich Security Conference. In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria . August 12, 2015, accessed September 22, 2015 .
  56. ↑ Peter C. Hughes, Theresa M. Sandwith: Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist. The man behind military science . In: Wolfgang Ischinger (Ed.): Towards Mutual Security. Fifty Years of Mutual Security . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen u. a. 2014, ISBN 978-3-525-30054-1 , pp. 49-78, here: p. 54.
  57. ↑ Tobias Bunde: Transatlantic Collective Identity in a Nutshell. Debating Security Policy at the Munich Security Conference (2002–2014) . Transworld, Working Paper 45, October 2014, p. 6.
  58. ↑ AP, Ofer Aderet: Last Survivor of Plot to Kill Hitler Dies at 90 . In: Haaretz , March 13, 2013; Jacinto Antón : Ewald von Kleist, último de la Operación Valkiria . In: El País , March 17, 2015, p. 50; David Charter: Last member of anti-Adolf Hitler bomb plot dies . In: The Times , March 13, 2013; David Childs : Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist: Last known survivor of the 1944 plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler . In: The Independent , March 16, 2013, p. 42; Josef Joffe : A hero. Ewald von Kleist - from July 20 as a model for the republic . In: Die Zeit , March 21, 2013, No. 13, p. 14; Ollie John: Last Survivor of “Operation Valkyrie,” a Hitler Assassination Plot, Dies at 90 . In: Time , March 13, 2013; Johannes Leithäuser: E.-H. von Kleist died . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 14, 2013, No. 62, p. 5; Lars-Broder Keil , Antje Vollmer : He was ready to kill Hitler . In: Welt am Sonntag , March 17, 2013, issue 11, p. 6; Tobias Kniebe : Undeterred humanist: Resistance fighter Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist died at the age of 90 . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , March 13, 2013, p. 5; Emily Langer: Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist, conspirator in plot to kill Hitler, dies . In: The Washington Post , March 12, 2013; Quentin Peel: Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist, plotter against Hitler . In: Financial Times , March 15, 2013; Ulrich Schlie : Obituary: Ewald von Kleist . In: Die Weltwoche , March 21, 2013, issue 12, p. 13; Jean-Louis Thiériot : Ewald von Kleist, le dernier des justes . In: Le Figaro , March 16, 2013, No. 21342, p. 2; Dan van der Vat : Obituary: Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist: One of the German officers who plotted to assassinate Adolf Hitler in July 1944 . In: The Guardian , March 14, 2013, p. 36; William Yardley: Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist, Anti-Hitler Plotter, Dies at 90 . In: The New York Times , March 12, 2013, p. 17; Foreign authors: A life for peace in security. On the death of Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , March 15, 2013, No. 62, p. 5; Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist . In: The Economist , March 23, 2013; Died. Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist . In: Der Spiegel , 12/2013, March 18, 2013, p. 154.
  59. ↑ Tobias Kniebe : Unwavering humanist: Resistance fighter Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist died at the age of 90 . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , March 13, 2013, p. 5.
  60. ↑ Philip D. Murphy : To the death of Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist . In: Münchner Merkur , March 16, 2013. (also published on: blogs.usembassy.gov, March 18, 2013, online ( Memento from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ).)
  61. ↑ Josef Joffe : A hero. Ewald von Kleist - from July 20 as a model for the republic . In: Die Zeit , March 21, 2013, No. 13, p. 14.
  62. ↑ See consultation results of the 19th meeting of OBR 12 on March 15, 2013, TO I, Item 6 .
  63. ↑ August 2014 - “Ewald-Heinrich-von Kleist-Platz” quarter square in the Altkönigblick quarter, Frankfurt am Main ( Memento from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). wettbewerbe-aktuell.de , accessed on September 24, 2015.
  64. ↑ ses: Two new places for the Riedberg . In: Frankfurter Neue Presse , March 25, 2014, p. 7.
  65. ↑ John McCain : Remembering Ewald von Kleist . In: Wolfgang Ischinger (Ed.): Towards Mutual Security. Fifty Years of Mutual Security . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen u. a. 2014, ISBN 978-3-525-30054-1 , pp. 45-48, here: p. 48.
  66. ^ A b Josef Joffe : Fasching, Family Reunions and Hard Power. The Munich Security Conference, the Alliance, and International Security - A Very Personal Remembrance . In: Wolfgang Ischinger (Ed.): Towards Mutual Security. Fifty Years of Mutual Security . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen u. a. 2014, ISBN 978-3-525-30054-1 , pp. 403-408, here: p. 405.
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  73. ↑ UP: The most beautiful order for 62 men and 18 women . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , July 13, 1995, p. 47.
  74. ^ Karl Feldmeyer : Manfred Wörner Medal for Ewald von Kleist . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , October 17, 1997, p. 4.
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personal data
SURNAME Kleist, Ewald-Heinrich von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald-Heinrich Hermann Konrad Oskar Ulrich Wolf Alfred von (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German officer of the Wehrmacht, resistance fighter and publisher
DATE OF BIRTH July 10, 1922
PLACE OF BIRTH Schmenzin , Pomerania Province
DATE OF DEATH March 8, 2013
Place of death Munich