Big Seddiner lake

Big Seddiner lake
View from the north bank at Lehnmarke to the south bank at Seddin
Geographical location	Germany , Brandenburg , Nuthe-Nieplitz Nature Park
Tributaries	Small tributaries from the Seddiner Fenn → Small Seddiner See; Mainly fed from groundwater and rainwater.
Drain	→ Kähnsdofer See → Mühlenfließ → Königsgraben → Nuthe → Havel → Elbe (only when the water level is high enough)
Places on the shore	Seddin , Neuseddin , Kähnsdorf , Wildenbruch , Fresdorf
Location close to the shore	Potsdam , Beelitz
Data
Coordinates	52 ° 16 '29 "  N , 13 ° 1' 56"  E Coordinates: 52 ° 16 '29 "  N , 13 ° 1' 56"  E
Altitude above sea level	39  m above sea level NN
surface	217.60 hectares
length	Max. 3900 m, eff. 3200 m
width	Max. 1070 m, eff. 630 m
volume	6.62 million m³
scope	10163 m
Maximum depth	7.20 m
Middle deep	3.04 m
particularities	Vistula glacial channel basin lake west of the Saarmunder terminal moraine arch
Catchment area: 2899 ha
The Seddiner lakes on the northwestern edge of the Nuthe-Nieplitz nature park

The Big Lake Seddiner , often simply Seddiner See , formerly Seddinsee , is a 218  hectare comprehensive Rinnenbeckensee in Brandenburg Potsdam-Mittelmark . It is located around 22 kilometers southwest of Berlin in the municipalities of Seddiner See and Michendorf . The small Seddiner See (around 4.4 hectares) connects to the western end of the elongated body of water, separated by Bundesstraße 2 . A narrow strip of land on the southeast bank also separates the Kähnsdorfer See (around 26 hectares) from the Great Seddiner See.

The shallow lakes were formed in the Brandenburg stage of the Vistula glacial period around 20,000 years ago. You are in the Nuthe-Nieplitz Nature Park west of the Saarmunder terminal moraine arch on the edge of the Beelitzer Sanders , an eastern branch of the Zauche . The eutrophic and polymictic Great Seddiner See has an average depth of 3 meters and a maximum depth of 7.2 meters. Its catchment area covers 2899 ha and consists of 47% forest and 37% agricultural land (as of 1994). Its edge zones are largely reeded. The Seddiner lakes served between 2006 and 2009 as a pilot project for the rehabilitation of northeast German shallow lakes in accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive (EG-WFD). In 2009, the WFD characterized the Great Seddiner See as a "lime-rich, unstratified lake with a relatively large catchment area" (type 11) and classified its overall ecological and chemical condition as unsatisfactory (level four of five).

There are several sandy beaches along the water, which was inhabited early and is now largely used for tourism, the largest in Kähnsdorf . The approximately 10-kilometer circular hiking trail around the Seddiner Lakes is part of the 66 Lakes Regional Park Route , a hiking trail around Berlin.

Names of the lakes

In the limnological and other ecological specialist literature, the following names for the Seddiner waters have become established, which are also used by institutions such as the Brandenburg State Environment Agency, the water cadastre and the Institute for Applied Water Ecology:

• Great Seddiner See: The 218 hectare main body of water without a divided west bay, also simply called Seddiner See in the profile according to the EU Water Framework Directive .
• Kleiner Seddiner See: The west bay of the main body of water, divided off since 1804 and encompassing around 4.4 hectares.
• Kähnsdorfer See: The 26 hectare lake on the south-east bank near Kähnsdorf (shown on some maps as Kleiner Seddiner See ).

The following terms are also used:

• Seddiner See or Seddinsee: The not yet divided, historical total lake before 1804; also the name of the community Seddiner See .
• Seddiner Lakes: Today's Large and Small Seddiner Lake.
• Seddiner lake chain : All three bodies of water.

In some representations and maps there are different names that are historically based. The Friends of Seddiner See points out that the differentiation between the small and large lake originally served to distinguish the main body of water (i.e. Seddiner lake as a whole) from the Kähnsdorfer lake. For example, on older maps, for example on a map from 1920, the name Kleiner Seddiner See can be found for Lake Kähnsdofer. Until the construction of the dam in 1804, what is now known as the Kleiner Seddiner See was a bay of the Großer Seddiner See - the entire lake was usually called Seddiner See , even earlier Seddinsee . According to the definition of the sponsoring association, the Kleiner Seddiner See is nowadays commonly referred to as the Kähnsdorfer See; the eastern bay of the Seddiner See, commonly known today as the Kleiner Seddiner See, remains unnamed.

geography

Spatial assignment

Map and circular route

Wildenbruch Bay

With 218 hectares, the Großer Seddiner See is the second largest lake in the Nuthe-Nieplitz Nature Park after the Blankensee (280 hectares) . Its north bank forms the northern border of the nature park , whose landscape, traversed by the rivers Nuthe and Nieplitz , is characterized by small-scale biotopes with a large variety of species , moist meadows and fens , agricultural fields, forests, natural still waters with extensive reed belts and pronounced sand areas in the Beelitz area . The lake is located around 13 kilometers south of Potsdam , 12 kilometers west of Ludwigsfelde and 5 kilometers north of Beelitz .

While the entire lake area belongs to the municipality of Seddiner See , individual shore areas are also in the municipality of Michendorf . In detail, the municipalities have the following banks:

Seddiner See municipality

• Subdistrict of the district Neuseddin : about one-third of the North Shore
• Landmark of the Seddin district : around a third of the south bank and the west bank
• Landmark of the Kähnsdorf district : around two thirds of the south bank

Michendorf municipality

• Marking of the Wildenbruch district : around two thirds of the north bank and a small part of the east bank
• Marking of the Fresdorf district : around four fifths of the east bank.

Of these five districts, the village centers of Seddin and Kähnsdorf are directly on the lake.

Topography and morphometry

The Great Seddiner See is one of the very narrow bodies of water with a length-to-width ratio of 5.0. Its length extends from west to east and is a maximum of 3900 (effectively 3200), the width around 1070 (effectively 630) meters. To the north of the Seddiner village church, a headland protrudes into the lake, which limits its width to around 200 meters at this point. Another narrow part separates the Wildenbrucher Bay, which extends beyond the rest of the shore line to the north and east into the country. The circumference is 10,163 meters. The bank development coefficient (U _E ) of 1.94 indicates a strong interlocking of the lake with its surrounding area. The lake reaches a maximum depth of 7.2 meters along its longitudinal axis. The average depth is three meters. The depth gradient of F = 1.03 (less than 1.5) indicates that the lake is polymictic . The Brandenburg State Environment Agency gives the lake area as 2.18 km². The data refer to the year 2001 and are subject to greater fluctuations. In particular, between 1982 and 1994, some parameters related to the decrease in lake volume were below the stated values.

Seddin Magnetic Observatory

The Seddin magnetic observatory was established in 1907 as an auxiliary observatory of the Potsdam main institute. The necessity of this observation station arose because, due to the electrification of the Potsdam tram in 1907, disturbances in the magnetic registrations were to be expected. Another source of disturbance was feared from the electrical towing system along the Teltow Canal . At Seddin the registrations of the north, east and vertical magnetic components were recorded. The base values ​​derived from the measurements were also created in Potsdam at the Magnetic Observatory. Due to increasing disturbances of the magnetic field due to increased traffic on Reichsstraße 2 and the Seddin marshalling yard , the observatory was moved to Niemegk in 1932 .

