Localization hypotheses for Atlantis
A localization hypothesis for Atlantis is a presumption based on argumentation about the exact geographic location where Atlantis is said to have existed. Here it is assumed that the traditional description of this culture as an island kingdom somewhere across the Strait of Gibraltar before its demise is not a mere invention of Plato , but has a real background. The first hypotheses of this kind arose in antiquity . Increasingly again, they have been developed and discussed since the Renaissance , aided by the discovery of America, in which one believed to recognize a parallel to the Atlantis motif due to its location on the Atlantic. The academic experts now participates only with reservations in these attempts because it keeps Atlantis majority for a philosophical trick Plato, who - like the other myths of the author - have served primarily to a metaphysically -based theory in the field of phenomenality to transfer, or make it clear and testable.
In this case, Plato was concerned with the theory of the just soul , for the illustration of which he designed his ideal state in general - embedded in two social structures which, in their natural law-just constitution, were considered to correspond to the general model: Ur-Athens and Ur- Atlantis. The latter - as in principle also the mythical original Athens - to want to find out exclusively in the planetary geography, instead of seeing the assigned social structural dynamics primarily as a "pattern" anchored in the "heaven" of ideas (Pol. 592a- b), would mean missing Plato's request. It would be no less inappropriate, however, to deny his philosophy the intention of helping the model of the righteous soul to be implemented in reality. This leads to the question of the possibility under the respective conditions of future or past epochs, a question which the Platonic dialogues are no less controversial than the current subject-specific discussions.
Basics
Information on the location and characteristics of Atlantis
Plato in his around 360 BC The dialogues " Timaios " and " Kritias " written in BC describe the city precisely and thus provide many clues for localization. In these dialogues, Atlantis Nesos ( e.g. The Island of Atlas ) is described as an island empire that was larger than Libya (Λιβύη) and Asia (Ασία) combined (Tim. 24e) and, like Athens, existed 1000 years before the founding of Egypt. The main island was outside of the " Pillars of Heracles " in / on the Atlantìs thálassa, as Herodotus calls the Atlantic (Hdt. I 202,4). According to Plato, Atlantis was rich in raw materials of all kinds, in particular gold, silver and “ orichalkos ”, a metal alloy that Plato describes as “shimmering with fire” (Kritias 114e) and which is known today as brass. After a Kleinepos ( Epyllion ) of the same name ascribed to Hesiod , it was also called the “Shield of Heracles”. Plato also mentions various types of trees, plants, fruits and animals, including the "largest and most voracious animal of all", the elephant (Kritias 115a). The wide plains of the large islands were extremely fertile, precisely parceled out and supplied with sufficient water through artificial canals. By using the rain in winter and the water from the canals in summer, two harvests per year were possible (Kritias 118c-e). The center of the main island was formed by a 3000 by 2000 stadium , with a Greek “stadium” being around 180 meters. (However, it is not clear whether Plato is referring to the Egyptian “stadium”, about 211 meters.) This plain was surrounded and traversed by right-angled canals, which resulted in a large number of small inland islands. Around the acropolis of the capital were three ring-shaped, concentric canals, which were connected to the sea by another canal. For the competitions there is said to have been a race track that could be changed in length - could mean: several of different lengths and each for their own purposes: races and races in chariots like that of Poseidon (see below). The acropolis itself lay on a mountain in the center of the main island and was five stadia wide. The innermost of the artificial water belts had the width of a stadium, the two following - separated from each other by land belts - one of two and three stadiums each (Kritias 115d – 116a). The latter water belt describes Plato as navigable and over the above. Canal connected to a port on the south coast of the main island, through which the Atlanteans had succeeded in gaining access to the sea and gradually expanding their empire.
With regard to personal symbols, Plato mentions a temple of Poseidon built on the Acropolis . According to the author, a cult image placed therein showed this god of the sea as the driver of a chariot with six horses (Kritias 116d – e). He was also the father of five male pairs of twins, including a man named Atlas , to whom the god gave power over the island kingdom (Kritias 114a – c).
Problem of existence to be scientifically clarified
The overwhelming majority of the relevant specialist scholars such as philologists, philosophers, archaeologists and historians consider Plato's Atlantis to be a purely philosophically motivated invention by the author, so there has not yet been a consensus in which a scientific discussion on the question of existence was considered necessary, on the contrary . John V. Luce wrote: “The skeptics have strong arguments, but there was always a minority of scholars who were willing to admit the possibility that Plato used material in his Atlantis story that was not entirely without historical weight . “The Minoan culture and the attack of the Sea Peoples on Egypt play a role in these considerations . However, the hypothetical equation of Atlantis with Crete - the kingdom of Minos - is invalidated by the repeatedly cited argument that this island is not outside the pillars of Heracles, but in the Mediterranean.
Criteria of previous Atlantis conferences
Greek scientists have been initiating international conferences on Atlantis issues since 2005. At the end of the first conference in July 2005 on the Greek island of Milos , some of the conference participants called out a list of criteria that a possible Atlantis site must meet in order to be allowed to be called a real-historical "Atlantis". This list was summarized by Antonis Kontaratos in an article in the conference proceedings, expanded and finally relativized in such a way that it could only serve as a guide for research. It is neither possible to scientifically interpret each of the indications given by Plato, nor is there any prospect of being able to discover the structural engineering among them (including the structures of the concentric ramparts and ditches) without further ado, since it is unlikely that they will be massive geological changes that the mythical sinking of Atlantis in the sea suggests would have survived unscathed.
Whether this scenario was to be understood literally as a geological catastrophe, or in the sense of a downfall only affecting the culture of the Atlanteans, remained just as controversial as many other of the features mentioned above. List were summarized. These difficulties may have contributed to the fact that most of the hypotheses published so far either left out some of the indications given by Plato entirely or were reinterpreted in the lines of argument of the authors of the sense that the impression arises as if there was a correspondence with striking details of the respectively examined locations.
A second conference to clarify this situation took place in November 2008 in Athens. The third in June 2011 on the island of Santorini . The majority of the participants in the Atlantis Conferences are private researchers or non-specialist scientists, but also recognized specialists and Atlantis skeptics such as B. the historian and archaeologist Christos Doumas participated.
Independent of these gatherings, there are university efforts to convey the construction and deconstruction of the myth discussed here, including a. by processing the appropriation of the Western European megalithic cultures as 'Germanic Atlantis' by the Nazi ideology. The classical philologist Juergen Spanuth has been active in this, in this respect, abusive field until recently.
Cross-local investigations
In addition to a large number of publications that try to localize Atlantis in the geographical occurrence of the planet, there are studies that take up the question of the historical local existence of Atlantis in general, without considering a specific localization. They try to explain why Atlantis could have been a real civilization and formulate arguments in favor of invalidating the thesis that the Platonic myth is purely fictional. They define criteria for the search for Atlantis and thereby narrow the possibilities for the localization of Atlantis in time and space. And they provide an overview of the multitude of localization theses, also with regard to the underlying motivations of the various authors, including those of Plato himself and the sources he cited.
With Atlantis - History of a Dream , Pierre Vidal-Naquet has not only presented a major work on Atlantis skepticism, but also a detailed study of which historical situations and developments have led to which localizations of Atlantis. In the widely acclaimed anthology Atlantis - Myth or Reality? Edwin S. Ramage has compiled contributions from scientists in various disciplines who pursue the question of existence very fundamentally and without any further localization intention. While most would conclude that Atlantis is an invention, John V. Luce sees the possibility for historical content.
In Atlantis in the Light of Modern Research , Zdenek Kukal examines the geology of the entire globe to see whether traces of the submerged Atlantis can be found. In With Herodotus on the trail of Atlantis , Thorwald C. Franke explores the question of whether Atlantis might not have been a real place after all, in that the historical work of Herodotus is consequently opened up as the historical context of Plato's Atlantis story.
In the popular science book Sunken Continents - From Atlantis, Lemuria and Other Lost Civilizations by science fiction author Lyon Sprague de Camp , Atlantis is interpreted as an invention in the context of numerous other myths and legends. In addition to book publications, there are now also established Internet portals that have dedicated themselves to developing knowledge about Plato's Atlantis regardless of a specific localization. This includes B. www.Atlantisforschung.de. From the English-speaking world, www.Atlantipedia.ie should be mentioned.
Localization in Southeast Europe and Asia Minor
Hypothesis group Minoan culture
The history of the Cretominoic Atlantis localizations can be traced back to the year 1872. At that time, the French doctor and journalist Louis Guillaume Figuier was the first well-known author to suggest a connection between the late Bronze Age eruption of the Mediterranean island volcano Thera , now known as the Minoan eruption , and that in Plato Atlantis report presented events as well as locations. A few years later, his compatriot, the archaeologist Auguste Nicaise , took up Figuier's idea again and expanded it under the impression of the devastating eruption of Krakatau in 1883.
After the British archaeologist Arthur Evans excavated the Minoan ruins on Crete at the beginning of the 20th century and proved the previous existence of this hitherto legendary culture, two other Britons, Kingdon Tregosse Frost (1909) and James Baikie (1910) became the first set up complex theories that identified Minoan Crete as Atlantis described by Plato. In 1915 the British banker and classical scholar Walter Leaf also spoke out in favor of Crete as the most likely candidate for Atlantis, and in 1917 the American explorer Edwin Swift Balch also supported this idea. Other proponents of the Cretomino Atlantis hypothesis in the first half of the 20th century were Ralph van Deman Magoffin, a professor of classical archeology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore , Maryland , and Georges Poisson , a French professor of ethnology and president of the Société préhistorique française . Poisson was an early proponent of 'synthetic' interpretations of the Atlantis report, in which it is assumed that elements from in part chronologically far apart epochs are fused together. He identified the oldest, primeval Atlanteans with the people of Cro-Magnon , who lived about 25,000 to 15,000 years ago. On the other hand, he classified the high culture described by Plato as Bronze Age and was convinced that it must have been Minoan Crete.
The Austrian linguist and historian Wilhelm Brandenstein represented a far less spectacular 'synthetic' model . In his book Atlantis - Size and Fall of a Mysterious Island Realm , published in 1951, he interpreted the Atlantis story scientifically as a legend that essentially goes back to historical events and relates to elements from the era of Cretominoic culture as well as to events in connection with the storm of the sea peoples on Egypt at the time of Ramses III. falls back. Brandenstein clearly distinguished the literary form of the legend from myth and mythical allegory . He came to the conclusion that it must be, at least in part, a historical tradition, based on the examination of the functionality of the report for the state-political theses presented by Plato and on Plato as the author himself.
When the Greek archaeologist Spyridon Marinatos uncovered the buried remains of the Cycladic settlement Akrotiri with strong Minoan references on the island of Santorin (Thera) in 1967 , the Atlantis-Crete theory got a new impetus and Marinatos became its internationally known leading figure. After his accidental death in October 1974 (Marinatos was slain by a collapsing wall during an excavation), the Athens seismologist Angelos Galanopoulos took over this position and initially very successfully advocated the opinion that the volcanic eruption on Thera had around 1500 BC. BC triggered a tidal wave that destroyed the Minoan centers on Crete. He received journalistic support from James Watt Mavor Jr., whose book on Atlantis, as a bestseller, made 'Thera-Atlantis' extremely popular in the early 1970s, and from John V. Luce .
Later research results showed, however, that the downfall of the Minoan civilization did not occur until some time after the massive Thera eruption: On Crete, for example, there were also later ceramic stages that no longer occurred in Akrotiri. Relatively chronologically, the eruption and destruction of the palaces are separated by about 50 years. More recent dendrochronological investigations that indicate the eruption in 1613 BC Chr. Date ± 10 years, change nothing in the relative chronological sequence, but - if one takes this date as a basis - the fall of the culture on Crete must be backdated accordingly (about 1550/20 BC). The important parallel between Atlantis and Santorini / Crete is in any case questionable, as the disappearance of the Minoan culture definitely took place about two generations after the volcanic eruption.
The failed long-term excursion by the French marine researcher Jacques-Yves Cousteau in the waters off Santorini may also have contributed to the decline in the public perception of the Cretomino Atlantis hypotheses . On the official order of the Greek authorities, the prominent oceanographer carried out a search for the remains of Atlantis with his ship Calypso , announced in November 1975; a project that was subsidized by the Greek treasury with the equivalent of 1.8 million dollars - and was completely unsuccessful. At a press conference in November 1976, Cousteau let the public know that, in his opinion, the saga of Atlantis was just a "fairy tale" created by Plato. The legendary island kingdom never existed. Despite its excursion disaster, the 'Cretomino Atlantis' continued to find friends and followers. For example, the American author Charles R. Pellegrino published a book in 1993 with the title Unearthing Atlantis , in which he advocates the 'Atlantominoer' thesis. In the spring of 2007, Professor Hendrik J. Bruins of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev declared that Atlantis was identical to Crete, and he affirmed that the tidal wave caused by the eruption of the Thera volcano had destroyed the Minoan culture. He justified this with the evaluation of new ceramic finds and remains of houses in the east of the island. Finally, in 2011, Gavin Menzies also joined the 'Minoan faction' of Atlantis researchers, albeit once again with a highly idiosyncratic scenario: In his book The Lost Empire of Atlantis , he presents the Minoan Empire as a huge seafaring empire that spans the entire Mediterranean -Space and even discovered America where it is believed to have been involved in pre-Columbian copper mining in Michigan .
