History of the city of Avignon

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Coat of arms of the city of Avignon
View of the Papal Palace, around 1617
(after a drawing by Étienne Martellange)
Urban area around 1649
(from the Atlas van Loon)

The history of the city of Avignon goes back to the Neolithic . On the steep rock hill Rocher des Doms , which served as a natural protective wall and protected against regular floods of the Rhone , the first Celtoligur settlement arose in antiquity . Thanks to its strategic location at the confluence of the Rhône and Durance rivers , the Greeks founded a trading post called Avenio a little later . In the Middle Ages Avignon became an important city in the Kingdom of Provence . The fourteenth century was particularly important as the popes opted for exile and moved their seat to Avignon. After the departure of the popes, the city and the neighboring county of Venaissin remained under the administration of a papal envoy for many centuries. During the French Revolution , Avignon became the capital of the Vaucluse department .

Toponymy

Origin of name

The oldest forms of the name have been handed down by the Greeks : Αὐενιὼν Auenion ( Stephanos of Byzantium , Strabon  IV, 1, 11), Ἀουεννίων Aouennion (Ptolemaios, II, x). The Roman name Avennĭo Cavarum ( Mela , II, 575, Pliny III, 36), translated "Avignon of the cavars", makes it clear that Avignon was one of three cities of the Celto - Ligurian tribe of cavars , together with Cavaillon and Orange .

The current toponymy of the name goes back to a pre -Indo-European translation ab-ên followed by the ending -i-ōn (e) . This translation would be a hydronym and an oronym , a designation for a place that is on a river (Rhône), or possibly also on a site (Rocher-des-Doms).

The Greek Auenion was in the first century as Avennĭo (or Avenio ) -onis Latinized , and then in the classic Okzitanischem as Avinhon to write or Avignoun in mistralischen sensitive. The inhabitants call themselves avinhonencs or avignounen in Occitan or Provencal .

Preposition dispute

In France there is a controversy over whether to translate the expression “in Avignon” with “à Avignon” or “en Avignon”. In French, the preposition à is normally used for cities , but en is only used for female country names (“en France”) or countries that begin with a vowel (“en Iran”). The website of the city of Avignon recommends the use of à when speaking of the city in the strict sense.

At the same time, some claim that there would be a convention in the French language that would allow one to designate a place within Avignon with en instead of à , and the Académie française does not fundamentally reject this use.

There are two explanations for the origin of en :

  • Linguistics and literature : The Occitan language does not allow a gap between two vowels. Therefore, in Provençal (a dialect of Occitan) one speaks of an Avinhon , à-n-Avignoun , as an Arle , à-n-Arle , but also as Aiz , az-Ais (à Aix) . Frédéric Mistral also performs en Avignoun . This peculiarity must have influenced the French language locally, as a large number of other examples show (in Francitan ).
  • Historical : The phrase en Avignon refers to the Papal State of Avignon, which existed until 1791. You lived in Avignon just as you could reside in Provence .

The use of the term en Avignon continues to prevail among the population and the press at the national level but appears to be gradually declining.

Other places with Avignon as part of their name

A total of eight other French towns have Avignon as part of their name, including four in Avignon's immediate vicinity: Cabrières-d'Avignon , Morières-lès-Avignon , Saint-Saturnin-lès-Avignon (all of the Vaucluse department ) and Villeneuve-lès-Avignon . There are also the communes of Avignon-lès-Saint-Claude ( Jura department ) and the communes of Avignonet ( Isère department ), Avignonet-Lauragais ( Haute-Garonne department ) and Chavignon ( Aisne department ).

Prehistory and early history

The Avignon area was already settled in the Neolithic , as excavations at Rocher-des-Doms and in the Quartier de la Balance have shown.

Excavations on the northern part of Rocher-des-Dom, led by Sylvain Gagnière , unearthed a small anthropomorphic stele (height: 20 cm) that represents a “funeral stele” in the early 1960s . It shows a stylized human figure on the front and a representation of the sun on the back , which is a unique discovery for this type of stele.

Compared to identical sun figures, this stele shows the "first Avignonese" and is classified within a period that extends between the Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age and corresponds to the meridional Chalcolithic .

Other finds were two ground from green stone axes, one for the Pasteur of the plateaux ( "the plateau shepherds") typical stone tools , some jewelry Chalcolithic objects and remains of indigenous or imported ( ionic and phokäisch ) Hallstatt - pottery .

Antiquity

Greek stele from Avignon, Lapidarium Museum.

The name of the city goes back to about the 4th century BC. BC back. The first mention of Avignon ( Aouen (n) ion ) was by Artemidor of Ephesus . His geographical work was lost, but has remained known through a short version of the Markian of Herakleia and through the geographical lexicon Ethnika of Stephanos of Byzantium , which is based on this script. He names there:

"City of Massalia , near the Rhône, the popular name is Avenionsios (Avenionensis) from the local name (in Latin) and Auenionitès from the Greek expression."

- Stephanos of Byzantium : Ethnika

This toponym has two meanings: "City of the strong wind" or, more likely, "Lord of the river". The other sources trace its origin to the Gallic mignon (swamp / moor) and the Celtic definite article .

