COVID-19 pandemic in the UK
The COVID-19 pandemic occurs in the UK since the end of January 2020 as part of the global COVID-19 pandemic on making their debut in China took. The cause of the disease is the pathogen SARS-CoV-2 . From March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the outbreak of the novel coronavirus as a global pandemic .
On 12 March 2020, the level of risk in was the United Kingdom (UK) to the level of highly customized.
The Office for National Statistics ONS notified on 14 April 2020 that the National Health Service (NHS) added just the reported deaths in hospitals, but not the whole of the municipalities. Deaths in old people's and nursing homes were ignored in this way. It was not until the end of April that these were also included in the statistics. In addition, according to the ONS, 6,235 people had died in England and Wales by April 3, whose death certificate was Covid-19 or suspected Covid-19. If you look at this data, then the number of deaths is 15 percent higher than published by the NHS. The excess mortality from mid-March to May 22, 2020 was almost 62,000 people. 48,000 of these are attributed to the Covid-19 virus.
status
Patrick Vallance , the UK government's chief advisor, said in mid-March 2020 the UK would peak the epidemic in May through June. It can no longer be prevented that almost everyone will contract the disease. Although most of the illnesses were relatively mild, it was unavoidable that some of them could be severe and even fatal. Boris Johnson said in mid-March 2020: "This is not normal flu here, this is the worst health crisis we are experiencing in this generation." Strict exit restrictions have been in place since March 23.
Particular concern in Great Britain is the NHS , which is considered to be chronically overloaded and ailing. Rosena Allin-Khan , an emergency medic and Labor MP, said there was not enough protective clothing for doctors. A survey of doctors published on April 7th reported that half of the general practitioners surveyed felt unprotected due to lack of equipment. The rest reported only partially available protective equipment. A third of the hospital doctors replied that they did not feel protected at all. Around half felt partially protected. Around half of hospital doctors performing aerosol-forming procedures reported a lack of FFP-3 masks.
In mid-April it became clear that the stocks of long-sleeved, liquid-repellent disposable gowns, which are recommended for doctors and nurses to protect against the coronavirus, had been used up and would run out in intensive care units. The medical staff was informed by the authorities that the use of other gowns and aprons was now permitted. Unions warned of an increased risk of infection for hospital staff.
Rules for quarantine at home are laid down in a government directive: Anyone who has symptoms must stay in quarantine at home for seven days and stay at home if the fever persists; However, if you live with others in the same household, you have to stay at home for at least 14 days, starting from the day on which the first household member showed symptoms, in the event of symptoms. Those who stay at home with symptoms do not have to undergo a COVID-19 test.
activities
Among other things, the UK government decided to:
- Voluntary isolation for 7 days was recommended for people with symptoms (fever and cough).
- British companies have been urged to produce more critical care equipment and medical equipment to help the NHS cope with the rising numbers of sick people.
- Elderly people were advised not to cruise and to self-isolate, especially if they have pre-existing conditions.
- On March 23, the government imposed exit restrictions stating that citizens are only allowed to leave their homes for important errands and sports. Outdoor sports together were restricted to members of the same household. Gatherings in public places of more than two people were banned. On April 16, it was announced that the exit restrictions had been extended by three weeks.
- The lockdown was extended further in mid-April.
- On May 31, the government announced further changes. From June 1st, car dealerships and outdoor markets are allowed to open; Outdoor meetings of up to six people are permitted, six feet (approximately two meters) apart. At the same time, the new rules are more restrictive with regard to indoor gatherings: Inside, any meeting of two or more people “to interact with one another in any form of social interaction or to carry out other activities” is prohibited. The media spoke of a sex ban , as the new regulation extends to all contact with people outside of one's own household. Before June 1, it was believed that someone visiting others in their household was breaking the lockdown, but not the host. The law does mention some exceptions to the ban, but not contact with a partner who lives outside of one's own household. From June 15, further service providers and shops should be allowed to open.
- For the city of Leicester , a restriction on public life was decided by the British government at the end of June , as the number of infections there had increased in contrast to most other parts of the kingdom. In Leicester, for example, only systemically important facilities are to remain open for at least two weeks from July 1, 2020. Schools would also close in the first few days of July.
course
January 2020
The first cases of infection were reported retrospectively by members of a choir in Bradford , whose symptoms began in mid-January. A member's partner returned from a business trip in Wuhan on December 17 or 18, 2019 .