Troy hypothesis by Eberhard Zangger
The Atlantis hypothesis published in 1992 by the geoarchaeologist Eberhard Zangger attracted a great deal of public attention and triggered a scholarly dispute in archaeologists and historians, which was in some cases 'hard-hitting'. Zangger recognizes a distorted description of the Bronze Age Troy in Atlantis . Accordingly, the fall of Atlantis described by Plato is a vague representation of the destruction of Troy; this in turn presupposes that this destruction - as it is narrated in the Iliad and the Odyssey - actually existed. Zangger sees this destruction of Troy in the context of supra-regional political upheavals at the end of the Bronze Age (approx. 1200 BC).
Asia Minor Hypothesis by Peter James
In addition to Eberhard Zangger, the British historian and archaeologist Peter James also presented an Atlantis localization in Asia Minor . In 1995 he published a book in which he located Atlantis in what is now the western Turkish province of Manisa . In contrast to the overwhelming majority of Atlantis researchers who follow Plato's information about an Egyptian origin of the Atlantis account, James points out that Solon also visited the ancient kingdom of Lydia in Asia Minor during his travels . At the court of King Croesus , he also had contact with Aesop , the famous author of classic fables. James assumes that the myth of Atlas, to which Solon and Plato referred, was handed down to the Hellenes in its original version by the ancient peoples of Asia Minor in the form of the Tantalus myth . This myth, which is presumably based on prehistoric events in western Turkey, shows strong parallels in content with the fabulous fate of the Titan offspring and King of Atlantis. James received support for his alternative Atlantis model from the archaeologist Nikos Kokkinos, who was born in Egypt, with whom he went on a research trip to Manisa in 1989, and subsequently from Elif Tul Tulunay, a classical archaeologist from the University of Istanbul, among others .
Hypothesis group Balkans
In this group of hypotheses, further, south-eastern European Atlantis localizations are summarized under the not precisely defined term ' Balkans ', which at least to some extent does justice to their geographical reference area.
Nicolae Densusianu (1846–1911) is one of the early representatives of such a localization hypothesis. Born in Transylvania (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire ), the ethnologist and folklorist was an ardent Romanian nationalist. He vehemently advocated the idea that the area of the Roman province of Dacia had previously been the center of a large-scale Pelasgian empire and, in his posthumously published main work Das prehistorische Dakien , he also suspected that Atlantis was also located there.
In 2008, the computer scientist Fatih Hodžić, who was born in what is now Bosnia-Herzegovina and lives in Slovenia, presented his hypothesis of an Atlantean metropolis in the Adriatic Sea at the II. International Conference on the Atlantic in Athens . Hodžić, who identifies the 'Pillars of Heracles' with the Strait of Otranto and apparently does not question Plato's dates, sketches a far prehistoric empire of Atlantis, which as a whole not only covers the Balkan Peninsula, but also the Apennine Peninsula, all the way up to Tyrrhenia (for him today's Tuscany ), and extended in the south to Malta and Crete. He attributes the sinking of the heartland of Atlantis to the impact of an asteroid or its fragments, which among other things led to serious topographical changes in the Adriatic region.
Recently, Albania has also been mentioned repeatedly as the former location of the Metropolis of Atlantis. Probably the most interesting version of this hypothesis, which was largely consensually regarded as speculative among Atlantis researchers, is provided by another Adriatic Atlantis localization near Durrës , west of the Albanian capital Tirana . There satellite imagery revealed an ancient network of channels which supporters of this hypothesis associate with the description of the channel system on the great plane of Atlantis.
Black Sea Hypotheses
First, still largely speculative and vague considerations on the localization of Atlantis in the Black Sea region were made - independently of one another - by two French authors, Moreau de Jonnès, and André de Paniagua, at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century both assumed its location in the sea area of today's Sea of Azov . From 1923 followed the first work presented by Reginald Aubrey Fessenden , in which the existence of an antediluvian high culture of the Black Sea region was postulated in the form of a complex study, which the author brought in direct connection with Plato's Atlantis.
Fessenden was an electrical and communications engineer, later dean of the electrical engineering faculty at Western University of Pennsylvania, and an entrepreneur. In his study The Deluged Civilization Of The Caucasus Isthmus , he presented a concept that linked the legend of the Flood and Plato's account of Atlantis. However , his research results found little interest in specialist circles. Instead, in the 1920s, it concentrated more and more on the idea of Atlantis as a Platonic myth and discussed at best the 'Cretominoic' hypotheses on Atlantis. Fessenden's theses on the flood and the assumption of a 'Caucasus Atlantis' fell into oblivion for a few decades.
That changed when the two US geologists William Ryan and Walter Pitman caused massive flooding of the Black Sea basin around 5600 BC in the mid-1990s . Could prove. This possibly tsunami-like flooding of the former coastal areas on the Black Sea marked, according to their theory, the origin of the flood myths in the Near East. Building on this theory, among other things, in 2004 the two German private researchers Siegfried and Christian Schoppe again made a connection to Plato's Atlantis. The Atlanteans were therefore members of a (yet to be proven) Neolithic culture on the former north and northwest coast of the Black Sea, whose remains or offshoots could be seen in the Vinča culture . In addition, this region is identical to the area of origin of the Indo-Europeans . At the same time, the eccentric American authors Flying Eagle and Whispering Wind had similar ideas about a 'Black Sea Atlantis'. About two years later, the results of the study by Werner E. Friedrich were published, who, contrary to the authors mentioned above, assumes that the post-flooding of the Black Sea basin took place at the end of the most recent Ice Age, about 12,000 years ago. Friedrich, who identifies the pillars of Heracles mentioned in Plato in the Sea of Marmara , suspects the location of the Atlantean metropolis on a former plain that is said to have been between the ancient foothills of the Danube and Don rivers . Recently (2012) the Australian biologist and biochemist Michael A. Cahill presented the results of his comprehensive studies on 'Atlantis on the Black Sea' and the roots of culture, which he had already discussed the year before at the third International Atlantis Conference Santorini had reported.
Helike hypothesis
The so-called 'Helike hypothesis' or 'theory' is not actually a localization hypothesis about Atlantis, as its authors and proponents almost consistently deny or have denied the possibility that Atlantis could actually be considered one historical-geographical entity existed. Rather, it was and is assumed by them that the historically handed down fate of the Hellenic city of Helike , once devoured by the sea, located near the present-day town of Egio on the Gulf of Corinth , inspired Plato to a certain extent when he invented his account of Atlantis. So first the classical philologists Alfred E. Taylor , as well as Perceval Frutiger and later PY Forsythe, A. Giovannini and R. Ellis. Dora Katsonopoulou from the Greek Helike Project presented this view in 2005 at the first International Conference on the Atlantic on the island of Milos with a lecture (Helike and mythical Atlantis. An illuminating comparison) .
The area of Helike was already settled in the early Bronze Age (2600 to 2300 BC). In the 4th century BC This polis was the leading city in the Achaean League . The city's patron god was Poseidon , the temple of Poseidon Helikonios was, according to Pausanias, the "most sacred sanctuary of the Ionians ". In the winter of 373 BC A severe earthquake shook Helike and caused all buildings to collapse. Shortly thereafter, a huge tidal wave inundated the city and ten warships from Sparta anchored in the port. This was probably one of the most serious and costly natural disasters in the Aegean since the Minoan eruption on the volcanic island of Thera in the late Bronze Age. After that, the flood of water did not retreat, but a kind of lagoon formed for several centuries , which then gradually silted up, whereby the ruins were covered by mud deposits and remained undetectable up to our time.
A Greek-American research team led by Steven Soter and Dora Katsonopoulou has been digging in the Eliki plain since 1991. They began with several drillings and investigations with the magnetometer until the exact location of the sunken city was found. In 2000 and 2001 the remains of 373 BC were finally found. Chr. Helike drowned. Until 2003, traces of settlement from earlier times up to the 3rd millennium BC were found. The excavations are not finished until today (2008).
Localization in Southwest Europe or North Africa
Hypothesis group Iberia
The mention of the pillars of Heracles, that is - according to the prevailing interpretation - the Strait of Gibraltar, but also the "area [s] of Gadeira" in Plato's Atlantis report, which is mostly identified with the present-day Spanish province of Cádiz , led u. a. on the emergence of a whole series of hypotheses that localize Atlantis on the Iberian Peninsula . In some cases, the authors link their respective localization models with the traditions of the legendary port city of Tartessos , which is said to have been located on the Iberian south coast.
Southern Spain (Andalusia)
The assumption of an Andalusian Atlantis was originally represented as early as 1592 by the Spanish author Juan de Mariana and - also in the 16th century - by the Dutch physician, linguist and humanist Johannes van Gorp (Goropius Becanus). 1673, the Spanish historian, philologist and poet grabbed Jose Pellicer de Ossau y Tovar them on, who assumed the Metropolis of Atlantis was located between the islands of Mayor and Menor, which is approximately in the middle of the Doñana marshes on the territory of the Guadalquivir - Delta are located,
In 1911, the Spanish geographer and historian Juan Fernández Amador y de los Ríos published a modern version of the Andalusia Hypothesis. In it he assumed that the capital of Atlantis was once located exactly where the salt marshes of the Marismas de Hinojos now lie, about 50 km north of the city of Cadiz. A few years later, the German archaeologist and historical researcher Adolf Schulten also looked for Atlantis in this large area . While his professional colleague Elena Whishaw advocated the non-conformist thesis in 1923 that southern Spain had already been the colonization area of an Atlantic-North African Atlantis culture in the Neolithic , Schulten, who in the first half of the 20th century became one of the most prominent figures in Spanish archeology, is convinced that With his report on Atlantis, Plato gave “a poetically transfigured picture of the rich and happy Tartessus at the mouth of the Guadalquivir.” With this assumption, the u. a. was represented shortly before by the Spanish author Antonio Blázquez y Delgado-Aguilera, Schulten also aroused some interest in the academic world. Among his most vehement supporters in the Academia from 1925 on were the classical philologist Otto Jessen and - for a long time - the geographer Richard Hennig, who specialized in pre-Columbian voyages of discovery, who later apparently turned to Jürgen Spanuth's Atlantological Helgoland hypothesis . Schulten received late journalistic support from the German journalist and non-fiction author Ivar Lissner , who during the 1960s largely concentrated on popularizing Schulten's theory as part of his publications on prehistory in the matter of Atlantis.
The German private researcher Uwe Topper , on the other hand, went his own way, published a catastrophic Atlantis scenario in 1977 and assumed the Atlantean metropolis to be exactly where the city of Cadiz is. In contradiction to the scientific knowledge of the recent geological development of the Iberian Peninsula, Topper assumed several catastrophic land uplifts and subsidence of the southern Spanish coastal areas based on the results of his private field studies on site. In his interpretation of the Atlantis report, Topper followed Plato's time indications, but later rejected this idea. The concept of an Atlantis in Andalusia was taken up in 1984 by the writer Katherine Folliot, and in 1986 it found linguistic support from the Spanish philologist Joaquin Vallvé, who took the view that the old Arabic name for the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, "Yazirat al-Andalus" ( "Island of al-Andalus" ), represent a translation of "Island of the Atlantic" or "Island of Atlantis" .
The Andalusian localization hypothesis has experienced a real renaissance since the beginning of the 21st century. In 2004, Karl Jürgen Hepke, a graduate engineer from Germany, presented in book form his localization of a second Atlantis (he suspects an older Atlantis in the West Atlantic) at the mouth of the Rio Guadalete , where today the municipality of Puerto de Santa Maria is located. After the private researcher Werner Wickboldt (a vocational school teachers) and Rainer Kuehne (a physicist by profession) in the same year, based on satellite images , together discovering annular allegedly man-made structures in the estuary of the River Guadalquivir had reported, in 2010, scientists examined the Spanish Higher Council for Scientific Study ( CSIC ) in the marshland of today's Doñana National Park north of the Spanish city of Cádiz for traces of prehistoric ruins (see also the discussion about Tartessos or Tarshish (Hebrew תַּרְשִׁישׁ) ).
In March 2011, a team of researchers led by Richard Freund from the University of Hartford found traces of an ancient city there. He is convinced that they are remnants of the legendary Atlantis. According to Freund, the ring-shaped city plans that the team found are an important reference to ancient Atlantis, which, according to his theory, was destroyed by a huge tsunami . The archaeologist Georgeos Díaz-Montexano, who postulates the previous existence of an Iberian-North African Atlantean empire, suspects the metropolis of Atlantis to be near Freund's excavation site. In 2010, Walter Schilling, another author from Germany, located the island metropolis of Atlantis in the sea area off the Iberian southwest coast, between Albufeira and Fago . Schilling, a studied historian and political scientist, identified the European megalithic cultures with the Atlantean Empire, whose island metropolis he believes was around 2700 BC. Should have set. He suggests the impact of a comet fragment in the Atlantic as the trigger for the Atlantis catastrophe he suspected. However, he apparently cannot refer to geological clues or evidence, but calls for appropriate research.