The city was founded around 539 BC. Founded as a Greek Emporion by the Phocaeans of Marseilles . The Massaliots began during the 4th century BC. Chr. Alliance agreements with some cities to sign the Rhone valley as Avignon and Cavaillon. A century later, Avignon belonged to the "Region of the Massaliots" or the "Land of Massalia".

Roman remains of the 1st century, behind the Papal Palace.

Fortified on its rock, the city was the capital of the cavars for a long time . After the arrival of the Roman legion around 120 BC. The cavars, allied with the Massalioten, allied themselves with the Romans. Under the rule of the Roman Empire, the name changed from Aouenion to Avennio . The city first became part of the Gallia Narbonensis (118 BC), then part of Viennensis  II. Avignon remained an ally of Marseille until the conquest by the Roman generals Gaius Trebonius and Decimus Junius Brutus . 49 BC Chr. Avignon was a city of Roman law and 43 v. BC it acquired the status of a Latin colony . Pomponius Mela counted it among the most prosperous cities in the province.

During the years 121 and 122, the Emperor Hadrian stayed in the Provincia , where he visited Vaison , Orange, Apt and Avignon. He granted Avignon the status of a Roman colony ("Colonia Julia Hadriana Avenio") and the citizens were enrolled in the tribes .

After Maximianus Herculius , who fought against the Bagauden , passed through , the first wooden bridge was built over the Rhône and Avignon was united on its right bank. The bridge could be dated to the year 290 using dendrochronology . In the 3rd century AD, a small Christian community existed outside the city walls, which is considered to be the forerunner of the Abbey of Saint-Ruf .

Early middle ages

It is uncertain when exactly the city was Christianized . What is certain is that the first historical bishop of Avignon , Nectarius (Julius), attended a regional council on November 29, 439 in the cathedral of Riez , at which the thirteen bishops of the three provinces of Arles were present.

In November 441, Nectarius of Avignon attended the First Council of Orange , accompanied by his deacon Fontidius . In the assembly convened and chaired by Hilary of Arles , the Council Fathers established the right of asylum . In the following year he took part in the company of his lecturers Fonteius and Saturninus at the first council of Vaison , in which seventeen bishops from the so-called "Seven Provinces" ( Dioecesis Septem Provinciarum ) took part. Nectarius died in 455.

Clovis I , King of the Franks, besieged Avignon in 500 AD.

When the great migration began, the cities in the Rhône valley were not spared. In 472 Avignon was sacked by the Burgundians and then supplied with food by Patiens, the old Lyon .

In 500 the king of the Franks , Clovis I , attacked the Burgundian king Gundobad . This was accused of murdering the father of his wife Chlothilde . Defeated, he left Lyon and fled to Avignon, which was then besieged by Clovis. Gregory of Tours reports that the Frankish king devastated the fields, cut the vines, felled the olive trees and plundered the orchards. The Burgundy was saved by the intervention of the Roman general Aredius. He had appealed to his helper against the "Frankish barbarians" who would devastate the country.

In 536 Avignon followed the fate of Provence , which was ceded to the Merovingians by the new Ostrogothic king Vitiges . Chlothar I. annexed Avignon, Orange, Carpentras and Gap , Childebert I. Arles and Marseille, Theudebert I. Aix, Apt, Digne and Glandevès . Emperor Justinian I in Constantinople approved this assignment.

Despite the great migration, intellectual life continued to flourish on the Rhône. Gregory of Tours remarks that after the death of Bishop Antoninus in 561, the Parisian abbot Dommole refused to preside over the bishopric of Avignon under Chlothar I, because he was convinced "that it would be too strenuous to be in the midst of sophistic senators and philosophical judges".

The seventh and eighth centuries were the darkest in Avignon history. The city fell victim to the Frankish King Theuderich II (Theudericus) in 612 . In 650, the Council of Chalon-sur-Saône indicates a final episcopal participation of Provencal dioceses . For the next 205 years there was no more bishop in Avignon, the last known title was Agricola von Avignon .

At the beginning of the eighth century, Muslim armies invaded the Pyrenees as part of the Islamic expansion and conquered numerous areas, including the city of Avignon in 734. Charles Martell , who led a victorious campaign against the Arab troops as early as 732, sent his brother Childebrand to the south in 736 to besiege the city. In 737 Martell himself appeared with reinforcements. The city was captured by the Frankish troops during the Battle of Avignon and burned to the ground. Martell's army then moved on across the Rhône to siege the city of Narbonne .

In 879 a central government was set up. The Bishop of Avignon, Ratfred, went with other Provencal colleagues to the Placitum von Mantaille in the county of Vienne , where Boso of Vienne was elected King of Provence.

The Rhône could be crossed again, as part of the ancient Avignon bridge was restored in 890. In the same year Ludwig III followed. his father Boso to the throne. His election took place at the Placitum of Varennes near Mâcon . His most active supporter, Teutbert, took over the county of Apt . With the title of "Governor General of the entire county of Arles and Provence" he ruled in 896 as the king's agent in Avignon, Arles and Marseilles. At his request , Ludwig III. Bédarrides to the priest Rigmond of Avignon two years later .

On October 19, 907, the later blind Emperor Ludwig returned an island on the Rhône to the Avignon Bishop Remigius. The accompanying document mentions for the first time a church dedicated to Mary .

