List of heads of state 1499

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Africa

( Abdalwadiden ) (in what is now western Algeria, capital Tlemcen )
- Sultan : Abu Abdallah Muhammad VII (1469–1504)

Adal
- Sultan: Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din (1488-1518)

Egypt ( Burjiyya dynasty )
- Sultan : Al-Zahir Qansuh I (1498–1500)

Ethiopia
- Emperor (Negus Negest) : Na'od I. (1494–1508)

Bornu (in present-day Niger ) Sefuwa dynasty
- King / May: Idris II. (1497-1515)

Ifriqiya (East Algeria, Tunisia) ( Hafsiden )
- Caliph : Muhammad V (1493-1526)

Jolof (in what is now Senegal )
- Buur-ba Jolof : Bukaar Biye-Sungule (1492-1527)

Kano
- Emir: Muhammad Rumfa (1463-1499)
- Emir: Abdullah (1499–1509)

Congo
- Mani-Congo : Nzinga á Nkuwu (João I) (1470–1509)

Morocco ( Wattasids )
- Sultan : Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Mahdi (1465–1505)

Munhumutapa Empire
- Ruler : Kakuyo Komunyaka (1494 – around 1530)

Songhaeich (in West Africa)
- Ruler : Mohommed Ture the Great (1493–1528)

America

Aztec Empire
- Tlatoani : Auítzotl (1486–1502)

Hispaniola
- Spanish governor Christopher Columbus (1492–1500)

Inca Empire
- King : Huayna Cápac (1493–1527)

Asia

China ( Ming Dynasty )
- Emperor : Hongzhi (1487–1505)

Japan
- Emperor : Go-Tsuchimikado (1464–1500)
- Shogun Ashikaga : Ashikaga Yoshizumi (1494–1508)

Korea ( Joseon Dynasty )
- King : Yeonsangun (1494–1506)

Persia
- Sultan ( Timurid dynasty): Husain Bayqara (1469–1501)

Thailand
- King : Rama Thibodi II (1491–1529)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - Queen of Navarre : Catherine of Navarre (1483–1517)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Pere de Cardona (1472–1515)

Denmark
- King : John I (1481–1513)

Teutonic Order State
- Grand Master : Friedrich von Sachsen (1473–1510) (1498–1510)

England
- King : Henry VII (1485–1509)

France
- King : Ludwig XII. (1498–1515)