Geology and hydrography

genesis

Erlenbruch at the eastern exit of the Lange Grund from the Saarmunder terminal moraine to the Nuthe-Nieplitz lowland

The Seddiner See is a glacial lake created by the action of the ice and its meltwater. It contains elements of a channel lake as well as a dead lake . Liedtke counts him in his geomorphological lake classification to the type of the broad channel basin lake . It was created between two retreats of the inland glaciation of the Vistula glacial around 20,000 years ago in a meltwater runoff. The starting point of the drainage channel was east of Ferch in the eastern part of the Zauche close to the Havel channel . Despite the proximity, the meltwater did not flow westward into the Havelrinne, but rather over the (present-day) Great and Small Lienewitzsee and Karinchensee first to the south, then over the Seddiner Fenn, the Seddiner Lakes and the Langen Grund through the Fresdorfer Heide to the east Direction Saarmund in the Trebbin-Potsdamer drainage line between the Saarmunder terminal moraine arch and the Teltow plateau , which is used today by the Nuthe and Nieplitz rivers.

The Seddiner See was formed on a subordinate lobe seam . In the lobes of the runoff, large ice masses sank to the glacier floor and were encased in sand. After the glaciers had melted, the masses of sand prevented the rapid thawing of the sunken ice masses, so that they initially remained as dead ice. The resulting round and oval lakes west of the Seddiner See today mostly form flat moors and dead ponds such as the Teufelssee . East of the Seddiner See two smaller bodies of water and dry reed ovals indicate the former drainage channel. Another relic of the channel is a water-covered alder quarry between the Ziebchenberg (81 m) and Ofenberg (91 m), at the eastern exit of the Lange Grund from the Saarmund terminal moraine arch before the connecting road Saarmund - Tremsdorf .

Tributaries and drainage

The Seddiner lakes are mainly fed by groundwater. The groundwater flows to the lakes from a north-westerly direction and connects them hydraulically with the Nuthe-Nieplitz system. Small, superficial tributaries pass through the Seddiner Fenn into the Kleiner Seddiner See, which drains into the Großer Seddiner See via a canal when the water levels are high enough. While the glacial meltwater stream flowed to the east, today the water flows over the equally connected Kähnsdorfer See through the Mühlenfließ to the south into the Königsgraben, which in turn feeds it to the Nuthe → Havel → Elbe .

However, drainage via the mill flow only takes place when the water levels are correspondingly high, again for a short time after 1995. Before that, climatic and anthropogenic influences ( see below ) led to a significant lowering of the lake level. The volume of the lake in 1992 had decreased by 2 million m³ compared to 1987 and the level of the lake by 80 cm. However, even today's sporadic outflows no longer reach the volume of the time before 1920. The Stücker watermill on the Mühlenfließ had to be abandoned as early as the 1920s . Because the increased well construction, which began as a result of the electrification of the region, lowered the water level of the Seddiner lakes so far that the mill flow was no longer adequately supplied with water.

Catchment area and surroundings

Mühlenfließ lowland between Stückener Heide and Rauhem Berg (right)

The catchment area of the Großer Seddiner See is 2899 hectares. It existed in 1994

• 47% from forest
• 37% from agricultural land
• 6.5% from settlement area
• 4.2% from production area
• 3.7% from wetlands
• 1.9% from allotments and too
• 0.2% from water.

The forest share of 47% is above the Brandenburg average of 37% (Germany as a whole: 30%). With a few exceptions, such as the Spiegelberg area, the banks of the Großer Seddiner See rise only slightly and merge into the flat, undulating terrain that is typical for farming. The Spiegelberg, around 120 meters from the central north bank, rises to 52 meters in the Wildenbruch settlement of Lehnmarke. The relief energy to the 39 meter high lake level is 13 meters here. The Rauhe Berg, located around 400 meters southeast between the Kähnsdorfer and Fresdorfer See , rises to 78 meters. The highest elevation in the closer area is 91 meters in the oven mountain in Tremsdorf . The mountain is located 3 kilometers east of the lake and is part of the Saarmunder terminal moraine arch, which separates the Zauche from the Nuthe-Nieplitz lowland to the east. The terminal moraine has its summit in Potsdam's Kleine Ravensberg, which is 114 meters above sea ​​level .

Climate and hydromorphology

climate

The Seddiner lakes are located in a temperate climate zone in the transition area from the Atlantic climate of Northern / Western Europe to the continental climate of Eastern Europe. Extreme weather such as storms , heavy hail or above-average snowfall are rare. The exchange between the dry air in the area of ​​the densely wooded Beelitzer Sanders and the humid air in the adjacent lowlands results in high air quality .

The temperature curve corresponds roughly to the national German average. At 18.5 ° C, the seasonal temperature fluctuations are lower than in the usual continental climate, but higher than in the more balanced maritime climate of the coastal regions. The annual mean temperature is around 9.0 ° C. The mean annual precipitation is 530 mm and is therefore very low - it falls into the lower tenth of the values ​​recorded in Germany; Only 7% of the German Weather Service's measuring stations register lower values. Most of the precipitation falls in the summer months of June to August with a peak of 59 mm in June. The driest months are February with 33 and October with 34 mm of precipitation. (The data refer to Beelitz, about 5 kilometers to the south; no correspondingly detailed comparative figures are available for the municipality of Seddin.) The sun shines an average of 1,700 hours per year. The annual sunshine duration is thus in the upper range of Germany. December has the lowest value with 40 hours of sunshine and the highest value in July with 232 hours of sunshine (the data refer to Potsdam, which is around 13 kilometers to the north; no correspondingly detailed comparative figures are available for the municipality of Seddin.)

Layering, circulation and depth of view

Structure of a lake based on abiotic factors

The volume of the Großer Seddiner See is 6.62 million m³. Only in summer phases with high-radiation, low-wind high weather conditions does it show temporary stratifications . The theoretical epilimnion depth (Z _epi ) in 2001 was 7.0 m. A metalimnion and hypolimnion forms of polymiktische not Flachsee. The renewal time or theoretical residence time (t _R ) of the water (filling time) is high at a = 1.9. In 2005 the visibility depth was only 0.65 meters. The low transparency indicates a highly productive body of water with strong algae growth. However, the depth of view could be significantly improved with the renovation measures that began in 2006 ( see below ).

Chemical and trophic characteristics

The Great Seddiner See has a slightly alkaline pH value of 8.4 and a moderately high electrolyte content with a conductivity of 480 µS / cm (microSiemens per centimeter) . According to documentation from the Technical University of Cottbus , Chair of Water Protection , developed in 2004 on behalf of the Federal Environment Agency , measurements of trophy-relevant parameters resulted in major changes for the period between 1989 and 2000. The lake developed from a polytrophic to a eutrophic state.