After the arrest and execution of his cousin, Ludwig III went. 905 into exile in Italy . Hugo von Arles became his personal advisor and regent and exercised most of his prerogatives in the kingdom of Provence . When Ludwig III. awarded him the titles "duc de Provence" and "marquis de la Viennoise" in 911, Hugo left Vienne . He settled in the city of Arles, which was the original seat of his family, and made it the new capital of Provence.

On May 2, 916, Louis the Blind gave the churches of Saint-Ruf and Saint-Géniès back to the Diocese of Avignon. On the same day, the Bishop Fulcherius revised this in favor of his canons and the two churches Notre-Dame and Saint-Étienne, from which the cathedral of Avignon emerged .

A major political event took place in 934 when the kingdoms of Provence and High Burgundy were reunited. This union formed the Kingdom of Arelat , in which Avignon became one of the strongest cities.

At the end of the 9th century, the Spanish Moors established a military base in Fraxinet and from there carried out raids through the Alps throughout the 10th century .

On the night of July 21-22, 972 , they kidnapped Dom Mayeul , the abbot of Cluny , who had just returned from Rome. After paying a ransom of £ 1,000  - an enormous sum for the time - Mayeul was liberated in mid-August and returned to Cluny in September .

Map of the Kingdom of Arles, annexed to the Holy Roman Empire in 1032.

In September 973, Guillaume and his older brother Roubaud , both sons of the Count of Avignon Boson II , mobilized the entire nobility of Provence on behalf of Dom Mayeul . With the help of Arduin , the Provencal troops, after two weeks of siege, hunted the Saracens in their hiding places in Fraxinet and Ramatuelle , as well as in Peirimpi near Noyers, in the valley of the Jabron . Guillaume and Roubaud received their titles as Counts of Provence there.

During 976 Bermond, the brother-in-law of Eyric, became Vice Count of Avignon by the Burgundian King Konrad III. appointed, the Chartular of Notre-Dame des Doms reports for April 1 that Bishop Landry returned to the canons of Saint-Étienne their rights which he had previously illegally appropriated. He left them a mill and two houses, which he had built at their request on the site of today's Tour de Trouillas of the Papal Palace. In 980 these canons were appointed as cathedral chapters by Bishop Garnier .

In 994 Dom Mayeul reached Avignon, where he assisted his friend Guillaume when he died. The count had a son as his successor, who ruled together with his uncle Roubaud under the name of Guillaume II . But the community of Avignon organized itself against the power of the counts and episcopates. Around the year 1000 there was already a proconsul Béranger who, together with his wife Gilberte, founded an abbey at "Castrum Caneto".

In 1032 the Kingdom of Arles was annexed to the Holy Roman Empire. From then on, the Rhône became a border that could only be crossed over the old Avignon bridge. Some Avignonese still use the terms Terre d'Empire ("soil of the Empire") to denote the Avignon bank and Terre du Royaume ("soil of the kingdom") for the bank of Villeneuve, which was owned by the King of France.

High Middle Ages

Siege of Avignon 1226 (left), death of Louis VIII and coronation of Louis IX. (right).

After the division of the Carolingian Empire , Avignon, which belonged to the Kingdom of Arles and Burgundy, was ruled by the Counts of Provence and Forcalquier , then by the Counts of Toulouse and Provence.

Under the feudal rule of these counts, the city was given an autonomous administration (a consulate was established in 1129, two years before the neighboring Arles).

In 1209 a council took place in Avignon, the second excommunication of Raimund VI. of Toulouse.

At the time of the Albigensian Wars , the city was besieged by Raymond VII of Toulouse, Count of Toulouse, and taken on September 9, 1226 by King Louis VIII .

At the end of September, a few days after the city was surrendered to the troops of King Louis VIII , Avignon was hit by floods.

In 1249, after the death of Raymond VII , whose heirs took part in the crusades , the city established a republic.

In 1251, however, she was forced to join the two brothers of Louis IX. , From Poitiers Alfonso and Charles I of Anjou to subdue. After Alfonso's death in 1271, Philip III inherited . his part of Avignon and transferred it to his son Philip the Fair in 1285 . He left it to Charles II of Anjou in 1290 , who has remained the sole owner of the entire city since then.

Papacy of Avignon

The Palais des Papes and the city of Avignon, miniature painting by Boucicaut masters at the beginning of the 15th century ,
Bibliothèque nationale de France .

In 1309 Avignon became papal residence under Pope Clement V at the time of the Council of Vienne . His successor John XXII. , a former bishop of the Diocese of Avignon, made it the capital of Christianity and converted his former palace into the first papal palace. This was followed by Benedict XII. , who had the old palace built and Clemens VI. who immediately built the New Palace. He bought the city on June 9, 1348 from Joan I of Aragon, Queen of Naples and Countess of Provence. Innocent VI. had the city wall expanded into a fortified curtain wall . His two successors, Urban V. and Gregor XI. wanted to return to Rome, which the latter succeeded in doing. However, the early death of the seventh Pope of Avignon led to the triggering of the Great Western Schism , so that Clement VII and Benedict XIII. ruled again in Avignon. In total there were therefore nine popes who took turns in the papal palace and expanded it in the course of their pontificate .