Northern Spain (Asturias / Cantabria)
Deviating from the previously mentioned South Iberian localization models, the Spanish philologist and prehistorian Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses put forward the hypothesis at the end of the 1980s that Atlantis was off the northern coast of Spain. According to Ribero-Meneses, it is said to have been on the current underwater plateau and nature reserve called Le Danois Bank, which is about 60 kilometers off the current coast of Asturias at a depth of about 425 meters below the sea surface. Ribero-Meneses hypothesized that this elevation was part of the continental beach that broke away and sank at least 12,000 years ago as a result of tectonic processes that occurred towards the end of the most recent Ice Age. According to Ribero-Meneses, a megatsunami several hundred meters high should have been triggered, which had catastrophic effects over a wide area, and the aftermath of which caused a cultural regression of the few survivors. More recent and comprehensive studies on the geological history of the area of Le Danois Bank, however, remove the geological basis of the Ribero-Meneses hypothesis: As their results make clear, the coastal area in question apparently sunk into the Bay of Biscay millions of years ago ,
Portugal
The Basque scientist (Independent Researcher) Luis Aldamiz presented his hypothesis in 2006, in which he connects the Chalcolithic culture of Vila Nova de São Pedro with Atlantis. According to Aldamiz, this culture, also called VNSP for short by archaeologists, shows its settlement area and its development in essential points with the Platonic information in the Atlantis report. As the capital of Atlantis, Aldamiz identifies the once heavily fortified prehistoric settlement of Zambujal near Torres Vedras , which is in the core of the Iberian Peninsula's early metallurgy. As for the destruction of Atlantis, he believes it was caused by a tectonic event similar to the Lisbon earthquake in 1755.
Central Mediterranean Hypotheses
Sardinia
The island of Sardinia , known to the ancient Greeks as Hyknusa, has numerous relics of prehistoric cultures that left their traces there long before the Etruscans , Phoenicians , Hellenes and Romans . Above all, several thousand tower-like, megalithic round buildings called nuraghi , most of which date from the Bronze Age and whose function is still disputed in research today.
Sardinia's first recorded mention in an Atlantological context comes from the French polygraph Jean-Baptiste-Claude Delisle de Sales , who identified the island as a remnant of Atlantis in the early 19th century. In the 20th century, the Italian Paolo Valente Poddighe first presented in 1982 his hypothesis of a Sardinian Atlantis', which is based on the assumption that in Plato's "Herculean pillars" there was, in reality, between Sardinia and Corsica located Strait of Bonifacio traded. About 20 years later, the American author Robert Paul Ishoy, a graduate historian and social scientist, suggested Sardinia again as the historic Atlantis on his website. Ishoy's hypothesis states that Atlantis was a powerful Bronze Age state, the center of which was Sardinia, and which controlled large parts of the western Mediterranean. This state had its heyday between 2000 and 1400 BC. Experienced. Ishoy also assumes that the Atlanteans are identical with the Keftiu of ancient Egyptian traditions as well as with the enigmatic culture that the Nuraghi built in Sardinia. He suspects that these Sardinian Atlanteans strove to subjugate the peoples of the eastern Mediterranean, such as the Minoans, Athenians and Egyptians, before their empire was destroyed due to natural disasters - earthquakes and floods.
The Sardinian Atlantis hypothesis was made known worldwide in 2002 by the Italian journalist and writer Sergio Frau , co-founder and long-time editor of the daily La Repubblica . While the publication of his book Le Collone d'Ercole: Un'inchiesta , which "with a considerable din", as Pierre Vidal-Naquet remarked, hit the book market (in 2008 also in a German-language version), among literary critics, the Sardinian tourism industry and apparently Even the UNESCO triggered friendly to exuberant reactions, the response in the camp of the Atlantis researchers was rather restrained or even indignant. The latter was especially true for those researchers who had already made very similar or identical statements about Sardinia, Atlantis and the pillars of Heracles as they are now generally attributed to Sergio Frau. At least Paolo Valente Poddighe then bluntly raised the charge of plagiarism against the journalist.
The most recent major publication on Sardinia & Atlantis took place in 2009, when Giuseppe Mura presented a work of almost 600 pages in which he assigned the 'Pillars of Heracles' to the Gulf of Cagliari . From there a canal is said to have previously led to the Campidano plain, in which Mura recognizes the large and fertile plain of Atlantis mentioned in Kritias (113c).
Sicily
Sicily , the largest Mediterranean island, in its current form due to the recent water level of the seas, was discussed mainly by those Atlantis authors who consider Plato's sunken island kingdom to be a fiction and are looking for possible sources of inspiration for the Athenian philosopher, who at times also found himself in Stayed in Syracuse . For example Gunnar Rudberg , Phyllis Young Forsyth and Rodney Castleden.
Identifying Sicily in its current form directly with a real Atlantis was first proposed by the German private researcher Thorwald C. Franke at the Atlantis Conference in Athens in 2008. The background to his thesis is the involvement of the Italian peoples in the Sea Peoples movement around 1200 BC. BC, the derivation of the name 'Atlas' via Middle Egyptian from the Italian 'Italos', and certain similarities between the Sicilian culture of the late Bronze Age with details from Plato's Atlantis story. Franke locates the 'Pillars of Heracles' on the Strait of Messina , between Sicily and Calabria on the Italian mainland, a passage that historically all seafarers who traveled the northern Mediterranean had to pass through.
The majority of the localization hypotheses for Atlantis around Sicily go back much further into the past and assume that the sea level is much lower than today. Under this - scientifically founded - prerequisite, the previous existence of an enormous 'Greater Sicily' can be assumed, which also included the area of the present-day Maltese archipelago . Such a model presented e.g. B. in the year 2000 the now emeritus physics professor Axel Hausmann from Aachen . According to Hausmann, this ancient Sicilian large island is said to be around 3500 BC. BC was the center of a megalithic culture that was known to the ancient Egyptians in antiquity, so that Plato was able to immortalize them in his Atlantis account. Like other representatives of central Mediterranean Atlantis localizations, he assumes that the pillars of Heracles were a former strait of the Strait of Sicily between this island and the African coast of today's state of Tunisia . As the cause of the sinking of the old Sicilian island 'Atlantis' in the middle of the 4th millennium before the turn of the times, Hausmann hypothesizes a recent flooding of the Mediterranean basin from the Atlantic, which is said to have occurred after the break of a natural dam near Gibraltar. However, this is in clear contradiction to the current state of scientific knowledge.
Massimo Rapisarda, an Italian private researcher who also advocates a 'Greater Sicilian' Atlantis model, suspects that the events described in the Atlantis report already occurred at the end of the most recent Ice Age. While he accepts the times given by Plato for Atlantis, he is otherwise rather skeptical about its details and in no way regards the text as history . Rapisarda, who, like Hausmann, was one of the contributors to the 2008 International Conference on Atlantis, suspects the location of the metropolis of Atlantis in the vicinity of the ancient port city of Marsala on the west coast of Sicily.
Malta
When the excavations of the megalithic relics began on the islands of Malta in the mid-19th century , it was quickly recognized that the present archipelago must have been the seat of a highly developed culture in prehistoric times. Already at this time Giorgio Grognet de Vassé, a Maltese architect, published a treatise in which he represented Malta as the remnant of Atlantis. However, Grognet, together with the Marquis de Fortia d'Urban, was also involved in a scandal over falsified finds intended to prove that Malta was Atlantis. In 1922, almost 70 years later, Grognet de Vassé's idea found the approval of the archaeologist Joseph Bosco, who was living in French Algeria at the time , and in 1923 the French chemist and Atlantis researcher René-Maurice Gattefossé - who was otherwise looking for traces of the Atlanteans in northwest Africa - said that many of the ancient monuments on Malta had 'Atlantean' traits.
The Maltese Joseph S. Ellul, a retired teacher, whose father was part of the archaeological team led by Sir Temi Żammit , the head of the excavations of the hypogeum of Hal Saflieni and the temples of Tarxien , Ħaġar Qim and Mnajdra , published a in 1988 after long-term studies Book in which he postulated for the first time with reference to systematically obtained archaeological evidence that Malta's megalithic culture, which can be associated with Atlantis, fell victim to a tremendous tidal wave. The massive deposits of clay layers that the archaeologists encountered during the excavations of Tarxien and Hagar Qim were caused by this flood disaster. Ellul, who equated this megatsunami with the biblical flood, was, like A. Hausmann (see above), convinced that large parts of the Mediterranean basin were still dry before this cataclysm .
One of the prominent representatives of the Maltese Atlantis localization hypothesis during the second half of the 20th century was the sculptor and art restorer Chris Agius Sultana, who died in 2007 and whose passions also included underwater photography . During his dives in Malta's coastal waters, he came across various objects that he regarded as relics from the era of the megalithic, including a large, arched structure, the artificial character of which has been just as controversial as that of the remains of a flooded, putative temple complex, its discovery the German private researcher Hubert Zeitlmair reported in 2001.
.jpg)
Chris A. Sultana was also one of the authors of the 2001 work Malta: Echoes of Plato's Island , which he wrote together with the two Maltese physicians Anton Mifsud and Charles Savona-Ventura. In this book, which is part of the reference literature of Malta Atlantis exploration, the authors provide a number of considerable arguments and evidence from various scientific disciplines for their assumption that the islands of Malta were once part of a much larger land mass and that they represent remains of Atlantis the destruction of the Maltese-Atlantic megalithic empire they suspect, they suggest a date of approx. 2200 BC. BC, whereby they emphasize that a number of other states or cultures in the Mediterranean and Middle East also perished at this time. Charles Savona-Ventura and Alfred Mifsud have jointly developed and published a number of other articles and books on the prehistory of Malta and Atlantis.
The Maltese Atlantis localization was also supported by the New York computer specialist Albert Spyro Nikas, who shared his views on it and others. a. Presented in a publication at the international Atlantis conference in Athens in 2008. In addition, the Regensburg geographer Christiane Dittmann (she died in Malta in August 2012) set important accents in the field of Malta-Atlantis research. a. focused on the causes of the extinction of the megalithic culture, for which she even carried out privately financed field research on site. Dittmann also assumed that a flood disaster led to the demise of the ancient megalithic. However, she was far from considering a cataclysm with global implications in this regard. Rather, as an emphatically 'down-to-earth' researcher, she represented a more conventional or conservative disaster scenario, which she explained with the geological instability of the regional metropolitan area, which predestines it for earthquakes and volcanism that trigger tsunamis. Dittmann vehemently criticized the specialist-centric attitude of many archaeologists and geologists, which hindered a solution to the prehistoric riddle of Malta, and called for more interdisciplinarity . Occasional attempts to explain the disappearance of the Maltese megalithic - for example "religious hysteria with collective suicide" - she regarded as "easy to refute or nonsensical". An interim review of her research on 'Malta & Atlantis' was published in book form in 2001. Further comprehensive publication was made impossible by illness and her early death.
Hypothesis group North Africa
Because of its western location and because of the Atlas Mountains, hypotheses have repeatedly been formed over the course of time that Atlantis could have been in North Africa, which was called Libya in ancient times. In doing so, reference was and is mostly also made to the universal history Bibliotheca historica by the ancient author Diodorus Siculus or to his information there on the prehistory of northern Africa. The early representatives of this group of hypotheses include Étienne-Félix Berlioux, AFR Knötel, Aimé Rutot Victor Bérard , Byron Khun de Prorok, Ferdinand Butavand, Jean Gattefossé and René-Maurice Gattefossé , Claudius Roux, Paul Borchardt and Otto Silbermann.
In the recent past, North Africa has again met with increased interest in the area of Atlantis research. In 2001 the Italian architect and art historian Alberto Arecchi presented a North African-Mediterranean localization hypothesis. Arecchi assumes a recent flooding of the Mediterranean basin, assumes the previous existence of a land bridge between Africa and Europe, and suspects the former position of Atlantis off the current coast of Tunisia . The German private researcher A. Petit (pseudonym) presented a hypothesis in 2002 with which he localized Atlantis in the Libyan part of Cyrenaica , an assumption that the Atlantology critic Christian Brachthäuser tried to refute in 2006.
The physicist Ulrich Hofmann, also from Germany, is of the opinion in his 2004 book Plato's Isle of Atlantis that Atlantis must have been in Algeria in the Schott el Hodna , a large steppe and desert landscape. Like Petit, he proves his view a. a. with the fact that he discovered ring structures on a satellite image in the region concerned. Hofmann identifies the Atlantean war at Plato with the sea peoples storm on Egypt around 1200 BC. Chr.
In 2005, the Swedish Atlantis researcher Jonas Bergman presented his localization of Atlantis in what is now Morocco at the International Conference on Atlantis on the island of Milos . While Bergmann originally the ancient Lixus saw as locality of the metropolis of Atlantis, he modified later to Parliament's view, and now favors, the river Bouregreg - near the Moroccan capital of Rabat - located, necropolis Chellah. At the following Atlantis conference (2008 in Athens ), Michael Hübner, another researcher from Germany, presented his localization in southern Morocco, on the Souss-Massa plain , which he also published in book form in 2010.
Other African Atlantis localizations
Apart from the above-mentioned models of the North African group of hypotheses, there have also been isolated attempts to identify Atlantis in other parts of the African continent. a. in the Richat structure . An early representative of such localizations was Johann Christian Bock , a German theologian and philosopher. In 1685 he published together with Georg Kaspar Kirchmaier the font De Atlantide, ad Timaeum atque Critiam Platonis , in which the two Atlantis in South Africa accounted for.
At the beginning of the 20th century (1908 and 1926), the Englishman Captain CH Elgee, who was representative of the British government in Ibadan until 1913 , and the Africa researcher Leo Frobenius from Germany developed - independently of each other - a theory that Atlantis a few hundred kilometers north of the equator on the West African coast, in what is now Nigeria .
The Italian historian of science Livio Catullo Stecchini (1913–1979) took the view in an unpublished work entitled Sahara that São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea was Atlantis.