Holy Roman Empire
- King : Maximilian I (1486 / 93–1519) (from 1508 emperor )
- Electorates
  - Archbishopric of Cologne
    - Archbishop : Hermann IV of Hesse (1480–1508) (1473–1480 administrator, 1498–1508 bishop of Paderborn)
  - Archbishopric Mainz
    - Archbishop : Berthold von Henneberg (1484–1504)
  - Archbishopric Trier
    - Archbishop : Johann II of Baden (1456–1503)
  - Bohemia
    - King : Vladislav II (1471–1516) (1490–1516 King of Hungary)
  - Brandenburg
    - Margrave : Johann Cicero (1486–1499) (1473–1486 regent)
    - Margrave: Joachim I. Nestor (1499–1535)
  - Electoral Palatinate
    - Elector : Philip the Sincere (1476–1508)
  - Saxony ( Ernestiner )
    - Elector : Friedrich III. the wise (1486-1525)
- spiritual principalities
  - Hochstift Augsburg
    - Bishop : Friedrich II. Von Zollern (1486–1505)
  - Bamberg Monastery
    - Bishop : Heinrich III. Groß von Trockau (1487–1501)
  - Hochstift Basel
    - Bishop : Kaspar zu Rhein (1479–1502)
  - Brandenburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Joachim I (1485–1507)
  - Archbishopric Bremen
    - Archbishop : Johann III. Rode von Wale (1497–1511)
  - Brixen monastery
    - Bishop : Melchior von Meckau (1488–1509)
  - Hochstift Cammin
    - Bishop : Martin Karith (1498–1521)
  - Chiemsee Abbey
    - Bishop : Ludwig Ebmer (1495–1502)
  - Chur Monastery
    - Bishop : Heinrich V. von Hewen (1491–1505)
  - Eichstätt Monastery
    - Bishop : Gabriel von Eyb (1496–1535)
  - Hochstift Freising
    - Bishop : Philipp von der Pfalz (1499–1541) (1497–1499 administrator of Freising, 1517–1541 administrator of Naumburg)
  - Geneva Monastery
    - Bishop : Philip of Savoy (1495–1509)
    - Administrator: Aymon de Montfalcon (1497–1509) (1491–1517 Bishop of Lausanne)
  - Hochstift Gurk
    - Bishop : Raimund Peraudi (1491–1505)
  - Halberstadt Monastery
    - Administrator : Ernst II of Saxony (1479–1513) (1476–1513 Archbishop of Magdeburg)
  - Hochstift Havelberg
    - Bishop : Otto II von Königsmarck (1494–1501)
  - Hildesheim Monastery
    - Bishop : Berthold II. Von Landsberg (1481–1502) (1470–1481 Bishop of Verden, 1481–1502 administrator of Verden)
  - Constance monastery
    - Bishop : Hugo von Hohenlandenberg (1496–1530, 1531–1532 )
  - Lausanne bishopric
    - Bishop : Aymon de Montfalcon (1491–1517) (1497–1509 administrator of Geneva)
  - Lavant Monastery
    - Bishop : Erhard Paumgartner (1487–1508)
  - Lübeck bishopric
    - Bishop : Dietrich II. Arndes (1492–1506)
  - Liège Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann IX. von Hoorn (1483–1505)
  - Archbishopric Magdeburg
    - Archbishop : Ernst of Saxony (1476–1513) (1479–1513 administrator of Halberstadt)
  - Meissen Abbey
    - Bishop : John VI. von Saalhausen (1487–1518)
  - Merseburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Thilo von Trotha (1466–1514)
  - Metz bishopric
    - Bishop : Henry II of Lorraine-Vaudemont (1484–1505)
  - Hochstift Minden
    - Bishop : Heinrich III. von Schauenburg (1473–1508)
  - Monastery of Münster
    - Bishop : Konrad II of Rietberg (1497–1508) (1482–1508 Bishop of Osnabrück)
  - Naumburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Johann III. von Schönberg (1492–1517)
  - Osnabrück Monastery
    - Bishop : Conrad IV of Rietberg (1482–1508) (1497–1508 Bishop of Münster)
  - Paderborn Monastery
    - Bishop : Hermann I of Hesse (1498–1508) (1480–1508 Archbishop of Cologne)
  - Passau bishopric
    - Bishop : Christoph von Schachner (1490–1500)
  - Ratzeburg Monastery
    - Bishop : John of Parkentin (1479–1511)
  - Regensburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Ruprecht II of Pfalz-Simmern (1492–1507)
  - Archbishopric Salzburg
    - Archbishop : Leonhard von Keutschach (1495–1519)
  - Schwerin Monastery
    - Bishop : Konrad Loste (1482–1503)
  - Seckau monastery
    - Bishop : Matthias Scheit (1481–1502, 1508–1512 )
  - Hochstift Sitten
    - Bishop : Nicolas Schiner (1496–1499)
    - Bishop: Matthäus Schiner (1499–1522)
  - Speyer Monastery
    - Bishop : Ludwig von Helmstatt (1478–1504)
  - Strasbourg Monastery
    - Bishop : Albrecht von Pfalz-Mosbach (1478–1506)
  - Toul Monastery
    - Bishop : Ulrich von Blankenberg (1495–1506)
  - Hochstift Trento
    - Bishop : Ulrich IV. Of Liechtenstein (1493–1505)
  - Utrecht Monastery
    - Bishop : Friedrich IV. Of Baden (1496–1516)
  - Verden Monastery
    - Administrator : Berthold von Landsberg (1481–1502) (1481–1502 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1470–1481 Bishop of Verden)
  - Verdun Monastery
    - Bishop : Guillaume de Haraucourt (1457–1500)
  - Hochstift Worms
    - Bishop : Johann III. von Dalberg (1482–1503)
  - Würzburg Monastery
    - Bishop : Lorenz von Bibra (1495–1519)
- secular principalities
  - to bathe
    - Margrave : Christoph I (1475–1515)
  - Bavaria
    - Bayern Munich
      - Duke : Albrecht IV. (1465–1508) (from 1503 Duke of all of Bavaria)
    - Bavaria-Landshut
      - Duke : George the Rich (1479–1503)
  - Duchy of Brunswick-Lueneburg
    - Principality of Calenberg (-Göttingen)
      - Duke: Erich I (1495–1540)
    - Principality of Grubenhagen
      - Duke: Philip I (1485–1551)
    - Principality of Lüneburg
      - Duke : Henry I the Middle (1486–1520)
    - Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
      - Duke : Wilhelm II. (1482–1491 / 1503)
      - Duke: Heinrich I (1491 / 1503–1514)
  - Hesse
    - Landgrave : Wilhelm II. (1493–1509)
  - Jülich-Berg (-Ravensberg)
    - Duke : Wilhelm IV. (1475–1511)
  - Kleve Mark
    - Duke : Johann II. (1481–1521)
  - Mecklenburg
    - Duke : Magnus II (1477–1503)
  - Ortenburg
    - Count : Wolfgang I. (1490–1519)
  - Pomerania
    - Duke : Bogislaw X. the Great (1474 / 1478–1523)
  - Saxony ( Albertiner )
    - Duke : Albrecht III. the brave (1464 / 1485–1500)
  - Saxony-Lauenburg ( Askanier )
    - Duke : Johann IV. (1463–1507)
  - Württemberg
    - Duke : Ulrich (1498–1550)