March 2020
For the UK , Prime Minister Boris Johnson said on March 13 in a joint press conference with Patrick Vallance, GlaxoSmithKline's chief scientific advisor and former head of research , and the government's medical advisor, Professor Chris Whitty , that there would be no major quarantine measures for the time being and there are no restrictions for major events. The population must adjust to "that many more families will lose loved ones prematurely". Therefore, the strategy is to control the epidemic in such a way that the population is funneled through the disease in order to build immunity without the health system collapsing. The concept - also known as herd immunity in animal husbandry - received critical comments in the international media. Just hours later, the government announced that major events would be canceled.
Health Minister Matt Hancock spoke in mid-March 2020 that the elderly could be quarantined for up to four months.
In view of hamster purchases , large grocery chains warned against such buying behavior and admonished people to buy “wisely”.
With 21 deaths on March 15, 2020, the UK ranked fourth in Europe after Italy, Spain and France, although significantly fewer infected people were reported in tests than in these three and another three countries. According to the Luzerner Zeitung, no tests had been carried out in Great Britain until then. Therefore, the epidemic had grown on a large scale before testing began.
When schools did not close on March 16, 2020, over 600,000 people signed an online petition to close. On March 18, Boris Johnson announced that schools would close on Saturday, March 21.
On March 19, Johns Hopkins University reported 108 deaths. In addition, it was decided that day to close up to 40 stations on the London Underground indefinitely .
On March 23, Prime Minister Johnson announced general exit restrictions in a televised address. The house may only be left to buy essential items such as groceries and medicines, to commute to work, or once a day for sporting activities alone or with members of the same household. All stores, except stores serving basic supplies, were closed with immediate effect. Meetings of more than two people were prohibited.
As of March 27, more than 500,000 volunteers had registered as helpers for the state health service. Prime Minister Johnson announced that day that he had contracted the virus and was going into quarantine. On this occasion he also thanked the volunteers.
April 2020
On April 1, there were around 26,000 infected people tested and 1,789 dead.
On Sunday, April 5, Queen Elizabeth II gave a speech to the nation for the fourth time in her 68-year term in office, calling on citizens to adhere to the exit restrictions. On the same day, their Prime Minister Boris Johnson was admitted to St Thomas' Hospital with a SARS-CoV-2 infection . He was infected in mid-March, but so far forwarded the official business. Several other cabinet members were also infected. On the evening of April 6th, the Prime Minister was transferred to the intensive care unit, where he was treated until April 9th. He was able to leave the clinic on April 12th.
On April 9, 2020, the London urologist Abdul Mabud Chowdhury died, who warned on March 18, 2020 that the medical staff was not adequately protected. The previous high point was reached on April 10, with 980 deaths in one day. On April 16, 100,000 infected people were reported and on April 25, the number of deaths exceeded 20,000, which was previously only the case in Italy, Spain, the United States and France. At this point in time, there were still more than 5,000 new infections per day.
It was not until April 29 that the cases with Covid 19 that had died outside of hospitals were included in the statistics, whereupon the number of deaths increased from 21,678 to 26,097. This made the United Kingdom the country with the highest number of deaths after the United States and Italy. At that time, only five countries worldwide had more than 8,000 deaths. In view of 165,221 people who tested positive, it can be assumed that there is still a high number of unreported cases, as this would correspond to a mortality rate of around 15 percent, which is well above average.
On April 30, 2020, with an officially 26,771 pandemic deaths, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that the United Kingdom was “we are past the peak”. On that day, 81,000 coronavirus tests were carried out, which means that the government had missed its self-imposed target (100,000 tests daily by the end of April). The Prime Minister assured that the tests would continue to be massively expanded. The official figures showed that coronavirus-associated deaths in hospitals had been falling since April 8, 2020, while deaths in nursing and retirement homes continued to rise, with commentators speaking of "two epidemics" playing out - one in the general population, which appeared to be under control, and a second in the nursing homes, which continued to grow.
May 2020
On May 5, 2020, the UK topped Italy's case numbers with 32,000 deaths. Worldwide there were higher numbers of cases only in the USA (over 68,000 deaths).