Under their rule the court flourished , attracting numerous traders, painters, sculptors and musicians. The palace was the most notable building of the International Gothic . Its construction and ornamentation was the joint work of the best architects in France, Pierre Peysson and Jean du Louvres, called the Loubières , and the greatest fresco painters of the School of Siena , Simone Martini and Matteo Giovannetti .

The papal library of Avignon was the largest in Europe in the 14th century with two thousand books. It produced a group of clerics who were particularly passionate about Belles Lettres (Fine Literature) . From this the co-founder of humanism Petrarch emerged. Whereas the Clementine Chapel, called the Grand Chapelle , attracted composers, singers and musicians, including Guillaume de Machaut and Philippe de Vitry . Also Johannes Ciconia came for his studies here.

Urban V. was the first to make the decision to return to Rome, but chaos and various conflicts prevented him from staying there. He died very prematurely on his return to the Rhône.

His successor Gregory XI. decided for his part to move to Rome and thus ended the first papacy phase of Avignon. After the relocation of the papal seat in 1377 by Gregory XI. Avignon was briefly administered by a legate . During the Great Schism (1379-1411) the popes returned. After that, the city was again administered by a legate who was assisted by a vice delegate from 1542 .

Early modern age

After the death of the Archbishop of Arles , Philippe de Lévis (1475), Pope Sixtus IV. From Rome reduced the diocese of Arles: he dissolved the diocese of Avignon from the province of Arles, established an archbishopric and assigned the dioceses of Carpentras , Cavaillon and Vaison-la-Romaine under.

The Baron des Adrets besieged the city in 1562 to take revenge for the Orange massacre .

Charles IX crossed the city on his royal Grand Tour through France (1564–1566), accompanied by his court and the great people of the kingdom: his brother Henry III. , Henry of Navarre , and the Cardinals of Bourbon and Lorraine , Charles de Bourbon and Charles de Lorraine-Guise . The court stayed there for three weeks.

In 1618 Cardinal Richelieu went into exile in Avignon.

The town received a visit from Vincent de Paul in 1607 and François de Sales in 1622 .

In 1691 the legacy was abolished and the vice delegate ruled the city alone from then on. As a result, Avignon remained papal property until the French Revolution .

At the beginning of the 18th century, the streets of Avignon were always narrow and winding, but the buildings were changing and the new houses gradually replaced the old townhouses. Cultivation areas for mulberries , orchards and pastureland emerged around the city .

Plague letter of the city from 1637

In 1721 a great plague broke out , which decimated the city of 24,000 inhabitants to a quarter of its population.

On January 2, 1733 , François Morénas founded the Courrier d'Avignon newspaper , the name of which varied over time and the prohibitions. Published in the papal enclave, outside the Kingdom of France near Monaco , the newspaper was able to escape the control system of the French press, but had to endure the authoritarian oversight of the pontificate . The Courrier d'Avignon appeared from 1733 to 1793 with two interruptions, once between June 1768 and August 1769 due to the French annexation of Avignon, and the other time between November 30, 1790 and May 24, 1791.

Penitential brotherhoods

Alphonse Rastoul noted in his Tableau d'Avignon , published in 1836 , that the procession of penitents was the main event in the city and "that there was no such thing anywhere else in France". The “gray penitents” were the first in a long series of Avignon penitential brotherhoods. This was followed by the "Black Penitents", founded in 1488 by a group of Florentine nobles, the "White Penitents", a brotherhood founded by thirteen Avignonese in 1527, and the "Blue Penitents", which emerged in 1557 from splitting off the other brotherhoods. At the end of the 16th century the “Black Penitents of Mercy” were formed. The movement was continued with the foundation of the "Violet Penitents" (1622), followed by the "Red Penitents" (1700). The French Revolution stopped the creation of new associations.

  • Church of the White Penitents, also Notre-Dame de la Principale called

  • Procession of the White Penitents by Pierre Grivolas

  • Chapel of the Violet Penitents, photographed by Jean Péru

The procession with the largest number of visitors was that of the white penitents, at which Henri III. 1575 participated. Frédéric Mistral provided the following description:

“The penitents had their exit after sunset in the light of the torches. Wrapped in hoods and hats , they marched past bit by bit like ghosts. In their arms they carried tabernacles , relics , and incense burners, some with a huge eye with a triangle, others with a large snake wrapped around a tree. "

- Frédéric Mistral

Another procession was the “Liberation Ceremony” organized every year by the “Blacks of Mercy” to celebrate the pardon of a condemned man, which Cardinal Richelieu attended during his exile in Avignon from 1618 to 1619.

French Revolution by the 19th century

Massacre de la Glacière , inside the palace (1844).

On September 12, 1791, the National Constituent Assembly voted on the annexation of Avignon and the reunification of the County of Venaissin with the Kingdom of France, which resulted in a referendum that was presented to the inhabitants of the county.

On the night of 16 to October 17, 1791 took place after the lynching of officials Nicolas Jean-Baptiste Lescuyer through the crowd, which was suspected of wrongly taking church property in possession of the Massacre de la Glacière instead. This represented a black episode in the history of the city. Sixty people were executed in total and thrown into the lower part of the Tour de la Glacière from the Papal Palace .

