22nd century BC Chr.

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Portal history | Portal Biographies | Current events | Annual calendar

◄ | 4th mill. Chr. | 3rd millennium BC Chr. | 2nd mill. Chr. ►
◄ | 24th century BC Chr. | 23rd century BC Chr. | 22nd century BC Chr. | 21st century BC Chr. | 20th century BC Chr. | ►

The 22nd century BC Chr. Began v on January 1, 2200. And ended on December 31, 2101 BC. This corresponds to the period 4150 to 4051 before today or the interval 3782 to 3718 radiocarbon years .

Age / Epoch

Events / developments

  • 22nd century BC Chr .:
  • 22nd to 19th century BC Chr .:
    • The governor dynasty (šakkanakku) rules in Mari . Large construction projects such as the Lion Temple, the Palace of Zimri-Lim and the East Palace are being realized.
  • 2207 to 1766 BC Chr .:
    • Founding of the mythical Xia dynasty by the Jade Emperor Yu the Great .
    • The Shang can be detected at the Erlitou site . Traces of their oldest palace were found here in their first capital, Bo.
  • 2200 to 2000 BC Chr .:
    • Troubled times in Syria and Palestine . All cities are burned down, probably by Amurrites and by ethnic groups from southern Anatolia, which in turn had been ousted by the Luwians . In Lebanon is Byblos destroyed so that trade with Egypt breaks in the subsequent period. Around 2000 BC Then also Ebla , Alalach and Hama are said to fall victim to destruction.
Reconstruction of the Metzendorf-Woxdorf grave complex
  • Around 2200 BC Chr .:
    • In Western Anatolia , Troy , Beycesultan , Tarsus and all the cities of the Konya plain are burned down. As a result, large areas of land are returning to nomadism. Probably responsible are the Luwians, an Indo-European people related to the Hittites , who plundered through Thrace from the Balkans and then invaded Asia Minor. Judging by grave goods, Western Anatolia had reached a certain level of prosperity at that time, as is suggested by finds of vessels made of gold, silver, copper and bronze, weapons made of gold and iron, amazing banners and statuettes of bulls and deer. The finds come from Troy, Dorak on the Marmara Sea (around 2300 BC) and from Alaca Höyük (around 2200 BC).
    • In Central Anatolia, a culture in Cappadocia with its center in Kültepe near Kayseri appears for the first time . Your ceramics are characterized by black or brown painted, geometric patterns or two-tone painting on a white background. Flat disks made of alabaster , from which triangular, stylized heads protrude , are also characteristic .
    • Skull burial from Metzendorf-Woxdorf , the carrier is the individual grave culture .
  • Around 2195 BC Chr .:
    • After the long reign of Pepi II , a dynastic crisis sets in in Egypt, which leads to the collapse of central power.
Inscription of Lugalanatum, governor of Umma , originated under the ruler Ši-um, around 2125 BC. Chr.
  • Around 2191 BC Chr .:
  • Around 2180/2150 BC Chr .:
    • End of the 6th Dynasty and thus the Old Kingdom in Egypt. The First Intermediate Period begins, which lasts until 2022 BC. Will last.
    • Akkad and Sumer are overrun by the Guteans from the Zāgros Mountains . The Guteans destroy the Temple of Ištar in Assur and the palace of Naram-Sin in Tell Brak . Settlements on the lower reaches of the Diyala are also being devastated. They occupy Akkad, which one of their rulers (Erridu-Pizir) then has to defend against Lulubi and Hurrians from Kurdistan. The Guteans exercise nominal supremacy over Sumer, but in reality, in the absence of a strong central power, there are attempts at autonomy.
  • 2180 to 2170 BC Chr .:
    • 7th dynasty in Memphis . According to Manetho, this very short-lived, ephemeral dynasty should have known 70 rulers in 70 days.
  • 2170 to 2160 BC Chr .:
    • 8th dynasty. Manetho reports 27 rulers in just 42 years. The governors of the south probably form an independent kingdom with the seat of government in Koptos . The Nile Delta in the north is in the hands of Bedouin tribes invading from Palestine . Memphis is still ruled by descendants of the Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom.
