List of mountain towns

 Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

The painting "The mountain town of Idria " by Ladislav Benesch.

The list of mining towns contains a list of historical mining towns .

A mining town was a town that, in addition to town charter, also had extensive mining law privileges. This includes in particular mountain freedom . Cities that were the seat of a mining authority were also named this way. Only mining towns are listed that have also been named historically, i.e. not just recently. Cities with extensive mining, but which did not have any special mining rights, are in this sense just as little mining cities as settlements that have mining rights but no city rights (seal rights, market rights, etc.).

Legend

Mallets and irons mark the coats of arms of many mountain towns.

• Coat of arms : The coat of arms is the one that is valid today. Historically, the coat of arms can differ, but this often cannot be determined.
• Name : At that time the mining towns were almost exclusively on the territory of the Holy Roman Empire . That is why the German name of that time is mentioned first, and only then is the name that is used today or that was valid at other times. This is preceded by the language code according to ISO 639-1 . Here means:
  • cs = Czech
  • hu = Hungarian
  • pl = Polish
  • ro = Romanian
  • sk = Slovak
• Year : The elevation to the mountain town was an inconsistent process. The loss of documents in the numerous wars and city fires, but also the different interpretations of the privileges, mean that in many cases there are different details about becoming a mining town. Only in a few cases, particularly in Bohemia, were settlements explicitly raised to the status of a mountain town.
• Notes : The key points of the city and mining history are given. Information on recent history that has nothing to do with the mountain town theme was usually not included.

Saxony

With the discovery of the silver deposits in Freiberg , an intensive, landscape-changing mining activity began in the Saxon Ore Mountains. The first mountain cries lured many people to the largely uninhabited region. However, the ever deeper mining industry reached its technological limits in the middle of the 14th century, so that it was stopped for the time being and several settlements, whose population consisted almost exclusively of miners, fell back into desolation .

Around 1470, silver finds near Schneeberg led to a second mountain shouting, which resulted in the important mining towns of Annaberg (1496) and Marienberg (1522) as well as Scheibenberg (1522) "on wild roots", i. H. according to plan in previously uninhabited area. These settlements were granted city and mining rights when the foundation stone was laid, without it being really clear whether this sovereign investment would be successful. In the course of time, especially in the 16th century, more and more settlements were given city rights or mining rights. These were often only limited to 10 years and could be withdrawn again in the event of failure. In total, well over 30 cities in the Ore Mountains are counted among the mining towns.

