Literature year 1860
◄◄ | ◄ | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 | 1859 | Literature year 1860 | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 | ► | ►►
Overview of the literary years
Further events
| Literature year 1860 | |
|---|---|
 Gottfried Keller writes the novella The Little Flag of the Seven Upright . |
 With The Woman in White , Wilkie Collins founded the genre of the mystery novel . |
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Events
prose
German-language literature
The poet and editor Berthold Auerbach writes a letter to his friend Gottfried Keller in Switzerland with a request for “something briefly rounded” on “a Swiss topic” for his German folk calendar, which appears regularly in Leipzig . Keller, who has just started to write more stories for a second part of The People of Seldwyla , sends him the manuscript The Little Flag of Seven Friends a little later . The novella , which appears somewhat abbreviated under the slightly changed name The Flag of the Seven Upright People and arouses enthusiasm among publishers and the public, is immediately reprinted by the Bern daily newspaper Der Bund . It established Keller's fame as Switzerland's national poet, without, however, temporarily changing anything in his precarious financial situation.
- The library of the Litterarian Association in Stuttgart publishes volumes 51 to 56.
- Paul Heyse writes the novella The Centaur .
- An anthology of reports written by Theodor Fontane since 1850 is being published for the first time from England . In the same year the travelogue Beyond the Tweed was published .
- From the life book of the little schoolmaster Michel Haas and A Secret by Wilhelm Raabe
- Friedrich Gerstäcker publishes the works Inselwelt and Germelshausen .
- Under the pseudonym BT Jonas, Jonas Breitenstein publishes his debut Stories and Pictures from the Basel Area .
English-language literature
- December 1 : Charles Dickens publishes the first part of his educational novel Great Expectations in All the Year Round .
- The English writer Mary Ann Evans publishes the seven-part novel The Mill on the Floss under the pseudonym George Eliot .
- The British author Wilkie Collins wrote the novel "The Woman in White" ( Woman in White ) and justified by the genre of the English Mystery Novel .
- Julia Ward Howe publishes A trip to Cuba .
- Charlotte Brontë's last unfinished novel, Emma, appears posthumously in a joint edition with her first work, The Professor .
Dutch and French literature
- The Dutch writer Eduard Douwes Dekker publishes the novel Max Havelaar under the pseudonym Multatuli .
- During the Wagner enthusiasm that prevailed in Paris, Charles Baudelaire published a lengthy étude on Richard Wagner et Tannhäuser .
- Henri Murger publishes his last works Le Sabot rouge and Madame Olympe .
Russian literature
Fyodor Michailowitsch Dostoyewski publishes the prose work Notes from a House of the Dead , on which he has been working since 1856, in St. Petersburg . In it he describes life in a Siberian prison camp in a loose sequence of scenes and descriptions based on his own experiences during the period of his exile from 1849 to 1853. The work is dedicated to the city of Semipalatinsk , the place of his exile.
The Russian writer Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev wrote several works while in exile in Germany, including the novels Am Vorabend ( Nakanune ) and First Love ( Pervaja ljubov ).
The Russian writer Avdotja Jakowlewna Panajewa publishes the novel Roman v peterburgskom polusvete ( Роман в петербургском полусвете ; A romance in the Petersburg demi- world ) under the male pseudonym NN Stanitsky .
Plays
The drama Die Hermannsschlacht , written by Heinrich von Kleist in 1808, is premiered in a revised version in Breslau - almost fifty years after the author's death. The piece was not very successful in the next few years.
The play Gewitter ( Groza ) by the Russian playwright Alexander Nikolajewitsch Ostrowski will be premiered.
- The French dramatists Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy wrote the play Ce qui plait aux hommes together .
Poetry
After the death of Ernst Moritz Arndt , the Weidmann bookstore produced a complete volume of poems, Poems. Complete collection with the poet's manuscripts from his 90th year , published.
- The Finnish-Swedish poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg publishes the second part of the volume of poetry Fänrik Ståls sägner ( Ensign Stahl ). The patriotic and war-glorifying work includes the poem Lotta Svärd . The illustrations are by Albert Edelfelt .
- Walt Whitman publishes the third edition of his Leaves of Grass collection, expanded to 154 poems . This includes, among other things, the Children of Adam cycle .
- Poems before Congress , a collection of poems by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, appears.
- Robert Burns : songs and ballads in German translation
Periodicals
- The Wiener Theaterzeitung , founded in 1806 and the most popular and widely read newspaper in Austria, ceases to appear almost a year after the death of its founder Adolf Bäuerle .
- The Bündner daily newspaper Die Rheinquellen ceases to appear after four years. In their place, the publisher is launching the Neue Bündner Zeitung .