The total phosphorus concentration of the spring circulation sank at a depth of 0.5 meters between 1989 and 1993 from 197  µg / l to 77 µg / l, the summer concentration from 99 µg / l to 76 µg / l. The summer values ​​fell further in 1996 and 2000 to around 40 µg / l and in 2005 were 50 µg / l. The mean total nitrogen concentration changed from 5.1 mg / l (1989) to 2.1 mg / l (1993) to 1.5 mg / l (2000). The chloride content was 31 mg / l (2005), the oxygen concentration 80–120% (2005). The sum of the organically bound carbon in the water (TOC = Total Organic Carbon) was> 18 mg / l in 2005. This value usually indicates productive carp ponds . After a maximum value of> 100 µg / l (1992) over 85 µg / l (1994), the summer chlorophyll a concentration decreased drastically to 19 µg / l (2000) and then rose slightly to> 35 µg / l (2004) . The research group attributes the high chlorophyll a concentration at the beginning of the 1990s to the decrease in lake volume and area as well as the drastic decline in the reed strip during this period - factors that probably reduced the lake's self-cleaning potential.

ecology

Burdens in the GDR era

The reasons for the volume decrease in 1987/1992 by 2 million m³ were anthropogenic influences as well as changed climatic conditions . The former Kombinat Industrielle Mast (KIM) Kähnsdorf drew 204,000 m³ of water from the lake annually for its operation. The trophic status of the water is also largely attributed to duck fattening, which was carried out in the 1950s as open water management. In 1964, after the open water management was discontinued, the wastewater from the combine ran uncleared into the lake via an oxidation ditch for around six months. This was followed by a transfer to settling basins with subsequent rain on agricultural areas outside the catchment area. In the Kähnsdorfer See, the intensive keeping of carp with supplementary feeding from 1965 to the end of the 1980s led to an oversupply of nutrients .

Pilot project rehabilitation of the Seddiner lakes

Goals and measures

Between 2006 and 2009, the Seddiner chain of lakes was rehabilitated as a pilot project under the leadership of the Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology and with the support of the Brandenburg Ministry for Rural Development, Environment and Consumer Protection . The aim of the project was to use the Seddiner lakes as an example to examine various methods of rehabilitation for their effectiveness and effectiveness. The findings should make it possible to successfully treat shallow lakes in northeast Germany, for which there are no conclusive approaches to restoration, and thus the implementation of the EC Water Framework Directive (EC WFD) required by 2015 to restore good ecological water conditions (including to reduce the development of algae masses to support phosphorus concentrations below 50 micrograms per liter). In particular, the following procedures and measures were used:

• Pelicon plants for chemical phosphate precipitation in all three lakes
• Deep water aeration system (Tibean) for the introduction of precipitants to further reduce the total phosphorus concentration (TP) in the Great Seddiner See.
• Biomanipulation = use of predatory fish to suppress zooplanktophagous mass fish species; as part of the project mainly in the Kähnsdorfer See, in the Großer Seddiner See between 1992 and 1995 .
• Water supply, introduction of 540000 cubic meters of ferrous fresh water from a neighboring groundwater reservoir into the Great Seddiner See annually .

Results and additional water intake

1 million m³ of water is supplied to the lake from the Nieplitz

While the Kähnsdorfer See was successfully treated in 2006/2007, the first restoration success of the Großer Seddiner See in 2007 was a partial repopulation with underwater plants. Phosphorus precipitation has led to low nutrient concentrations since autumn 2007, so that unusually high depths of visibility for the lake have been established since winter 2007/2008. In 2009, the sub-component phosphorus concentration and the overall chemical status in the profile according to the EC WFD received the assessment of good status (level two of five), while the ecological and overall condition of the lake was rated as unsatisfactory (level four). In 2009 the parameter LAWA Trophy Index (WFD) received the assessment of moderate status = environmental target of the WFD is just missed (level 3).

In addition to the still unsatisfactory overall condition, there is still a problem with the amount of water. After a temporary recovery, the water level of the Großer Seddiner See has been falling again since 1997. Since a time series analysis shows a negative trend towards lowering the lake level by 0.5 m, according to the planning status in 2010, one million cubic meters of water from the Nieplitz will be supplied to the lake beyond the pilot project . This should return to the natural level from the 1970s and stabilize the ecological balance .

On June 25, 2010, the Federal Initiative Germany - Land of Ideas awarded the Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology for the “future-oriented” lake restoration as “Ambassador for innovation and creativity”.

Flora and fauna

The Great Seddiner See and its surroundings form a diverse structured habitat for endangered plants and animals. Alone on the former farmland on the north shore, where in 1997 a 185-hectare golf course was opened with eleven ponds, occupied floristic and faunal studies of the Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology in 2008 among 323 animal and plant species 75 endangered species on the Red List of Germany or of the State of Brandenburg. Targeted sport-ecological measures, which the golf club implemented in coordination with the responsible authorities and institutions, has tripled the biodiversity on the open area since 1991. For its quality and environmental management according to ISO 14001 , which it carried out not least to compensate for its enormous water requirements (60,000 to 100,000 m³ per year), the club, which had also financed the Pelicon system for phosphate precipitation as part of the renovation pilot project, received the 2009 Gold golf and nature certificate from the German Golf Association .

Phytoplankton and zooplankton

Schematic food chain in a European lake (without destructors )

The biovolume of phytoplankton , the basis of the autochthonous food pyramid of a lake, was 10 to 20 mm³ / l in the Great Seddiner See between 1992 and 1997. With around 90% filamentous blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) dominated, especially with the species Limnothrix redekei , Limnothrix planctonia and Limnothrix amphigranulata from the genus Limnothrix . Other primary producers such as diatoms and Cryptophyceae only formed larger shares of the total biomass in winter and spring . A mean value from DI-PROF, DI-BENT and DI-LIT of 2.531, recorded in the early 2000s according to the diatom index, confirmed the classification of the lake as eutrophic (31 to 55 µg / l). In 2009, the sub-component diatoms in the profile according to the EU WFD was the only parameter rated very good status (level one of five), while the quality component phytoplankton as a whole, like the overall condition of the lake, received the rating unsatisfactory (level four).

With an average biomass of 0.11 mm³ / l between 1992 and 1994, 0.19 mm³ / l in 1996 and 0.26 mm³ / l in 1997, the zooplankton showed a low production compared to the phytoplankton. Cyclopoid copepods with the main representatives Thermocyclops spp. and Mesocyclops leuckarti and their nauplius larvae . Herbivorous rotifers as Keratella quadrata or Pompholyx suicata achieved especially in the fall of 1997, high abundances of 930 Ind./l, but were in June and November carnivorous rotifers, mainly through Asplanchna priodonta decimated. Only in early summer did water fleas gain 25% of the zooplankton mass, especially Daphnia galeata and Daphnia cucullata . Since these small crustaceans from the genus Daphnia, which are only 0.1 to 0.5 cm in size, are sensitive to pollutants in the water, their low proportion indicated the pollution of the lake. In autumn, protozoa also had higher proportions, so that a detritic- bacterial food chain was assumed to be likely to predominate in the period under study .

More plants

Aquatic and bank plants

While submerged and free-swimming hydrophytes are only very sparsely represented in the Great Seddiner See, the shallow water has extensive reed stocks . Overall, the sub-component macrophytes (= hydrophytes) in the profile according to the EC WFD 2009 received the assessment of moderate condition (level three of five).

Submersed and free-swimming hydrophytes

Misjudged water hose

Extensive reed zone on the north bank

Mixed forest in the Kunersdorfer Forest

On the surf banks and in the settlement areas there are almost no submerged and free-swimming aquatic plants. In the other lake areas, too, extensive deposits are only present in sections. In 1988/1989 even larger submerged populations were found in the shallow water areas on the south bank, in 1993/1995 they were only detectable in remnants. These included from the phylogenetically primitive family of stoneworts the Fine , Fragile , Conflicting and the Antler Stonewort . In 2007 there was evidence of the rough chandelier alga ( Chara aspera ), which is listed in the Brandenburg Red List (as of 1993) as being threatened with extinction . In 1993/1995 the crested pondweed , the endangered specular pondweed , the misunderstood water hose , the middle mermaid ( Najas marina subsp. Intermedia ) and in 2007 the endangered prickly pearweed were occasionally represented . Among the floating leaf plants, white water lilies and yellow pond roses were mainly represented in the Wildenbruch Bay , but also only with small populations.