On July 7, 1793 , General Rousselet's federal insurgents marched into Avignon. During the crossing of the Durance for the occupation of the city by the Marseilles troops, Joseph Agricol Viala , who was later revered as a revolutionary hero, was killed. On July 25, General Carteaux appeared in front of the city, and the next day Rousselet's troops left, as a result of a misinterpretation of orders from Marseille.

When the Vaucluse département was founded on August 12, 1793 , the city became chef-lieu . This reunification was confirmed by the Treaty of Tolentino in 1797 . On the 7th Vendémiaire year IV the Chevalier of Alexandre Mottard de Lestang conquered the city ​​for the royalists with a troop strength of 10,000 men. The Représentant en mission Boursault recaptured the city and had Lestang shot.

During the Revolution and in 1815, Avignon was the unfortunate scene of the Terreur Blanche , where Marshal Brune was assassinated on August 2, 1815 .

Between 1820 and 1830 Avignon received the Île de la Barthelasse , which previously belonged to Villeneuve.

Boats in Avignon around 1840. Drawing by Thomas Allom , copper engraving by E. Brandard .

On October 18, 1847 , the Avignon – Marseille railway line was opened by the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Marseille à Avignon . In 1860, today's Gare d'Avignon-Center station was built. In November 1898, the tram network of the Compagnie des Tramways Électriques d'Avignon was put into operation, which replaced the former company for horse-drawn rail transport as its successor.

During the coup d'état of December 2, 1851 , the Avignonese, including Alphonse Gent , sided with the opposition.

In 1856, Avignon was flooded by an extraordinary flood of the Durance .

20th century until today

The double viaduct of Angles , overpass of the LGV Méditerranée over the Rhône.

The 20th century saw an important development of the city, especially in the outskirts, and several important projects were launched. Between 1920 and 1975 the population practically doubled, despite the split from Le Pontet in 1925 and the Second World War .

1937 was the airport of Avignon-Caumont built of an airport was and experienced a major upturn since the early 1980s. International air routes were opened, a new tower was built and the runway was extended .

After the Second World War, Avignon was awarded the Silver Star on November 11, 1948 with the Croix de guerre . The city recovered, developed its festival launched in 1947 , renovated its monuments, and promoted tourism and trade.

In 1977 she was a prize winner of the Europe Prize of the, Euro Europe is awarded.

In 1996, the project of the LGV Méditerranée railway line started , which was to run through the municipality and across the Rhône. From 1998 to 2001 the Gare d'Avignon TGV station was built.

Military life

Barracks

Former Duprat barracks in the courtyard of the Papal Palace in 1919.
Chabran barracks.
Barracks of the 58th Infantry Regiment.

Part of the papal palace was used as barracks for pioneer troops after the French Revolution . After that, an infantry regiment was established there from 1881 to 1900 . The military command then renamed the palace “Duprat barracks” in honor of Jean Étienne Benoît Duprat , the former colonel in the National Guard of Avignon, who became a general of the French Empire and died in the battle of Wagram .

Under Napoleon III. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc suggested a restoration of the building in order to restore it to the status of a historical monument, which was unsuccessful. The project began in 1860, but the war of 1870 prevented completion and thus saved the destruction of the vault in the Great Audience Hall, which was to be removed. The location remained military for the time being.

At the turn of the century, a good sixty years after Charles de Montalembert wrote his Vandalisme en France, lettre à M. Victor Hugo , the palace remained in very poor condition. The two towers of the main facade were removed, the interiors were blocked by rubble from the military occupation, statues were broken, windows and doors opened without any respect for the architecture, such as the portal of the large chapel, where engineering troops broke through a door.

The palace remained in military possession until 1902. To compensate for a relocation of the troops, the city had to build a new barracks outside the city walls, the "Chabran barracks". It became the barracks of the 58th Infantry Regiment and is currently the seat of the prefecture. In September 1906 the troops left the palace.

The "Barracks of Hautpoul" are located within the city walls in today's cours Jean Jaurès . It was the former barracks of the 7th Pioneers and was set up where the former cloister gardens of the Cölestiner were previously . It was completed around 1865 and is currently the seat of the Avignon financial administration.

Outside the city walls on the boulevard Saint-Roch is the caserne de Salles , a former cavalry barracks. It now serves as a police station and was a long time ago a hospital for plague sufferers, which was later converted.

  • Company of the 7th Engineer Regiment on a pontoon bridge .

  • 7. Engineer troops cross the Rhone.

  • Parade of the 7th Pioneers across the Rhone.

  • Pontoon bridge of the 7th Pioneers over the Rhone.

  • Loose pontoon with crew.