- Munich picture sheet
- George Murray Smith founds Cornhill Magazine .
The gazebo 1860
Flying leaves 1860
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natural Science
In January that appears at the suggestion of Edwin Chadwick of Florence Nightingale written nursing book Notes on Nursing: What It is and What It is Not ( Notes on Nursing: What is nursing and what nursing is not ), which she wrote for a group of people who Have to care for the sick at home. In the same year she revised the book and published versions aimed at different groups of people. One version contains additional information for professional nurses. In the following years numerous versions and translations of the work appeared. The so-called Nightingale system designed by Nightingale revolutionized nursing care, which was previously dominated by predominantly Catholic religious institutions, and represented an essential part of the Victorian nursing reform.
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The German geologist and paleontologist Heinrich Georg Bronn gives a translation of the evolutionary theoretical work The Origin of Species published at the end of the previous year under the title On the Origin of Species in the Animal and Plant Kingdom through Natural Breeding, or Conservation of the Most Perfect Races in the Struggle for Existence by Charles Darwin . In this translation, however, Bronn makes changes and "purifications".
The German ornithologist Jean Louis Cabanis and Ferdinand Heine junior wrote numerous first descriptions of hummingbird genera , including Anthocephala and Opisthoprora .
Arts and Culture
- Jacob Burckhardt publishes the art-historical work Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien , which describes the structural change of state and church at the end of the Middle Ages and the accompanying development of the "modern", individual human being.
- The English corset maker Roxey Ann Caplin wrote the two books Woman and Her Wants; Four Lectures To Ladies and The Needle: its History and Utility . She thus makes a decisive contribution to the clothing reform movement .
- The garden architect Rudolph Siebeck publishes in his hometown Leipzig the works Atlas on fine garden art in its modern forms , Dr. Rudolph Siebeck's ideas for small gardens and the use of flowers and bushes to decorate the gardens: with information on the height, color, shape, flowering time and culture of the same .
Travel literature
- In the 3rd edition of the Baedeker travel guide for Paris, Ernst Baedeker uses a city map consisting of three strips (north-middle-south) for the first time .
Others
- July 25 : Together with two friends, 16-year-old Friedrich Nietzsche founds the artistic-literary association Germania on the castle ruins of Schönburg , at whose quarterly meeting literature, philosophy, music and language are discussed.
- Several Lombard artists come together in Milan to form the artist group La Scapigliatura . The scapigliati oppose the predominance of religion and the rhetoric of the Risorgimento and advocate freer eroticism and the release of drugs. In addition to anti-bourgeois protest, the glorification of sensual love and evil is characteristic of the Scapigliatura. Notable representatives are the writers Arrigo Boito and Emilio Praga .
Born
First half of the year
- January 6 : Raoul Gunsbourg , Romanian opera director, writer and composer († 1955 )
- January 17 : Douglas Hyde , Irish poet († 1949 )
- January 29 : Anton Chekhov , Russian writer and playwright († 1904 )
- February 5 : Clara Müller-Jahnke , German poet, journalist and women's rights activist († 1905 )
- February 6 : Bruno Wille , German preacher, philosopher, journalist and writer († 1928 )
- February 21 : Dora Hohlfeld , German poet († 1931 )
- February 21 : Karel Matěj Čapek-Chod , Czech journalist and writer († 1927 )
- February 23 : Margarethe von Bülow , German writer († 1884 )
- February 24 : Emil Rumpf , German painter and illustrator († 1948 )
- March 11 : Emil Ertl , Austrian poet and writer († 1935 )
- April 20 : Pieter Jelles Troelstra , Dutch politician and poet († 1930 )
- April 5 : Sophie Pataky , Austrian bibliographer († 1915 )
- May 2 : Theodor Herzl , Austrian writer, publicist and politician († 1904 )
- May 9 : JM Barrie , Scottish novelist and playwright, creator of Peter Pan († 1937 )
- May 13 : Karl August Tavaststjerna , Finnish writer in the Swedish language († 1898 )
- May 17 : Nataly von Eschstruth , German writer († 1939 )
- May 27 : Margrethe Munthe , Norwegian writer († 1931 )
- June 7th : Hanns Fechner , German painter and writer († 1931 )