coat of arms	Surname	current affiliation	location	year	Remarks
	Altenberg		⊙	1451	After the finds in Bohemian Zinnwald , a miners' settlement was founded around 1440. In 1446, Elector Friedrich II bought the area and became the landlord. In 1448 a tin order was issued and in 1451 town and market rights for the town "on the Geisingberg", which has only been called "on the Altenberg" since 1489.
	Annaberg	Annaberg-Buchholz	⊙	1497	Finds around 1491 initiate a mountain cry. Since 1496, Duke George the Bearded had the mountain town laid out according to plan. In 1497 the "New Town on Schrekkenberg" received the privileges of a free mountain town. From 1501 "St. Annaberg ".
	Aue		⊙	1666	First settlement around 1173. City rights were granted in 1626. Tin mining started in Heidelberg in 1661. In 1666 it is referred to as the “little mountain town”.
	Berggießhübel	Bad Gottleuba-Berggießhübel	⊙	1548	Extensive iron mining as early as 1230, which led to the establishment of a miners' settlement around 1440/1450. 1466 Foundation of a mining office. 1548 conferred city rights.
	fire	Brand-Erbisdorf	⊙	1834	In the south of Freiberg, heavy silver mining began in 1500. Referred to as Bergflecken in 1515, it was licensed . Awarded town charter in 1834, since 1912 as Brand-Erbisdorf.
	Buchholz	Annaberg-Buchholz	⊙	1501	Awarded city privileges in 1501 by the Ernestiner Friedrich III. at St. Catharinenberg im Buchenholze as a competitor to the nearby Annaberg. Own mining office 1507.
	Dippoldiswalde		⊙		The town was founded in 1160/70. Known around 1210 as a market town with a castle and in 1266 as the “Oppidium” with silver mining. Increased silver mining since around 1500.
	Ehrenfriedersdorf		⊙	1477	The rural settlement took place at the end of the 12th century. From the middle of the 13th century, tin mining, which increasingly changed from soap mining to deep mining on the Sauberg. Change to a miners' settlement. 1477 town with market rights. Later also mining office.
	Eibenstock		⊙	1546	Beginning of rural settlement towards the end of the 12th century. The first tin soaps in the 13th century, which were the main source of tin mining here. In 1533 Johann Friedrich I acquired the area from the Tettauern and made Eibenstock in 1546 the "Electoral Saxon freyen mountain town".
	Parents		⊙		The rural settlement began in the 12./13. Century. 1489 city rights and a little later establishment of a mining authority.
	Frauenstein		⊙	1411	At the beginning of the 13th century, the Wettins built a suburb settlement here. Silver mining from 1339. City law 1411. Because of the risk of flooding, the settlement was rebuilt after 1470 near the castle.
	Freiberg		⊙		After silver was found around 1168, an urban settlement emerged around 1185. The name is derived from the mountain freedom. Mining office already in place in 1241. The Saxon Mining Authority has been developing here since 1542 .
	Geising	Altenberg	⊙		From 1436/1440 tin mining can be proven. 1453 town charter for Altgeising by the Bärensteiner, 1462 town charter for Neugeising by the Lauensteiner.
	Geyer		⊙		In 1349 the Waldenburgers were enfeoffed with tin soaps on the Greifenstein . Construction of the Geyers pond around 1400. Around 1467 city rights and market rights.
	Glassworks		⊙	1506	1506 Granting of town and mining rights by Duke Georg based on the Annaberg model.
	Hohenstein	Hohenstein-Ernstthal	⊙		Around 1510 mining town rights and own mining authority.
	Johanngeorgenstadt		⊙		Founded in 1654 by Bohemian exiles. Town charter 1656. Subsequently, silver and cobalt mining. Mining Authority since 1772.
	Jöhstadt		⊙		1655 town charter
	Kirchberg		⊙	1709	At the beginning of the 14th century silver mining near Fürstenberg in the Hohen Forst. City rights around 1310. In 1709 the mountain freedom was granted, but this was not renewed after ten years.
	Lauenstein	Altenberg	⊙		In the 13th century there was a border protection castle here. The settlement was first mentioned in 1340. 1489 Council constitution
	Lengefeld	Pockau-Lengefeld	⊙	1522	Peasant settlement began in the 13th century. Mining town privileges through the rule of Rauenstein.
	Loessnitz		⊙	1559	Is referred to as "civitas" in 1284, making it one of the oldest cities in the Ore Mountains. In 1406 the town became the property of the Schönburger. 1559 Relocation of the Schönburg Mining Authority to Lößnitz.
	Marienberg		⊙	1523	1519 Silver finds in the nearby Wüstenschlette . 1523 free mining town.
	Neustädtel	Schneeberg	⊙		Around 1200 Waldhufendorf "Scheibe". From 1378 tin soaps and subsequently change to a miners' settlement. City rights after the silver finds in the nearby Schneeberg.
	Oberwiesenthal		⊙	1530	Silver mining began in 1526. In the following year, the construction of the "Neustadt am Wiesenthal" begins, which in 1530 has rights similar to a mountain town.
	Oederan		⊙	1583	1583 by Elector August I privilege of a free mountain town
	Scheibenberg		⊙	1530	From 1515/1516 silver mining. In 1522 the city was founded by the Schönburger and in 1530 it was granted city rights.
	Schlettau		⊙	1515	Probably in the 13th / 14th Century laid out as a rural settlement. Silver mining began in 1477. 1515 mining town.
	Schneeberg		⊙	1481	From 1453 at the latest, insignificant silver mining on the Schneeberg. In 1470/71 there were extensive cracks that triggered mountain cries. Free mining town from 1481.
	Schwarzenberg		⊙		Around 1170 castle with outer bailey settlement. Iron, tin and silver mining in the 13th century. Around 1500 mining town with its own mining authority.
	Siebenlehn	Large company	⊙		Dated silver mining from 1346 can be proven. City law 1370.
	Steinheid	Thuringia , Neuhaus am Rennweg	⊙	1530	Gold mining. Already in 1362 Frederick the Strict issued a mountain freedom to the Steinheide . A larger deposit was discovered in 1482 and had been mining since 1504. "Our dear women mountain" was founded in 1506. In 1530 the Ernestine Elector Johann Friedrich Steinheid elevated it to a free mining town with a mountain master, tithe and judge. 1534 own mountain regulations. After expectations were not met, the place lost its privileges in 1572. A total of about 25 kg in the 16th century.
	Thum		⊙	before 1445	Rural settlement in the 12th century. Subsequently, tin mining began and in the 14th century it was transformed into a miners' settlement. In 1445 Thum was already called "old free mountain town".
	Selva		⊙		Originated in the 13th century as a suburb settlement, it was transformed into a mining town around 1300 through silver mining. 1323 referred to as "Oppidium".
	Zschopau		⊙	1493	Free mountain town
	Zwönitz		⊙		Rural settlement in the 12th century. Mining privileges in 1458, 1566 and finally 1603, with which Zwönitz became a free mining town.

More recently, the mining settlements of Bleiberg , Fürstenberg and Ullersberg , which had fallen into desolation again in the Middle Ages , are counted among the mining towns. However, there is no concrete evidence of city and mining rights.

Mountain spots were called privileged mining settlements that did not have full city rights. This subheading includes a. Bockau and Sosa .

resin

 Map with all coordinates of the Harz section : OSM

The Harz with the principalities of Grubenhagen and Wolfenbütteln.

Mining in the Upper Harz began around 1200 in connection with the claiming of the area by the Cella monastery . The first period lasted only about 150 years, until problems with dewatering and the plague of 1348 put a temporary end to mining.