Reed and bank plants

After large areas that had fallen dry during the period when the lake level was falling, the reed strip rose between 1993 and 1995 from 9.33 ha to 22.3 ha; Reeds consist of 92.5% of the shoreline. The reed was dominant with 85% - on two thirds of the area as a pure stand - which , however, has been pushed back by narrow-leaved and broad-leaved cattails since 1995 . In addition, water vapors , knotty hedgehog cob , common water dost and common water hose are represented. Common rushes , blue-green rushes , flutter rushes , common marsh rushes and the marsh iris , which is classified as particularly protected under the Federal Species Protection Ordinance, determine the zones towards the bank.

Functional importance for the Großer Seddiner See are three contiguous reed areas totaling 7.6 hectares on the south bank and in particular a 10.7 hectare area below the golf course on the north bank. 7.5 hectares of the reed are cultivated. With its high stocks, the lake also plays an important role as a regenerative energy source in the Brandenburg project for energetic use of reeds and macrophytes in lakes and rivers .

Plants of the area

The Kunersdorfer Forst, the Stückener and the Fresdorfer Heide form different forest communities around the Seddiner lake chain, depending on the soil conditions . On the Sandern dominate oak - pine - and to the terminal moraines sessile oak -Kiefern- mixed forests . The valleys are characterized by common oaks - hornbeam forests and birch-oak forests , which are complemented by ash and elm trees . Pine forests with larch cultures predominate in the dune areas and ash-elm forests in the areas of fluvial deposits. Alder quarry forests , bog birch forests and alder-ash forests cover parts of the lowland of the glacial channel. Occasionally there are horse chestnuts , red oaks and maples .

The shrub layer and the undergrowth characterize, among other things, snowberries , wood anemones and lilies of the valley, as well as horsetail on the lime-poor, but base-rich and moist soils of the quarry forests . On ruderal grasslands of the open country, the spreads increasingly high cinquefoil out. On the dry sand lawn of the golf course area above the north bank, the sand strawflower , which is specially protected according to BArtSchV, occurs. As a source of food for birds and other animals and for their protection, longer Benjes hedges were created, for example on the circular hiking trail as a boundary to the Lehnmarke campsite.

More animals

fishes

The pike is at the top of the lake's food chain

The fish population of the Großer Seddiner See changed several times. Several biomanipulation attempts with the stocking of predatory fish were intended to push back the temporarily high proportion of non- predatory fish and small fish, which in 1989 was 84% with lead as the dominant species, and thus to influence the high nutrient content of the water by manipulating the food chain. In 1989, eel accounted for 66% of the 16% predatory fish and 34% for native species such as perch , pikeperch and pike .

Between 1969 and 1987 - measured in terms of catches - there was a drastic decline in pike from 700 kg / a to 30 kg / a, for pikeperch from 1700 kg / a to 70 kg / a and for perch. Another major change in the ichthyofauna was the stocking of mirror , marble and silver carp as well as eel brood between 1983 and 1988. Between 1992 and 1994, 51 t of silver and marble carp were fished again as aliens to stabilize the biocenosis and promote an ecologically oriented fishing industry, and the predatory fish population with pikeperch, pike, catfish and brood of eels was enforced until 1995. In 2001/2002 the excessive white fish stocks and non-native species were again fished . Among the 16 proven fish species are also represented: ruff , rudd , bleak , white bream , roach , tench and, more rarely, gudgeon as well as crucian carp , the fish of the year 2010.

Amphibians and reptiles

The amphibians and reptiles that occur on and around the lake include pond frogs and common toads, which are particularly protected under the Federal Species Protection Ordinance (BartSchV) . The standing under the same protection status grass snake finds its preferred habitat in the area: richly structured, both aquatic and terrestrial wetlands. After rigid winter in holes in the ground and frost-free crevices, the young animals first appear on the surface in March / early April, then the males and a few weeks later the females of the sand lizard . The reptile from the family of the real lizards is strictly protected according to the BartSchV and is considered endangered according to the Red List in Brandenburg .

insects

Heather grasshopper , endangered in Brandenburg

Common snipe , endangered in Brandenburg

Of the 60 beetle species in the vicinity of the lake there are 15 on the Red List of Germany, including a high risk of Great walking runners (Badister unipustulatus) and as at risk of Ried-dark hiking runner (Badister collaris) , the width of dark hiking runner (Badister dilatatus) , the Delicate grave runner (Pterostichus gracilis) and the dark spotted fast runner (Acupalpus exiguus) , which is also considered endangered on the Brandenburg Red List . Grasshoppers are mainly found in the golf club's wide open country. At Ensifera in 2007, among other things in Brandenburg endangered Two-color bush-cricket and in the early warning guided mole cricket at Grasshopper of endangered heath grasshoppers and in the early warning guided Marsh Grasshopper proven.

Among the 30 or so dragonfly species that occur , the Brandenburg Red List lists the eastern moss damsel as critically endangered and the great moss damsel as endangered . Common species of the open country such as the blue grouse and the great ox-eye determine the butterfly population , but also rarer species such as the swallowtail - butterfly of the year 2006 - and the brown fire butterfly can be found among the diurnal butterflies . Among the colloquial moths, the moths , the occurrence of the dock green ram ( early warning level in Brandenburg) is remarkable.

Birds

Around 70 species of birds live on the lake and in its catchment area . Among them, according to the Brandenburg Red List, the common snipe and, from the plover family, the lapwing are endangered (level 2) . The endangered species (level 3) include: from April to September the long-distance migratory reed warbler and whinchat ; the red kite , a bird of prey ; and the bird of the year 1993, the little ringed plover . The skylark and the barn swallow are listed in the early warning level. Furthermore, from the family of finches, the rather rare blood lineage , the black woodpecker , the red-backed shrike and the gray crane are represented. On the water itself, harmless ducks such as the golden-bellied duck are widespread. As a resting place for migrating birds and as a breeding ground for water birds, the Great Seddiner See, in contrast to neighboring waters in the Nuthe-Nieplitz lowlands such as the Blankensee , Riebener See or Grössinsee, is of little importance.

Mammals

Pine marten and the mostly crepuscular and nocturnal hares are among the endangered mammals in Brandenburg that live on the Großer Seddiner See. The badger , animal of the year 2010 in Germany, is represented as well as fallow deer , roe deer , wild boar and red fox . There are also various species from the bats group and from the shrew , real mice and voles families .

Settlement history at the Seddiner lakes

Around 6300 people live in the vicinity of the two Seddiner lakes and the Kähnsdorfer See, around 1400 of them close to the Seddiner lakes - in the villages of Seddin and Kähnsdorf.

Early settlement, Teutons and Slavs

The area around the Seddiner chain of lakes was populated early. Archaeological finds point to the first seasonal settlements more than 10,000 years ago, the transition period from Neolithic hunter and gatherer cultures to sedentary farmers with domesticated animals and plants. Finds of potsherds in Wildenbruch suggest that the region was inhabited by the Semnones , the Germanic branch of the Elbe-Germanic Suebi . After the migration of Germans from the 3rd and 4th centuries towards Schwaben went to probably largely empty settlements east of the Elbe room on the 6th and 7th century Slavs one. The Zauche and Seddiner lakes were part of the late Slavic settlement movement:

"Only in the 11th or 12th century did the late Slavic settlement penetrate the plateau - to a rather sparse extent - in the south of the Lehnin chain of lakes, south of the Schwielowsee , on the Seddinsee and in the area of ​​Beelitz."