On May 10 and 11, 2020, Boris Johnson announced parts of his five-step plan for relaxation, which caused astonishment and criticism due to the acute situation (more than 3,000 new infections and several hundred deaths per day). Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have announced that they will not follow this course for the time being. In particular, the change of the slogan Stay home to Stay alert was opposed by Nicola Sturgeon (First Minister of Scotland). In Scotland at this time there were already almost 2,000 deaths with Covid 19 findings, and 40 more were added every day.
On May 20, 2020, it was announced that 181 employees of the National Health Service (NHS) and 131 social workers had already died after a positive Covid-19 finding. Inadequate protective equipment was suspected to be the main reason. Over 10,000 deaths were reported in old people's homes in England and Wales alone, where no testing was initially carried out. In addition, there are assumptions that many deaths were not recorded at all because there was a lack of tests.
June 2020
From June 15, masks are mandatory on public transport.
In late June, the Telegraph reported, based on data from Public Health England , that around half of the detected COVID-19 cases imported from abroad had reached the UK from Pakistan . From June 4 to June 25, a total of 30 infected people from Pakistan were identified after their arrival at the airport or went directly from the airport to a hospital for treatment. The state of Pakistan was established in 1947 from parts of British India and is a member of the Commonwealth .
July 2020
On July 31, the government announced that it was postponing planned easing of restrictions at least until mid-August in view of the increased number of new infections.
August 2020
In Greater Manchester , a metropolitan area with 2.8 million inhabitants, the number of new infections has risen sharply. On August 2nd, this was declared a major outbreak .
statistics
Confirmed infections (cumulative) in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
according to data from Public Health England
Confirmed infections (per day) in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
according to data from Public Health England
Confirmed deaths (cumulative) in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
according to data from Public Health England; only deaths in hospitals are reported
Confirmed deaths (per day) in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
according to data from Public Health England; only deaths in hospitals are reported
Outdoor areas
A first case was diagnosed in Gibraltar on March 4, 2020. It was a person who had come from Italy. The quarantine was lifted after three days because the test result was negative.
At the end of March (WHO report # 69 of March 29, 2020) there were 56 known infected people in Gibraltar, Guernsey reported 39 and the Isle of Man 32 infected people. All other outer areas lagged behind. There were 17 known cases in Bermuda , 8 in the Cayman Islands and 2 in Anguilla . The Turks and Caicos Islands and the British Virgin Islands reported 2 infected people. So far there have been no deaths in the outlying areas.
At the booth of the WHO report dated 29 April 2020 were only following areas previously without reported cases: British Antarctic Territory , British Indian Ocean Territory , the Pitcairn Islands , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the Akrotiri and Dekelia military bases . All other outer areas reported cases, but only the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands , Gibraltar and Bermuda registered more than 100 infected people and the highest death rate of any single area of the Isle of Man was reported with 20 deaths.
statistics
The figures for the UK overseas territories are not yet included in the above figures for the UK but are presented separately in the WHO reports. Nevertheless, they are under the sovereignty of the state association.
| Outdoor area | Infections | Deaths |
|---|---|---|
| Gibraltar | 155 | 0 |
| Bermuda | 133 | 9 |
| Cayman Islands | 129 | 1 |
| Falkland Islands | 13 | 0 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 12 | 1 |
| Montserrat | 11 | 1 |
| British Virgin Islands | 8th | 1 |
| Anguilla | 3 | 0 |
| total | 464 | 13 |
In addition, there are the crown possessions of the British crown . These are also not part of the United Kingdom, but are closely related to it.
| Outdoor area | Infections | Deaths |
|---|---|---|
| Isle of Man | 336 | 24 |
| jersey | 306 | 29 |
| guernsey | 252 | 13 |
| total | 894 | 66 |
economy
The massive restrictions due to the corona pandemic could cause the largest decline in economic activity in the Bank of England's 325-year history, the central bank said. The Bank of England expects the UK economy to contract 14 percent in 2020 and unemployment to double.