Silver finds near Sankt Andreasberg around 1520 and the mountain freedom granted by Heinrich the Younger in 1524 led to the revival of silver mining. The finds and the privileges caused a strong influx of miners from the Saxon Ore Mountains , who formed an island of the Ore Mountains here . Several counties and principalities vied for supremacy in the territorially divided Harz . In particular, the border between the principalities of Grubenhagen and Wolfenbüttel was controversial. On October 31, 1531 there was a peaceful settlement between Heinrich d. J. and Philipp I. von Grubenhagen. As a result, more and more extensive mountain freedoms and rights were issued to lure the miners into their respective territories. After the Grubenhagensche line died out in 1593, the principality was taken over by Wolfenbüttler Heinrich Julius , but then returned to the principality of Lüneburg in 1617 . In 1635 two administrative communities were formed. The mining authority in Clausthal administered the unilateral Harz with the mining towns of Clausthal, Altenau and Sankt Andreasberg. The Zellerfeld Mining Authority, on the other hand, administered Communion-Harz with Zellerfeld, Grund, Wildemann and Lautenthal.

With the entry into force of the Prussian General Mining Act in the area that has meanwhile been merged to form the Kingdom of Hanover , the mining exemptions ended on May 8, 1867, after the tax exemption had been discontinued in 1835. This ended de facto the legal form of Bergstadt im Harz, even if the current districts of Bad Grund, Lautenthal, Sankt Andreasberg and Wildemann have the legally ineffective designation in their names.

coat of arms	Surname	current affiliation	location	year	Remarks
Principality of Grubenhagen / Unilateral Harz
	Clausthal	Clausthal-Zellerfeld	⊙	1554	In relation to the nearby Zellerfeld, mining at Clausthal started much later. Due to the influx, Ernst IV granted the rights of a free mountain town in 1554. Clausthal had been the seat of the Mining Authority of the mine since 1558 at the latest, with a miner captain, miner, mountain judge, etc.
	Altenau	Clausthal-Zellerfeld	⊙	1617, 1636	First mentioned in 1227 in connection with mining. In 1580 it was still a "minor patch of mountain of 20 houses". Belonged to the Principality of Grubenhagen until 1617 and then came to the Principality of Lüneburg under Christian the Elder , who granted city rights. 1636 Granting of Clausthaler Berg Freiheit under Duke August I of Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Celle and final elevation of the free mining town
	Sankt Andreasberg	Braunlage	⊙	1537	First mentioned on November 3, 1487 as sanct andrews berge . Around 1520 silver found on the Beerberg. 1521 first mountain freedom based on the Saxon model, 1527 second by Count Heinrich and Ernst von Hohnstein in the county of Lauterberg. From 1528 construction of a miners' settlement with many miners from the Ore Mountains. In 1537 the settlement received city rights and already comprised 300 houses with around 2000 inhabitants. 116 pits. Mining began to decline as early as 1542. In 1592, Sankt Andreasberg fell to the Principality of Grubenhagen.
Principality of Wolfenbüttel / Communion-Oberharz
	Zellerfeld	Clausthal-Zellerfeld	⊙	1532/1535	After 1150, the Cella monastery was founded and mining was subsequently carried out. In 1532 Zellerfeld received under Heinrich d. J. City and Mining Rights. From 1549 the seat of the Mining Authority for Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel. After it was destroyed in the Thirty Years War and the city fire in 1672, the site was rebuilt with a checkerboard-like floor plan.
	reason	Bad reason	⊙	1532	Heinrich d. On June 16, 1524, J. awarded the mountain freedom “for mining near Gyttelde in the Grund and other surrounding mountains” . On April 8, 1532, the place, which was already an independent parish, received the town, brewing and market fair rights. On October 1, 1553, another mountain freedom was awarded. It said that debtors could not be prosecuted and miners did not have to do military service.
	Lautenthal	Langelsheim	⊙	1613	Although already mentioned around 1300, mining did not emerge until 1535. Then the first miners' settlements emerged. In 1613, the mountain freedom of 1556 was extended to Lautenthal by Friedrich Ulrich and the place was declared a free mountain town. Has had the unofficial addition "Bergstadt" since 2013.
	Wild man	Clausthal-Zellerfeld	⊙	1534, 1553	1524 Clearing of the Tiefen-Wildemann-Stollen at the instigation of Heinrich II. (The younger) in the Principality of Wolfenbüttel and thus resumption of silver mining. 1529 Construction of a closed housing estate. 1534 town charter, 1553 mountain freedom.

