Toyota Hilux

Toyota Hilux
Production period:	since 1968
Class :	Utilities
Body versions :	Pick up
Previous model:	Hino / Toyota Briska, Toyota Stout
Successor:	Toyota Tacoma (Japan and North America)

The Toyota Hilux is a pick-up from the Japanese automaker Toyota . The model introduced under this name in March 1968 was a further development of the Hino Briska built by Hino Jidōsha since 1961 , which was sold as Toyota Briska from 1967 . The name Hilux (initially also HiLux or HiLux , short for English. High Luxury ) intended as a portmanteau remember the comfort of the vehicle.

The basic version of the Hilux has rear-wheel drive , and all-wheel drive has also been available since 1979 . A vehicle with the same platform and closed body was sold as Hilux Surf until 1995 , in Europe under the name Toyota 4Runner .

First generation (RN 10, 1968–1972)

Toyota Hilux (1968-1972)

Production of the first Hilux began in March 1968, incorporating elements of the compact pick-up, sold as Toyota Briska since 1967, and the larger Toyota Stout with a short wheelbase. The model was developed by the Japanese truck manufacturer Hino Jidōsha . Initially, a 1.5-liter gasoline engine was available, which was upgraded to a 1.6-liter in February 1971. For the North American market , engines with a displacement of 1.9 liters were installed, from 1972 with 2.0 liters. From April 1969, a long version with a 2.30 m long loading area was optionally available, but this was not offered in North America. A 4-speed manual transmission was standard.

Engines

Global Markets:

• 1968-1971: 1.5 liters (1490 cm³), 2R I4
• 1971-1972: 1.6 liters (1587 cm³), 12R I4

North American Market:

• 1969: 1.9 liters (1897 cm³), 3R I4, 63 kW (85 PS)
• 1970–1971: 1.9 liters (1858 cm³), 8R SOHC I4, 72 kW (97 PS)
• 1972: 2.0 liters (1968 cm³), 18R SOHC I4, 81 kW (108 PS)

Second generation (RN 20, 1972–1978)

Toyota Hilux (1972-1975)

In May 1972 the second Hilux (type RN20) appeared. A more comfortable interior together with a modified body were the most important changes. Both the short and long versions were now also offered in North America.

The Hilux was radically redesigned in early 1975 to be larger and more luxurious. At the same time, the much larger 2.2-liter 20R engine was introduced in North America. A five-speed manual transmission was now offered as an option. In North America, the Hilux has now become an A-series truck. A year later it was “Truck of the Year” in the USA.

Engines

Global Markets:

• 1972-1978: 1.6 liters (1587 cc), 12R I4
• 1974-1978: 2.0 liters (1968 cm³), 18R I4

North American Market:

• 1973–1974: 2.0 liters (1968 cm³), 18R SOHC I4, 81 kW (108 PS)
• 1975–1978: 2.2 liters (2189 cm³), 20R SOHC I4, 72 kW (96 hp)

Third generation (RN 30, 1978–1983)

Toyota Hilux (1978-1983)

The redesigned Hilux was introduced in August 1978.

Toyota Hilux-based Sunrader Classic.

From January 1979 the export to Europe began , with which from 1981 the L-series diesel engine was also installed. All-wheel drive was now available in North America. A 3-speed automatic transmission was available as an option. In 1981, Toyota and Winnebago Industries began jointly developing an SUV based on the Hilux . The vehicles that resulted from this collaboration were the Trekker (Winnebago), the Wolverine and the Trailblazer (Griffith). All three used the Hilux 4x4 RV cab and chassis. The Trailblazer had an all-steel body with a fiberglass roof . At least 1,500 Trekkers, 400 Trailblazers, and an unknown number of Wolverines have been sold in North America.

From then on, the Toyota 4Runner and Toyota Hilux Surf were developed on the basis of these models .