The British car market reported the worst month since 1946. New car sales fell by more than 97 percent in April, reports the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT), the society for car manufacturers and dealers.
criticism
During a press release on March 3, 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson commented on his view of the situation:
“I'm shaking hands continuously. I was at a hospital the other night where I think there were actually a few coronavirus patients and I shook hands with everybody, you'll be pleased to know. I continue to shake hands. "
“I keep shaking hands. The other day I was in a hospital where I believe there were indeed a few coronavirus patients and I shook hands with everyone, everyone can know that. I keep shaking hands. "
According to the media, the number of reported deaths up to March 12, 2020 was in no understandable relation to the reported infections. The authorities were accused of consistently downplaying the real infection figures under Prime Minister Boris Johnson or of preventing a realistic picture of the epidemic in the United Kingdom through a lack of testing. Critics complained that the death rate in the UK was incomplete, as official statistics only recorded deaths in hospitals, but not those who died at home or in nursing homes as a result of coronavirus infection. Senior representatives criticized that old people were simply left to their fate, old people's homes were undersupplied with virus test kits and protective equipment.
The national health system ( NHS ) is considered underfunded, understaffed and barely prepared for a pandemic. The editor of the renowned medical journal The Lancet Richard Horton described the role of the NHS during the corona crisis as a national scandal in an unusual cry for help. He was referring to the deficiencies in preparation and equipment that had been brought to him by NHS staff. The management personnel did not follow the guidelines of the WHO to carry out as many COVID-19 tests as possible, then to isolate the cases and bring them into quarantine. Also, attempts were seldom made to understand chains of infection .
Former government advisor and epidemiologist at Imperial College London Neil Ferguson said on June 10, 2020 that the death toll would have been half as high if the exit restrictions had been imposed just a week earlier instead of March 23, 2020. At that time the "fairly optimistic" assumption was made that the elderly could be protected somehow. However, this did not happen. At the time of Ferguson's statement, 41,128 coronavirus deaths were counted in the United Kingdom. Ferguson had resigned from office as government advisor the month before after being accused of violating the restrictions.
Boris Johnson's policy against the pandemic is characterized by arbitrary changes of course. Influential Tory MP Charles Walker lamented in late August 2020: "The government says one thing on Monday, changes its mind on Tuesday and then presents something completely different on Wednesday . " Protective measures were often introduced abruptly and arbitrarily. For months, the government declared it unnecessary to wear masks. Then she introduced a mask requirement in buses and trains - but only weeks later in shops. During the peak of the pandemic in April and May, Johnson saw no reason for quarantine regulations - he introduced them at the beginning of the summer vacation and they were abolished four weeks later.
International Relations
In April 2020, the German Armed Forces received a request for help from NATO partner Great Britain and therefore planned to deliver 60 ventilators to the United Kingdom .
The British government announced that it would continue the UK's exit from the EU as planned and that it would leave the European single market and the customs union by the end of 2020 .
Reactions related to conspiracy theories
In the UK in April 2020 were about 50 5G - transmission towers by arson damaged and about disrupted telecommunications technician 80 times in the professions. Various conspiracy theories had previously been spread that linked 5G transmission masts with the coronavirus.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Pulmonologists on the net: Covid-19: Causes . Online at www.lungenaerzte-im-netz.de. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ↑ Tagesschau: "Deeply worried". WHO speaks of corona pandemic . March 11, 2020. Online at www.tagesschau.de. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ↑ Daily Mail : Chief medics raise coronavirus threat to HIGH across the UK as they admit up to TEN THOUSAND patients may ALREADY have the killer disease , March 12, 2020
- ↑ a b Number of corona deaths in Great Britain corrected upwards. Potsdam Latest News , April 30, 2020, accessed April 30, 2020 .
- ↑ Dominic Gilbert, Ashley Kirk, Henry Bodkin: How accurate are UK coronavirus death toll numbers? In: The Telegraph . April 19, 2020, ISSN 0307-1235 ( telegraph.co.uk [accessed May 28, 2020]).
- ↑ reuters.com: UK coronavirus death toll could be 15% higher than previously shown: new data
- ↑ bbc.com , zeit.de June 4, 2020: Boris Johnson's renewed U-turn
- ↑ Niklaus Nuspliger: Why so many English people are dying from the coronavirus NZZ, June 2, 2020, accessed on June 9, 2020
- ↑ a b c Bettina Schulz : Don't be too early in quarantine , Die Zeit (Hamburg), March 13, 2020
- ↑ BBC : Coronavirus: UK virus cases rise again as sixth person dies , March 10, 2020
- ↑ a b Restrictions: Great Britain issues general exit restrictions. In: zeit.de. March 23, 2020, accessed April 20, 2020 .