Italian states
- Ferrara, Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Ercole I. d'Este (1471–1505)
- Florence
  - Without a ruler (1498–1502)
- Genoa (1488–1499 Signoria of Sforza) (1499–1507 occupied by France)
  - Signore: Ludovico Sforza (1494–1499)
  - King : Ludwig XII. (1499–1507)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Alexander VI. (1492–1503)
- Milan (1499–1500, 1500–1512, 1515–1521 occupied by France)
  - Duke : Ludovico Sforza (1494–1499, 1500 )
  - King : Ludwig XII. (1499–1500, 1500–1512 )
- Mantua
  - Margrave : Gianfrancesco II. Gonzaga (1484–1519)
- Montferrat
  - Margrave : Wilhelm XI. (1494-1518)
- Naples
  - King : Friedrich I (1496–1500)
- Rimini
  - Lord : Pandolfo IV. Malatesta (1482–1528)
- Saluzzo
  - Margrave : Ludwig II. (1475–1504)
- San Marino
  - Capitani Reggenti: Antonio di Girolamo , Marino di Antonio Giannini (1498–1499)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto , Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini (1499)
  - Capitani Reggenti: Cristoforo di Cecco di Vita , Bonifazio di Andrea (1499–1500)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Philibert II (1497–1504)
- Sicily (1412–1713 to Aragon or Spain )
  - King : Ferdinand II (1479–1516)
    - Viceroy : Juan III.de Lanuza (1495–1507)
- Urbino
  - Duke : Guidobaldo I da Montefeltro (1482–1508)
- Venice
  - Doge : Agostin Barbarigo (1486–1501)

Mantua ( Gonzaga )
- Margrave : Gianfrancesco II. Gonzaga (1484–1519)

Moldova
- Prince : Ștefan cel Mare (1457–1504)

Monaco
- Seigneur : Jean II (1494–1505)

Moscow
- Grand Duke : Ivan III. (1462–1505)

Navarre
- Queen : Catherine (1484–1512 / 17)
- King: Johann III. d'Albret (1484–1512 / 16) ( iure uxoris )

Norway (1397–1523 personal union with Denmark and Sweden Kalmar Union
)
- King : John I (1481–1513)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Bayezid II (1481-1512)

Poland
- King : Johann I. Albrecht (1492–1501)

Portugal
- King : Manuel I (1495–1521)

Savoy
- Duke : Philibert II (1497–1504)

Scotland
- King : Jacob IV (1488–1513)

Sweden (1397–1523 personal union with Denmark and Norway, Kalmar Union
)
- King : John II (1497–1501)

Spanish states
- Aragon
  - King : Ferdinand II. (1479–1516) (1474–1504 King of Castile, 1506–1516 Regent of Castile, 1512–1516 King of Navarre, 1504–1516 King of Naples)
- Castile
  - Queen : Isabella I (1474–1504)
  - King: Ferdinand II of Aragón (1474–1504) (de iure uxoris) (1506–1516 regent of Castile, 1479–1516 king of Aragon and Sicily, 1512–1516 king of Navarre, 1504–1516 king of Naples)
- Navarre
  - Queen : Catherine (1483–1517)
  - King: Johann III. (1484–1516) (de iure uxoris)

Hungary
- King : Ulászló, II. (1490–1516) (1471–1516 King of Bohemia)

Venice
- Doge : Agostin Barbarigo (1486–1501)

Wallachia (under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Radu cel Mare (1495–1508)

Zeta
- Prince : Ivan II. Crnojević (1498–1515)