Engines

• 1978–1980: 2.2 liters (2189 cm³), 20R SOHC I4, 67 kW (90 PS)
• 1981–1983: 2.4 liters (2366 cm³), 22R SOHC I4, 72 kW (96 PS)
• 1981–1983: 2.2 liter diesel I4, 46 kW (62 hp)
• 1981–1983: 1.8 liters (Australia)

Fourth generation (YN 58, 1983–1988)

4th generation
Toyota Hilux (1983–1988)
Production period:	1983-1988
Body versions :	Pick up
Engines:	Otto engines : 1.8–3.0 liters (58–112 kW) Diesel engines : 2.2–2.5 liters (46–69 kW)
Length:	4435-4966 mm
Width:	1621-1689 mm
Height:	1529-1704 mm
Wheelbase :	2840 mm
Empty weight :

Production of the Hilux YN 58 began in August 1983. There was now an XtraCab version (extended cabin with two doors and four seats) and, for the first time, a DoubleCab version with four doors and five seats. The engine range was expanded to include a 2.5-liter diesel engine. Like the 2.0-liter diesel, this was discontinued in the USA at the end of 1986 due to the cheap gasoline prices. In other markets, the 2.5-liter diesel was equipped with a turbocharger .

Since Nissan was already offering a pick-up with a V6 engine on the North American market , Toyota first introduced the 22R-TE 2.4-l gasoline engine with turbocharging, and a V6 engine also followed in 1987.

The next generation of the Hilux started in August 1988; production of the fourth generation only continued until mid-1997 in South Africa .

Engines

Petrol engines

• 1983–1988: 1.8 liters (1812 cm³), 2Y-U, 58 kW (79 hp)
• 1983–1988: 2.2 liters (2236 cm³), 4Y 70 kW (95 PS)
• 1983–1987: 2.4 liters (2366 cm³), 22R I4 SOHC, 72 kW (97 hp)
• 1983–1987: 2.4 liters (2366 cm³), 22R-E I4 SOHC FI, 78 kW (105 PS)
• 1985–1986: 2.4 liters (2366 cm³), 22R-TE I4 SOHC FI turbo, 101 kW (135 PS)
• 1987–1988: 3.0 liters (2958 cm³), 3VZ-E V6 FI, 112 kW (150 PS)

Diesel engines

• 1983–1988: 2.2 liters (2188 cm³), I4 diesel, 46 kW (62 hp)
• 1983–1988: 2.5 liters (2466 cm³), I4 diesel, 62 kW (83 hp)
• 1986–1988: 2.5 liters (2466 cm³), I4 Diesel FI Turbo, 69 kW (93 PS)

Fifth generation (YN 80, 1988–1997)

5th generation
Toyota Hilux (1992-1997)
Production period:	1988-1997
Body versions :	Pick up
Engines:	Otto engines : 1.8–3.0 liters (58–112 kW) Diesel engines : 2.4 liters (59–61 kW)
Length:	4435-4966 mm
Width:	1689 mm
Height:	1539-1755 mm
Wheelbase :	2616-3096 mm
Empty weight :

The Hilux (code: YN 80), which was produced from August 1988, grew in the wheelbase to 2616 mm in the two-door standard model. The seams of the trunk body have now been specially sealed because they were previously susceptible to rust. There was now more space behind the front seats than in the previous generation, and swing seats were available for rear passengers at an additional cost. The optional automatic transmission now had 4 gears.

The Hilux received a slight facelift in early 1992, primarily changing the grill and adding the new Toyota emblem. At the same time, the versions for the North American market were now being produced at the NUMMI plant in Fremont, California . From March 1995, the Toyota Tacoma replaced the Hilux in North America.

The YN 80 Hilux was also produced under license by Volkswagen from April 1989 to March 1997 under the name Taro . The conception and the parts came from Toyota. Assembly was carried out in the Volkswagen factory in Hanover until 1995 , then in the Volkswagen factory in Emden until the end of production . Like the Hilux, the Taro was available as a two-seater (single cab) as well as an XtraCab and DoubleCab.

Engines

Petrol engines

• 1988–1995: 1.8 liters (1812 cm³), 2Y-U, 58 kW (79 hp)
• 1988–1995: 2.2 liters (2237 cm³), 2Y-U, 69 kW (93 hp)
• 1989–1995: 2.4 liters (2366 cm³), 22R-E SOHC EFI I4, 84 kW (112 PS)
• 1989–1995: 3.0 liters (2958 cm³), 3VZ-E V6 FI, 112 kW (150 PS)

Diesel engines

• 1988–1995: 2.4 liter swirl chamber diesel (2446 cm³), 59 kW (80 hp)
• 1988–1995: 2.4 liter swirl chamber diesel (2446 cm³), 61 kW (82 hp)

Sixth generation (RZN, 1997-2005)

6th generation
Toyota Hilux (1997-2002)
Production period:	1997-2005
Body versions :	Pick up
Engines:	Gasoline engines : 2.0-3.4 liters Diesel engines : 2.4-3.0 liters
Length:	4690-5035 mm
Width:	1665 mm
Height:	1600-1795 mm
Wheelbase :	2850-2855 mm
Empty weight :	1680 kg

With the new Hilux introduced in August 1997, the wheelbase increased again to 2850 mm for the standard model. It was significantly longer than its predecessor, while the height was only slightly increased.