In 2007, another Italian, Marcello Cosci (1929–2009), from the University of Siena presented his, u. a. based on the analysis of recent satellite images, hypothesis that Atlantis was the present-day island of Sherbro , which is located off the coast of the West African state of Sierra Leone . He put this hypothesis, also published in book form, among others. a. for discussion at the International Atlantic Conference of 2008.
Localization in the British Isles and Brittany
The representatives of this group of hypotheses base their localizations on the assumption that the locations and events described in Plato's Atlantis account are to be understood in connection with the megalithic cultures of north-west Europe. In most cases, the massive change in the topography of this large area is also argued. Large parts of the Celtic Sea , the Irish Sea and today's English Channel were still dry towards the end of the most recent Ice Age . The Metropolis of Atlantis suspects part of these hypotheses in these present-day marine areas.
Britain
Britain (the main British island) was first associated with Atlantis in 1792 by the English naturalist Thomas Pennant . After some delay - in the 20th century - several extremely eccentric publications on this topic followed. In the 1920s and 30s, the Cornwall- born writer George H. Cooper took the view that Britain was once the cradle of civilization. In the first of two books he published about it, Cooper claimed that the biblical Garden of Eden was near Stonehenge . He regarded the megalithic complex there as the pillars of Heracles, Britain and Ireland as historical Atlantis, and the civilizations of ancient Egypt and ancient Mexico as its cultural descendants. Similarly Anglo-centric in nature, but to be taken a little more seriously, was a 1946 book by the journalist and writer W. Comyns Beaumont (1873-1956). In it he described Great Britain as Atlantis, and its inhabitants as members of a Bronze Age culture that began in 1322 BC. Was destroyed by the impact of a comet. A later Atlantis eccentric with a weakness for Britain was the American Henry B. Ambrose (1917-2010), who in 1994 identified the early Iron Age hill fortress of Old Oswestry , Shropshire in the English West Midlands , as an Atlantean metropolis .
A scientific study of Atlantis in or near Britain, in the narrower sense, apparently only took place towards the end of the 20th century. In 1995/96 the Russian scientist Viatcheslav Y. Koudriavtsev presented a thesis paper in which he presented his model of an Atlantis sunk in the Celtic Shelf (the Celtic Sea, off today's coast of Cornwall) for discussion. In 1999 the Italian astrophysicist Vittorio Castellani (1937-2006) located Atlantis as a kind of former north-western European subcontinent on the North Atlantic continental shelf, where the British Isles are today. In 2009, the journalist Donald Ingram finally contributed his hypothesis that the legendary Atlantean civilization could be equated with the early Bronze Age Wessex II culture of Britain.
Ireland
As early as 1882 Ignatius Donnelly had made the claim that Ireland had been settled by Atlanteans in antediluvian times, but an Irish hypothesis about Atlantis, albeit not very substantial, was provided by the aforementioned George H. Cooper in his second book on Atlantis. In 1936 he voted for the Irish coastal city of Cork as the best candidate for the port facilities of Atlantis, as this idea “fits very well with Plato's story”, only to have to admit: “... if we leave the geometric rings, etc. aside . "
More robust, but by no means indisputable, arguments underlie the hypothesis published by the British non-fiction author Paul Dunbavin in 1995. Dunbavin suspects the Atlantic plain to be in the area of today's Irish Sea, between Ireland, Scotland and Wales , and he locates the urban center of the Atlantean Empire near the Isle of Man . He chronologically ordered the fall of the island kingdom he suspected to be around 3000 BC. A. Scientifically - depending on the point of view - Dunbavin's assumption that the Atlantis catastrophe was caused by a shift in the polar or earth's crust that caused devastating tidal waves and serious shifts in the climatic zones is particularly controversial or indisputable. Dunbavin himself rejects such criticism from specialist scientists as the outflow of “outmoded science”. Compared to Dunbavin's neocatastrophism, a rather conservative model of Atlantis in Ireland and its demise was published in 2004 by the geographer and geomorphologist Ulf Erlingsson from Sweden . Erlingsson, who is convinced of the existence of a very extensive Atlantean empire in the catchment area of the megalithic figures of Western Europe and North Africa, also regards the area of Ireland as its center. B. the monuments in the Boyne Valley as remnants of the Atlantean culture. The legend of the sinking of Atlantis is probably based on ancient Irish traditions about the Dogger Bank in the east of the British Isles, which, according to Erlingsson, was built around 6100 BC. BC sank below the sea surface after being hit by an enormous tsunami. Erlingsson sees a massive landslide in the Storegga area off the Norwegian coast as the cause of this megatsunami .
Brittany
The neighboring megalithic cultures south of today's English Channel, especially in Brittany , and their descendants have attracted the interest of various Atlantophile scientists and Atlantis researchers. As early as 1847, the French physician and anthropologist Eugene Bodichon (1810–1885) suspected a relationship between the Bretons and the Atlantic Berbers of North Africa, an assumption that Ignatius Donnelly took up a few decades later and, more recently, with the inclusion of genetic arguments American atlantologist R. Cedric Leonard, a trained anthropologist, was voiced. In the 1930s, the French botanist François Gidon had previously suggested that Atlantis was a previously compact land mass that stretched from Brittany to Ireland. However, he incorrectly dated the flooding of large parts of his Bronze Age Atlantis back then - in ignorance of the Flanders Transgression - to the period between 3000 and 1200 BC. Chr.
Among the notable authors of the second half of the 20th century in the matter of Brittany and Atlantis is u. a. the French writer Jean Bertrand (alias Jean Markale , 1928-2008), who suspected cross connections between the Celtic Venetians Aremoricas and Atlantis and was convinced that the stone rows of the menhirs of Carnac were an Atlantid cultural heritage. A year earlier, in 1986, Helmut Tributsch had already published a very comprehensive treatise on the Breton localization hypothesis on Atlantis . Tributsch, Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Free University of Berlin from 1982 to 2008 , put forward the theory that the capital of the Empire of Atlantis was identical to the relics of Gavrinis in the Gulf of Morbihan, some of which are now under water . A little further west of what is now France , in Champagne , more precisely in the area of the city of Sens , the Belgian historical researcher Marcel Mestdagh (1926–1990) finally located around 1990 and, following him, his compatriot, the writer and journalist Philip Coppens (1971–2012), the Metropolis of the Atlanteans.
Localization in Northern Europe
Origins
After the French antiquarian and philosopher François de La Mothe le Vayer had already brought up the island of Greenland as an Atlantis locality in the 17th century , the Swedish scholar Olof Rudbeck the Elder advocated the astonishing idea of his homeland (then a major European power that endeavored to achieve a continental hegemonic position) is the cradle of all culture, and that is where Atlantis was once located. His work was read and controversially discussed all over Europe, but soon after his death - well into the 19th century - it was forgotten again. For his research on Atlantis, which was by no means free of ideology, Olof Rudbeck also used novel scientific methods, including experimental archeology . Another scholar who at this time - and probably before Rudbeck - brought Sweden into connection with Atlantis was his compatriot Johannes Bureus , a rune researcher and mystic who u. a. worked as a royal archivist. In the 18th century, the French astronomer Jean-Sylvain Bailly proposed the hypothesis that the center of the vanished Atlantean empire was in what is now Spitsbergen and Norway . In his main work, the Histoire de l'astronomie , he took the view that most of the discoveries made by science were ultimately based on the knowledge of a lost people of prehistoric times, which had been destroyed by a global catastrophe. With Bailly, the early phase of northern Atlantis localizations came to an end, and the model of an Atlantis of the north did not become prominent again until the end of the 19th or the beginning of the 20th century, but now initially and primarily in an ideological context , in which it was instrumentalized to create a pseudo-historical basis for racist and ethnic social models.
Ariocentric ideological models
With the emergence of the so-called Völkisch movement in the late 19th century and the expansion of the term Aryans - originally a linguistic and ethnological term to determine a presumed indigenous people of the Indo-European language group - to a designation for a hypothetical biological community of north-western European peoples, Atlantis was now - before especially in German-speaking countries - also with regard to the question of the homeland of those Aryan indigenous people.
While in the classical university district of the early 20th century it was mainly assumed that the Aryans came from the steppes of central Russia, west of the Urals , or from Northern Europe or the Baltic States , whereas in the context of a developing, pseudo-scientific racial science, this was mostly propagated that the Aryans were originally at home in (Northern) Germany or Scandinavia (e.g. by Gustaf Kossinna , Hermann Hirt and Hans FK Günther ), they were first out of the area of Ariosophy or the esoteric currents of the ethnic movement soon putative primary continents such as a north polar Arktogäa (with Guido von List ) or Atlantis as well as mythical-legendary countries such as Thule and Hyperborea as candidates for the original home of the Aryans.
Although all Atlantis models belonging to this line of tradition show a consistently ariocentric and Nordic tendency, the localization hypotheses in question are anything but uniform and by no means limited to the northern European metropolitan area with its bordering sea areas. Heinrich Pudor , for example, presented a northern European variant in the narrower sense in 1936 with his assertion of a former large Atlantis island as an “Aryan-Germanic race and colonization motherland”, which extends from Scotland to southern Norway and “possibly as far as the Arctic Circle " have. Today's island of Helgoland is a remnant of it. This idea later apparently also haunted Heinrich Himmler , who as Reichsführer SS had already searched for traces of Atlantis and Germanic high culture in 1938 and 1939, and in 1943 even sent a research expedition to Heligoland to do dives off the local coast to look for sunken people Perform ruins.
Herman Wirth , for a time a protégé of Himmler, positioned his sunken continent, which he called Thule, in the Arctic - albeit without direct reference to ariosophical ideas. Wirth referred to northern Europe and other parts of the continent as the “perimeter areas” of the “presumed large oceanic island empire” he was looking for. His pupil Siegfried Kadner also took the view in 1931 that northern Atlantis was to be found in the polar region, from where the ancestors of the Germanic tribes immigrated to northern Europe.
Different z. B. Karl Georg Zschaetzsch , an Ario-Atlantean, who orientated himself on the rather traditional idea of a large Mid-Atlantic island Atlantis in the area of today's Azores. Similarly, Hermann Wieland , who in 1926 established the large island seat of the - allegedly 200,000 year old! - presented the “sunken Aryan-Atlantic culture” as the Central Atlantic “connecting bridge with America” with an “Asenburg” as the Metropolis, and also referred to the great plain mentioned by Plato (Crit. 113c) as the Idafeld . From there, Atlantis' "high prehistoric Germanic culture" spread to northern and southern Europe and other parts of the world. In individual cases, however, Atlantis was portrayed exactly the other way around as a distant offshoot of the Nordic Ur-Aryans, such as Albert Herrmann , who located it far away from Northern Europe in what is now Tunisia in North Africa, but only viewed it as an offshoot of a prehistoric Aryan civilization that was based in Friesland , of which "Atlantis was merely a colony in the days of Frisian glory."
Modern Nordic Atlantis Hypotheses
Apart from such explicitly ideologically motivated models and their supporters, in the 20th century some objectively arguing scientists and private researchers also championed the idea that Atlantis could be located in the north of the greater Atlantic area. For example, the Swedish mineralogist and geologist Arvid Gustaf Högbom , who suspected it to be in the North Sea region as early as 1920 . At the end of the 1940s, the idea of an Atlantis of the North was taken up by the North German pastor Jürgen Spanuth . In his book Das Unriddled Atlantis. (1953) he locates the vanished prehistoric empire in the North Sea; Spanuth interpreted a sunken island east of Heligoland as the capital of Atlantis. For Spanuth, the culture of the Atlanteans could be identified with the Nordic Bronze Age and the sea peoples migration. Since this does not agree with Plato's time of 9000 years, Spanuth claims that the Egyptians meant lunar years (lunar orbits around the earth) instead of “real” years (earth orbits around the sun). In fact, the Egyptians used to calculate in lunar years in a very early period, but for them a lunar year consisted of 13 lunar revolutions, making it only slightly longer than a solar year.
In the 1960s, the theologian Günther Kehnscherper took up Spanuth's theses in what was then the GDR . Just like Spanuth, Kehnscherper also saw the flooding of Heligoland and the Schleswig North Sea coast as a trigger for the migration of the sea peoples. Kehnscherper did not consider Heligoland to be the Atlantic royal island. Unlike Spanuth, Kehnscherper identified the sea peoples not mainly as Germanic northern peoples, but as a coalition with northern peoples and Balkan peoples led by Central European urn field people . B. the Hungarian archaeologist Amália Mozsolics.
In 1975 the (West) German journalist and writer Gerhard Herm published his model of a Scandinavian-North European Atlantis, also based on Spanuth's preliminary work, and in 1982 the Danish author Kirsten Bang presented a similar concept for solving the Atlantis problem, using the sunken continent in the present-day North Sea, off the coasts of the Netherlands , Germany and Denmark . In 1990, the French private scholar Jean Deruelle presented a complex study in which he identified Atlantis as the lost center of the megalithic cultures, which is said to have been located in the North Sea in the form of an enormous, approx. 300 km long island between Britain and Scandinavia today the so-called Doggerbank is located. Currently, the main protagonists of the Nordic Atlantis hypothesis include the Italian nuclear engineer Felice Vinci and the French author Sylvain Tristan.
Localization in the Atlantic and America
Athanasius Kircher
In the 17th century, Athanasius Kircher , a polymath and one of the forerunners of Egyptological science , researched volcanism, seas and the formation and setting of land. He summarized his research results in the work "Mundus Subterraneus". As an example, he took the Atlantis in the Atlantic described by Plato.
