Master star

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The two championship stars of the German U-19 women's national soccer team on the jersey of soccer player Melanie Leupolz

Champion stars are marks of football clubs and national football teams for titles they have won. These are placed on their jerseys in the form of stars . Depending on the country or competition, the championship stars are distributed according to different criteria. In various competitions, the association has regulations on the right to use master stars. In other competitions, champions stars are used autonomously by the club. The origin of this jersey decoration lies in Italy : There Juventus Turin received a symbolic star for the first time in recognition of the ten championships they had won at the end of the 1950s.

Design

The championship stars are usually placed above the club's coat of arms, in exceptional cases underneath or on the sleeve of the jersey. The color of the master stars is mainly gold or yellow; some clubs adapt the color of the master star to their club colors for optical reasons. As a rule, the star is designed as a five-pointed star ( pentagram ).

Football World Cup

Logo of the Brazilian national soccer team with five stars

Each soccer world champion receives one star for each world championship won.

Men's soccer world champion
National team Stars World championship title won in the year
BrazilBrazil Brazil 5 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002
GermanyGermany Germany 4th 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014
ItalyItaly Italy 4th 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006
UruguayUruguay Uruguay (4, see text) ( 1924 ), ( 1928 ), 1930 , 1950
ArgentinaArgentina Argentina 2 1978 , 1986
FranceFrance France 2 1998 , 2018
EnglandEngland England 1 1966
SpainSpain Spain 1 2010

The Uruguayan national soccer team wears four stars on its jersey: two for the World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 and two for victories at the Summer Olympics in Paris in 1924 and Amsterdam in 1928 . The stars for the two victories in the Olympic soccer tournaments have been added, as no soccer world championship was held in the 1920s and the two Olympic victories therefore have the same status as a World Cup title in the opinion of the Uruguayan soccer association . In 1950, FIFA recognized the two Olympic victories as world championships.

The German team has only been wearing the stars since qualifying for the European Championship in 1996. The Brazilian players, on the other hand, can already be seen in pictures of the 1974 World Cup with three stars on their jerseys. After winning the World Cup final in 2010, the Spanish players immediately put on new jerseys with a star above the association's logo and pointedly pointed to the star. On the white home jerseys of the English national team at the 2006 World Cup in Germany, there was a gold star above the association's coat of arms. On the jerseys of the 2010 vintage, however, the star was rather inconspicuous. The white home jerseys had a white star, the red jerseys a red one that was only faintly contrasted with the ground. He was a bit more visible on the goalkeeper's shirts. For the Euro 2012, England competed with jerseys on which the star is more clearly recognizable. The Italian national team wore three stars on their jersey for the first time during the 1994 World Cup in the USA. The French national team already wore the championship star over the national coat of arms as defending champions at the 2002 World Cup.

Logo of the German women's national soccer team
Women's soccer world champion
National team Stars World championship title won in the year
United StatesUnited States United States 4th 1991 , 1999 , 2015 , 2019
GermanyGermany Germany 2 2003 , 2007
NorwayNorway Norway 1 1995
JapanJapan Japan 1 2011

In some associations where the women have not yet won a world title, e.g. B. Brazil, France or Italy, the women wear the men's world championship stars on their jerseys. The German team also wore the men's three stars until they won their first title.

A separate regulation for Junior World Championships, which z. B. would allow the Argentine U 20 to land with six stars does not exist. The junior teams generally compete with the number of stars that corresponds to the World Cup titles of the A teams.

Europe

European Football Championship

The national team of Denmark wore a little star on their jersey during the 2004 European Football Championship in Portugal to commemorate the European Football Championship they won in Sweden in 1992 .

UEFA Champions League

In the past, clubs like Liverpool FC or Real Madrid decorated their jerseys with stars for their titles in the Champions League and the European Cup. From the UEFA regulation was finally taken after the clubs who have won three consecutive times or five times in the UEFA Champions League and its predecessor competition, the national champion trophy, a silver honor Coat of Arms (Champions League trophy and the number of victories) on the left sleeve of the jersey. These are

  • Real Madrid (13 titles, including five in a row 1956–1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016–2018)
  • AC Milan (7 titles in 1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007)
  • Liverpool FC (6 titles 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005, 2019)
  • FC Bayern Munich (6 titles, including three in a row 1974–1976, 2001, 2013, 2020)
  • FC Barcelona (5 titles 1992, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015)
  • Ajax Amsterdam (4 titles, including three in a row 1971–1973, 1995)
Champion star above the club logo on an
Olympique Marseille shirt

As a sign of their victories in the Champions League and the European Cup, Olympique Marseille (winner 1993) and Celtic Glasgow (winner 1967) wear a star above their official club crest. Aston Villa (winner 1982) integrated the star into the club crest, which was redesigned in 2007. Also the final jersey from Manchester United in 1999, contained a logo with star, which in the victory of the 1967-68 European Cup should, who was by then the only one in the club's history, remember.