In Thailand , the Hilux was built as the Hilux Tiger for the entire Southeast Asian market, but some models were still manufactured in Japan.

At the beginning of 2002 the name in South America was changed to Hilux Millenium , this was only offered locally for South America. At the same time a facelift took place and the diesel engines were equipped with common rail injection . The Hilux has now been completely manufactured in Thailand.

• 

  Toyota Hilux XtraCab (1997-2002)

• 

  Toyota Hilux DoubleCab (2002-2005)

• 

  Toyota Hilux DoubleCab 4WD (2002-2005)

Seventh generation (N25 / N2, 2005-2015)

7th generation
Hilux 7/1 (2005-2008)
Production period:	2005-2015
Body versions :	SingleCab, XtraCab, DoubleCab
Engines:	Petrol engines : 2.0-4.0 liters. Diesel engines : 2.5-3.0 liters
Length:	5260 mm
Width:	1760-1835 mm
Height:	1795-1835 mm
Wheelbase :	2750-3085 mm
Empty weight :	1805-2115 kg

In August 2005, production of the series began with the type designation N25 or N2 (EU, TMT, TSAM) and the model code KUN for vehicles with diesel engines. In the European Union , the series is sold exclusively with diesel engines. In markets outside the EU, the type designation is AN10 or AN20, where petrol engines dominate. Compared to its predecessors, the Hilux 7 has grown in all dimensions. In the basic version, which was delivered with 205R16C tires, the width was 1760 mm. As in the previous generations, three cabin sizes were again available: SingleCab (two-seater with two doors), XtraCab (four-seater including 2 emergency seats with two doors) and DoubleCab (five-seater with four doors). Only in Asia was another model called the Vigo SmartCab available in the cabin size of the XtraCab, but with four opposite doors. The height was between 1795 mm (SingleCab) and 1835 mm (XtraCab). With a fording depth of 700 millimeters, the Hilux 7 is in the midfield of similar pick-up models and the payload of 620–750 kg is comparatively low.

The Hilux 7 is sold worldwide, with the exception of North America and Japan. The DoubleCab models for the European and African markets are built in Durban, South Africa, with the exception of right-hand drive models for the UK , which come from Thailand. Australia, the Middle East and Asia are completely supplied from Chachoengsao and Samut Prakan (Thailand), where it operates under the name Vigo . SingleCab and XtraCab for the EU market are manufactured in Thailand, in total Thailand accounts for approx. 70% of the production on the world market. The Hilux for the Chinese market is manufactured by GAC Toyota Motor in Guangzhou , where the 4.0L V6 engine 1GR-FE is also installed. The Toyota Innova and Toyota Fortuner are also manufactured on the Hilux platform for the Asian market . The factories for the South American market are located in Zárate ( Toyota Argentina in Argentina) and Cumaná (Venezuela).

The 3.0-l common rail diesel engine 1KD-FTV, known from the Landcruiser , has been installed in the Hilux since 2006, but is only offered in the DoubleCab in EU countries. The performance of the 2.5-liter diesel engine was increased from 102 to 120 hp by a charge air cooler at the end of 2006 ; both engines can be recognized from the outside by an air scoop from model year 2007 onwards .

During the facelift of the 2008 model year , the front was slightly revised. On the EU market, the equipment variants SOL , Life , Comfort and Executive now have wheel arch extensions, 265 tires and side skirts, increasing the width to 1835 mm. In addition, the indicators were integrated into the mirror housing in these versions. Both diesel engines were now available with selectable all-wheel drive.

