List of heads of state 1491

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Africa

Adal
- Sultan: Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din (1488-1518)

( Abdalwadiden ) (in what is now western Algeria, capital Tlemcen )
- Sultan : Abu Abdallah Muhammad VII (1469–1504)

Egypt ( Burjiyya dynasty )
- Sultan : Qaid Bay (1468-1496)

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Constantine II (1478–1494)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Ali Gazi (1465–1497)

Ifriqiya (East Algeria, Tunisia) ( Hafsiden )
- Caliph : Zakariyah II. (1488-1493)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Burayma Kuran Kan (1488–1492)

Kano
- Emir: Muhammad Rumfa (1463-1499)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Nzinga á Nkuwu (João I) (1470–1509)

Morocco ( Wattasids )
- Sultan : Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Mahdi (1465 / 72–1505)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Changamire (1490-1494)

Songhaeich (in West Africa)
- Ruler : Sonni Ali (1464–1492)

America

Aztec Empire
- Tlatoani : Auítzotl (1486–1502)

Inca Empire
- Inca : Túpac Yupanqui (1471–1493)

Asia

China ( Ming Dynasty )
- Emperor : Hongzhi (1487–1505)

Japan
- Emperor : Go-Tsuchimikado (1464–1500)
- Shogun Ashikaga : Ashikaga Yoshitane (1490-1493)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Seongjong (1469-1494)

Persia
- Sultan ( Timurid dynasty): Husain Bayqara (1469–1501)

Siam ( Thailand )
- King : Intharacha II (1488–1491)
- King : Rama Thibodi II (1491–1529)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - King of Navarre : Catherine of Navarre (1483–1517)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Pere de Cardona (1472–1515)

Denmark
- King : John I (1481–1513)

Teutonic Order State
- Grand Master : Johann von Tiefen (1489–1497)

England
- King : Henry VII (1485–1509)

France
- King : Charles VIII (1483–1498)

Holy Roman Empire
- King : Friedrich III. (1440–1493) (from 1452 emperor )
- King: Maximilian I (1468–1519) (emperor from 1508)
- Electorates
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Archbishop : Hermann von Hessen (1480–1508) (1473–1480 administrator)
  - Archbishopric Mainz
    - Archbishop : Berthold von Henneberg (1484–1504)
  - Archbishopric Trier
    - Archbishop : Johann II of Baden (1456–1503)
  - Bohemia
    - King : Vladislav II (1471–1516) (1490–1516 King of Hungary)
  - Brandenburg
    - Margrave : Johann Cicero (1486–1499) (1473–1486 regent)
  - Electoral Palatinate
    - Count Palatine : Philip the Sincere ( 1449–1451 , 1476–1508)
  - Saxony ( Ernestiner )
    - Elector : Friedrich III. the wise (1486-1525)
- spiritual principalities
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Friedrich II. Von Zollern (1486–1505)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Heinrich III. Groß von Trockau (1487–1501)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Kaspar zu Rhein (1479–1502)
  - Brandenburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Joachim I. von Bredow (1485–1507)
  - Archbishopric Bremen
    - Archbishop : Heinrich II. Von Schwarzburg (1463–1496) (1466–1496 Bishop of Münster)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Melchior von Meckau (1488–1509)
  - Hochstift Cammin
    - Bishop : Benedikt von Waldstein (1485–1498)
  - Chiemsee Abbey
    - Bishop : Georg Altdorfer (1477–1495)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Ortlieb von Brandis (1458–1491)
    - Bishop: Heinrich V. von Hewen (1491–1505)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Wilhelm von Reichenau (1464–1496)
  - Hochstift Freising
    - Bishop : Sixtus von Tannberg (1474–1495) (1470–1474 Bishop of Gurk)
  - Geneva Monastery
    - Bishop : Antoine Champion (1490–1495)
  - Hochstift Gurk (rule disputed)
    - Bishop : Georg Kolberger (1490–1495)
    - Bishop: Raimund Peraudi (1491–1505)
  - Halberstadt Monastery
    - Administrator : Ernst II of Saxony (1479–1513) (1476–1513 Archbishop of Magdeburg)
  - Hochstift Havelberg
    - Bishop : Busso VIII of Alvensleben (1487–1493)
  - Hildesheim Monastery
    - Bishop : Berthold II. Von Landsberg (1481–1502) (1470–1481 Bishop of Verden, 1481–1502 administrator of Verden)
  - Constance monastery
    - Bishop : Otto IV. Von Sonnenberg (1474–1491)
    - Bishop: Thomas Berlower (1491–1496)
  - Lausanne bishopric
    - Bishop : Benoît de Montferrand (1476–1491)
    - Bishop: Aymon de Montfalcon (1491–1517) (1497–1509 administrator of Geneva)
  - Lavant Monastery
    - Bishop : Erhard Paumgartner (1487–1508)
  - Lübeck bishopric
    - Bishop : Thomas Grote (1490–1492)
  - Liège Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann IX. von Hoorn (1483–1505)
  - Archbishopric Magdeburg
    - Archbishop : Ernst of Saxony (1476–1513) (1479–1513 administrator of Halberstadt)
  - Meissen Abbey
    - Bishop : John VI. von Saalhausen (1487–1518)
  - Merseburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Thilo von Trotha (1466–1514)
  - Metz bishopric
    - Bishop : Henry II of Lorraine-Vaudemont (1484–1505)
  - Hochstift Minden
    - Bishop : Heinrich III. von Schauenburg (1473–1508)
  - Monastery of Münster
    - Bishop : Heinrich XXVII. von Schwarzburg (1466–1493) (1463–1496 Archbishop of Bremen)
  - Naumburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Dietrich IV. Von Schönberg (1480 / 81–1492)
  - Osnabrück Monastery
    - Bishop : Conrad IV of Rietberg (1482–1508)
  - Paderborn Monastery
    - Bishop : Simon III. zur Lippe (1463–1498)
  - Passau bishopric
    - Bishop : Christoph von Schachner (1490–1500)
  - Ratzeburg Monastery
    - Bishop : John of Parkentin (1479–1511)
  - Regensburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Heinrich IV. Von Absberg (1465–1492)
  - Archbishopric Salzburg
    - Archbishop : Friedrich V. von Schaunberg (1489–1494)
  - Schwerin Monastery
    - Bishop : Konrad Loste (1482–1503)
  - Seckau monastery
    - Bishop : Matthias Scheit (1481–1502, 1508–1512 )
  - Hochstift Sitten
    - Bishop : Jost von Silenen (1482–1496)
  - Speyer Monastery
    - Bishop : Ludwig von Helmstatt (1478–1504)
  - Strasbourg Monastery
    - Bishop : Albrecht von Pfalz-Mosbach (1478–1506)
  - Toul Monastery
    - Bishop : Anton I of Neuchâtel (1461–1495)
  - Hochstift Trento
    - Bishop : Ulrich III. von Frundsberg (1486–1493)
  - Utrecht Monastery
    - Bishop : David of Burgundy (1456–1496)
  - Verden Monastery
    - Administrator : Berthold von Landsberg (1481–1502) (1481–1502 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1470–1481 Bishop of Verden)
  - Verdun Monastery
    - Bishop : Guillaume de Haraucourt (1457–1500)
  - Hochstift Worms
    - Bishop : Johann III. von Dalberg (1482–1503)
  - Würzburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Rudolf II of Scherenberg (1466–1495)
- secular principalities
  - to bathe
    - Margrave : Christoph I (1475–1515)
  - Bavaria
    - Bayern Munich
      - Duke : Albrecht IV. (1465–1508)
    - Bavaria-Landshut
      - Duke : George the Rich (1479–1503)
  - Hesse
    - Landgrave : Wilhelm I (1471–1493)
  - Mecklenburg
    - Duke : Magnus II (1477–1503)
  - Ortenburg
    - Count : Wolfgang I. (1490–1519)