Countries of the Bohemian Crown

Kingdom of Bohemia

 Map with all coordinates of the section Kingdom of Bohemia : OSM

coat of arms	Surname	Affiliation as a mountain town	location	year	Remarks
	Abertham ( Abertamy )	Bohemia	⊙	1579	Already in 1531 first mountain freedom, uncertain, first mentioned as a mountain town, foundation of the village around 1529
	Adamstadt ( Adamov )	Bohemia	⊙	1595	Mining for silver and lead. With a letter of freedom issued by Emperor Rudolf II on February 6, 1595, the miners' settlement was given a city coat of arms and the same privileges as the nearby Rudolfstadt. The place in the dominion of Frauenberg was named after Adam Ungnad von Sonneck , who campaigned for the elevation.
	Bärringen ( Pernink )	Bohemia	⊙	1559	Mining Office 1581, elevated to a mining town by Ferdinand I.
	Mountain Range Stone ( Kašperské Hory )	Bohemia	⊙	1584	Gold mining in the 13th century. Presumably raised to the rank of city under King John of Luxembourg . Kgl. Bergstadt by Rudolf II on July 18, 1584.
	Mountain town of Our Dear Women ( Hory Matky Boží )	Bohemia	⊙	1522	Found it around 1519. Was gifted on November 12, 1522 by Ludwig II at the request of Zdeniek Lev von Rosental and with the city arms.
	Birkenberg ( Březové Hory )	Bohemia	⊙	1896	On April 20, 1896, elevated to the status of a royal mountain town.
	Lead town ( Oloví )	Bohemia	⊙	1561	Mining Authority, February 6, 1561 appointed by Emperor Ferdinand I.
	Bohemian Wiesenthal ( Loučná )	Bohemia	⊙	1601	City charter around 1527, at the latest 1532. 1601 Kgl. Free mountain town
	Bohemian Tin Forest ( Cínovec )	Bohemia	⊙	1564	Mountain liberties by Maximilian II.
	Budweis ( České Budějovice )	Bohemia	⊙	1547	Presumably a free city as early as the 14th century. On January 20, 1547 mining rights by Ferdinand I and thus a free mining town.
	German Brod ( Havlíčkův Brod )	Bohemia	⊙	1321	Allegedly already 793 mining for silver. 1278 city rights. In 1321 by King Johann to Bergstadt and in 1637 by Emperor Ferdinand III. Elevated to a free mountain town in 1637.
	Owl ( Jílové u Prahy )	Bohemia	⊙		Rich gold mines. Raised a royal mountain town under Emperor Charles IV .
	Freedom ( Svoboda nad Úpou )	Bohemia	⊙	1580	First mountain freedom 1556, second January 4th 1564. These favors led to the town of freedom. The relevant document kept in the city archives with the seal and the handwritten signature of Emperor Ferdinand III. said that the mountain freedoms and rights conferred by his ancestors in a mountain town, Stadtl Freiheit, were confirmed again on March 16, 1648, which was also confirmed by his successors, such as Emperor Joseph II on February 10, 1784 and Emperor Franz I on March 20. April 1827 happened.
	Early bus ( Přebuz )	Bohemia	⊙	1553
	Gang ( Kaňk )	Bohemia	⊙	1621	Silver mining from around the 14th century. For a long time stood in the shadow of Kuttenberg. Ferdinand II elevated it to a free mining town in 1621 and granted it the same privileges as Kuttenberg, although mining and coinage jurisdiction remained there.
	God's gift ( Bozi Dar )	Saxony, Bohemia	⊙	1546	Bergstadt 1529 after W. 1531 free mining town
	Graslitz ( Kraslice )	Bohemia	⊙	1541	Copper mining. Already raised to a mountain town by Charles IV in 1370. The area, which often changed hands, was acquired by Hieronymus Schlick in 1527. On April 1, 1530 Berg Freiheit by Ferdinand I. In 1541, Graslitz received today's city arms and became a free mountain town (no document, year after city seal). Mining could only develop with difficulty because of the neighboring, better paid Ag mining, but it had up to 2000 employees. On August 4, 1601 BO by August von Schönburg based on the Joachimsthaler model as well as own mining authority with mining authority.
	Pearl barley ( krupka )	Bohemia	⊙	1547
	Heinrichsgrün ( Jindřichovice )	Bohemia	⊙		City 1537
	Hohenelbe ( Vrchlabí )	Bohemia	⊙	1534	Formed by mining. Elevated to a mining town in 1534 by Emperor Ferdinand I.
	Saint Joachimsthal ( Jáchymov )	Bohemia	⊙	1520	1515 the reign were in the field Schlackenwerth discovered rich silver ores, their development landlord Stefan Schlick drove forward. From 1517 a settlement with 1200 farmsteads was built for the miners who came mainly from Saxony. 1518 Schlick Mountain Regulations based on the Annaberg model. On January 6, 1520, it was raised to the status of a "free mountain town" by letter of majesty by King Ludwig II. In the same year, Schlick and his brothers received royal minting rights . Around 2.2 million Joachimstalers were minted by 1528 , which later gave their name to numerous currencies ( talers , dollars ). 1534 maximum production. In 1545 the Schlicks had to cede the mines to Emperor Ferdinand I , who in 1548 issued new mining regulations. Further acceptance up to around 1600. Bergoberamt to which the mining offices of Schlaggenwald, Pencil City, Platten / Gottesgab, Katharinaberg / Klosterwald and Pressnitz and other offices were subordinate.
	Sankt Katharinaberg ( Hora Svaté Kateřiny )	Bohemia	⊙	1528	raised to a mountain town
	Monastery tomb ( Hrob )	Bohemia	⊙		Mining Office, between 1477 and 1594
	Krumau ( Český Krumlov )	Bohemia	⊙	1526	A castle was built in the middle of the 13th century. Mining on silver and gold documented in 1475, but older. Flowering period between 1519 and 1550. In 1519 Peter IV von Rosenberg introduced the hereditary tunnel justice modeled on the Annaberger BO. In 1526 Ludwig II granted the right to a red seal, like other free mining towns. 1582 application of Joachimsthaler BO.
	Kupferberg ( Měděnec )	Bohemia	⊙
	Kuttenberg ( Kutná Hora )	Bohemia	⊙		Coin law 1300
	Lauterbach ( Čistá )	Bohemia	⊙	1551	As early as the middle of the 15th century, it was elevated to a mining town by Emperor Ferdinand I on June 20, 1551 and given the town's coat of arms. Emperor Franz II finally raised it to the rank of a royal free mountain town. Today desert.
	Lichtenstadt ( Hroznětín )	Bohemia	⊙
	Bad ( Stříbro )	Bohemia	⊙		Mining on lead and silver probably as early as 1131. Another boom before 1498. A BO was issued on June 4, 1513. An important city at that time. Shelter to the chief miner von Kuttenberg until 1545 and Joachimsthal since 1545.
	Neudek ( Nejdek )	Bohemia	⊙	1602
	Neuknin ( Nový Knín )	Bohemia	⊙	1479	Neuknin was raised to the status of a royal mountain town in 1479.
	Niklasberg ( Mikulov )	Bohemia	⊙	1597
	Plates ( Horní Blatná )	Bohemia	⊙	1548	Mining Authority
	Place ( Místo )	Bohemia	⊙
	Pressnitz ( Přísečnice )	Bohemia	⊙	1546
	Pribram, Freiberg in Bohemia ( Příbram )	Bohemia	⊙	1579	Intensive silver mining for many centuries. From around 1560 there was a significant decrease in silver production. To counteract this, Rudolf II granted the privileges of a royal mountain town on November 20, 1579.
	Rudolfstadt ( Rudolfov )	Bohemia	⊙		Rapid increase in population in the mid-16th century. In 1575 Emperor Rudolf II elevated the settlement to a mining town that was to bear his name.
	Stroke forest ( Horní Slavkov )	Bohemia	⊙	1547	Mining Authority
	Schönfeld ( Krásno )	Bohemia	⊙	1547	Already raised to town in 1142 under the landlords of Riesenburg . On September 1, 1547, Emperor Ferdinand I elevated Schönfeld to the status of a royal mountain town and awarded a new coat of arms.
	St. Sebastiansberg ( Hora Svatého Šebestiána )	Bohemia	⊙	1597	In 1536, Sebastiansberg was granted customs privileges, in 1558 the city was elevated to a town by Emperor Ferdinand I and on April 1, 1563 to a town. Since 1558 it had an independent mining authority. In 1561 they got a mountain regulation. The mountain town, called "Bastianperk" in 1571 and growing rapidly due to the mining of silver, tin and copper, fell to Duke Ferdinand of Tyrol, later to Messrs. Hassenstein von Lobkowitz and in 1605 to the royal chamber. On January 2nd, 1597, Emperor Rudolf II elevated Sebastiansberg to a royal mountain town. In 1665, previous mining rights and privileges were confirmed by Emperor Leopold I, in 1782 by Emperor Joseph II and in 1795 by Emperor Franz II.
	Sonnenberg ( Výsluní )	Bohemia	⊙	1584	Lobkowitz
	Unterreichenstein ( Rejštejn )	Bohemia	⊙	1584	Formed by gold mining. City rights as early as the 14th century. 1584 Confirmation and pardon with city arms by Rudolph II.
	Weipert ( Vejprty )	Bohemia	⊙	1607	The border town of Weipert was first mentioned in 1413. Iron mining and an iron hammer probably already existed at that time. In 1533 the Preßnitz rule with Weipert was sold by the Counts of Lobkowitz to the Counts of Schlick, who intensified mining. Around 1550 supposedly silver finds under a fallen tree (shown in the coat of arms) and in 1570 the mountain shouting finally set in by the Milde-Hand-Gottes-Zeche, into which up to 300 miners drove. On January 3, 1607, raised to the rank of "Royal Mountain Town" by Emperor Rudolph II and finally on September 23, 1616 to the "Royal Free Mountain Town" by Emperor Matthias . Destroyed in the Thirty Years War, mining then only slowly got going again.