- Stephan Warnatsch : History of the Lehnin Monastery. Berlin 2000, p. 37.

Numerous archaeological finds in Kähnsdorf and Wildenbruch attest to the Slavic settlement activity on the lakes. There are no finds for Seddin, but the structure of the round village center around today's church square is traced back to a Slavic fishing village. Furthermore, the name of the lake probably goes back to a Slavic word.

Naming, first documentary mentions (14th century)

Field stone church Wildenbruch from the 13th century

In the etymological literature the name Seddin is primarily traced back to a water name derived from the Slavic term for liquid ( zid ). An explanation from the Slavic personal name Schida appears possible ( settlement of a man named Schida ).

The four historic villages Seddin ( Seddin ), Kähnsdorf ( Kenstorp ), Wildenbruch ( Wildenbruke ) and Fresdorf ( Frederikstorff ) are all mentioned for the first time in Charles IV's land register from 1375 (Neuseddin is a more recent establishment from 1915). In addition, the land register records the village of Kunersdorf ( Cunradstorf ), which had fallen devastated by 1442 at the latest; the Kunersdorf forest and the former forester's house Kunersdorf ( see below ) on the northwest bank of the Seddiner lakes are reminiscent of the desert . It is not known when exactly the villages were taken over or newly established by the Slavs after the founding of the Mark Brandenburg by Albrecht the Bear in 1157 as part of the German settlement in the east . The fish-rich lakes were of much greater economic importance for the villages than agriculture, which only brings low yields on the sandy, barren breeding grounds. Seddin's early written documents mostly deal with the lake. As early as 1350 there is evidence that Margrave Ludwig the Elder awarded the town of Beelitz the Seddiner See for proven loyalty in the fight against the False Waldemar . The land register from 1375 contains the entry under Seddin that the use of the lake was subject to a barge interest to be paid to the knight Rudolph von Oppen, with whom the lineage of the Upper Saxon- Brandenburg noble family von Oppen begins. In 1406 Jobst von Moravia enfeoffed the town of Beelitz with the village of Seddin.

Ownership and right of use

Brandenburg Cathedral Chapter and Fisheries Justice (15th / 16th century)

In 1438 the Premonstratensian Canons of Our Lady on the Mountain on the Marienberg in Brandenburg bought the small fishery on the Seddinsee. In addition, Frederick II  (The Iron Man) transferred a Seddiner court with four free hooves to the monastery in 1447 . In 1552 the monastery transferred the lake to the cathedral chapter of the Brandenburg diocese . “The fishing in the abbey waters has usually been leased. The chapter drew the yarn and military interest from the tenants. "

In the first quarter of the 15th century there was a dispute between the city of Beelitz and the Lord von Thümen over fishing justice on the lakes of the region. The noble family von Thümen had their headquarters in Stangenhagen and Blankensee and until the end of the 19th century they ruled the Thümenschen Winkel between the Nuthe and the Nieplitz, so called by Theodor Fontane . If Elector Friedrich I was able to settle the dispute in 1423, it flared up again 85 years later. In 1510 Joachim I  (Nestor) confirmed the fishing rights of the city of Beelitz in a document on the Seddinsee and the Kähnsdorfer See. He awarded the Thümens the Blankensee , Fresdorfschen See and Riebener See .

From Beelitz to the Elector (17th / 18th century)

In the 16th century there was also a dispute over the question of the extent to which the Beelitz citizens were allowed to hunt in the forests and fish in the lake; the “high hunt” of the deer was expressly reserved for the “electoral Haiderenter”. After a linen weaver killed a wild boar around 1654 and was arrested for it, the dispute flared up again. The city council stated in favor of the citizens:

“Otherwise the citizens were free to shoot deer, rabbits and pigs. To shoot in the gardens, bushes, in the fields, but to hunt alone with nets in the tall wood - but the advice now has a shooter of his own in high or low wood, or wherever he is in the city freedom can get something - like fishing in the small river in the city, the same also, but without a boat, in the evil, deep Devil's Lake, as well as in the large Seddin Lake: that is not denied to any inhabitant. "

- Sebaldus : Chronicle of Beelitz.

At that time the Seddinsee was again owned by Beelitz. It is unclear when exactly the transfer from the diocese to the city took place. What is certain is that Beelitz sold the property to the Great Elector in 1670 for 3000 thalers :

Oldest thatched half - timbered house in Kähnsdorf, built around 1700. Today home parlor and culture barn.

The B 2 on the dam built in Lake Seddiner in 1804

“Because in 1670 Beelitz had to cede the village of Seddin, the Seddinsche Seen together with the dairy at Kähnsdorf and a Tractus Haide for 3,000 thalers to the elector [...] again; why this had to happen could not be explained. With the sale of this part of the Haide, the town lost a considerable part of its income. "

- Carl Schneider : Chronicle of the city of Beelitz ... , 1888.

The rights of use to the lakes were now administered by the electoral office of Saarmund. In 1704 the Seddiner farmers asked because of the poor harvests on their barren fields to let the "Zuhr-Fischerei" work for a rent of 20 thalers. In 1712 the Saarmund bailiff Friedrich Thile leased the Seddiner chain of lakes for 25 thalers a year. In the course of the drainage of the low -lying swamps , Frederick the Great had the so-called "Fließherren zu Seddin" oversight of Nuthe and Nieplitz lifted and replaced by the digging regulations. The office of the Fließherren was exercised by the owners of the Seddiner Lehnschulzengut .

Dam construction and transition to private ownership (19th century)

In 1734 the city of Beelitz had the arduous Knüppeldamm , which led north from the Mühlentor on the Dammfelde, replaced by the so-called Berliner or Potsdamsche Damm. This made the route on Poststrasse , which connected Beelitz with Michendorf and Potsdam easier, but the connection was cumbersome along the Seddinsee south bank via Kähnsdorf, Wildenbruch and Saarmund. In order to shorten the route and create a direct north connection Beelitz - Michendorf - Potsdam , a road dam was built through Lake Seddiner in 1804, shortly before the Napoleonic occupation . The dam, on which Bundesstraße 2 runs today , cut off the western bay of the lake - today's Kleiner Seddiner See.

In 1816 the entire state domain of Saarmund passed into the possession of the Kühne District Council, who bought the lakes for 50,000 thalers. From this point on, the waters were in private hands with changing owners until 1945. In 1893 the owner Hermann Randewig replaced the rights of use of the Seddiner and Kähnsdorf farmers on the lake with a payment of 17263 gold marks . Up to this point in time, in addition to the above-mentioned authorities and persons, the following were entitled to use the lakes: the royal treasury as the owner of the Kunersdorf Forest District, who was allowed to fish “with a small witness” for personal use; also with a small witness the peasant innkeepers from Seddin and Kähnsdorf for personal use and sale; the owners of the Seddiner Lehnschulzengut, who were allowed to fish twice a week for their own needs.