- ↑ t-online.de: British despair of Corona - South Korea's successful model , March 13, 2020, accessed on March 17, 2020
- ↑ Abi Rimmer: Covid-19: doctors still do not have #properPPE. BMJ, April 7, 2020; doi: 10.1136 / bmj.m1423
- ↑ Inventory used up. Bottlenecks in Corona crisis: British clinics complain about a lack of protective gowns. In: noz.de. April 18, 2020, accessed April 18, 2020 .
- ↑ Denis Campbell: NHS staff told 'wear aprons' as protective gowns run out. In: The Guardian. April 17, 2020, accessed on April 18, 2020 .
- ↑ Guidance - Stay at home: guidance for households with possible coronavirus (COVID-19) infection. April 9, 2020, accessed April 20, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c d e Independent : Coronavirus news - live: 'Every single person in this country will be affected,' warns health secretary as government to tell over-70s to self isolate for months , March 15, 2020
- ↑ a b c tagesschau.de: Corona crisis: Great Britain extends measures. Retrieved April 24, 2020 .
- ↑ Coronavirus: UK lockdown extended for 'at least' three weeks. In: bbc.com. April 16, 2020, accessed June 4, 2020 .
- ↑ The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) (Amendment) (No. 3) Regulations 2020. In: 2020 No. 558 Public Health, England. Statutory Instruments, legislation.gov.uk. May 31, 2020, accessed June 4, 2020 .
- ↑ a b One step at a time. What are the new lockdown rules? In: thesun.co.uk. June 1, 2020, accessed June 4, 2020 .
- ↑ Unless you already live together: I beg your pardon ?! Corona easing in England prohibits sex in your own home. In: rtl.de. June 2, 2020, accessed June 4, 2020 .
- ↑ a b Rachel Thompson: Sex with someone you don't live with is now illegal in England. In: mashable.com. June 4, 2020, accessed June 4, 2020 .
- ↑ DER SPIEGEL: British government seals off the city of Leicester - DER SPIEGEL - science. Retrieved June 30, 2020 .
- ↑ The strange case of the choir that coughed in January , BBC News, May 10, 2020, accessed May 12, 2020
- ↑ Bettina Schulz: Boris Johnson: Don't be too early in quarantine . In: The time . March 13, 2020, ISSN 0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed on March 14, 2020]).
- ↑ Britain takes different approach to coronavirus outbreak, leaving some asking why. In: nbcnews.com. March 14, 2020, accessed on March 17, 2020 (English): "I must level with you, the British public: Many more families are going to lose their loved ones before their time," Prime Minister Boris Johnson said. "
- ↑ washingtonpost.com: UK resists coronavirus lockdowns, goes its own way on response , March 16, 2020, accessed March 16, 2020
- ↑ telegraph.co.uk: What is herd immunity and will it stop coronavirus in the UK? , March 16, 2020, accessed March 16, 2020
- ↑ Sebastian Borgner: Johnson does without the hard way. Tagesspiegel, March 15, 2020, accessed on March 17, 2020 .
- ↑ Heather Stewart: UK to ban mass gatherings in coronavirus U-turn. In: theguardian.com. March 13, 2020, accessed on March 18, 2020 .
- ↑ Luzerner Zeitung : Great Britain is turning around - and is now relying on bans instead of herd immunity in the fight against corona , March 15, 2020, accessed on March 17, 2020
- ↑ Petition: Close Schools / Colleges down for an appropriate amount of time amidst COVID19. .
- ↑ spiegel.de March 16, 2020: Schools remain open despite the coronavirus - parents protest
- ↑ theguardian.com March 18, 2020: All schools to close from Friday
- ↑ London closes parts of the underground. In: Der Spiegel. Retrieved March 25, 2020 .
- ↑ Jochen Buchsteiner: Boris Johnson has Corona: Governing from the leather armchair. In: faz.net. March 27, 2020, accessed on March 27, 2020 .
- ↑ Kirsty.Oram: The Queen's broadcast to the UK and Commonwealth. April 5, 2020, accessed April 6, 2020 .
- ↑ DER SPIEGEL: Queen Elizabeth II in Corona address: "A break in the life of our country" - DER SPIEGEL - Panorama. Retrieved April 6, 2020 .