Margraviate of Moravia

coat of arms	Surname	Affiliation as a mountain town	location	year	Remarks
	Mountain town ( Horní Město )	Moravia	⊙	1580	Silver and some gold mining. Development of two cities in the immediate vicinity. The older miners' settlement Hangenstein was mentioned as early as 1398. On May 8, 1542 Ferdinand I issued a comprehensive BO for the Hangenstein estate, which was derived from the Kuttenberger, Iglauer and Joachimsthaler BO . In 1580, Rudolph II raised a settlement that at that time consisted of only six colliery houses and was only 1 km away under the name Bergstadt Hangenstein to a free mining town. Later, the name of the developing city was shortened to Bergstadt . Skaly (Hangenstein) is only part of Horní Město today .
	Goldenstein ( Branná )	Bohemia	⊙	1338	Gold mining. In 1338 (not as often stated in 1325) Charles IV (HRR) raised it to the status of a free mining town.
	Iglau ( Jihlava )	Moravia	⊙	1249	According to the legend after 799, secured in 1234/1235, there were profitable silver finds near Iglau. Subsequently, an intensive settlement by miners from the German area began. In 1248/49, Jura civium et montanorum, a Jihlava town and mining law based on customary law was written down, which was the first in Europe to regulate the administration of a mining (construction) town. After the coin reform in 1260 by Wenceslas I (Bohemia) , denarii were minted in the Iglau mint . For a long time, Iglau with its Bergschöppenstuhl was the center of mining jurisdiction, where foreign trades also obtained arbitration awards. Mining declined significantly as early as the 14th century. Depending on the source, the total production amounted to 363 to 488 t of Ag or only 200 t, the majority of which up to 1400. Until 1945 the German-speaking Iglauer Sprachinsel was preserved on an area of ​​around 400 km².
	Jamnitz ( Jemnice )	Moravia	⊙
	Moravian old town, Goldeck ( Staré Město )	Moravia	⊙

Kingdom of Hungary

The expressions "Lower Hungarian mountain towns" and "Upper Hungarian" mountain towns refer to their geographical location, seen from the Hron ( Gran ) river .

