Literature year 1861

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Overview of the literary years
Further events

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl , frontispiece of the first edition

Literature year 1861
Hermann von Meyer writes the first description of the Archeopteryx discovered the previous year .	George Eliot publishes the novel Silas Marner .

Events

prose

English language works

• August: The last part of Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations appears in his magazine All the Year Round . The Bildungsroman will then be published in three volumes.

• George Eliot publishes the novel Silas Marner .
• The former slave Harriet Jacobs publishes her autobiography Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl in Boston under the pseudonym Linda Brent . The foreword comes from Lydia Maria Child after Harriet Beecher rejected Stowe .

Elizabeth Gaskell about 1860

• Elizabeth Gaskell publishes The Gray Woman and Lois the Witch , a collection of short stories.
• The English writer Mary Elizabeth Braddon publishes the works The Octoroon and The Black Band .

Further plants worldwide

The cover of the first issue of Vremya

• Fyodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski publishes the novel Humiliated and Offended until June in several parts in the magazine Vremja in St. Petersburg, which he and his brother Michail have been publishing since January . His prose work, Recordings from a House of the Dead, will appear in autumn .
• November: Die Grafschaft Ruppin , the first part of Theodor Fontane's five-volume work Walks through the Mark Brandenburg .
• December 25th : The first part of Théophile Gautier's novel Le Capitaine Fracasse appears in Revue nationale . The last part appears on June 10, 1863 .

• On dark ground , The black galley , The holy Born , After the great war by Wilhelm Raabe
• Friedrich Gerstäcker publishes Der Kunstreiter and Unter dem Eequator .
• The Belgian patriotic writer Charles De Coster publishes the Contes brabançons .
• The Spanish romantic author Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer publishes the legend Los ojos verdes ( The Green Eyes ).

Poetry

• February 9 : Charles Baudelaire publishes a second censored version of his volume of poetry Les Fleurs du Mal .
• After April 19th : James Ryder Randall writes the poem Maryland, My Maryland .

Front page

• Albert Emil Brachvogel : Songs and lyric poems

drama

• The tragedy in three sections Die Nibelungen by Friedrich Hebbel appears. The first two sections will be premiered on January 31 at the Grand Ducal Court Theater in Weimar . A performance of all three parts will take place from 16 to 18 May, with the third section premiering.
• Léon Gozlan writes the comedy La Pluie et le beau temps ( rain and sunshine ).
• In exchange with János Arany, the Hungarian playwright Imre Madách completes his main dramatic work Az ember tragédiája ( The Tragedy of Man ) and the drama Moses .
• The French playwright Henri Meilhac wrote the two pieces La vertu de Célimène and L'attaché d'ambassade . Decades later, the latter served as the basis for the libretto for the operetta The Merry Widow .

Periodicals

The Gazebo 1861

As a liberal counterpart to the conservative punch , the satirical magazine Fun, published by Henry James Byron , appears for the first time on September 21 .

The Danish geologist and Greenland researcher Hinrich Johannes Rink founds Atuagagdliutit ( Readable ), the first Greenland newspaper. It has had a major impact on the development of the modern Greenlandic written language and the promotion of Greenlandic culture and identity. In addition to practical advice on seal hunting and fishing, the contents of this period include, above all, political reports that are intended to motivate the Greenlanders to participate politically. For the first time, children are provided with suitable literature in their language through the newspaper. The Atuagagdliutit also contains illustrations by local artists such as Aron von Kangeq and thus contributes significantly to the support of Greenlandic art. In line with its goal of political education and the emancipation of Greenlanders, the newspaper is free for Greenlanders, only Danes have to pay for it. Because of the difficult transport routes, the Atuagagdliutit initially only appears twice a year.

Mehmet Tahir Münif founds the Ottoman Scientific Society and publishes its magazine Mecmūʿa-yi Fünūn  /مجموعه فنون / 'Journal of the [secular] sciences'. This appears monthly and is distributed in the country with government support. The content of the Mecmūʿa-yi Fünūn includes natural sciences, history, geography, politics, economics and philosophy. The magazine provides the Ottoman readership with classical and European achievements in these fields as well as the non-dogmatic - i. H. not dominated by religion - treatment of scientific and philosophical problems. Her role in the Enlightenment in Turkey is later compared to the role of Diderot's Encyclopédie in 18th century France. However, it only lasted until 1865 .

The Národní listy ( People's Papers ) was launched on the initiative of František Ladislav Rieger . The organ of the Czech national party Národní strana with its publisher Julius Grégr developed into the most influential political daily in the Kingdom of Bohemia in the next few years .

Ottokar Franz Ebersberg founds the satirical magazine Kikeriki in Vienna .

Scientific works

Medicine, Science and Geography

Title page of the first English edition

• After the English natural scientist Michael Faraday held a six-part series of lectures on the natural history of a candle at the turn of the year , the first edition of the popular scientific work will appear in April under the full title A Course of Six Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle: To Which is Added a Lecture on Platinum by Griffin, Bohn & Co. in press.

Ignaz Semmelweis

• Ignaz Semmelweis publishes the work The Etiology, the Concept and the Prophylaxis of Child Bed Fever in Pest .
• The imprint of a feather found in the Solnhofen limestone in the previous year serves the paleontologist Hermann von Meyer as the basis for his first description of the "primeval bird" referred to by the generic name Archeopteryx ( old feather ).
• The German entomologist Hermann August Hagen describes for the first time numerous dragonflies - genera such as Celithemis , Erythemis , Orthemis , Pantala , Perithemis and Tramea as well as the species Erythrodiplax funerea , Sympetrum madidum .
• The German ornithologist Jean Cabanis wrote the first description of the bird species Sooty Thrush ( Turdus nigrescens ), Fiery-Billed Aracari ( Pteroglossus frantzii ), fire-warbler ( Parula gutturalis ) and monochrome hooked beak ( Diglossa plumbea ).
• The German zoologist Albert Günther describes several fish species for the first time, including the circular thorn surgeonfish , the moonlight threadfish and several types of wrasse .