- ↑ Cathrin Kahlweit: Corona: Boris Johnson admitted to hospital. Retrieved April 5, 2020 .
- ↑ tagesschau.de: Coronavirus: British Prime Minister Boris Johnson moved to intensive care unit. Retrieved April 6, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c d e Corona (Covid-19) cases in the UK. Retrieved May 10, 2020 .
- ↑ Coronavirus: Boris Johnson says UK is past the peak of outbreak. BBC News, April 30, 2020, accessed April 30, 2020 .
- ↑ 32,000 corona deaths. Sad record in the UK. In: tagesschau.de . ARD , May 12, 2020, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ^ Corona in Great Britain. Johnson's roadmap out of the crisis. ZDF , May 11, 2020, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ Diana Zimmermann: Johnson's rolling course. No major easing in England. ZDF , May 10, 2020, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ The British mourn their "heroes". Johnson reports 181 doctors and nurses dead. n-tv , May 20, 2020, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ^ Friedbert Meurer & Burkhard Birke: Corona lockdown in Great Britain. How the disaster changed the country. Deutschlandfunk Kultur , May 12, 2020, accessed on May 21, 2020 .
- ^ Gordon Rayner: Face masks compulsory on public transport from June 15, government announces. In: telegraph.co.uk. June 5, 2020, accessed June 5, 2020 .
- ↑ Charles Hymas and Ben Farmer: "Exclusive: Half of UK's imported Covid-19 infections are from Pakistan" Telegraph of June 26, 2020
- ↑ newscientist.com: Rising cases in England delay easing of restrictions
- ↑ Abbc.com: Coronavirus: Major incident declared in Greater Manchester
- ↑ Coronavirus public information campaign launched across the UK . In: NHS England . February 3, 2020. Accessed March 15, 2020.
- ↑ Olive Press News Spain: COVID-19: Politicians respond to Coronavirus case in Gibraltar , March 4, 2020
- ↑ a b c d e Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. WHO, accessed on April 30, 2020 (English, note on the number of cases: The WHO adopts the numbers of its member states according to a certain definition. The reports by the respective WHO report lag behind current press reports. In the case of the United Kingdom, they correspond the figures of the previous day: In the WHO report # 100 of April 29, 2020, 21,678 deaths are listed, which corresponds to the "Public Health England" figure of April 28. In addition, the outside areas listed here come with separate numbers.).
- ↑ DER SPIEGEL: Forecast: British central bank expects deepest recession in 325 years - DER SPIEGEL - Economy. Retrieved May 7, 2020 .
- ↑ n-tv NEWS: +++ 18:45 RKI does not expect any shortages in intensive care beds +++. Retrieved May 5, 2020 .
- ^ How coronavirus advice from Boris Johnson has changed. In: theguardian.com. March 23, 2020, accessed April 7, 2020 .
- ↑ Number of corona deaths in Great Britain much higher than expected - highest death rate in Europe? , Location in UK, on: fr.de, updated April 29, 2020, accessed April 30, 2020
- ↑ Brits do not count nursing home deaths , senior representatives outraged, on: n-tv.de, April 14, 2020, accessed April 30, 2020
- ↑ tagesschau.de March 21, 2020
- ^ Richard Horton: Offline: COVID-19 and the NHS— “a national scandal”. Lancet, March 28, 2020, doi: 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (20) 30727-3
- ↑ Coronavirus: 'Earlier lockdown would have halved death toll'. BBC News, June 10, 2020, accessed June 14, 2020 .
- ↑ faz.net / Jochen Buchsteiner, August 28, 2020: With Boris Johnson into the corona chaos
- ↑ see also thetimes.co.uk: Growing number of Tory MPs 'very worried' by facemasks U-turn
- ↑ Jörg Schindler, Matthias Gebauer, DER SPIEGEL: Call for help in corona crisis: Bundeswehr delivers ventilators to Great Britain - DER SPIEGEL - Politics. Retrieved April 9, 2020 .
- ↑ Corona crisis in Great Britain: Brexit negotiations should not be extended. April 24, 2020, accessed April 24, 2020 .
- ↑ a b A. BC News: Conspiracy theorists burn 5G towers claiming link to virus. Retrieved May 7, 2020 .