Italian states
- Ferrara, Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Ercole I. d'Este (1471–1505)
- Florence (nominally republic)
  - Signore : Lorenzo il Magnifico (1469–1492; de facto ruler)
- Genoa (1488–1499 Signoria of Sforza)
  - Signore: Gian Galeazzo Sforza (1476–1477, 1477–1478, 1488, 1488–1494)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Innocent VIII (1484–1492)
- Milan
  - Duke : Gian Galeazzo Sforza (1476–1494)
- Mantua
  - Margrave : Gianfrancesco II. Gonzaga (1484–1519)
- Montferrat
  - Margrave : Boniface III. (1483–1494)
- Naples
  - King : Ferrante (1458–1494)
- Rimini
  - Lord : Pandolfo IV. Malatesta (1482–1528)
- Saluzzo
  - Margrave : Ludwig II. (1475–1504)
- San Marino
  - Capitani Reggenti: Giovanni di Menghino Calcigni , Marino Giangi (1490–1491)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Antonio di Bianco , Marino di Simone Muccioli (1491)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Menetto di Menetto Bonelli , Matteo Tura (1491–1492)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Karl II. Johann Amadeus (1490–1496)
- Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Ferdinand II (1479–1516)
    - Viceroy : Fernando de Acuña (1489–1495)
- Urbino
  - Duke : Guidobaldo I da Montefeltro (1482–1508)
- Venice
  - Doge : Agostin Barbarigo (1486–1501)

Moldova
- Prince : Ștefan cel Mare (1457–1504)

Monaco
- Seigneur : Lambert (1457-1494)

Norway
- King : John I (1481–1513)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Bayezid II (1481-1512)

Poland
- King : John I (1447–1492)

Portugal
- King : John II (1481–1495)

Russia
- Grand Duke : Ivan III. (1462-1510)

Scotland
- King : Jacob IV (1488–1513)

Sweden
- Reichsverweser : Sten Sture the Elder (1470–1497)

Spanish states
- Aragon
  - King : Ferdinand II. (1479–1516) (1474–1504 King of Castile, 1506–1516 Regent of Castile, 1512–1516 King of Navarre, 1504–1516 King of Naples)
- Granada
  - Emir : Muhammad XII. ( 1482-1483 , 1486-1492)
- Castile
  - Queen : Isabella I (1474–1504)
  - King: Ferdinand II of Aragón (1474–1504) (de iure uxoris) (1506–1516 regent of Castile, 1479–1516 king of Aragon and Sicily, 1512–1516 king of Navarre, 1504–1516 king of Naples)
- Navarre
  - Queen : Catherine (1483–1517)
  - King: Johann III. (1484–1516) (de iure uxoris)

Hungary
- King : Ulászló, II. (1490–1516) (1471–1516 King of Bohemia)

Wallachia
- Prince : Vlad Călugărul (1481 , 1482–1495)

Zeta
- Prince : Đurađ Crnojević (1490–1496)