Cover picture of the first expedition report

• The first volume of Karl von Scherzer's travel description Journey of the Austrian frigate Novara around the earth is published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences . In the same year, a medical part of Eduard Schwarz's report appears. By 1876, the work, which deals with the scientific results of the Novara expedition from 1857–59, comprised 21 volumes.
• Paul Belloni Du Chaillu publishes his travel report Explorations and adventures in Equatorial Africa in London , with which he arouses the general public's interest in gorillas .

Ethnic Map of the Ottoman Balkans 1861

• The ethnography of European Turkey by Guillaume Lejean appears in the supplementary booklets to Petermann's Geographische Mitteilungen .
• The publishing house Blackwood & Sons publishes the monumental world atlas The royal atlas of modern geography, exhibiting, in a series of entirely original and authentic maps, the present condition of geographical discovery and research in the several countries, empires, and states of the world by Alexander Keith Johnston , who is considered one of the best of the 19th century.

photograph

• Kuk Hofphotographer Ludwig Angerer wrote in the magazine for photography and stereoscopy the essays about the magnifying device and about a method on dry collode .

Politics and philosophy

• The English philosopher John Stuart Mill publishes Considerations on Representative Government, a work on democracy theory .
• The Swiss legal historian and antiquity researcher Johann Jakob Bachofen publishes his main work Das Mutterrecht. An investigation into the gynecocracy of the old world according to its religious and legal nature and thus establishes the history of the matriarchal theories .

Marie Espérance by Schwartz

• Marie Espérance von Schwartz publishes the memoirs of Giuseppe Garibaldi , ahead of her competitor Alexandre Dumas .

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

• The political work La Guerre et la Paix by the French sociologist and anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon inspired the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy to write his novel War and Peace .

Born

• January 2 : Wilhelm Bölsche , German writer and naturalist († 1939 )
• January 14 : Wilhelm von Polenz , German writer († 1903 )
• January 19 : Max Bewer , German poet and writer († 1921 )

• February 12 : Lou Andreas-Salomé , German writer, narrator and essayist († 1937 )
• February 15 : Julius Wahle , Austrian literary scholar († 1940 )
• February 21 : Carl Christoph Bernoulli , Swiss librarian († 1923 )
• February 25 : Santiago Rusiñol , Catalan painter, writer, journalist and playwright († 1931 )

• March 14 : Rudolf Krauss , German Germanist and literary historian († 1945 )
• May 7 : Rabindranath Thakur , Bengali poet, philosopher, painter, composer, musician and Brahmo Samaj follower († 1941 )

• June 19 : José Rizal , Filipino writer and national hero († 1896 )

• July 15 : Hirotsu Ryūrō , Japanese writer († 1928 )
• July 31 : Edward Breck , American author, foil fencer, golfer, diplomat and spy († 1929 )

• August 3 : Michel Verne , French writer († 1925 )

• September 11th : Juhani Aho , Finnish writer and journalist († 1921 )
• September 13 : Frederick Judd Waugh , American painter, illustrator and author († 1940 )
• September 20 : Herbert Putnam , American librarian († 1955 )

• October 10 : Édouard Dujardin , French writer († 1949 )
• October 14 : Alois Mrštík , Czech writer and dramaturge († 1925 )
• October 15 : Josef Ruederer , German writer († 1915 )
• November 16 : Arvid Järnefelt , Finnish writer († 1932 )

• 1860 /1861: Elizabeth Hawkins-Whitshed , Irish climber, photographer and writer († 1934 )

Died

• January 17th : Malla Montgomery-Silfverstolpe , Swedish writer (* 1782 )
• January 20 : Johann Ludwig Urban Blesson , Prussian military writer (* 1790 )
• January 28 : Henri Murger , French writer and poet (* 1822 )
• January 29 : Catherine Gore , English writer (* 1799 )
• February 18 : Theodor Mügge , German writer (* 1802 )

Eugène Scribes' grave in the Père Lachaise cemetery

• February 20 : Eugène Scribe , French playwright and librettist (* 1791 )
• March 10 : Taras Shevchenko , Ukrainian poet (* 1814 )
• June 7th : Patrick Brontë , British clergyman and poet, father of the Brontë siblings (* 1777 )

Elizabeth Barrett Browning's grave on the Cimitero degli Inglesi in Florence

• June 29 : Elizabeth Barrett Browning , British poet (* 1806 )
• July 22nd : Gregor Wilhelm Nitzsch , German philologist (* 1790 )
• July 23 : Ernst Baedeker , German publisher (* 1833 )
• November 13 : Arthur Hugh Clough , English writer (* 1819 )
• November 30th : Theodor Mundt , German writer (* 1808 )
• November 27 : Anne Bignan , French writer and translator (* 1795 )
• December 18 : Ernst Anschütz , German teacher, organist, poet and composer (* 1780 )

See also

Portal: Literature  - Overview of Wikipedia content on the topic of literature

Web links

Commons : Books 1861  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Commons : Magazine 1861  - Collection of Images, Videos, and Audio Files

Commons : Gazebo (1853)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Digitized newspapers from 1861 in the newspaper information system (ZEFYS) of the Berlin State Library
• Austrian newspapers from 1861 in AustriaN Newspaper Online (ANNO) of the Austrian National Library
• Digitized editions of Le Monde illustré 1861 in Gallica.fr