List of military units stationed in Avignon

Regiments of infantry
  • 118th Territorial Infantry Regiment ( RIT ): under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Nanta. In Avignon: mobilization between 2nd and 5th August 1914, return between 5th March and 7th May 1918
  • 258th Infantry Regiment: Reserve Regiment of the 58th, disbanded in 1916 as a result of attacks on the front
  • 58th Infantry Regiment: 1914 under the command of Colonel Jaguin
Pioneer regiments
  • 1st regiment of the pontoon artillery: after being stationed in the barracks of Hautpoul, became the 7th engineer regiment. Merger of the 23rd and 24th bridge-building battalions at the beginning of the First World War and later inclusion of the 15th pioneer battalion.
  • 19th Engineer Battalion, stationed in Avignon in 1906.
Regiments of horse hunters
  • 11th Horse Hunter Regiment, stationed in Avignon in 1870
  • 5th Horse Hunter Regiment, which has existed since 1675 and was re-established in Avignon in 1816 as the Régiment de Chasseurs du Cantal
Other regiments
  • 27th regiment of Algerian tirailleurs
  • 8th Hussar Regiment, stationed in Avignon in 1798

literature

  • German
    • Otto Berthold (Ed.): Kaiser, Volk and Avignon. Selected sources on the anti-curial movement in Germany in the first half of the 14th century . WBG, Darmstadt 1960.
    • Stefan Brandenburg, Ines Mache: Provence. The complete guide for individual travel and discovery in Provence, the Camargue and Marseille . 6th updated edition. Reise Know-How Verlag Rump, Bielefeld 2008, ISBN 978-3-8317-1665-4 , p. 219-221 .
    • Giovanna Magi: Provence . Bonechi Verlag, Florence 1982, ISBN 88-7009-104-X , p. 17-18 .
    • Cony Ziegler: Provence with Camargue . 2nd updated edition. Reiseuchverlag Iwanowski, Dormagen 2009, ISBN 978-3-933041-54-8 , p. 346-350 .
  • French
    • Hervé Aliquot et Cyr Harispe: Avignon au XIV e siècle. Palais et décors . Ed. École Palatine, Avignon 2006, ISBN 2-9522477-1-4 .
    • Anne Bourret-Porée: Demeures secrètes du vieil Avignon . Ed. Équinoxe, Barbentane, 2000.
    • Sophie Cassagnes-Brouquet: Sur les pas des papes d'Avignon . Ouest France éditions, ISBN 2-7373-3414-4 .
    • Pierre-Marie Danquigny: La ville d'Avignon à travers les textes grecs et latins du II e siècle avant n.è. au VI e siècle . In: revue Avignon, Rhône et Comtat . No. 4 . Imp. Scribe, L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue 1986.
    • Jean Favier : Les papes d'Avignon . Fayard, Paris 2006, ISBN 2-213-62524-7 .
    • Sylvain Gagnière et Jacky Granier: Une nouvelle sculpture chalcolithique à Avignon: la stèle anthropomorphhe du quartier de la Balance . S. 35–51 (excerpt from Mémoires de l'académie de Vaucluse, 1965–1966 ).
    • Sylvain Gagnière : Histoire d'Avignon . 1979.
    • Joseph Girard: Avignon, histoire et monuments . Ed. Dominique Seguin, Avignon 1924.
    • Joseph Girard: Evocation du vieil Avignon . Ed. de Minuit, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-7073-1353-X (first edition: 1958).
    • Publication de la Faculté de Lettres d'Avignon (ed.): Avignon au Moyen Âge, textes et documents . Aubanel, Avignon 1988, ISBN 2-7006-0132-7 .
    • André Hallay: Avignon et le Comtat Venaissin . Paris 1909.
    • Jacqueline Hamesse: La Vie culturelle, intellectuelle et scientifique à la cour des papes d'Avignon . Brepols, Paris 2006, ISBN 2-503-51877-X .
    • Marc Maynègre: La visite de Louis XIV à Avignon et Le massacre de la Glacière in De la Porte Limbert au Portail Peint, histoire et anecdotes d'un vieux quartier d'Avignon . Sorgues, 1991, ISBN 2-9505549-0-3 .
    • René Moulinas: Histoire de la Révolution d'Avignon . Aubanel, Avignon 1986.
    • Philippe Prévot: Histoire du ghetto d'Avignon . Ed. Aubanel, Avignon 1975, ISBN 2-7006-0056-8 .
    • Yves Renouard : La papauté à Avignon . JP. Gisserot, Paris 2004, ISBN 2-87747-748-7 (first edition: PUF, 1954).
    • Jacques Rossiaud: Le Rhône au Moyen Âge (=  Collection historique ). Aubier, Paris 2007, ISBN 2-7007-2296-5 .