Mayan theory by Le Plongeon
At the beginning of the development of controversial Atlantis hypotheses stands the hobby archaeologist Augustus Le Plongeon , who with popular writings such as "Archaeological Communication on Yucatán" (1879) or "Queen Moo and the Egyptian Sphinx" (1896) the speculative and controversial form of Atlantis - research that still exists today. Le Plongeon connects Atlantis with the myth of the submerged continent Mu , which he believed to have interpreted from Mayan inscriptions. 11,500 years ago, Maya colonists set out for India, Egypt and Mesopotamia to spread culture and religion. A third of the Maya language, Le Plongeon claims, is pure Greek, the rest identical to Assyrian . Palestine also received culture and language from the Maya, and so Jesus himself spoke of Nazareth Maya. Much is mere speculation, but numerous later esoteric authors invoked Le Plongeon as if they were established facts.
Ignatius Donnelly
Like Athanasius Kircher, the American politician and hobby historian Ignatius Donnelly suspected Atlantis in the Atlantic. His book "Atlantis, the Antediluvian World" (1882) became a bestseller. Donnelly connects Plato's account and the biblical Flood story and describes Atlantis as a submerged continent in the North Atlantic, which - as described by Plato - sank within a day and a night. While the formation of the oceans was still controversial in Donnelly's time, and Donnelly could at least partially refer to the theories of the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess , the sudden sinking of a continent is now - according to Alfred Wegener's theory of plate tectonics - disproved. Just like Le Plongeon, Donnelly sees the Atlanteans as bringing culture to the Old and New World. Modern science has also refuted this theory by showing independent cultural developments in all parts of the world. But like Le Plongeon, Donnelly is also quoted on these points by numerous contemporary Atlantis authors. Donnelly's theory was taken up and expanded by Lewis Spence in the 1920s . According to Spence, there was a sun religion in Atlantis like in Egypt, and Atlan belonged to the circle of gods , who was to be equated with the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl . Meanwhile, Donnelly's version of the ancient “supercivilization” found enthusiastic reception in esoteric and theosophical circles. Also Rudolf Steiner , Helena Blavatsky and others of theosophy related authors and speakers intervened on the subject.
Otto Muck
From him the hypothesis is represented that the submerged Atlantis is to be found in the area of the Azores . He substantiates this in his book Atlantis - Found. Criticism and solution of the Atlantis problem. (1954, reprint 1976). Numerous clues (migration of the eels to the Sargasso Sea , Gulf Stream, end of the Ice Age, language affinities) convey a vivid picture of his Atlantis theory. He even puts the fall of Atlantis on June 5, 8498 BC using the Mayan calendar. BC, 1:00 p.m. Greenwich Mean Time, set to the hour.
Bahamas / Caribbean
In 1957, stone blocks in almost rectangular formations were discovered in the sea off the island of Bimini ( Bahamas ) at a depth of seven meters, which are lined up in a straight line with a final curve. In the media, the stone blocks were referred to as the " Street of Bimini ", which were then processed by people and are part of the lost city of Atlantis. The find attracted particular attention, especially in popular scientific publications, because Edgar Cayce had predicted in 1939 that remnants of Atlantis would be found at Bimini in 1968 or 1969. Extensive studies in the 1970s and later did not come to any clear results. It could not be explained for what purpose it could be built or whether this formation is of human origin at all. No further traces of a city or fortress were found, and the structure lies on a changeable coral reef and can therefore be at most a few hundred years old.
Aztlan
According to legend, a settlement or island called "Aztlán" is the origin of the Aztec people . The location of this island or group of islands is unknown. A similarity of the name Aztlán with the old spelling or speaking of Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος Atlantìs nēsos "Island of Atlas" is claimed. After a natural disaster that could not be further verified by Aztec documents , the surviving inhabitants migrated towards the southwest at divine orders until they reached the Valley of Mexico via intermediate stops . A reference to the Atlantis legend is seen in this founding legend of the city of Tenochtitlán . The Aztec Nahuatl language does not provide any explanation for the meaning of the place name Aztlán . So far, no sign in the Aztec script could be identified as the origin for the name Aztlan.
This theory would be supported by parallels such as the urban layout of the old city of Tenochtitlán, with the ancient Greek descriptions of the capital of the "Island of Atlas", the similarities of the developing languages, which refer to the " Odyssey " (Greek Odýsseia Ὀδύσσεια) and subsequent attempts at settlement by the survivors Point out Atlantians, as well as the high nautical, mathematical and graphic skills, which both the inhabitants of Atlantis and the Aztecs are said or have been proven.
Ignatius Donnelly was one of the first authors to propose the theory that Aztlán is the mythical continent of Atlantis. In his book "Atlantis, the Antediluvian World" (German: "Atlantis, the antediluvian world", 1911), he referred to the Azores archipelago . According to this, it is said to have been destroyed by a natural disaster to such an extent that only the peaks of the former island continent of Atlantis protrude from the water. This shows a parallel to the hypothetical continent Mu .
Hypothesis group Asia
In contrast to the overwhelming majority of Atlantis researchers who are looking for Plato's sunken island kingdom in Europe and America or the greater Atlantic area, a minority has recently focused its attention primarily on the Asian continent. Your search is essentially focused on two areas: India and Indonesia .
India
The Czech historian and archaeologist Radek Brychta (main fields of study according to his own statements: Sumer , Akkad , Indus Valley civilizations and Egypt) published a book in 2001 in which he connected Atlantis with the Indus Valley culture for the first time and the Strait of Bab al-Mandab as Pillars of Heracles identified. P. Karthigayan, an Indian researcher, submitted a publication entitled The Origin of the Atlantis Civilization through Tamil literary evidences to the first International Atlantis Conference at Melos in 2005 , and his compatriot Amlan Roychowdhury, an anthropologist from the University of Calcutta , believes it that the Vedic culture of ancient India was a remnant of the Atlantean civilization. Vice versa, the Frenchman Jacques Hébert, a former police chief of Paris, argued in 2003 that the Atlantean culture was a derivative of the culture of the Indus Valley. He locates Atlantis itself in the area of today's island group of Socotra in the north-western Indian Ocean .
In 1997 the German sociologist Martin Freksa - an advocate of the Central Atlantic location hypothesis - took a completely different view of things ) classified. With reference to ancient Indian traditions, it presupposes that both the Atlanteans, who were striving for global hegemony, and their Indian war opponents had developed high technology. In the course of the fighting, the Altindians would have Atlantis around 3000 BC. BC using a weapon of mass destruction ("Sudarshan") destroyed and brought to ruin.
Malay Archipelago
The Malay Archipelago or the so-called Sunda Shelf also exerts some attraction on Atlantis researchers. While the area of this shelf is now largely below the surface of the sea , a contiguous land mass, known as the Sundaland or Sunda for short, extended there during the course of the recent Ice Age , which practically formed another South Asian subcontinent. To the south-east of it was a so-called Greater Australia ( Sahul ), which included New Guinea , the Aru Islands , large parts of the Arafura Sea and the island of Tasmania .
One of the first researchers who localized Atlantis there in the mid-1990s was the American polyhistor William Lauritzen, at about the same time as Arysio Nunes dos Santos (1937-2005), a former professor of nuclear energy technology at the Brazilian Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , who also made the Sundaland hypothesis known internationally. After presenting the results of his long-term studies on the Internet, Nunes dos Santos also published a voluminous book on the subject in 2005 that received much attention, especially from Asian commentators. The Pakistani researcher Zia Abbas had previously published his Sundaland model for locating Atlantis in book form. Another prominent representative of this Atlantis localization is Sunil Prasannan, a molecular biologist who worked at Imperial College London, among others . The Atlantic Sundaland Hypothesis is also flanked by the studies of the geologist and geophysicist Robert M. Schoch from the College of General Studies at Boston University , who is more commonly known as an Atlantis skeptic. Together with Robert Aquinas McNally, Schoch presented a book in 2003 in which the two authors express the well-founded assumption that the concept of pyramid construction was developed by a lost civilization that previously existed on Sundaland.
Antarctic Atlantis locations
The idea that Atlantis could once have been on Antarctica , the southernmost continent on earth, is one of the most recent localization hypotheses in the history of Atlantis research. This view was first represented at the beginning of the 20th century by the Chilean Roberto Rengifo, a professor who propagated a model of the primeval first settlement of South America from Antarctica , and who was also the first to propose the hypothesis that the formerly habitable southern continent was due to a relocation of the Earth axis iced over. Rengifo published his ideas between 1904 and 1935 in the activity reports of the Societe Scientifique du Chili . In 1923, the French Atlantis explorer René-Maurice Gattefossé expressed the conviction that the culture of the Atlanteans - whose center he suspected to be on a former central Atlantic island, from where they u. a. diffused into North Africa - based on an even earlier civilization based in Antarctica.
About half a century later, in 1974, the Italian naval officer and engineer Flavio Barbiero published a book in which he took up both the hypothesis - rejected by the overwhelming majority of geoscientists - of a rapid shift in geographic poles in the recent geological past, as well as the Expanded the idea of an Antarctic Atlantis. In 2008 Barbiero, who u. a. belonged to the Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici and himself led two scientific expeditions to the Antarctic (1976 and 1978), presented his south polar model for the solution of the Atlantis problem at the II. International Atlantis Conference. In 1989 the German-German team of authors Fritz Nestke and Thomas Riemer published the second comprehensive essay on the subject of "Atlantis in the Antarctic" after F. Barbiero. In it, the authors deliberately went on a confrontation course with the prevailing geological principle of actualism and developed a catastrophic model in which the postulated displacement of Antarctica from a climatically more moderate area into the polar region is represented as the result of cosmic causes. In addition, they referred to the statement of the Neith priests in the Atlantis report, which stated as the cause of earthly major catastrophes: "In truth, however, it is a matter of a deviation of the heavenly bodies orbiting the earth" (Timaeus 22c).
While the aforementioned publications and models were mostly only known to insider circles, the Canadian couple, researchers and authors Rand and Rose Flem-Ath succeeded in popularizing the idea of an Antarctic Atlantis worldwide. In their bestseller When the Sky Fell , published in 1995 and translated into numerous languages , which was also published in German in 1997, as well as a follow-up work published in 2000, which was written by Rand Flem-Ath together with Colin Wilson , they were able to achieve a broad Generate audience interest in the Antarctic Atlantis hypothesis. Her model differs from that of her colleagues not only in the greater inclusion of mythological clues (myths, sagas and legends of ancient peoples); In contrast to Nestke & Riemer (1989) and Barbiero (2008), they did not base their pole shift scenario on the assumption of cosmic influences. Rather, it is based on the concept of Earth Crustal Displacement (ECD), which was developed by Charles Hapgood from the end of the 1950s, with earthly causes of a hypothetical displacement of the entire earth's crust on the asthenosphere .
The successful British author Graham Hancock , who deliberately supported the Atlantis theory of the Flem-Aths , also made a contribution to making the south polar localization hypothesis a permanent part of the Atlantic research landscape. To discredit the already very controversial Atlantic Antarctic Hypothesis, however, not least - to put it cautiously - publications by authors such as the American Nibiru apologist Robertino Solàrion (Robert Traylor Russell, 1942-2010) or the two Belgian ones contributed - to put it mildly Doomsday prophets Patrick Geryl and Gino Ratinckx, who predicted a cataclysmic pole shift and the collapse of our civilization in 2012.
literature
Overviews / general
- Atlantis Conference Milos 2005: Proceedings of the International Conference “The Atlantis Hypothesis: Searching for a Lost Land”. Athens 2007, ISBN 978-960-89882-1-7 .
- Atlantis Conference Athens 2008: Proceedings of the International Conference “The Atlantis Hypothesis: Searching for a Lost Land”. Athens 2010, ISBN 978-960-6746-10-9 .
- Zdenek Kukal: Atlantis in the Light of Modern Research. Academia, Prague 1984.
- Edwin S. Ramage (Ed.): Atlantis. Myth, riddle, reality? Umschau, Frankfurt am Main 1979, ISBN 3-524-69010-6 .
- Pierre Vidal-Naquet : Atlantis. Story of a dream. Translated from the French by A. Lallemand. CH Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54372-3 .
Atlantic and Caribbean
- DH Tarling: Has Atlantis Disappeared Again? In: Nature . Volume 275, 1978, pp. 271-272.
Thera, Crete and the Minoans
- KT Frost: The Critias and Minoan Crete. In: JHS . 33, 1913, pp. 189-206.
- Wilhelm Brandenstein : Atlantis. Size and fall of a mysterious island kingdom. Gerold & Co., Vienna 1951.
- John V. Luce : Atlantis. Legend and reality. Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1980.
- James Mavor : Journey to Atlantis. Heyne, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-453-01212-7 .
- Angelos G. Galanopoulos, Edward Bacon: The Truth About Atlantis. Heyne, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-453-00654-2 .
- Rodney Castleden: Atlantis destroyed. Routledge, London 1998, ISBN 0-415-24759-4 .
Eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea
- Eberhard Zangger : Atlantis - a legend is deciphered. Droemer Knaur, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-426-26591-5 .
British Isles and Brittany
- Helmut Tributsch : The glass towers of Atlantis - memories of megalithic Europe. Ullstein-Sachbuch, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-548-34334-1 .
Northern Europe
- Klaus von See : Northern Myth and Atlantis. Ludwig Roselius and the Böttcherstrasse culture. In: R. Stamm, D. Schreiber (Ed.): Building a new world. Architectural Visions of Expressionism. König, Cologne 2003, pp. 80–85.