Göllnitz Jossau Rosenau Ruda Schmoellnitz Telken Neudorf Einsiedel Krompach Schwedler Push Car trunk Dobschau Dilln Koenigsberg Kremnitz Libeths Neusohl Pukkanz Schemnitz Old sole Bries carp

Mining towns in the Kingdom of Hungary , today mainly Slovakia (Map Slovakia)

Upper Hungary

The establishment of mining towns in this region has some peculiarities. The cities were founded by German colonists, the so-called Zipser Saxons , who immigrated here in the 13th century. The Hungarian King Stefan V granted them extensive privileges in 1271. These allowed them to comply with their own customary law, which was based on the Sachsenspiegel , the oldest German legal book. It was codified as Spiš arbitrary in 1370 . In 1344, 24 cities founded a federation and in 1349 the "Seven Spis Mountain Cities", the center of which was Göllnitz.

In 1821 the following seven Spiš mountain towns were named: Schwedler, Wagendrüssel, Einsiedel, Krompach, Göllnitz, Stoss and Schmöllnitz as the capital.

coat of arms	Surname	location	date	Remarks
	Göllnitz hu: Gölnicbánya sk: Gelnica	Slovakia ( Zips ) ( ⊙ )	1264	The most important town in the Lower Spiš is Göllnitz. After the arrival of the German miners it was declared a mining town by Béla IV (Hungary) as early as 1264 . In the period of flourishing copper and silver ore mining, it was elevated to the status of a royal mining town in 1317, endowed with Schemnitz law. In 1435 King Sigismund Göllnitz granted imperial immediacy with the seat of the Appellation Forum. The declining productivity of the ore finds also resulted in a loss of privileges. Since Schmöllnitz, despite the Swedish competition, still had extensive copper production, it took over the leading role in 1747, mountain court and appellation forum were relocated to Schmöllnitz. After the end of the anti-Habsburg uprisings, Göllnitz began to recover slowly, but the population was only between 4,000 and 5,000 people.
	Jossau, Joß hu: Jászó sk: Jasov	Slovakia ( ⊙ )	1243
	Rosenau hu: Rozsnyó sk: Rožňava	Slovakia ( ⊙ )
	Ruda hu: Rudabánya	Hungary ( ⊙ )	1351	It is one of the oldest mining towns in present-day Hungary and was privileged by King Ludwig the Great .
	Schmoellnitz hu: Szomolnok sk: Smolník	Slovakia (Zips) ( ⊙ )	1327	1327 to the royal. Bergstadt by Karl Robert Copper and silver ores have been mined in Schmöllnitz since the 13th century. The dismantling has often been interrupted. Pig iron was also produced and the mining of antimony and, above all, pyrite began in the 19th century. A special chapter in the context of mining methods is the cementation water, which in Schmöllnitz has been a useful raw material for centuries as a favorable secondary source of copper production. The cementation waters formed natural or artificial solutions of copper salts, mainly copper vitriol, from which the copper content was precipitated in a solid state by means of metallic iron. The greatest boom in cementation copper production occurred in the 19th century, when ten plants were in operation in Schmöllnitz. During the period of the greatest boom (19th century), 1,000 to 2,000 quintals of copper were produced. At the end of the third third of the 19th century, copper extraction from mine water showed a downward trend.
	Telken hu: Telkibánya	Hungary ( ⊙ )
	Zipser Neudorf hu: Igloo sk: Spišská Nová Ves	Slovakia ( ⊙ )	1380
	Einsiedel hu: Remete sk: Mníšek nad Hnilcom	Slovakia (Zips) ( ⊙ )		Einsiedel an der Göllnitz can also be seen as an old mining town.
	Krompach hu: Korompa sk: Krompachy	Slovakia (Zips) ( ⊙ )
	Schwedler hu: Svedlér sk: Švedlár	Slovakia (Zips) ( ⊙ )
	Push hu: Stósz sk: Štós	Slovakia (Zips) ( ⊙ )
	Car trunk hu: vaginal trunk sk: Nálepkovo	Slovakia (Zips) ( ⊙ )		Wagendrüssel is located in the western part of the Göllnitz valley. The German locator who founded the place in 1290 was called Pecoldus. Until 1924, mining played a decisive role in the economy there.
	Dobschau hu: Dobsina sk: Dobšiná	Slovakia ( ⊙ )		The first reliable news about Dobschau can be found in the founding deed from 1326. Copper, gold, silver and iron ore were mined throughout the Middle Ages. After 1680 the mining of cobalt and nickel shifted to asbestos.

Lower Hungary

The most important were the "golden Kremnitz", the "silver Schemnitz" and the "copper Neusohl" after the most important raw materials obtained there. An alliance of six mining towns had existed since 1405, of which Dilln was counted as the seventh in 1466.