  • 2160 to about 2040 BC Chr .:
    • 9th dynasty in Herakleopolis . Its founder, Wahkare Cheti I, draws his power from Middle Egypt and the Fayum . Around 2160 BC He calls himself ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt again, although in the south he still meets the resistance of the Prince of Armant .
    • The kings of the 9th dynasty are supported by the princes of Asyut and Hermopolis . They attempt to regroup the Egyptian provincial districts and to free the Nile Delta from invaders from Asia.
  • 2168 to 2154 BC Chr .:
  • 2155 to 2142 BC BC (or 2164 to 2144 BC):
    • In Lagaš , an independent and successful dynasty is formed under the Ensi Ur-Baba . Reconstruction of Girsu . Over 6400 weavers work in the city.
  • 2153 to 2147 BC Chr .:
  • 2147 to 2136 BC Chr .:
    • The governor (šakkanakku) Ištub-Ilum rules in Mari , of whom a very frightening image has been preserved.
  • 2146 to 2141 BC Chr .:
  • 2145 to 2043 BC Chr .:
    • Reign of Yao , the legendary ruler of the Xia. He is said to have held back the invasion of the southern barbarians. He is also credited with inventing the game of chess .
Diorite statue of Gudea from Girsu, around 2120 BC BC, today in the Louvre
  • 2141 to 2122 BC BC (also 2144 to 2124 BC):
    • Gudea , Ur-Baba's son-in-law, is Ensi from Lagaš. As the original vassal of the Guteans, he made Lagaš the main center of the New Sumerian civilization . A statue made of diorite and several fragments of Gudea were found in Tello .
Grave stele of Antef II.
  • 2130 BC Chr .:
    • Establishment of the 10th dynasty in Egypt, ruling Herakleopolis. The weak central authority is no longer able to cope with the persistent low floods of the Nile. Famine breaks out and riots break out. The power disputes and economic crises of that time are described very well in the autobiography of Gaufürsten Anchtifi .
    • The 11th dynasty runs roughly parallel to the 10th dynasty in Thebes (2160 to 1994 BC):
      • Her Prince Antef I overthrew the rulers of Koptos and declared himself king; he rivals the rulers of the 10th dynasty.
      • The social turmoil of the First Intermediate Period brought about a change in the worldview of the Egyptians, both religiously and politically. The pantheon of gods changes and is from now on under the supremacy of Amun-Re . The Pharaoh loses his absolutely divine status and is seen as a mediator between the gods and humans. A new human consciousness appears for the first time ( Epicureanism ).
      • In the art can be seen also a change in style, as an example may the statue of Chancellor Nachti serve from Assiut.
  • 2123 to 2113 BC Chr .:
  • 2121 to 2118 BC Chr .:
  • Around 2120 BC Chr .:
    • Uruk's Utuḫengal attacked the Guteans. Your King Tirigan tries in vain to negotiate. After a lost battle, he flees to Dubrum north of Umma , but is handed over to the king of Uruk by the inhabitants. Utuḫengal takes on the title of "King of the Four Worlds". The most important cities of the beginning New Sumerian Empire are now ruled by governors appointed by the king. A rapid economic upswing sets in.
  • 2117 to 2111 BC Chr .:
  • From 2119/2112 to 2004 BC Chr .:
    • Beginning of the Ur-III period (the third dynasty of the Sumerian city of Ur ), as a result of which Sumer under Ur-Nammu (2119/2112 to 2103/2095 BC) is united for the last time into a territorial state.
      • The supposedly very righteous original Nammu has a body of law drawn up.
      • Introduction of uniform weights and measures with a positive impact on retail.
      • Economic expansion of Sumer to the Persian Gulf .
      • Large spinning mills based primarily on women's work are documented in writing .
      • Ziggurat building . After the ziggurat of the moon god Nanna in Ur, buildings follow in Nippur , Uruk, Larsa , Eridu and Assur .
  • 2111 to 2023 BC Chr .:
  • 2103 to 2046 BC Chr .:
    • In Ur, Šulgi follows Ur-Nammu.