With the 2009 model year, the Hilux was again subjected to a facelift. As a distinguishing feature, the horizontal chrome strip in the radiator grille was now below the brand symbol, further innovations were the revised front wheel suspension, automatic air conditioning, side airbags and the lockable tailgate. The 3.0 D-4D version received the revised five-speed automatic transmission from the Toyota Landcruiser instead of the four-speed gearbox , which reduced consumption. The top trim level "executive" had a electronic stability program , called Toyota "Vehicle Stability Control" (VSC), also a traction control system ( "Traction Control"; abbreviation TRC) and a larger braking system including brake assist . In November 2009, the 2.5-liter diesel engine received an increase in output to 106 kW (144 PS) by means of a VTG turbo.

Since the 2012 model year, recognizable by the new radiator grille with three chrome strips, a diesel particulate filter has complied with the Euro 5 emissions standard . The rear-wheel drive models also received the better chassis of the all-wheel drive variants, so that all models are approved for a trailer load of 2.5 tonnes (braked). Changes to the external facelift include the front apron, the air scoop, which is now in the middle, the mirrors, rear lights and the standard light alloy wheels of the upscale equipment variants. The dashboard was given a new instrument cluster in 2014, the interior was now offered in black in addition to the standard gray for the Xtra-Cab and Double-Cab.

The ESP, which was previously only installed in the “Executive” equipment variant, larger brakes and 17-inch rims were installed in all models from November 2014 until the end of production in 2015.

Engines

Petrol engines

• 2.0 liters: VVT-i DOHC I4, 101 kW (136 PS), 1TR-FE; Model code TGN15 2WD (South Africa, Indonesia, Middle East)
• 2.7 liters: VVT-i DOHC I4, 118 kW (160 PS), 2TR-FE; Model code TGN16 2WD and TGN26 4WD (South Africa, Australia, Philippines, Arabian Peninsula, Venezuela)
• 4.0 liters: VVT-i DOHC V6, 170 kW (228 PS), 1GR-FE; Model code GGN15 2WD and GGN25 4WD (South Africa, Australia, Venezuela, China)
• 4.0 liters: Supercharged DOHC V6, 225 kW (306 PS), 1GR-FE; Distribution in Australia only (TRD Edition)

Diesel engines

• 2.5 liters: D-4D DOHC I4, 76 kW (102 PS), 2KD-FTV without charge air cooler ; Model code KUN15 2WD and KUN25 4WD
• 2.5 liter: D-4D DOHC I4, 88 kW (120 hp), 2KD-FTV, charge-air-cooled turbo-diesel ; Model code KUN15 2WD and KUN25 4WD
• 2.5 liters: D-4D DOHC I4, 106 kW (144 PS), 2KD-FTV, charge-air- cooled VTG turbodiesel; Model code KUN15 2WD u. KUN25 4WD
• 3.0 liters: D-4D DOHC I4, 127 kW (171 PS), 1KD-FTV, 5-speed manual transmission / 5-speed automatic transmission; Model code KUN16 2WD and KUN26 4WD

• 

  Double Cab, model years 2005-2008

• 

  Double Cab, model years 2009-2011

• 

  Double Cab, front view from model year 2012

• 

  Xtra Cab (from model year 2012) with hardtop made of GRP

• 

  Model SRX with front protection bar and two roof tents, 2013

Eighth generation (since 2015)

8th generation
8th generation, DoubleCab model (2015-2018)
Production period:	since 2015
Body versions :	SingleCab, SmartCab, DoubleCab
Engines:	Gasoline engines : 2.7-4.0 liters (122-175 kW) Diesel engines : 2.4-2.8 liters (110-150 kW)
Length:	5330-5345 mm
Width:	1800-1855 mm
Height:	1815 mm
Wheelbase :	3085 mm
Empty weight :	1885-2230 kg

Stars in the Euro NCAP - Crash Test in the basic configuration

Stars in the Euro NCAP - Crash test with the safety package

8th generation, DoubleCab model (since 2018)

The world premiere of the eighth generation named Hilux Revo took place on May 21, 2015 in Bangkok and Sydney . Sales of the new model began in Thailand immediately after the launch, in the rest of Asia and Australia in October 2015. In February 2016, delivery began in South Africa. For the EU market, the presentation took place at the Geneva Motor Show 2016. Deliveries in Germany, Austria and Switzerland began in summer 2016. The three equipment lines are now called "Country" (Single Cab), for the Xtra-Cab "Country" and "Active", and for the Double Cab there is also the variant " Lounge ". On June 4, 2020, Toyota presented a revised version of the Hilux. It should go on sale in summer 2020. The new “Invincible” equipment variant is also available.