- Günther Kehnscherper : In search of Atlantis. Moewig, Rastatt 2000, ISBN 3-8118-3412-5 .
Web links
- Atlantis Scout: Plato's Atlantis dialogues / linkography (250 entries) / bibliography (150 entries), sorted, commented
- International Atlantis Conference, 2005
- International Atlantis Conference, 2008
Individual evidence
- ↑ Example 1: “O Socrates, you can easily compose stories from Egypt or any other country, wherever you want” (Phaedrus 275 B). Example 2: Towards the end of the ninth book of the Politeia , the question is discussed whether a just person should or can participate in the political life of his city-state. In response to Socrates' answer that the righteous could get involved, perhaps not in one of the polis now ruling on earth, Glaukon replies that such an ideal state can then only be found as a “model” (παράδειγμα) in the “heaven” of ideas what to hold on to (Pol. 592a – b). To what extent this "could hold" implies an indication of the practical feasibility of the Platonic theory of the soul, however, remains controversial.
- ^ William Keith Chambers Guthrie : The later Plato and the Academy . In: A History of Greek Philosophy . tape 5 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1978, ISBN 0-521-29420-7 ( archive.org ).
- ↑ Ramage 1979, pp. 65 ff.
- ^ Antonis Kontaratos: Criteria for the Search of Atlantis. In: Stavros P. Papamarinopoulos (Ed.): Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on “The Atlantis Hypothesis” (Atlantis 2005), 11-13 July 2005 Milos / Greece. Heliotopos Publications, Athens 2007, pp. 573-576.
- ↑ Heliotopos Ltd: The Atlantis Hypothesis. 25./26. June 2011.
- ↑ Atlantis: Construction and deconstruction of a myth (didactic deepening, social geography, only for teaching). Bielefeld University, 2008, accessed on September 8, 2019 .
- ↑ Lyon Sprague de Camp: Sunken Continents. From Atlantis, Lemuria and other perished civilizations . Heyne, Munich 1975.
- ↑ Louis Guillaume Figuier: La Terre et les Mers. Paris 1872.
- ^ Auguste Nicaise: Les Terres disparues - L'Atlantide, Théra, Krakatoa , 1885.
-
↑ Kingdon Trgrosse Frost: The Lost Continent. Published anonymously in The Times magazine, London February 12, 1909.
KT Frost: The Critias and Minoan Crete. In: Journal of Hellenic Studies 33. 1913, pp. 189-206.
For Frost, see also online in German: Tony O'Connell: Kingdon Tregosse Frost. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved February 23, 2013. - ↑ James Baikie: The Sea Kings of Crete. London 1910.
- ↑ On W. Leaf see also Tony O'Connell: Leaf, Walter. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
- ^ Walter Leaf: Homer and History. Macmillan & Co., London 1915.
- ↑ Edwin Swift Balch: Atlantis or Minoan Crete. In: Geographical Review. Vol. 3, No. 5 (May 1917), pp. 388-392.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: van Deman Magoffin, Ralph. At: Atlantipedia.ie. O'Connell refers to David Hatcher Childress: Lost Cities of Atlantis, Ancient Europe and the Mediterranean. Adventures Unlimited, 1996, p. 121, accessed February 23, 2013.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Poisson, Georges. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
- ^ Georges Poisson: L'Atlantide devant la Science. Paris (Payot) 1945.
- ↑ Thorwald C. Franke: A scientist for Atlantis. Wilhelm Brandenstein and his contribution to Atlantis research. mysteria3000.de, February 2006, accessed December 1, 2011 .
- ↑ Spyridon Marinatos: Thera - origin of the Atlantis legend. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved February 23, 2013.
- ↑ Alternative German transcription of the name: Angelos Galanopulos.
- ↑ Angelos George Galanopoulos, Edward Bacon: The Truth About Atlantis. (Engl. Edition: Atlantis, the truth behind the Legend. German transl. By Helga Künzel), German first publ. 1977.
- ↑ James W. Mavor Jr .: Voyage to Atlantis. 1969. German language version: Reise nach Atlantis. German paperback publisher, 1973.
- ^ John V. Luce: Lost Atlantis: New Light on an Old Legend. McGraw Hill, New York, 1969; German version: Atlantis - legend and reality. Lübbe, 1969.
- ↑ Thera eruption in 1613 BC. archaeologydaily.com, December 3, 2008, archived from the original on September 23, 2015 ; Retrieved April 19, 2011 (English).
- ^ Die Welt , November 17, 1975, based on Jürgen Spanuth: The Atlanteans: People from the Bernsteinland. Tübingen 1976, p. 417.
- ^ Charles R. Pellegrino: Unearthing Atlantis: an archaeological odyssey. Vintage Books, February 1, 1993.
- ^ Harvey Lilley: The wave that destroyed Atlantis. BBC NEWS (online), April 20, 2007, accessed February 23, 2013.
- ↑ Gavin Menzies: The Lost Empire of Atlantis: History's Greatest Mystery Revealed.
- ^ Eberhard Zangger: The Flood from Heaven - Deciphering the Atlantis Legend. Sidgwick & Jackson, London 1992 (German: Atlantis: a legend is deciphered. Droemer Knaur, 1994).
- ↑ Eberhard Zangger: A new battle for Troy. Archeology in Crisis. Droemer Knaur, Munich 1994.
- ↑ Eberhard Zangger: Plato's Atlantis Account: A distorted recollection of the Trojan War. In: Oxford Journal of Archeology. 18 (1): 77–87, 1993. As well as: The Atlantis = Troy concept - On the trail of a lost culture in western Asia Minor . In: Quarterly journal of the Natural Research Society in Zurich. 143 (1), 13-23. 1997.
- ↑ Peter James: The Sunken Kingdom: The Atlantis Mystery Solved. Jonathan Cape, London 1995 (hardcover); Pimlico, London 1996 (Paperback)
- ↑ Christian, Siegfried Schoppe: Atlantis and the Flood. Tantalis - the little sister of Atlantis. At: Atlantis and the Flood in the Black Sea. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
- ↑ Haydar Aksakal: TANTALİS KENTİ (MANİSA'DAKİ KAYIP KENT). DOC file, accessed February 27, 2013.
- ^ Nicolae Densusianu: Prehistoric Dacia. From: dacia.org , Retrieved February 26, 2013.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Densusianu, Nicolae. June 7, 2010, accessed February 26, 2013.
- ^ Silent Witnesses of Destruction. ( German translation ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive )); both accessed on February 27, 2013.
- ↑ Albanian Atlantis - Atlantis in Durres in Albania. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
- ↑ Atlantis in Albania? Retrieved February 27, 2013.
- ↑ Alexandre-César Moreau de Jonnès: Les Temps Mythologiques. Paris (Didier), 1876; as well as: L'océan des anciens et les peuples préhistoriques. Paris (Didier), 1873.
- ^ André de Paniagua: Geographie Mythique. Paris (Ficker), 1911.
- ^ RA Fessenden: Civilization of the Caucasus Isthmus. Boston, 1923. The work was never published in full during Fessenden's lifetime: Chapters 1–6 first appeared in 1923; Then in 1927 Chapter 11, and Chapters 7-10 only posthumously in 1933.
- ^ William B. Ryan, Walter C. Pitman: Noah's Flood: The new scientific discoveries about the event that changed history. Simon & Schuster, 2000.
- ↑ Christian, Siegfried Schoppe: Atlantis and the Flood. Books on Demand, 2004; and online: Atlantis and the Flood in the Black Sea. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
- ↑ Flying Eagle, Whispering Wind: Atlantis-Motherland. Hawaii (Cosmic Vortex), 2004.
- ↑ Werner E. Friedrich: Prehistoric flood disaster in the Black Sea and Atlantis. Self-published, 2006.
- ↑ Michael A. Cahill: Paradise Rediscovered: The Roots of Civilization. Interactive Publications, 2012 (2 volumes)
- ↑ Michael A. Cahill: TEXTUAL SUPPORT FOR A 6400 BC BLACK SEA FLOOD. (PDF file; 2.2 MB), at: School of Biomedical Sciences. Charles Sturt University (CSU), Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia, accessed February 24, 2013.
- ^ Alfred E. Taylor: A Commentary on Plato's Timaeus. Oxford University Press 1928.
- ↑ P. Frutiger: Les Mythes de Platon. Librairie Felix Alcan, Paris 1930.
- ^ PY Forsythe: Atlantis: the Making of a Myth. Montreal Queen's University Press 1980.
- ^ A. Giovannini: Peut on demythifier l'Atlantide? Museum Helveticum 42, 151–156, 1985.
- ^ R. Ellis: Imagining Atlantis. Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1998.
- ^ Atlantis 2005 - The Atlantis Hypothesis: Searching for a Lost Land - Authors. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
- ^ The Lost Cities of Ancient Helike. ( Memento from August 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Helike - The Real Atlantis. bbc.co.uk, accessed December 26, 2011 .
- ↑ On other interpretations in the field of Atlantis research, Bernhard Beier: Die Säulen des Herakles. ( Memento of December 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ↑ Juan de Mariana, SJ: Historia de rebus Hispaniae. Toledo, 1592.
- ↑ https://books.google.de/books?id=wyNdSdqC008C&pg=PA153&dq=Goropius+Becanus+Atlantis&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRzqWwi5XnAhXRYlAKHXCeB8UQ6AEIKiusA20%Afecanus=Afecanus=Afecanus=qoronis
- ^ Joseph Pellicer de Ossau y Tovar: Aparato a la mvonarchia antigua de las Españas en los tres tiempos del mundo, el adelon, el mithico y el historico, primera parte ... 1673.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Pellicer de Ossau Salas y Tovar, José. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
- ↑ Juan Fernández Amador de los Ríos: Antigüedades ibéricas. Pamplona (Nemesio Aramburu), 1911.
- ^ Bernhard Beier: Atlantis Colony Andalusia - The life's work of Elena Maria Whishaw. ( Memento from October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) At: Atlantisforschung.de. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ↑ Elena Maria Whishaw: Atlantis in Andalusia: a study of folk memory. London (Rider & Co.), 1929.
- ^ Adolf Schulten: Atlantis. Berlin, 1930, p. 342; quoted after: Gerhard Gadow: The Atlantis dispute. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1973.
- ^ Tony O'Connell: Blázquez y Delgado-Aguilera, Antonio. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
- ^ Rainer W. Kühne: The discovery of Atlantis - an experience report. P. 21, undated online as a PDF file; and in 2004 as a contribution to Mysteria 3000 ; both accessed June 27, 2012.
- ↑ Otto Jessen: Tartessos-Atlantis. In: Journal of the Society for Geography. (1925) p. 184.
- ↑ Richard Hennig: Terrae incognitae: A compilation and critical assessment of the most important pre-Columbian voyages of discovery on the basis of the original reports. Leiden 1938, pp. 128-132.
- ↑ Jürgen Spanuth: The Atlanteans - people from the amber country. Tübingen, 1976, p. 364. On Hennig's ideas in relation to Atlantis Richard Hennig: Das Rätsel der Atlantis. In: Oceanography. 14 (1925) 1, p. 29. Richard Hennig: To understand the term “pillars” in ancient geography. In: Petermann's geographical communications. 73 (1927), pp. 80-87. Richard Hennig: Abalus, the amber island of antiquity. In: Geographical Scoreboard. 1941, p. 187. Richard Hennig: Was Heligoland the ancient amber island and the Frisian Fositesland? In: The home. 12 (1949).
- ^ Ivar Lissner: Enigmatic cultures. Walter Verlag, Olten 1961; or: The riddles of great cultures. Stuttgart (German Book Association) 1961.
- ^ Tony O'Connell: Lissner; Ivar Arthur Nicolai. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ↑ Uwe Topper: The legacy of the giants. Fall and return of the Atlanteans. Olten, 1977.
- ↑ Uwe Topper: The Chronicle of Atlantis. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ↑ Uwe Topper: A Chronology for Atlantis? ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Sept. 2009, accessed on June 24, 2012.
- ↑ Katherine Folliot: Atlantis Revisited. H&B Publications, 1984.
- ^ Tony O'Connel: Andalusia. And Folliot, Katherine A. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
- ^ Vallvé, Joaquin: La división territorial de la España musulmana. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Filogogía, Departamento de Estudios Arabes, Madrid 1986.
- ↑ Georgeos Díaz-Montexano: EL ORIGEN DEL NOMBRE AL-ANDALUS. ( Memento from January 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) At: Identidad Andaluza. And briefly in German and English: Ders .: "Andaluz" equals "Atlantis". At: Atlis.de. Both accessed June 28, 2012.
- ↑ Karl Jürgen Hepke: The story of Atlantis: The forgotten origin of our culture. Triga publishing house, 2004.
- ↑ Karl Jürgen Hepke: The legendary old Atlantis in the Bermuda Triangle (2.2a, 17a). At: Tolos.de. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
- ↑ Karl Jürgen Hepke: The situation of Atlantis. At: Tolos.de. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
- ^ Bernhard Beier, Roland M. Horn: Werner Wickboldt. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ^ Rainer W. Kühne: A Location for "Atlantis". In: Antiquity 78. No. 300.
- ^ Rainer W. Kühne: Homepage (accessed June 27, 2012).
- ^ To earlier and later individual activities of the two researchers Bernhard Beier and Roland M. Horn: A Bronze Age Atlantis near Cadiz. The theses of Werner Wickboldt and Rainer W. Kühne . ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved June 28, 2012.
- ^ Rainer W. Kühne: Homepage (with list of publications and reports on his Atlantis theory). Retrieved June 28, 2012.