Economy and Discoveries

  • The first traditional standard measure is the foot , defined by a statue of the ruler Gudea von Lagaš (26.45 cm).
  • Indian cotton is exported to Mesopotamia.

Natural events and disasters

Buildings

The ziggurat of the moon god Nanna in Ur
  • 2141 to 2121 BC Chr .:
    • Gudea has the temple of Ningirsu built in Girsu , the building materials of which document a wide-ranging trade network. Cedar and boxwood as well as building blocks from the Amanos Dağları were imported for the construction; timber, copper and asphalt came from northern Mesopotamia, the Zagros and Elam. Ebony, gold, cornalin, lapis lazuli and other precious stones, on the other hand, came from the Persian Gulf, the southern coast of Arabia and the Indus valley.
  • Under King Ur-Nammu (approx. 2112–2095 BC) and his successor Šulgi , the ziggurat of the moon god Nanna was built in Ur .

Works of art

Writings

The flood tablet of the Gilgamesh epic

Personalities

Statue of Pepi II as a child

Note: The years of government cannot be precisely determined in this century. Therefore, these are approximate estimates.

Pharaohs of Egypt

6th dynasty:

8th dynasty

9/10 Dynasty:

11th Dynasty:

Kings of Akkad

Ruler of the Guteans

King of Assyria

Ensis from Lagaš

Founding figure of a kneeling god holding a nail (22nd century BC), with dedicatory inscription by Gudea

King of Ur

Kings of Uruk

Governor of Mari (šakkanakku)

Others

Archaeological cultures

Cultures in North Africa

  • Egypt :
    • Old Empire :
      • 6th Dynasty (2345/2318 to 2216/2180 BC)
    • First Intermediate Period (2216 to 2025 BC)
      • 7th Dynasty (2181/2180 to 2173/2170 BC)
      • 8th Dynasty (2173/2170 to 2160 BC)
      • 9th Dynasty (2160 to 2040 BC)
      • 10th Dynasty (2130 to BC) in Herakleopolis
      • 11th dynasty (2160 to 1994 BC, also 2077 to 1938 BC) in Thebes

Cultures in Mesopotamia and the Middle East

Stone anchor from the Canaanite period, 22nd to 20th centuries BC Chr.

Cultures in East Asia

Painted jug of the Machang-type Majiayao culture, 2200 to 2000 BC Chr.

Cultures in South Asia

Cultures in Central Asia

Area of oasis culture

Cultures in Europe

Cultures in america

Web links

Commons : 22nd century BC Chr.  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Martin Trachsel: Prehistory and early history: sources, methods, goals. UTB, 2008, ISBN 3-8252-8369-0 , p. 69.
  2. ↑ John Noble Wilford: In Ruin, Symbols on a Stone Hint at a Lost Asian Culture . In: The New York Times , May 13, 2001. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  3. ^ Dietz-Otto Edzard : History of Mesopotamia: From the Sumerians to Alexander the Great. CH Beck, 2004, ISBN 3-406-51664-5 , p. 261
  4. ↑ Thomas R. Kämmerer: Studies on ritual and social history in the ancient Orient. Walter de Gruyter, 2007, ISBN 3-11-019461-9 , p. 326
  5. ^ Wolfgang Raible : Symbolic forms - media - identity. Gunter Narr Verlag, 1991, ISBN 3-8233-4254-1 , p. 166
  6. ↑ Gibbons, Ann: How the Akkadian Empire Was Hung Out to Dry . In: Science . tape 261 (5124) , 1993, pp. 985 .
  7. ↑ Staubwasser, M. u. a .: Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus valley civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability . In: Geophysical Research Letters . tape 30 (8) , 2003, pp. 1425 .