Today all localities belong to Slovakia .

coat of arms	Surname	location	year	Remarks
	Kremnitz hu: Körmöcbánya sk: Kremnica	Slovakia ( perch ) ( ⊙ )	1328	Gold mining already proven in prehistoric times. On November 17, 1328, Kremnitz received privileges based on the model of Kuttenberg from the Hungarian King Karl Robert von Anjou and thus became a free mining town. In the same year, the mint began operations, which minted gold guilders here. The mines belonged to only a few "ring citizens" who lived in the market. The long-running mining industry produced around 46 tons of gold and 208 tons of silver between 1328 and 1970.
	Schemnitz hu: Selmecbánya sk: Banská Štiavnica	Kleinhonth ( ⊙ )	1217
	Neusohl hu: Beszterczebánya sk: Banská Bystrica	Sole ( ⊙ )		royal free mountain town
	Dilln hu: Bélabánya, Fejérbánya sk: Banská Belá	Kleinhonth ( ⊙ )
	Koenigsberg hu: Újbánya sk: Nová Baňa	Slovakia (perch) ( ⊙ )	1345
	Pukkanz hu: Bakabánya sk: Pukanec	Kleinhonth ( ⊙ )
	Libeths hu: Libetbánya sk: Ľubietová	Sole ( ⊙ )
	Old sole hu: Zólyom sk: Zvolen	Sole ( ⊙ )		Received privilege later
	Bries hu: Breznóbánya sk: Brezno	Sole ( ⊙ )		Received privilege later
	carp hu: corpona sk: Krupina	Sole ( ⊙ )		Received privilege later

Frauenbach Mittelstadt Rodenau Offenburg Großschlatten Altenburg Screeching source Pernseifen

Mining towns in Transylvania (Romania map)

Transylvania

At the invitation of the Hungarian King Géza II, the Transylvanian Saxons settled the area from the 12th century . In 1224 they were given extensive privileges in a charter by Andreas II , the Privilegium Andreanum , such as the choice of their own judges and the application of customary rights. In 1438 Albrecht II protected the miners of the cities of Offenburg, (Groß-) Schlatten, Altenburg and Kreischquell, which are later referred to as "the four mining towns of Transylvania".

coat of arms	Surname	location	year	Remarks
	Frauenbach, Groß-Neustadt hu: Nagybánya ro: Baia Mare	⊙
	Mittelstadt hu: Felsőbánya ro: Baia Sprie	⊙
	Rodenau hu: Óradna ro: Rodna	⊙
	Offenburg hu: Aranosbánya ro: Baia de Arieș	⊙		Offenburg in the valley of the Arieş River received the privilege of mountain freedom in 1325, which was confirmed by King Ludwig I in 1365, as well as its own jurisdiction and a coin for the minting of gold coins.
	Großschlatten hu: Abrudbánya ro: Abrud	⊙
	Altenburg hu: Körösbánya ro: Baia de Criș	⊙
	Screeching source hu: Kristyór ro: Crișcior	⊙
	Pernseifen hu: Boica ro: Băița	⊙

See also

• List of coats of arms with mallets and irons

literature

Saxony

• Ewald Victorin Dietrich, Gotthold August Weber: Brief overview of the history of mining in the royal Saxon Ore Mountains. According to Albinus Meißnischer Berg-Chronika in the compact excerpt freely edited and continued up to the most recent times, also provided with a tabular overview of the free mining towns of Saxony . Freyer, Annaberg 1822 ( digitized version ).
• Otfried Wagenbreth et al .: Mining in the Ore Mountains. Technical monuments and history . Ed .: Otfried Wagenbreth, Eberhard Wächtler . 1st edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1990, ISBN 3-342-00509-2 , p. 111-114 .
• Robin Hermann: Saxon ore mining. Mining towns & witnesses to old mining . 1st edition. Hermann, Chemnitz 2012, ISBN 978-3-940860-06-4 .

resin

• Heinrich Morich, Herbert Dennert : Small chronicle of the Upper Harz mining towns until the ore mining stopped . 5th edition. GDMB-Informationsgesellschaft, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1993, ISBN 3-9801786-2-5 .
• Wilfried Ließmann : Historical mining in the Harz. A short guide . 2nd Edition. Springer, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-540-62930-0 .
• Torsten Schröpfer: Treasure trove: Interesting facts about the West Harz mining and metallurgy . 1st edition. Pieper, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2000, ISBN 3-923605-08-0 .

Bohemia

• Johann Thaddäus Anton Peithner von Lichtenfels : Attempt on the natural and political history of the Bohemian and Moravian mines . Matthias Andreas Schmidt, Vienna 1780 ( digitized ).
• Kaspar von Sternberg : Outlines of a History of the Bohemian Mines . Gottlieb Haase Sons, Prague. Volume 1.1, 1836 ( digitized version ), Volume 1.2, 1837 ( digitized version ), Volume 2, 1838 ( digitized version )
• Vincenz Robert Widimsky: City arms of the Austrian imperial state publishing house = KK Hof- und Staatsdruckerei . Vienna 1864. Volume I: Kingdom of Bohemia ( digitized version ), Volume II: Duchy of Salzburg, III. Duchy of Silesia, IV. Duchy of Styria ( digitized version )
• Jaroslav Hrabánek: The history of mining in the Bohemian Ore Mountains . In: circular. Agricola Research Center Chemnitz . tape 15 . Oldenbourg, Chemnitz 2007, p. 5-42 ( PDF; 389 KB ).
• Robin Hermann: Bohemian ore mining. The old mining in the Bohemian Ore Mountains . 1st edition. Hermann, Chemnitz 2013, ISBN 978-3-940860-09-5 .