Other industries in the Middle Ages

Clay mining and brickworks

Tonloch on the north bank in the Wildenbruch village of Lehnmarke

Residence of the former Seddin district forester from 1874

Initiated by the Cistercian monks of the Lehnin monastery , clay mining and brick production in the Zauche and Havelland had great economic importance since the 15th century; the nearby industrial monument brickworks museum in Glindow documents the work of the brickworks . Corresponding production facilities were also located on Lake Seddiner. Suchodoletz's map shows a brick kiln between Seddin and Kähnsdorf in 1682. A document from 1745 mentions a brick barn that is said to have existed in 1801. In the middle of the 19th century, a brickworks was built on the north bank in the Wildenbruch area "Lehnmarke", which was closed again in 1908. Several clay holes on the circular lake path and nature trail testify to the past of clay mining. The Kähnsdorf home parlor shows old perforated bricks that were used to weigh down fishing gear. A street in Lehnmarke still consists of extra hard burnt old stones that were used to pave the way.

Forsthaus Kunersdorf

The lap cadastre (tax and duty register ) mentions a sheep farm in the deserted village of Kunersdorf on the north-west bank of the lake in 1541 . Seven years later, Elector Joachim II  (Hector) confiscated Kunersdorf and installed a "Heydereither" (head forester ) and a leaseholder here. The Kunersdorf chief forester developed from this . 1549, after the attachment to the Office Saarmund, the Elector had a Vorwerk build, 1722, together with the sheep farm completely burned down. Between 1723 and 1725 the forest service and Vorwerk buildings were rebuilt and in 1770 the chief forester received a massive house. In 1804, the official farm and forester's house comprised “three fireplaces” with 35 residents. In 1818 the forestry treasury took over the entire complex. With the relocation of the head forester's office to Ferch , the traditional location of the head forester's office in Kunersdorf ended in 1970. In 1973 the National People's Army took over the complex and expanded the buildings and grounds into a holiday facility. Since 1993 it has been owned by the non-profit association Ländliche Heimvolkshochschule am Seddiner See e. V. Only the residential building of the former Seddin district forester, built in 1874, was preserved above the Heimvolkshochschule in the Kunersdorf forest that still exists today.

From fishing to production (20th century)

In the transition to the 20th century, fishing and lake management developed into a production branch. Ice was cut and stored in winter. A pipe weaving mill was built on the Trift, the local border between Seddin and Kähnsdorf. In the 1920s and 1930s, various holiday resorts were created for local recreation. In the Battle of Berlin at the end of World War II , the outer ring around the Reich capital ran directly along the north bank of the lake. On April 23, 1945 the 3rd Panzer Grenadier Army of the Red Army rolled over the ring without much resistance. During the GDR era, VEB Binnenfischerei Potsdam and KIM, VEB Entenzucht und Produktion Seddin, which existed until 1995, were formed on the site of the pipe weaving mill . In the 1960s, the Kähnsdorfer See was used as a carp-intensive body of water.

Today's use and facilities at the lakes

Kähnsdorf beach

In the 21st century, the Great Seddiner See is largely used for tourism. It has five bathing areas, the largest of which is east of Kähnsdorf. The tourist infrastructure includes two campsites, boat rentals, excursion restaurants, riding stables and developed paths such as the 10.3 kilometer circular hiking trail and a nature trail . On the north bank of the Great and Small Seddiner See, the circular hiking trail is part of the 66 Lakes Regional Park Route , which continues westwards in the Seddiner Fenn over the Teufelssee to the Lienewitz lakes in the glacial runoff. Hiking trails to the Fresdorfer See / Katzwinkel nature reserve (also part of the 66 Lakes Regional Park Route), through the Fresdorfer Heide along the Langen Grund and to the Beelitz asparagus village Schlunkendorf open up further parts of the Nuthe-Nieplitz nature park in the lake area.

Due to its shallow depth, the lake is a suitable entry point for surfers . To protect the lake, motor boats are prohibited. The Kähnsdorf home and culture barn offers a variety of cultural activities. An annual fishing festival with a boat parade is a reminder of history. The folk high school on the northwest bank also brings the history and culture of the region closer. The geological history is conveyed in the Seddiner See boulder garden in Kähnsdorf, where twelve artists such as Marina Schreiber , Karl Menzen or Volker Bartsch are also showing 26 contemporary works in an open-air sculpture exhibition. The Seddiner See Golf and Country Club, founded in 1994, has, among other things, a driving range and two 18-hole championship courses on its 185 hectare site above the north bank of Wildenbruch .

Oil painting by Carl Schuch

Carl Schuch : At the Seddiner See near Kähnsdorf . Summer 1880

During his stay in Kähnsdorf in the summer of 1880, the Austrian landscape painter Carl Schuch created the painting Am Seddiner See near Kähnsdorf . Schuch had first visited his friend Karl Hagemeister in Ferch in 1878 and painted various places on Schwielowsee . During this time Schuch's painting moved from landscape still life to moving landscape. In the oil paintings Am Seddiner See near Kähnsdorf and Schleuse bei Kähnsdorf , influenced by Gustave Courbet , he executed the late summer landscapes with a lively brushwork and impasto application of paint. At Seddiner See near Kähnsdorf , the dark-toned painting in Leiblian style, which Schuch preferred at the time, shows the Großer Seddiner See in the foreground and the Kähnsdofer See behind the narrow strip of land. The poplars, willows and birches of the strip rise up to the edge of the picture and are reflected in the water in the foreground. Looking through this group of trees, the beginning of the Rauhen Berg can be seen on the right. The picture is in the Pomeranian State Museum in Greifswald .

See also : List of lakes in Brandenburg

literature

• Werner Stackebrandt, Volker Manhenke (Ed.): Atlas for the geology of Brandenburg . 2nd Edition. State Office for Geosciences and Raw Materials Brandenburg (today State Office for Mining, Geology and Raw Materials Brandenburg, LBGR), Potsdam 2002, ISBN 3-9808157-0-6 .
• L. Lippstreu, N. Hermsdorf, A. Sonntag: Geological overview map of the state of Brandenburg 1: 300,000 - explanations. Potsdam 1997, ISBN 3-7490-4576-3 .
• Olaf Mietz: Deeper insights into the Kähnsdorfer See . In: Land in Sicht , No. 9, 2006. Ed .: Landschafts-Förderverein Nuthe-Nieplitz-Niederung e. V., pieces and nature park administration Nuthe-Nieplitz, Dobbrikow. P. 16 f. ISSN  0946-6762 .
• Brigitte Nixdorf, Mike Hemm u. a .: Documentation of the condition and development of the most important lakes in Germany, part 5, Brandenburg , environmental research plan of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety , final report R&D project FKZ 299 24 274, on behalf of the Federal Environment Agency at the Chair of Water Protection at the Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus , 2004 Chapter 1.6 Großer Seddiner See , pp. 26–30 ( PDF ).
• Ecological characterization of the most important breeding areas for waterfowl in Brandenburg. Series of publications: Studies and conference reports of the State Environment Agency. Volume 57. Ed .: Brandenburg State Environment Agency (LUA). Potsdam 2008. ISSN  0948-0838
• Around the Seddiner See. Ed .: Förderverein Seddiner See e. V. Text: Marlies Raschke. Seddin, 1995. ISBN or ISSN is not given.
• Carl Schneider: Chronicle of the city of Beelitz and the associated colonies of Krosshof and Friedrichshof as well as the former Vorwerk Rummelsborn edited using the existing documents. Published by Robert Kliemchen, Beelitz 1888 ( PDF; 498 kB ).
• Franziska Vedder: Sustainable water management on the Seddiner See golf course - a contribution to the complex restoration of the Great Seddiner See . In: Land in Sicht , No. 10, 2007. Ed .: Landschafts-Förderverein Nuthe-Nieplitz-Niederung e. V., pieces and nature park administration Nuthe-Nieplitz, Dobbrikow. P. 19 f. ISSN  0946-6762 .
• Hartwig Vietinghoff et al .: The Seddiner lakes - condition and possibilities of their restoration . Part 1: Water balance of the Seddiner lakes, Kleiner Seddiner See. Studies and work reports from the Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology in Brandenburg, Issue 6. Verlag Natur und Text, Rangsdorf 1998, ISBN 3-9805567-3-5 .
• Hartwig Vietinghoff et al .: The Seddiner lakes - condition and possibilities of their restoration . Part 2: Great Seddiner See. Accompanying investigations . Studies and work reports from the Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology in Brandenburg, Issue 7. Verlag Natur und Text, Rangsdorf 1998, ISBN 3-9805567-4-3 .
• Hartwig Vietinghoff, Olaf Mietz: The lakes of Brandenburg and their trophic development. In: Marburger Geographische Schriften , issue 140, 2004, pp. 225–272.
• Hartwig Vietinghoff: Restoration of the Kleiner Seddiner See through external phosphate elimination. Project documentation and first results . UFO-Verlag, Allensbach 2001, ISBN 3-935511-05-1 .