Second half of the year
- July 3 : Charlotte Perkins Gilman , American feminist author († 1935 )
- July 7 : Abraham Cahan , American journalist, publicist and writer († 1951 )
- July 14 : Owen Wister , American writer († 1938 )
- July 17 : Clara Viebig , German narrator († 1952 )
- July 22nd : Frederick Rolfe , British writer († 1913 )
- August 5 : Oswald Wirth , ministerial librarian in Paris and writer († 1943 )
- August 14 : Ernest Thompson Seton , British author and co-founder of the US Boy Scout Movement († 1946 )
- August 22 : Gustaf Fröding , Swedish poet († 1911 )
- September 21 : Gustav Leutelt , Sudeten German poet and writer († 1947 )
- October 3 : Annie Horniman , English theater director and occultist († 1937 )
- October 4th : Sidney Paget , British illustrator († 1908 )
- November 1 : Ernst Stöhr , Austrian painter, poet and musician († 1917 )
- December 10 : Anna Croissant-Rust , German writer († 1943 )
Exact date of birth unknown
- 1860/ 1861 : Elizabeth Hawkins-Whitshed , Irish climber, photographer and writer († 1934 )
Died
January to April
- January 8 : Gustav von Franck , Austrian writer, editor and painter (* 1807 )
- January 17th : Friedrich Georg Wieck , German technological writer and industrialist (* 1800 )
- January 29 : Ernst Moritz Arndt , German scholar and national poet (* 1769 )
- February 8 : Soares de Passos , Portuguese romantic poet (* 1826 )
- February 12 : Isaak Bär Levinsohn , Hebrew writer (* 1788 )
- March 7 : Joseph Almanzi , Italian-Hebrew author (* 1801 )
- March 13 : Ebenezer Syme , Scottish-Australian journalist (* 1826 )
- March 17th : Anna Jameson , English writer (* 1797 )
- March 23 : Franz Joseph Molitor , German writer and active Freemason (* 1779 )
- April 6 : James Kirke Paulding , American writer and politician (* 1778 )
- April 28 : Isaäc da Costa , Dutch poet and writer (* 1798 )
May to August
- May 9 : Samuel Griswold Goodrich , American educator and writer (* 1793 )
- May 10 : Theodore Parker , American theologian, abolitionist and writer (* 1810 )
- May 14 : Ludwig Bechstein , German writer, librarian and archivist (* 1801 )
- May 17 : Johann Jakob Hottinger , Swiss writer and historian (* 1783 )
- May 18 : Christian Heinrich Zeller , German pedagogue, pioneer of the Inner Mission and hymn poet of a pietistic direction (* 1779 )
- May 23 : Uffo Daniel Horn , Bohemian poet (* 1817 )
- June 2 : Leopold von Orlich , German officer and writer (* 1804 )
- June 9 : George Payne Rainsford James , English diplomat and writer (* 1799 )
- June 13 : August Thieme , German poet (* 1780 )
- June 18 : Friedrich Wilhelm von Bismarck , German lieutenant general and military writer (* 1783 )
- July 16 : Gustav Adolph Sennewald , Polish publisher and bookseller of German nationality (* 1804 )
- August 3 : Alexander Schöppner , German educator and writer (* 1820 )
- August 25 : Johan Ludvig Heiberg , Danish poet and critic (* 1791 )
September to December
- September 21 : Arthur Schopenhauer , German philosopher and writer (* 1788 )
- October 5 : Alexei Khomyakov , Russian poet, publicist, theologian and philosopher (* 1804 )
- October 18 : Casimiro de Abreu , Brazilian poet (* 1839 )
- October 31 : Hermann Ludwig Nadermann , German Roman Catholic priest, pedagogue and hymn poet (* 1778 )
- November 3 : Wilhelm von Rahden , German officer and writer (* 1793 )
- November 5 : Julius von Minutoli , Prussian police director, diplomat, scientist and writer (* 1804 )
- November 27 : Ludwig Rellstab , German journalist, music critic and poet (* 1799 )
- December 1 : Friedrich Maximilian Hessemer , German architect and writer (* 1800 )
- December 2 : Carl Heinrich Jürgens , German Lutheran theologian, editor, publicist and politician (* 1801 )
- December 11th : Georg Heinrich Krieg von Hochfelden , Major General of Baden and military writer (* 1798 )
- December 19 : Konstantin Aksakow , Russian writer (* 1817 )
- December 29 : Moritz Lieber , German lawyer, politician, publicist, author, translator and tea merchant (* 1790 )
- December 31 : Sophie de Bawr , French writer and composer (* 1773 )
Exact date of death unknown
- Christian Hviid Bredahl , Danish writer (* 1784 )
- Antoni Ignasi Cervera , Spanish journalist, author, publisher and leader of the labor movement in Spain (* 1825 )
Web links
- Digitized newspapers from 1860 in the newspaper information system (ZEFYS) of the Berlin State Library
- Austrian newspapers from 1860 in AustriaN Newspaper Online (ANNO) of the Austrian National Library
- Digitized editions of Le Monde illustré 1860 in Gallica.fr