Hungary

• Günther Probszt : The Lower Hungarian mountain towns. Their development and economic importance up to the transition to the House of Habsburg (1546) . In: Book series of the Southeast German Historical Commission . tape 15 . Oldenbourg, Munich 1966.

• "With this bill comes a blessing". Gold, silver and copper from the Slovak Ore Mountains . In: Rainer Slotta , Jozef Labuda (ed.): Publications from the German Mining Museum Bochum . No. 69 . German Mining Museum, Bochum 1997.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Christian Friedrich Kessler von Sprengseisen: Topography of the Herzoglich-Sachsen-Koburg-Meiningischen proportion to the Duchy of Koburg, together with a geographical map of this country . Sonnenberg 1781, p. 157-161 ( digitized version ).
2. ↑ Paul Arnold, Werner Quellmalz (ed.): Saxon-Thuringian mining stamps . German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1978, p. 224-228 .
3. ↑ Wolfgang Schwabenicky : The medieval silver mining in the Erzgebirgsvorland and in the western Erzgebirge . Klaus Gumnior, Chemnitz 2009, ISBN 978-3-937386-20-1 .
4. ↑ Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.): Dialektologie. A manual for German and general dialect research . Second half volume. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1983, p. 903 ( Google preview ).
5. ↑ History of the mountain town of Bad Grund (Harz) , accessed on February 9, 2018.
6. ↑ Resolution on the award of the historic title Bergstadt by the State of Lower Saxony (p. 639)
7. ↑ Gabriela Wernerová: History Kraslická . 2015, p. 20 (Czech, zcu.cz [PDF; 6.6 MB ] Diploma thesis).
8. ↑ Constantin v. Nowicki: Overcoming the old copper mine in Graslitz in Bohemia . JG Calve, Prague 1862, p. 8–21 ( digitized version ).
9. ^ Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. Volume 17, 1843, p. 816 ( digitized version )
10. ^ History of mining in the town of Český Krumlov. Retrieved March 14, 2018 . 
11. ↑ K. Sternberg: Outlines of a History of the Bohemian Mines. Volume 1.1, pp. 216-234.
12. ↑ K. Sternberg: Outlines of a History of the Bohemian Mines. Volume 1.2, pp. 181-183.
13. ↑ L. Chevalier: Sketch of a history of mining in Mies . In: Communications for the history of the Germans in Bohemia . tape XIV , 1876, p. 283-297 ( digitized version ).
14. ^ Franz Xaver Schneider: Textbook of mining law for the entire countries of the Austrian monarchy . Geržabek, Prague 1848, p. 23 ( digitized version ).
15. ^ Karl Berger: The history of the city Roman city . In: Journal of the German Association for the History of Moravia . 1908, p. 208-212 ( digitized version ).
16. ^ Karl Berger: The settlement of the German north Moravia in the 13th and 14th centuries . German Primary School Association in Moravia, Brno 1933, p. 234 ( Google snippet ).
17. ↑ Joachim Bahlcke, Winfried Eberhard, Miloslav Polívka: Handbook of the historical places: Bohemia and Moravia . In: Joachim Bahlcke (Ed.): Kröner's pocket edition . tape 327 . Alfred Kröner, Stuttgart 1998, p. 166 ( Google snippet ).
18. ↑ Jiří Majer : Business cycles and crises in the Bohemian silver mining of the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. About their causes and consequences . In: Business Cycles in European Mining in Pre-Industrial Times . Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2000, p. 73-84 .
19. ^ Johann Adolf Tomaschek: The old mining law of Iglau and its mining law aldermen . Wagner University Bookstore, Innsbruck 1897, p. 234 ( digitized version ).
20. ↑ Petr Hrubý, Petr Hejhal, Karel Malý: Mining archaeological investigations in Jihlava-Staré Hory (Iglau-Altenberg, Czech Republic) . In: Journal of Archeology of the Middle Ages . tape 35 , 2007, p. 17–60 ( PDF; 4.1 MB ).
21. ↑ The Iglauer Sprachinsel. Retrieved March 29, 2018 . 
22. ↑ John of Czaplowics: Topographic-statistical archive of the Kingdom Ungern. Vienna: Anton, Volume 2, p. 314 ( digitized version )
23. ↑ Rudabánya official website accessed on May 26, 2019
24. ↑ Katalin Gönczi, Wieland Karls: Saxon-Magdeburg Law in Hungary and Romania. Autonomy and legal transfer in the Danube and Carpathian regions . De Gruyter, 2013, p. 70 ( Google preview )
25. ↑ Office language research. An international manual . De Gruyter, 2012, p. 559 ( Google preview )
26. ^ Rainer Slotta: The Slovak Ore Mountains and its monuments . In: "With this bill comes a blessing". Gold, silver and copper from the Slovak Ore Mountains . 1997, p. 81 .