- ^ Paul Rincon: Satellite images show Atlantis. At: BBC News Online. June 6, 2004, accessed June 24, 2012.
- ↑ [Georgeos Díaz-Montexano: Atlantis - Tartessos. Aegyptius Codex. Epítome de la Atlántida Histórico-Científica. Una confederación talasocrática Íbero-Líbica y Hykso-minoica. Un estudio de la Atlántida -a modo de exordio - desde las fuentes documentales primarias y secundarias. Tomo I, ISBN 1-4610-1958-3 ]
- ↑ Fiona Govan: Lost city of Atlantis could be buried in southern Spain - Archaeologists have begun the search for an ancient civilization in southern Spain that some believe could help pinpoint the legendary lost city of Atlantis . At: Telegraph.co.uk. January 19, 2010, accessed June 24, 2012.
- ↑ a b Researcher believes to have found the legendary Atlantis. At: derStandard.at. March 14, 2011, accessed June 28, 2012.
- ↑ UNOTESdaily (University of Hartford): National Geographic film highlights Professor's Efforts to Find the Lost City of Atlantis. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
- ↑ LIBROS DE GEORGEOS DIAZ-MONTEXANO - LA ATLANTIDA Y TARTESSOS. Retrieved June 25, 2012; and: Bernhard Beier, Roland M. Horn: Georgeos Díaz-Montexano. Researcher portrait. ( Memento of January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved June 25, 2012.
- ↑ Walter Schilling: Atlantis. The final secrets of a sunken world. Kopp Verlag , Rottenburg 2010.
- ^ Bernhard Beier, Roland M. Horn: Dr. Walter Schilling. Author portrait. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ↑ Walter Schilling: Atlantis. The final secrets of a sunken world. Kopp Verlag, Rottenburg 2010, pp. 175–178.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Ribero-Meneses, Jorge María. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ↑ Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses: La Atlantida o el origen histórico de España. Camera, 1989.
- ^ Ecosistema del Margen Continental (ECOMARG).
- ↑ Le Danois Bank. Video, accessed June 26, 2012.
- ^ Jorge Maria Ribero-Meneses: Retablo de la Atlántida. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
- ^ GF Viejo, JG Suarez: The ESCI-N Project after a decade: A synthesis of the results and open questions. In: Trabajos de Geología. 25 (2005), pp. 9-25.
- Jump up ↑ GD Ercilla, F. Casas, JT Estrada, J. Vázquez, M. Iglesias, M. García, J. Gómez, J. Acosta, A. Gallart, Maestro-González and Marconi Team: Morphsedimentary features and recent depositional architectural model of the Cantabrian continental margin. In: Marine Geolog. Volume 247, 2008, Issues 1-2, pp. 61-83.
- ↑ Luis Aldamiz. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ↑ Luis Aldamiz (alias Maju ) at: Plato's Atlantis - History Forum ~ All Empires. P. 1 ff., 2006, accessed on June 27, 2012.
- ^ Tony O'Connell: Portugal (a). At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
- ↑ Luis Aldamiz (alias Maju ), posting at Stone Pages Forums , under Finding Atlantis. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved June 28, 2012.
- ^ German Archaeological Institute: Zambujal (Portugal). ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved June 28, 2012.
- ^ Tony O'Connell: Sardinia (a). At: Atlantipiedia.ie. March 2, 2010, accessed February 25, 2013.
- ↑ Note: Poddhige only presented his hypothesis in book form in 2006.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Ishoy, Robert Paul. At: Atlantipedia.ie. May 28, 2010, accessed February 25, 2013.
- ↑ Robert Paul Ishoy: Atlantis Discovered. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ↑ Sergio Frau: Le Collone d'Ercole: Un'inchiesta - La prima Geografia. 2002, ISBN 88-900740-0-0 .
- ↑ Pierre Vidal-Naquet: Atlantis - story of a dream. CH Beck, 2006, p. 121.
- ↑ Sergio Frau: Atlantika: A detective investigation of the ancient Mediterranean. Where were the pillars of Hercules? Who built the mysterious nurages? Where was the fabulous Atlantis? Parthas Verlag, 2008.
- ↑ In Search of Atlantis. Atlantica. A detective investigation of the ancient Mediterranean by Sergio Frau. The Berlin literary criticism, March 6, 2008. As well as: Timo Gerd Lutz: Atlantika. A detective investigation of the ancient Mediterranean. ( Memento of May 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) At: sardinien.com. Both accessed on February 25, 2013.
- ↑ Thorwald C. Franke: Worthless arguments devalue some valuable basic theses - Review of Sergio Frau: Le Colonne d'Ercole. Atlantis-Scout, 2009, accessed February 25, 2013.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Poddighe, Paolo Valente. And: woman, Sergio. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Giuseppe Mura: Sardegna, l'isola felice di Nausicàa: la potenza nuragica nel Mediterraneo attraverso la rilettura delle fonti antiche. Grafica del Parteolla, 2009.
- ^ Giuseppe Mura: Atlantide in Sardegna ea Cagliari? (I). And Atlantide in Sardegna ea Cagliari? (II parte). Both accessed on February 25, 2013.
- ^ Gunnar Rudberg: Atlantis och Syrakusai: en studie till Platon's senare skrifter. Elanders Boktr, 1917; and in English: Thorwald C. Franke (Ed.), Gunnar Rudberg (Author): Atlantis and Syracuse: Did Plato's Experiences on Sicily Inspire the Legend? A Study on Plato's Later Political Writings. Books on Demand, 2012.
- ^ Phyllis Young Forsyth: Atlantis: The Making of Myth. Taylor & Francis, 1980.
- ↑ Rodney Castleden: Atlantis Destroyed. Routledge, 1998.
- ↑ Thorwald C. Franke: King Italos = King Atlas of Atlantis? A contribution to the Sea Peoples. In: Stavros P. Papamarinopoulos (Ed.): Proceedings ot the 2nd International Conference on "The Atlantis Hypothesis" (ATLANTIS 2008). 10-11. November 2008, Athens / Greece, Publisher: Heliotopos Conferences / Heliotopos Ltd., Athens 2010, pp. 169–180. Cf. Atlantis-scout.de (English).
- ↑ Axel Hausmann: Atlantis: the sunken cradle of cultures. Books on Demand, 2000; ders .: Atlantis was Sicily - From Myth to Reality - Part I. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved on February 25, 2013.
- ^ Massimo Rapisarda: Atlantis. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Tony O'Connell: Malta (I). At: Atlantipedia.ie. June 1, 2010, accessed February 25, 2013.
- ↑ Giorgio Grognet de Vassé: Compendio, ossia Epilogo anticipato di un opera estesa sulla precisa situazione della famosa sommersa isola Atlantide ... e della quale le isole di Malta, Gozo e Comino sono certissimi resti: saggio archeologico, fisico, e filosofico. Malta (FW Franz) 1854.
- ↑ See T. Franke: The Atlantis-Malta swindle by Fortia d'Urban and Grognet from 1828.
- ↑ August Boeckh : De Titulis quibusdam Suppositis. In: The Philological Museum. 2 (1833), pp. 457-467.
- ^ Tony O'Connell: Malta (l). In: Atlantipedia.ie. June 1, 2010, accessed February 25, 2013.
- ^ René-Maurice Gattefossé: La Vérité sur l'Atlantide. Anciens Etablissements Legendre, Lyon 1923.
- ↑ Joseph S. Ellul: Malta's Prediluvian Culture at the Stone Age Temples with Special Reference to H̳aġar Qim, Gh̳ar Dalam, Cart Ruts, Il-Misqa, Il-Maqluba & Creation. Printwell, Malta, 1988.
- ^ David Hatcher Childress: Lost Cities of Atlantis, Ancient Europe & the Mediterranean. Adventures Unlimited Press, 1996, p. 206.
- ↑ On Sultana's activity as a restorer George Cini: Statuettes 'doctor' focuses on his greatest work. In: Times of Malta. December 28, 2004, accessed February 25, 2013.
- ^ Theory that Malta was part of Atlantis “gaining acceptance”. In: TimesOfMalta.com. November 19, 2002, accessed February 25, 2013.
- ↑ Hubert Zeitlmair: The Pillars of Atlantis - Malta: Handwriting of a vanished civilization. Ancient Mail Publishing, 2001.
- ^ A. Mifsud, Simon Mifsud, Chris Agius Sultana, Charles Savona-Ventura: Malta: Echoes of Plato's Island. Prehistoric Society of Malta, 2001.
- ↑ Review by Tony O'Connell. Or their German translation.] ( Memento from October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Both accessed on February 25, 2013.
- ^ Anton Mifsud, Charles Savona-Ventura: The Science and Mythology of the Maltese “Atlantoi”. Treasures of Malta, 9 (3), 2003, pp. 53-58,96. On the track of Atlantis. In: The Sunday Times [of Malta]. August 18, 2002. Facets of Maltese Prehistory. Prehistoric Society of Malta, Malta, 1999. Prehistoric Medicine in Malta. Proprint Co, Malta, 1999. Hasan's Cave. Heritage Books, Valetta, 2000.
- ^ C. Savona-Ventura, A. Mifsud: Palaeolithic Man And His Environment In Malta - Lecture delivered to the SSCN, April 9, 1997.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Nikas, Albert Spyro. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ^ Albert S. Nikas: WHY ATLANTIS WAS NEVER FOUND! August 12, 2007, accessed February 25, 2013.
- ↑ Antje Karbe: On the trail of the secret of a sunken culture - Regensburg geographer Christiane Dittmann conducted research on Malta / Her theories are rewriting the history of the island. Mittelbayerische Zeitung, Regensburg; quoted after: Dr. Christiane Dittmann. Researcher portrait. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ↑ ibid.
- ^ Christiane Dittmann: Secret Malta: in search of lost time. Kerschensteiner Verlag, 2001.
- ↑ EF Berlioux: Les Atlantes. Histoire de l'Atlantis et de l'Atlas primitif or an introduction to l'histoire de l'Europe. Paris 1883; and: Bernhard Beier: Étienne-Félix Berlioux. ( Memento from October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) At: Atlantisforschung.de. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ↑ AFR Knötel: Atlantis and the people of the atlases. FW Grunow, 1893 ( online version. At: Open Library . ); and: Tony O'Connell: Knötel, AFR At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ↑ A. Rutot: L'Atlantide - Lecture faite, le 15 December 1919, à la Séance publique de la Classe des Sciences de l'Académie royale de Belgique. Brussels (Lamertin), 1920; and: Bernhard Beier, Roland M. Horn: Aimé Rutot. ( Memento from October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) At: Atlantisforschung.de. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ^ Victor Bérard: L'Atlantide de Platon. In: Annales de geographie. 38 (1929), pp. 193-205; and: Bernhard Beier: Atlantis in Carthage - The localization of Victor Bérard. ( Memento from October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: Atlantisforschung.de. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ^ Byron Khun de Prorok: Digging for lost African gods: the record of five years archaeological excavation in North Africa. GP Putnam's Sons, 1926; and: Bernhard Beier, Roland M. Horn: Byron Khun de Prorok. ( Memento from October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) At: Atlantisforschung.de. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ↑ F. Butavand: La Veritable Histoire de L'Atlantide. ( The True History of Atlantis. Etienne Chiron, Paris, 1925); and: Tony O'Connell: Butavand, Ferdinand. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ^ Jean Gattefossé: Atlantis and the Western Tritonis. Moroccan Society for Prehistory, 1932; and: Tony O'Connell: Gattefossé, Jean. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ^ René-Maurice Gattefossé: La Vérité sur l'Atlantide. Anciens Etablissements Legendre, Lyon 1923; Tony O'Connell, Gattefossé, René-Maurice. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ^ Claudius Roux: Note on the situation et la configuration probables de l'Atlantis de Platon. Bosc frères, 1926; Jean Gattefossé, Claudius Roux: Bibliographie de l'Atlantide et des questions connexes. Geographie, etnographie et migrations anciennes, Atlantique et Méditerranée, Afrique et Amérique, Fixité ou Dérive des Continents, Déluges, Traditions, etc ... Avec 15 planches de cartes et croquis. Ouvrage publié sous les auspices de la Revue internationale Metanoia de Cannes, à l'occasion de la fondation de la Société d'études Atlantéennes de Paris. Paris, 1926; and: Tony O'Connell: Roux, Claudius. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ^ Paul Borchardt: Plato's island of Atlantis - attempt at an explanation, with 3 sketches and 2 maps. In: A. Petermann's communications from Justus Perthes' geographical institution. Vol. 73, Heft 7/8, 1927, pp. 19-32 and plate 3; as well as: Paul Borchardt: North Africa and the metal riches of Atlantis. In: A. Petermann's communications from Justus Perthes' geographical institution. Vol. 73, 1927, pp. 280-282.
- ^ Otto Silbermann: Un Continent Perdu: L'Atlantide (Paris, 1930). And: Tony O'Connell: Silbermann, Otto. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
- ↑ Alberto Arecchi: Atlantide: Un mondo scomparso, un'ipotesi per ritrovario. Liutprand, 2001 (freely available online version as PDF file).
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Arecchi, Alberto. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Alberto Arecchi: Backward to Atlantis - An extraordinary trip in the ancient Mediterranean World. L'Associazione culturale Liutprand (all accessed June 24, 2012).
- ↑ Bernhard Beier: Plato's Atlantis on Cyrenaica. The working hypotheses of A. Petit. ( Memento from October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) At: Atlantisforschung.de. Retrieved June 24, 2012; as well as: A. Petit: Expedition to Atlantis. 2006, accessed June 24, 2012.