Remarks

  1. ^ A b Charles Rostaing: Essai sur la toponymie de la Provence, depuis les origines jusqu'aux invasions barbare , Ed. Jeanne Laffitte, 1994, p. 30.
  2. ^ Albert Dauzat, Charles Rostaing: Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France , Ed. Larousse, 1968, p. 1689.
  3. ^ Robert Bourret: Dictionnaire Français-Occitan , Éd. Lacour, Nîmes, 1999, p. 59.
  4. ^ Xavier de Fourvière: Lou Pichot tresor , Ed . Auberon, 2000, p. 62.
  5. ^ Langenscheidt Premium School Dictionary French, 2009, p. 1045.
  6. ↑ Website of the City of Avignon The formulation "en Avignon", while it allows to avoid a somewhat inconsistent hiatus , is still incorrect when applied to the city within its municipality boundaries. In this case, its use is reminiscent of ignorance or pedantry, sometimes based on nostalgia of the Ancien Régime .… The appropriate formulation is “à Avignon” when speaking of the city stricto sensu , as it is with “à Aix ”,“ À Albi ”or“ à Amboise ”.
  7. ↑ a b c "en" Avignon on the website of the Académie française ( Memento of the original of May 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In the section - “Noms géographiques et leurs articles” -: One cannot condemn the expressions “en Arles” and “en Avignon”, which are well documented by the best authors and which at the same time turn out to be archaisms (the use of en instead of à before the names of cities, especially before a vowel, was widespread in the classical era) and can be explained as Provencal regionalisms . However, it appears that usage is on the decline. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.academie-francaise.fr
  8. ↑ Guy Martin, Bernard Moulin: Grammaire provençale et cartes linguistiques , Ed. Comitat d'estudis occitans CREO-Provença, Diffusion Edisud, 1998.
  9. ↑ Center regionau d'estudis occitans-Provença, Dictionnaire de base français-provençal, Ed. CREO Provença, 1992.
  10. ↑ a b The Trésor du Félibrige online.
  11. ↑ Claude Martel: Le parler provençal , Ed. Rivages, 1988.
  12. ↑ Additional explanations on this subject on the website of the city of Avignon and in this video from TV5 .
  13. ↑ The Papal State of Avignon today comprises several parishes: Bédarrides , Châteauneuf-du-Pape , Entraigues-sur-la-Sorgue , Le Pontet , Morières-lès-Avignon , Sorgues and Vedène .
  14. ↑ Website dedicated to the history of Avignon. (French)
  15. ^ S. Gagnière, J. Granier: Stèle anthropomorphic trouvée à Avignon (Vaucluse) , "Ogam", t. XIII, fasc. 6, 1961, and Catalog raisonné des stèles anthropomorphes chalcolithiques du musée Calvet d'Avignon Avignon 1976.
  16. ↑ Stèle du rocher des Doms in the Musées Calvet .
  17. ↑ The identical depictions of the sun exist on rock faces or as cave paintings along the Provencal coast, near Mont Bégo , on the Iberian peninsula and in the Moroccan desert.
  18. ↑ In Provence, these anthropomorphic steles ( Lauris , Orgon , Sénas , Trets , Goult , L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue , Avignon) date between 3000 and 2800 BC. And are associated with the Lagozza culture . They bear witness to an agriculture that was predominant in the lower valleys of the Rhône and the Durance.
  19. ↑ August Meinicke: Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt , Berlin, 1849
  20. ↑ Le nom d'Avignon
  21. ↑ The term was used in the pseudo-Aristotle in the "Miracles".
  22. ↑ The name was used by Dionysios Periegetes in Periegesis tes oikumenes .
  23. ↑ Pliny the Elder : Naturalis Historia , Pomponius Mela: De Choregraphia
  24. ↑ Histoire d'Avignon
  25. ↑ Pomponius Mela: De chorographia , Book II, V.
  26. ^ Edward Togo Salmon: A history of the Roman world from 30 BC to AD 138 , 1990, p. 805
  27. ↑ Nectarius, first historical bishop of Avignon, his most in the course episcopate to Rome to disputes between Hilary of Arles and the Pope I. Leo to settle.
  28. ↑ This help is mentioned in the canons of the Council of the Seven Provinces of Béziers , which took place in 472 under the presidency of Sidonius Apollinaris , the Bishop of Clermont . The Lyon Prelat also supplied Arles, Riez, Orange, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux , Alba and Valence; Cities that were also starved by the looting of the Burgundians.
  29. ↑ Historians speak of the "Austraso-Provencal literary circle".
  30. ↑ Inter Senatores sophisticos ac judices philosophicos fatigari .
  31. ↑ Riez no longer had a bishop for 229 years, Vence for 218 years, the diocese of Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux for 189 years, the same applies to the diocese of Orange, the two reunited dioceses Carpentras and Digne lost theirs for 138 Years.
  32. ↑ Paul-Albert Février : La Provence des origines à l'an mil , p. 485: "Of 23 Provencal bishoprics, only eleven bishops were present"
  33. ↑ Boso was related to the Carolingians through Ermangarde, the sister of Charles the Bald .
  34. ^ The bridge pier number 14 at Villeneuve.
  35. ↑ Louis the Blind, son of Boso, was King of Provence from 890 to 928. He was crowned King of Italy in 900 and then Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in February 901 in Rome by Pope Benedict IV . His Italian rival Berengar I stabbed his eyes in 905 for perjury .
