List of heads of state 1759

Italian states
- Genoa
  - Doge : Matteo Franzoni (1758–1760)
- Papal States
  - Pope : Clement XIII. (1758–1769)
- Milan (1706–1800 to Austria)
  - Duchess : Maria Theresa (1740–1780) (1740–1780 Queen of Bohemia, 1740–1780 Archduchess of Austria, 1740–1780 Duchess of Parma, 1740–1780 Queen of Hungary)
    - Governor : Francesco III. d'Este (1754–1771) (1737–1780 Duke of Modena)
- Massa and Carrara
  - Duchess : Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina (1731–1790) (until 1744 under guardianship)
- Modena and Reggio
  - Duke : Francesco III. d'Este (1737–1780) (1754–1771 Governor of Milan)
- Naples (1735–1806 personal union with Sicily)
  - King : Charles VII (1735–1759) (1731–1735 Duke of Parma and Piacenza, 1735–1759 King of Sicily, 1759–1788 King of Spain)
  - King: Ferdinand VII. (1759–1799, 1799–1806, 1815–1816 ) (until 1767 under guardianship) (1759–1816 King of Sicily, 1816–1825 King of the Two Sicilies)
  - Regency council under Bernardo Tanucci (1759–1767)
- Parma and Piacenza
  - Duchess : Maria Theresa (1740–1780) (1740–1780 Queen of Bohemia, 1740–1780 Duchess of Milan, 1740–1780 Archduchess of Austria, 1740–1780 Queen of Hungary)
- Piombino
  - Prince : Gaetano Boncompagni-Ludovisi (1745–1777)
- Sardinia (since 1720 part of Savoy)
  - King : Karl Emanuel III. (1730–1773) (1720–1730 and 1732–1773 Duke of Savoy)
    - Viceroy : Francesco Tana (1758–1762)
- Savoy
  - Duke : Charles Emanuel III. ( 1720–1730 , 1732–1773) (1730–1773 King of Sardinia)
- Sicily (1735–1806 in personal union with Naples)
  - King : Charles V (1735–1759) (1735–1759 King of Naples, 1731–1735 Duke of Parma and Piacenza, 1759–1788 King of Spain)
  - King: Ferdinand III. (1759–1816) (until 1767 under guardianship) (1759–1799, 1799–1806, 1815–1816 King of Naples, 1816–1825 King of both Sicilies)
  - Regency council under Bernardo Tanucci (1759–1767)
    - Viceroy : Giovanni Fogliani Sforza d'Aragona (1755–1773)
- Tuscany
  - Grand Duke : Franz Stephan (1737–1765) (1745–1765 Emperor, 1729–1736 Duke of Lorraine)
- Venice
  - Doge : Francesco Loredan (1752–1762)

Khanate of Crimea
- Khan : Qırım Giray (1758–1764, 1768–1769 )

Courland
- Duke : Charles of Saxony (1758–1763)

Malta
- Grand Master : Manuel Pinto de Fonseca (1741–1773)

Moldova (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Ioan Teodor Callimachi (1758–1761)

Monaco
- Prince : Honoré III. (1732–1793)
  - Governor General: Antoine Grimaldi (1732–1784)

Netherlands
- Republic of the Seven United Provinces
  - Inheritance holder : Wilhelm V (1751–1795) (1751–1806 Prince of Nassau-Diez)
- Austrian Netherlands (formally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1714/95)
  - Governor : Karl Alexander von Lothringen (1744–1780) (1761–1780 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order)

Ottoman Empire
- Sultan : Mustafa III. (1757–1774)

Poland
- King : August III. (1733–1763) (1733–1763 Elector of Saxony)

Portugal
- King : Joseph I (1750–1777)

Prussia
- King : Friedrich II. (1740–1786) (1740–1786 Elector of Brandenburg)

Russia
- Empress : Elisabeth (1741–1762)

Sweden
- King : Adolf Friedrich (1751–1771) (1727–1750 Bishop of Lübeck)

Spain
- King : Ferdinand VI. (1746–1759)
- King: Charles III. (1759–1788) (1735–1759 King of Naples, 1731–1735 Duke of Parma, 1735–1759 King of Sicily)

Hungary
- Queen : Maria Theresa (1740–1780) (1740–1780 Queen of Bohemia, 1740–1780 Duchess of Milan, 1740–1780 Archduchess of Austria, 1740–1780 Duchess of Parma)

Wallachia (under Ottoman rule)
- Prince : Scarlat Ghica (1758–1761, 1765–1766 ) (1757–1758 Prince of Moldova)