- ^ Christian Brachthäuser: Traces in the Sand Sea. Ancient Mail Publishing, 2006.
- ↑ Thorwald C. Franke: A "hot" Atlantis hypothesis. Appreciation and refutation. www.mysteria3000.de, accessed on December 2, 2011 .
- ^ International Conference - The Atlantis Hypothesis: Searching for a Lost Land - 11-13 July 2005, Milos Island, Greece. Under: List of Authors (as per 21-07-2005). Retrieved June 25, 2012.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Bergman, Jonas. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
- ↑ Michael Huebner: Atlantis? Circumstantial evidence. Antimon Verlag, 2010.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Hübner, Michael. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
- ^ Johann Christian Bock, Georg Kaspar Kirchmaier: De Atlantide, ad Timaeum atque Critiam Platonis. Wittenberg, 1685 (digitized version of the original at the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek; accessed on February 26, 2013).
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Elgee, Capt. CH at: Atlantipedia.ie. May 27, 2010, accessed February 26, 2013.
- ↑ Leo Frobenius: On the way to Atlantis. Vita, Deutsches Verlaghaus, 1911. Ders .: On the ruins of the classic Atlantis. Vita, Dt. Verlag Haus, 1912. Ders .: Die Atlantische Götterlehre. (Volume 10 of Atlantis: Folk Tales and Folk Poetry of Africa). E. Diederichs, 1921.
- ^ Tony O'Connell: Stecchini, Livio Catullo (a). At: Atlantipedia.ie. June 11, 2010, accessed February 26, 2013.
- ^ Feng Tao: Italian: Atlantis off Africa. At: chinaview.cn. June 28, 2007; and: Tony O'Connell: Cosci, Marcello. At: Atlantipedia.ie. May 25, 2010; both accessed on February 26, 2013.
- ↑ Marcello Cosci: Dai satellite le prime immagini della mitica Atlantide. Felici, 2007.
- ↑ Marcello Cosci: Relazione della ipotesi di lavoro elaborata da Marcello Cosci e presentata al 2 ° Convegno Internazionale THE ATLANTIS HYPOTHESIS tenutosi ad Atene l '11-12 November 2008. With: Associazione Marcello Cosci. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
- ^ Thomas Pennant: Introduction to the Arctic zoology. London, 1792.
- ↑ Ancient Britain: The Cradle of Civilization. 1921.
- ^ W. Comyns Beaumont: The Riddle of Prehistoric Britain. UK, 1946.
- ^ Henry B. Ambrose: I found Atlantis. Self-published, 1994; I FOUND ATLANTIS. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved March 4, 2013.
- ↑ Viatcheslav Y. Koudriavtsev: Atlantis: New Hypothesis. Moscow (Institute for Metahistory), 1996.
- ^ Vittorio Castellani: Quando il mare summer l'Europa: dal mistero dei druidi ad Atlantide. Ananke, 1999.
- ↑ Domald Ingram: The Unlost Island - A History of Misunderstanding Atlantis. Burleigh, Queensland (Zeus Publications), 2009.
- ↑ Ignatius Donnelly: Atlantis, the antediluvian world. Esslingen, 1911, pp. 283-284.
- ↑ George H. Cooper: The Druid bible - the primitive testament and natural predecessor of the Old and New Testament, universal key to prehistoric symbolic records, startling proofs that ancient Britain was the cradle of civilization. San Jose (California), V. Hillis & sons, 1936.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Cooper, George H. At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
- ^ Paul Dunbavin: The Atlantis Researches: The Earth's Rotation in Mythology and Prehistory. Third Millenium, 1995.
- ^ Search - List of Books by Paul Dunbavin. At: PaperBackSwap.com. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
- ↑ Ulf Erlingsson: Atlantis from a Geographer's Perspective. Lindorm Publishing, 2004.
- ↑ Kevin Smith: Atlantis “Evidence” Found in Spain and Ireland. (ff.)
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Erlingsson, Ulf (l). At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
- ^ Eugene Bodichon: Etudes sur l'Algérie et l'Afrique. 1847.
- ^ R. Cedric Leonard: The British People - Were the ancient Bretons Atlanteans? ( Memento of March 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Section: “Who were the Bretons?”. In: Quest for Atlantis - Adventures in Science. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
- ^ François Gidon: Les submersions atlantiques (irlando-armoricaines) de l'age du bronze et la question de l'Atlantide. In: Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences, Arts et Belle Lettres de Caen. 8, 1934, 91-114.
- ^ Tony O'Connell: Gidon, François. At: Atlantipedia.ie. May 29, 2010, accessed March 4, 2013.
- ^ Jean Markale: Carnac et L'enigme de L'atlantide. Pygmalion, 1987; and: Ders .: Le Druidisme: Traditions et Dieux des Celtes. Paris (Editions Payot), 1987.
- ↑ Helmut Tributsch: The glass towers of Atlantis: memories of megalithic Europe. Frankfurt am Main, Berlin (Ullstein publishing house), 1986, ISBN 3-548-34334-1 .
- ↑ Marcel Mestdagh: Atlantis. Gent (Ed .: Stichting Mens en Kultuur), ISBN 978-90-72931-12-2 (no year); as well as ders. (with Philip Coppens as co-author): Pre-Atlantis De Ogen van de Wereld. Gent (Ed .: Stichting Mens en Kultuur), ISBN 978-90-72931-57-3 (no year).
- ↑ Olof Rudbeck: Atland eller Manheim, Atlantica sive Manheim, vera Japheti posterorum sedes et patria. Uppsala 1675–1698 (4 volumes).
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Chronology of Atlantis Location Theories 20/4/2015 ( Memento from August 24, 2015 in the web archive archive.today ) At: Atlantipedia.ie. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
- ^ Jean-Sylvain Bailly: Lettres sur l'Atlantide de Platon et sur l'ancienne histoire de l'Asie. London 1771; engl. 1801, 2 volumes.
- ^ Jean-Sylvain Bailly: Histoire de l'astronomie. 5 volumes. Paris, 1775-1787; an excerpt from 1806, 2 volumes.
- ^ Franz Wegener: The Atlantidische Weltbild. National Socialism and the New Right in search of the sunken Atlantis. Kulturförderverein Ruhrgebiet e. V., Gladbeck 2000, pp. 39-40.
- ↑ Arn Strohmeyer: Atlantis is not Troy: About dealing with a myth. Donat Verlag, Bremen, 1997, p. 118. Strohmeyer refers there to Michael H. Kater : Das Ahnenerbe der SS 1935–1945. Stuttgart 1974, p. 71. Franz Wegener: Das Atlantidische Weltbild. National Socialism and the New Right in search of the sunken Atlantis. Kulturförderverein Ruhrgebiet e. V., slightly modified edition, Gladbeck 2003, p. 40.
- ^ Gerhard Gadow: The Atlantis dispute. The most discussed saga of antiquity. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1973, p. 143.
- ↑ Lyon Sprague de Camp : Sunken Continents. From Atlantis, Lemuria and other perished civilizations. Heyne, Munich 1975, p. 96.
- ↑ Herman Wirth: The Atlantis Problem. ( Memento from October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: The German face. An essay for the 30th anniversary of the Eugen Diederichs publishing house, Jena, 1926.
- ^ Siegfried Kadner: Urheimat and way of the culture man. Verlag E. Diederichs, Jena, 1931.
- ^ Karl Georg Zschaetztsch: Atlantis, the original home of the Aryans. Arier-Verlag, Berlin 1937.
- ^ Hermann Wieland: Atlantis, Edda and Bible: 200,000 years of Germanic world culture ud mystery of the Holy Scriptures. P. 20.
- ^ Hermann Wieland: Atlantis, Edda and Bible: 200,000 years of Germanic world culture ud mystery of the Holy Scriptures. Pp. 20-22.
- ↑ Albert Herrnann: Our ancestors and Atlantis: Nordic sea rule from Scandinavia to North Africa. Klinkhardt & Biermann, Berlin, 1934.
- ↑ Lyon Sprague de Camp: Sunken Continents. From Atlantis, Lemuria and other perished civilizations. Heyne, Munich 1977, p. 198.
- ^ Thorwald C. Franke (Ed.), Gunnar Rudberg: Atlantis and Syracuse. Norderstedt, 2012, p. 25.
- ↑ Jürgen Spanuth: My way to Atlantis. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: Merian. 2 (1949), No. 5, pp. 67-71.
- ↑ Günther Kehnscherper: Is Atlantis near Helgoland? ( Memento from October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: Neue Zeit . No. 161, July 14, 1963.
- ↑ Gerhard Herm: The Celts: the people who came out of the dark. Econ Verlag, 1975.
- ↑ Kirsten Bang: Atlantis and north. Bogan, Denmark, 1982.
- ↑ Jean Deruelle: De la préhistoire à l'Atlantide of megaliths. Paris, 1990.
- ↑ Sylvain Tristan: Jean Deruelle's Atlantis. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
- ↑ Felice Vinci: The Baltic Origins of Homer's Epic Tales. Rochester (Inner Traditions), 2006.
- ^ Sylvain Tristan: Les Lignes d'or. Paris (Alphée) 2005; as well as: Atlantide, premier empire européen. Paris (Alphée), 2007.
- ↑ Rafael Santamaria: The last riddles of this world. 1979.
- ↑ E. Shinn: A Geologist's Adventures with Bimini Beachrock and Atlantis True Believers. In: The Skeptical Inquirer. 28, 2004.
- ↑ Radek Brychta: Objevení Platónovy Atlantidy. ( The discovery of Plato's Atlantis. ) Dřevotvar interiéry, 2001.
- ^ Tony O'Connell: India. At: Atlantipedia.ie. May 28, 2010, accessed March 5, 2013.
- ↑ Amlan Roychowdhury: Is vedic civilization the remnnts of the legendary Atlantis. November 7, 2009, accessed March 5, 2013.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Hébert, Jacques. At: Atlantipedia.ie. June 8, 2010, accessed March 5, 2013.
- ^ Jacques Hébert: Atlantide: la solution oubliée. Carnot, 2003.
- ↑ Jean Christophe Grellety: Jacques Hébert ou la nouvelle Atlantide. Interview. At: vox-populi.net. January 9, 2004, accessed March 5, 2013.
- ↑ Martin Freksa: The lost Atlantis: The story of the resolution of an old riddle. Klöpfer & Meyer, 1997.
- ^ William Lauritzen: The lost continent. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ^ Atlantis: The Lost Continent Finally Found. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
- ↑ Arysio Nunes dos Santos: Atlantis: The Lost Continent Finally Found. Atlantis Publications, June 1, 2005 (2011 reprint).
- ^ Zia Abbas: A Scientific History of Humanity Over the Last 100,000 Years. iUniverse, 2002.
- ↑ Sunil Prasannan: Where Was Atlantis? Sundaland Fits The Bill, Surely! Retrieved March 5, 2013. Note: This text can also be found on Graham Hancock's website .
- ^ Robert M. Schoch, Robert Aquinas McNally: Voyages of the pyramid builders: the true origins of the pyramids, from lost Egypt to ancient America. Jeremy P. Tarcher / Putnam, January 1, 2003.
- ^ Rafael Videla Eissmann: Roberto Rengifo y el secreto de la América aborigen. Buenos Aires (Puerto de Palos), 2008.
- ↑ Tony O'Connell: Rengifo, Robert (N). In: Atlantipedia.ie. Feb. 8, 2012, accessed March 1, 2013.
- ^ René-Maurice Gattefossé: La Vérité sur l'Atlantide. Anciens Etablissements Legendre, Lyon 1923.
- ↑ Flavio Barbiero: Una civiltà sotto ghiaccio. Milan (Editrice Nord), 1974 & 2000.
- ↑ Homepage of the Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
- ↑ Flavio Barbiero: WHAT ATLANTIS IN ANTARTICA? ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR (abstract). Retrieved March 1, 2013.
- ↑ Fritz Nestke, Thomas Riemer: Atlantis: A continent tau (ch) t. Halver and Dortmund, 1989.
- ↑ Fritz Nestke: Icy Shroud over Atlantis - human drama at the end of the last ice age. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved March 1, 2013.
- Jump up ↑ Rand and Rose Flem-Ath: When the Sky Fell: In Search of Atlantis. Orion 1995 and St. Martin's, 1995.
- ^ Rand and Rose Flem-Ath: Atlantis: The sunken continent under the eternal ice. Droemer Knaur, 1997.
- ↑ Rand Flem-Ath, Colin Wilson: The Atlantis Blueprint: Unlocking the Ancient Mysteries of a Long-Lost Civilization. Little, Brown & Co., London, 2000.
- ↑ Flavio Barbiero: Changes in the Rotation Axis of Earth After Asteroid / Cometary Impacts (abstract). Retrieved March 1, 2013.
- ^ Charles H. Hapgood: Earth's shifting crust: a key to some basic problems of earth science. Pantheon Books, 1958; as well as: The Path of the Pole. Chilton Book Co., 1970.
- ^ Graham Hancock: Heaven's Mirror: Quest for the Lost Civilization. Three Rivers Press, Nov 1, 1999, p. 210.
- ↑ Rob (ertino) Solarion: Nibiru: Slow-motion Doomsday Planet X. 1st Books Library., 2004
- ↑ Patrick Geryl, Gino Ratinckx: The Orion Prophecy. Kempton, Illinois 2001.