Web links

Commons : Großer Seddiner See  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Seddiner See, lake profile, EU Water Framework Directive, Brandenburg State Environment Agency. (PDF; 244 kB) Processing status March 4, 2009. In addition: reading aid and explanation of the parameters.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Seddiner See, Profile of the Lakes, EC Water Framework Directive, status March 4, 2009. ( Memento of May 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 244 kB) Brandenburg State Environment Agency. Various deviating information on the area can be found on the Internet and in the literature - these data do not apply.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Seddiner See, Profile Lakes, EU Water Framework Directive, State Environment Agency Brandenburg. ( Memento of May 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 244 kB) Processing status March 4, 2009. Also: reading aid and explanation of the parameters.
3. ↑ ^{a b} Thomas Fitschen: Pelicon. External phosphate elimination to restore eutrophic waters. ( Memento from May 17, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 252 kB) Reprint from: Water, Air and Soil · Journal for Environmental Technology (wlb), No. 9, Mainz September 2002. ISSN  0938-8303 . Section: Kleiner Seddiner See , p. 3.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Olaf Mietz: Deeper insights into the Kähnsdorfer See . ....
5. ↑ Around the Seddiner See. .... P. 4, 8
6. ↑ Around the municipality of Michendorf Excerpt from the map series Berlin and the surrounding area 1: 50000, edition 1920. Derived from the 1: 25000 (1919). It shows the municipality between ≈1915 and ≈1918.
7. ↑ ^{a b} Lutz Partenheimer : Beelitz . In: City Book of Brandenburg and Berlin (German City Book. Handbook of Urban History. Revised. Vol. 2: Brandenburg and Berlin). Ed .: Evamaria Engel , Lieselott Enders , Gerd Heinrich, Winfried Schich . Stuttgart / Berlin / Cologne 2000. pp. 26-30. ISBN 3-17-015388-9 Online on administration portal , p. 1, section 2b, traffic situation. (PDF; 99 kB)
8. ↑ State of Brandenburg, Ministry for the Environment, Health and Consumer Protection (MUGV) ( Memento from July 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 949 kB) Map of the Nuthe Nieplitz Nature Park with precise borders.
9. ↑ Brandenburg-Viewer - Click in the menu "Automated property map" or "Geo-specialist data", then ⇒ "Borders" ⇒ "Districts" activated.
10. ↑ Around the community of Michendorf ( Memento from May 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Map with the exact boundaries of the district in Wildenbruch, Fresdorf.
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Brigitte Nixdorf, Mike Hemm u. a .: Documentation ...
12. ↑ Seddin Magnetic Observatory (1907 to 1932) . It is noteworthy that the position information given in the source deviates from the location according to the site plan by approx. 400 m .
13. ^ Herbert Liedtke: The Nordic glaciations in Central Europe . Series: Research on German regional studies . Volume 204. Central Committee for German Regional Studies (Ed.), Trier 1981. Reproduced from: Brigitte Nixdorf, Mike Hemm u. a .: Documentation… .
14. ↑ Olaf Juschus: The young moraine land south of Berlin - Investigations into the young quaternary landscape development between Unterspreewald and Nuthe , p. 2. Dissertation, Humboldt University Berlin, 2001. See Figure 2 plates and glacial valleys in the young moraine land south of Berlin . edoc.hu-berlin.de Also in: Berlin Geographical Works , 95, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-9806807-2-X
15. ↑ Information board of the Seddiner See nature trail: The landscape around the Seddiner See from a geological point of view (no source is given on the board).
16. ↑ Thomas Lähns: The concept is called tradition . In: Potsdam Latest News , June 12, 2009.
17. ↑ State of Brandenburg, Ministry for Rural Development, Environment and Consumer Protection (MLUV) ( Memento from December 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Forest share / forest increase potential (status 1999) .
18. ↑ Stadtwald Beelitz, Geology and local conditions.
19. ↑ Stadtwald Beelitz, climate and meteorological data.
20. ^ German Meteorological Service: Mean precipitation levels 1961–1990 ; see values ​​for Beelitz download via DWD mean values
21. ^ German Weather Service: Average sunshine duration 1961–1990 ; see values ​​for Potsdam download via DWD mean values .
22. ↑ Ecological characterization of the most important breeding areas for water birds… . Table p. 67.
23. ↑ Values ​​up to 2000 from: Brigitte Nixdorf, Mike Hemm u. a .: Documentation ... , p. 27f. Values ​​2004/2005 from: Ecological characterization of the most important breeding areas for waterfowl ... table p. 67.
24. ↑ ^{a b c} Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology GmbH (IaG) . In: Research for rural areas. Ed .: Land Brandenburg, Ministry for Rural Development, Environment and Consumer Protection. Potsdam 2009, p. 169  ( page no longer available , search in web archives ).
25. ↑ ^{a b} Franziska Vedder: Sustainable water management ...
26. ↑ The start of the season on Kähnsdorfer Strand endangers Potsdam's latest news, April 29, 2004.
27. ↑ Claudius Prößer: Water shortage in Brandenburg: There was once a lake. The water is disappearing, the boats are on dry land. And one of the largest German golf clubs is located on the shores of Lake Seddiner. Coincidence? The daily newspaper , September 27, 2019, accessed on September 29, 2019 . 
28. ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Environment: Seddiner See is pumping water. Millions of cubic meters are supposed to save water / transfer from the Nieplitz begins this year ) In: Märkische Allgemeine , January 20, 2010. Contrary to what is presented in this report the water supply of 1 million m³ should not take place annually, but according to the telephone information from Franziska Vedder, Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology, from May 6, 2010 once. For this purpose, a pipeline is to be laid from the Nieplitz east of Beelitz to the Großer Seddiner See.
29. ^ Thomas Lähns: Federal government recognizes lake restoration. Seddiner Institut received an award from the “Land of Ideas” initiative . In: Potsdam Latest News , June 26, 2010.
30. ↑ Germany - Land of Ideas. Selected location of the day: Restoration of the Seddiner Seenkette, Seddiner See , June 25, 2010. ( Memento of July 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
31. ↑ Mareike Mertens: Studies on biodiversity . Seddiner See Golf and Country Club. Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology GmbH (Ed.), Seddiner See 2007, p. 20f Part 2: Fauna . ( Memento of June 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.2 MB)
32. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: Mitteilungen des LFA Mammaliankunde Brandenburg-Berlin, Ed .: Nabu Landesverband Brandenburg, 1/2006, p. 6f.
33. ^ Seddiner See Golf and Country Club. Gold for quality and environmental management at Seddiner See.
34. ↑ ^{a b c d} Brigitte Nixdorf, Mike Hemm u. a .: Documentation ... , p. 28f.