  36. ^ Ecclesia suae in honore Sancte Marie Dei genitris dicatae noted the chart of Notre-Dame des Doms.
  37. ↑ a b Édourd Baratier: Histoire de la Provence , p. 106.
  38. ↑ Mc Kitterick, p. 267.
  39. ↑ In the chart of the Notre-Dame des Doms it is noted: genetrici ejus regine celorum et terre interemate Marie virgini protomartyri etiam beatissimo Stephano . On August 18, 918, Louis the Blind mentioned in a document for the renewed return in favor of Fulcherius, the cathedral complex of Avignon with two churches and a baptistery : Matris ecclesie Sancte Marie et Sancti Stephami ac Sancti Johannis Baptiste .
  40. ^ Fraxinetum was identified with La Garde-Freinet .
  41. ↑ Mayeul was the younger son of Foucher de Valensole, one of the richest seigneurs in Provence, and Raymonde, daughter of Mayeul I of Narbonne, who married in Avignon.
  42. ↑ Eyric was the eldest son of Foucher de Valensole and Raymonde de Narbonne, he was the progenitor of the famous Agoult-Simiane family through his son Humbert de Caseneuve .
  43. ^ Castrum Caneto corresponds to Le Cannet-des-Maures .
  44. ↑ a b Chronology Cathares
  45. ↑ Jean Favier, p. 70 .
  46. ^ Jean Favier, p. 123 .
  47. ^ Jean Favier, p. 131 .
  48. ^ Jean Favier, p. 138 .
  49. ^ Jean Favier, p. 145 .
  50. ↑ Jean Favier, pp. 150-153 .
  51. ^ Yves Renouard : La papauté à Avignon , Éd. JP Gisserot, 2004, p. 59 .
  52. ↑ Yves Renouard: Le Mécénat des papes à Avignon , in La papauté à Avignon , pp 99-105 .
  53. ^ Yves Renouard: p. 99 .
  54. ^ Yves Renouard: p. 100 .
  55. ^ Yves Renouard: p. 101 .
  56. ^ A b Bernard Guillemain: Les papes d'Avignon , Éd. du Cerf, 2000, p. 112.
  57. ↑ Raymond Dugrand, Robert Ferras: Avignon , in La Grande Encyclopédie , Volume III , 1972, S. 1355 .
  58. ^ A b Église Catholique en Avignon - Note historique sur l'archidiocèse d'Avignon .
  59. ↑ Pierre Miquel: Les Guerres de religion , 1980, p. 233 .
  60. ↑ Pierre Miquel: Les Guerres de religion , 1980, p. 254 .
  61. ↑ Chronologie des années autour d'Agrippa d'Aubigné ( Memento of the original of May 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.agrippadaubigne.org
  62. ^ Conrad Malte-Brun: Précis de la geographie universelle , Volume 8, 1829.
  63. ^ Giovanna Magi: Provence. 1982, p. 18.
  64. ^ Eugène Hatin: Bibliographie historique et critique de la presse périodique française , p. 306 .
  65. ↑ a b Joseph Girard, p. 264 .
  66. ↑ a b c Jean-Paul Clébert: Guide de la Provence mystérieuse. Paris, p. 85 .
  67. ↑ a b Jean-Paul Clébert, p. 86 .
  68. ^ Joseph Girard, p. 279 .
  69. ^ Albert Ceccarelli: La Révolution à l'Isle sur la Sorgue et en Vaucluse , 1989, p. 60 .
  70. ^ Antoine Etienne Nicolas Fantin des Odoards: Histoire philosophique de la révolution de France, depuis la première Assemblée des notables jusqu'à la paix de Presbourg , Volume 3 , 1807, p. 77 .
  71. ^ Albert Ceccarelli: La Révolution ... , p. 64 .
  72. ↑ Antoine Étienne Nicolas Fantin des Odoards: Histoire philosophique de la révolution de France, depuis la première Assemblée des notables jusqu'à la paix de Presbourg , Volume 3 , 1807, p. 79 .
  73. ^ Albert Ceccarelli: La Révolution ... , p. 89 .
  74. ↑ Le monde des chemins de fer - Avignon - Marseille
  75. ↑ Articles dans Le Provençal , du 2 au 7 December 1971 .
  76. ^ Bernard Amouretti: L'Homme a longtemps été sous la dépendance de la Durance , Environment, Sustainable Development and Agriculture Department, La Durance: lien de vie du territoire régional , PACA Regional Council, p. 25 .
  77. ↑ History of Le Pontets ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.commune-lepontet.com
  78. ^ Official website of Avignon - Caumont Airport
  79. ↑ Les armoiries d'Avignon
  80. ↑ Cities awarded the European Prize ( Memento of the original from January 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / assembly.coe.int
  81. ↑ Gare Avignon TGV (2001)
  82. ↑ During his trip to Avignon, Prosper Mérimée lamented this military use because of the damage it caused, in particular the damage to the frescoes that adorned the papal palace. Le palais des papes vu par Mérimée ( Memento of May 22, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  83. ↑ Le Palais des Papes, Avignon - guide de visite , p. 58.
  84. ↑ La Loggia ( Memento of the original from October 31, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.palais-des-papes.com
  85. ↑ Archives municipales d'Avignon ( Memento des Originals from February 23, 2011) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Les transformations du XIXe siècle @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / archives.avignon.fr
  86. ↑ a b Visit 3 - Promenade des Teinturiers , official website of the city.
  87. ↑ Vivre à Avignon, transport, stroll 2
  88. ↑ La vie en secteur en 1914-1918 / 118 e territorial d'Avignon
  89. ↑ Site de canalblog
  90. ↑ Histoire des hommes du 58 e d'infanterie
  91. ^ Historique des regiments d'infanterie . Archived from the original on November 15, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
  92. ↑ Le 4 e Régiment du génie avec constitution de l'arme du génie en 1914.
  93. ↑ Amicale du 8 e régiment de hussards