The ESTEC diesel engines ( Economy with Superior Thermal Efficient Combustion ) of the GD series with 2.4 and 2.8 liter displacement are new developments. They are more economical in consumption than their predecessor engines with similar performance. In 2016, only the 2.4-liter engine was initially approved for the EU market; when AdBlue is added, it meets the EURO 6 emissions standard . From model year 2021 (available from September 2020), the facelift model will also be available on the EU market. Market with the 2.8-liter 1GD-FTV diesel engine. For some markets outside Europe (e.g. Vietnam) the diesel engines 1KD-FTV and 2KD-FTV from the 7th generation are still being installed, externally recognizable by the air scoop. The 2TR-FE gasoline engine, which is the most sold outside the EU, has only been slightly revised compared to the seventh generation.

In the eighth generation Hilux, the automatic emergency braking assistant developed by Toyota is offered for the first time . The braked trailer load of the all-wheel drive models is now 3.2 tons.

In 2016, the Toyota Hilux was tested for vehicle safety by Euro NCAP . In the basic version, the Hilux received three out of five possible stars. However, since a safety package is optionally available for the model, the Hilux was also tested with the safety package. In this test, it received five stars out of five.

Technical specifications

	2.7 VVT-i	4.0 V6	2.4 diesel	2.8 diesel
Construction period	since 2015				from 2020
Engine characteristics
Engine type	R4 petrol engine	V6 petrol engine	R4 diesel engine
Displacement	2694 cc	3956 cc	2393 cc	2755 cc
Max. Power at min −1	122 kW (166 PS) / 5200	175 kW (238 PS) / 5200	110 kW (150 PS) / 3400	130 kW (177 PS) / 3400	150 kW (204 hp)
Max. Torque in min -1	245 Nm / 4000	376 Nm / 3800	400 Nm / 1600-2000	420 Nm / 1400–2600 [450 Nm / 1600–2400]	500 Nm
Power transmission
Drive, as standard	Rear wheel drive
Drive, optional	-	( Four-wheel drive )
Gearbox, as standard	5-speed manual transmission	6-speed automatic transmission	6-speed manual transmission		6-speed automatic transmission
Gearbox, optional	-		[6-speed automatic transmission]		-
Readings
Top speed	180 km / h		175 km / h (170 km / h) [170 km / h]	180 km / h [175 km / h]
Acceleration, 0-100 km / h	12.1 s	9.4 s	13.2 s (13.2 s) [12.8 s]	11.2 s [10.8 s]	10.0 s
Fuel consumption over 100 km (combined)	10.6 l super	11.7 l super	6.8 l diesel (7.1 l diesel) [7.8 l diesel]	7.6 l diesel [8.0 l diesel] ([8.5 l diesel])	7.8 l diesel
CO 2 emissions (combined)	253 g / km	279 g / km	178 g / km (187 g / km) [204 g / km]	198 g / km (199 g / km) [210 g / km] ([224 g / km])	204 g / km
Tank capacity	80 l

Market position and brand image

Toyota introduced the Hilux in the small to medium pickup market segment, below the larger Toyota Stout . After it was considered a compact pick-up on the international market for a long time (pick-up of the compact class), it is classified as a mid- size pick-up with the increased dimensions of the seventh generation (since 2005) . With over 16 million copies, the Hilux is the world's best-selling pick-up in the small to medium-sized model market segment. Sales of the Hilux were discontinued in North America in 1995 and the Toyota Tacoma , which was specially built for this market, was introduced.

For a long time, the Hilux was primarily a commercial vehicle for farmers, craftsmen, forest workers or on construction sites, for example in road service or open-cast mining. As an authority vehicle, it is also run by some water management companies in Germany. Outside Germany, the Hilux is often used by the police and the military. The brand image is also determined by high-profile use as an expedition vehicle. In 2007, James May and Jeremy Clarkson and their support team were the first people to reach the Arctic Magnetic Pole (northern magnetic pole) in a car in the special episode Top Gear: Polar Special . For this purpose, two heavily modified Toyota Hilux and an equally modified Toyota Land Cruiser were used. In the third season, the Top Gear editorial team tested a Hilux for its robustness, among other things by hitting a tree head-on, maltreating it with a wrecking ball and lighting it. Even after the car was parked on the beach during high tide, it worked fine after some cleaning work.