35. ↑ Paleolimnological model construction and biocenotically based assessment approaches for river lakes using the example of diatoms. Final report. Editor: Ilka Schönfelder. Subproject 1 on: Management options in the Havel catchment area, river catchment area management. State Environment Agency Brandenburg, Potsdam 2004, p. 45, 47 online (PDF; 1.4 MB).
36. ^ ^{A b} Mareike Mertens: Studies on biodiversity. Seddiner See Golf and Country Club. Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology GmbH (Ed.), Seddiner See 2007. Part 1: Flora . ( Memento from June 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.1 MB)
37. ↑ Olaf Mietz, Franziska Vedder: Energetic use of reeds and macrophytes in lakes and rivers . Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology GmbH (Ed.), Seddiner See 2010, p. 26  ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) (PDF; 7.0 MB)
38. ↑ ^{a b} Information board for the Seddiner See nature trail: Forest around Kunersdorf (no source is given on the board).
39. ↑ Carsten Rasmus, Bettina Klaehne: Hiking and nature guide for the Nuthe-Nieplitz Nature Park. Hikes, bike rides and walks. KlaRas-Verlag, Berlin 2001, p. 46f ISBN 3-933135-11-7 .
40. ↑ Brigitte Nixdorf, Mike Hemm u. a .: Documentation ... , p. 29f.
41. ↑ ^{a b c d} Mareike Mertens: Studies on biodiversity . Seddiner See Golf and Country Club. Institute for Applied Aquatic Ecology GmbH (Ed.), Seddiner See 2007. Part 2: Fauna . ( Memento of June 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.2 MB)
42. ^ Klaus Witt: Red list and list of breeding birds (Aves) of Berlin. ( Memento from January 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 412 kB) 2nd version, November 17, 2003. In: The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (ed.): Red Lists of Endangered Plants and Animals from Berlin. Note: The Berlin list also includes the Brandenburg classifications in column 2 under BB.
43. ↑ Ecological characterization of the most important breeding areas for waterfowl ... p. 69.
44. ↑ Population figures : to Wildenbruch (1851 inhabitants) and Fresdorf (303), as of December 31, 2009: Michendorf municipality, population statistics ( Memento from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ); to Seddin (1130), Kähnsdorf (270) and Neu-Seddin (2800), without date: Municipality of Seddiner Seen, Worth knowing. ( Memento of February 4, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
45. ↑ ^{a b} Parish Seddiner See, History ( Memento from March 13, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
46. ↑ Municipality of Michendorf, Wildenbruch district ( Memento from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
47. ↑ Stephan Warnatsch: History of the Lehnin Monastery 1180–1542 , Studies on the History, Art and Culture of the Cistercians, Volume 12.1, Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2000 (also: Berlin, Free University, Dissertation, 1999), ISBN 3-931836-45- 2 . P. 37, see also p. 50.
48. ↑ ^{a b c} Dieter Mehlhardt: Märkische Dorfkirchen (155) - Seddin. In: Potsdamer Kirche Nr. 24, 1985. Online at Evangelische Kirche Neuseddin. ( Memento of March 29, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
49. ↑ ^{a b} Reinhard E. Fischer : The place names of the states of Brandenburg and Berlin. Volume 13 of the Brandenburg Historical Studies on behalf of the Brandenburg Historical Commission. be.bra Wissenschaft, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-937233-30-X , ISSN  1860-2436 , see p. 157 or entries under the respective place names for the four villages mentioned in the Landbuch from 1375.
50. ↑ ^{a b} Germania Sacra. Historical-statistical description of the Church of the Old Kingdom. Old episode. Ed .: Academy of Sciences in Göttingen . Dept. 1: The dioceses of the Church Province of Magdeburg. The Diocese of Brandenburg , Part 1. Edited by Gustav Abb and Gottfried Wentz . Verlag Walter de Gruyter , Berlin 1963 (reprint of the 1929 edition). ISBN 978-3-11-001284-2 . Pp. 161, 107, 206; Quote p. 107. (in the following online edition). online at google books.
51. ^ Carl Schneider: Chronicle of the city of Beelitz and the… . P. 8.
52. ↑ ^{a b} Heimvolkshochschule am Seddiner See ( Memento from May 16, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), click on the “About us” page, then click “History of the HVHS”.
53. ^ Carl Schneider: Chronicle of the city of Beelitz and the… . P. 75.
54. ^ Theodor Fontane : Walks through the Mark Brandenburg . Part 4: Spreeland . Chapter: Blankensee. Ullstein, Frankfurt / M. - Berlin 1998, pp. 456f. ISBN 3-548-24381-9
55. ^ Carl Schneider: Chronicle of the city of Beelitz and the… . Pp. 15, 21.
56. ↑ quoted from: Carl Schneider: Chronik der Stadt Beelitz and the… . P. 39.
57. ↑ According to the representation of the Seddiner See Friends' Association, the monastery properties and thus the lakes fell to the Elector with the Reformation , see: Around the Seddiner See. .... P. 5.
58. ^ Carl Schneider: Chronicle of the city of Beelitz and the… . P. 41, see also p. 95.
59. ↑ ^{a b c d} Around the Seddiner See. .... P. 5f.
60. ^ Carl Schneider: Chronicle of the city of Beelitz and the… . P. 52.
61. ^ Carl Schneider: Chronicle of the city of Beelitz and the… . P. 46.
62. ↑ Information board of the nature trail Seddiner See: Brickworks around the Seddiner See (no source is given on the board).
63. ↑ Information board of the Seddiner See nature trail: History of the Kunersdorf forest service building (no source is given on the board).
64. ^ Michendorf community, history
65. ↑ Manfred Reschke: The 66 Lakes Hike. To the natural beauties around Berlin . Trescher Verlag, Berlin 2005, p. 184ff (tours 16 and 17), ISBN 3-89794-057-4 .
66. ^ Community Seddiner See, Heimatstube & Kulturscheune ( Memento from March 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
67. ^ Stefanie Hardick: Bathing with culture . In: Berliner Zeitung , July 16, 2007.
68. ↑ Seddiner See boulder garden ( Memento from March 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), Seddiner See community
69. ↑ Sculptures in the Seddiner See boulder garden . ( Memento from September 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 469 kB) Galerie Ruhnke, exhibition flyer
70. ↑ Golf and Country Club Seddiner See, homepage ( Memento from April 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
71. ↑ Carl Schuch . Museum of the Havelländische painter colony
72. ↑ Kirsten Menneken: The influence of Gustave Courbet on the work of Carl Schuch . In: Brigitte Buberl (Ed.): Cézanne - Manet - Schuch: Three ways to autonomous art . Hirmer, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-7774-8640-X , pp. 45-56.
73. ↑ Jutta Hülsewig-Johnen, Thomas Kellein (ed.): The German Impressionism. DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 2009, ISBN 3-8321-9274-3 , p. 176.
74. ↑ Gottfried Boehm, Roland Dorn, Franz A. Morat (eds.): Carl Schuch (1846–1903) . Exhibition Catholic art gallery Mannheim. Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich 1986, p. 224. ISBN 3-89165-029-9 . The picture is often titled as Am Seddiner See Kähnsdorf . This exhibition catalog calls it Am Seddiner See near Kähnsdorf .