Since the seventh generation at the latest, the Hilux - like other pick-ups - has become a popular vehicle for recreational athletes and campers.

Technical - war effort

Vehicle of a private security company in Afghanistan with a DSchK machine gun

→ Main article : Technical (chariot)

The Toyota Hilux is particularly often used in asymmetrical warfare , where it is referred to as so-called " technical " in English . The name goes back to the Somali civil war in the early 1990s. The American security expert Andrew Exum described the Hilux in this context as the “traveling counterpart to the Kalashnikov ”. The reasons for the popularity are - apart from all-wheel drive, reduction gear and differential lock - in the worldwide good service coverage by Toyota and the use of simple technology.

The use of such vehicles gave a section of the Libyan-Chadian border war in 1987 the name known as the Toyota War . Since then, the Hilux has been and continues to be used as a “ technical ” in wars and civil wars in Afghanistan , Libya , Mali , Syria and Iraq .

The presence of the Hilux and the Toyota Land Cruiser in the areas occupied by the terrorist organization Islamic State in Iraq, Syria and Libya is so conspicuous that the US Treasury Department has turned to the manufacturer. The carmaker is supposed to help clarify the question of how the so-called "Islamic State" got hold of the many vehicles.

Motorsport

In motorsport, the Hilux is used in rallies and trials , and more rarely in circuit races . At the 2012 Dakar Rally , Giniel de Villiers took third place in the overall standings with a modified Toyota Hilux. At the Dakar Rally 2013 and 2015 , he and co-driver Dirk von Zitzewitz took second place in the overall standings, and in 2016 third place. The modified Hilux 8 was used for the first time for the Toyota factory teams at the 2016 Dakar Rally.

Since 2013, a limited version of the Hilux 7 has been offered as a “Dakar Edition” in South Africa.

Web links

Commons : Toyota HiLux  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Official site for the Hilux from Toyota
• Hilux and 4-Runner website with forum

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Blog: History of the Toyota Hilux (accessed January 23, 2015)
2. ↑ Motors & Specifications at toyota.de (accessed on January 17, 2015)
3. ↑ ^{a b} Erlkönig Toyota Hilux: This is the next Hilux. auto motor und sport (accessed April 24, 2015)
4. ↑ New Toyota HiLux leaked again Motoring.com.au (accessed April 24, 2015)
5. ↑ 2016 Toyota Hilux engines revealed Bangkok Post (accessed May 11, 2015)
6. ↑ Geneva: Toyota C-HR, Proace Verso and Hilux http://www.motorline.cc/ (accessed on February 23, 2016)
7. ↑ Torsten Seibt: Toyota Hilux 2.8 (2020) Facelift: New power diesel for the Japanese pickup. In: auto-motor-und-sport.de. June 4, 2020, accessed June 4, 2020 . 
8. ↑ New diesel for the Hilux Autobild.de (accessed on April 29, 2015)
9. ↑ Toyota's new turbodiesel engines are stronger, lighter, cleaner autoblog.com (accessed June 27, 2015)
10. ↑ Toyota Vietnam (accessed March 3, 2016)
11. ↑ 2016 Toyota HiLux engine details leaked Car Advice (Australia), (accessed May 4, 2015)
12. ↑ Result of the Toyota Hilux in the Euro NCAP crash test in the basic configuration (2016)
13. ↑ Result of the Toyota Hilux in the Euro NCAP crash test with the safety package (2016)
14. ↑ Thomas Gutschker, Boris Schmidt and Thomas Scheen: The little man's cavalry. Toyota's "pick-ups". In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . April 11, 2011, accessed April 11, 2011 (The Toyota in Asymmetric Warfare). 
15. ↑ ^{a b} Luisa Seeling: On the bed. Toyota Hilux rebel vehicle. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . August 23, 2014, accessed on August 30, 2014 (IS fighters and Taliban, Somali pirates and Libyan militiamen - all drive Toyota Hilux. Why insurgents all over the world love to use Japanese off-road vehicles.). 
16. ↑ Spiegel Online from October 7, 2015: IS vehicle fleet: Toyota's problem with the terror trucks .
17. ↑ Von Zitzewitz proud of second place. January 17, 2015, accessed January 23, 2015 . 
18. ↑ Toyota announces Dakar Edition Hilux (accessed January 26, 2015)
19. ^ Special Hilux celebrates Dakar glory. IOL Motoring (accessed March 21, 2015)