Traditional rules for national championships

According to the traditional European rule in club football, a football club receives one star for every ten championship titles. This rule is used in many European football associations - for example by the associations in Albania , Belgium , Austria , Switzerland , Italy , the Netherlands , France , Scotland , Ireland , Romania , Ukraine , Serbia , Hungary , Bulgaria , Malta , Sweden , Finland , Norway and Cyprus . In Poland, a gold star is awarded for ten championship titles, a silver star for 5 to 9 championships and a white star for 1 to 4 championships above the coat of arms. Whether the championship star is worn is up to the respective club.

The associations from England , Spain , the Czech Republic and Croatia do not award championship stars.

Netherlands
society Stars title
Ajax Amsterdam 3 33
PSV Eindhoven 2 22nd
Feyenoord Rotterdam 1 14th
HVV The Hague 1 10
Austria
society Stars title
SK Rapid Vienna 3 32
FK Austria Vienna 2 24
FC Red Bull Salzburg a 1 13
FC Wacker Innsbruck b 1 10
a The club does not claim the titles of the previous club.
bThe club claims the championships of its predecessor clubs FC Wacker Innsbruck (5), FC Swarovski Tirol (2) and FC Tirol (3).
Switzerland
society Stars title
Grasshopper Club Zurich 2 27
FC Basel 2 20th
Servette FC Genève 1 17th
BSC Young Boys 1 13
FC Zurich 1 12
Italy
society Stars title
Juventus Turin 3 33
Inter Milan 1 18th
AC Milan 1 18th
Czech Republic b
society Stars title
Sparta Prague 3 32 (11)
Slavia Prague 1 16 (3)
FK Dukla Prague 1 11
Cyprus
society Stars title
APOEL Nicosia 2 20th
Omonia Nicosia 1 19th
Anorthosis Famagusta 1 13
Hungary
society Stars title
Ferencváros Budapest 2 28
MTK Budapest FC 2 23
Újpest Budapest 2 20th
Honvéd Budapest 1 13
Malta
society Stars title
Sliema Wanderers 2 26th
FC Floriana 2 25th
Valletta FC 1 19th
Serbia
society Stars title
FK Red Star Belgrade 3 30th
FK Partizan Belgrade 2 27
Romania
society Stars title
Steaua Bucharest / FCSB Bucharest 2 23
Dinamo Bucharest 1 18th
France
society Stars title
AS Saint-Etienne 1 10
Portugal a
society Stars title
Benfica Lisbon 3 35
Scotland a
society Stars title
Glasgow Rangers 5 54
Greece a
society Stars title
Olympiacos Piraeus 4th 42
Belgium a
society Stars title
RSC Anderlecht 3 30th
Standard Liege 1 10
Ireland a
society Stars title
Shamrock Rovers 1 15th
Shelbourne FC 1 13
Bohemians Dublin 1 10
Albania a
society Stars title
KF Tirana 2 23
Bulgaria a
society Stars title
CSKA Sofia 3 31
Sweden a
society Stars title
Malmö FF 2 20th
IFK Gothenburg 1 18th
IFK Norrköping 1 13
Örgryte IS 1 12
Djurgårdens IF 1 11
AIK Solna 1 10
Finland
society Stars title
HJK Helsinki 2 21st
Norway
society Stars title
Rosenborg Trondheim 2 20th
Poland
society Stars title
Górnik Zabrze 1 golden 14th
Ruch Chorzów 1 golden 14th
Wisła Krakow 1 golden 12
Ukraine
society Stars title
Dynamo Kiev 2 26th
aThe clubs from Portugal , Scotland , Greece , Belgium , Ireland , Sweden , Albania and Bulgaria do not all have the appropriate number of stars for their titles. The FC Porto , Sporting Lisbon , Celtic FC , AEK Athens , Panathinaikos , FC Bruges , Bohemians Dublin , KS Dinamo Tirana , FK Partizani Tirana and Levski Sofia forego previously it.
bThe clubs from the Czech Republic count the titles from the time of Czechoslovakia to those of the independent Czech league since 1992. The latter are noted in brackets, outside the brackets are the entire championship titles.

Special regulations for national championships

Germany

In Germany there are two different systems according to which master stars are awarded. A regulation was introduced by the German Football League for the 2004/05 season and is only binding for those clubs that are currently in the national leagues . A second regulation was introduced by the German Football Association for the 2005/06 season. The DFB regulation is rejected by the DFL and therefore only applies to clubs outside the direct sphere of influence of the DFL, i.e. for clubs that are currently in the 3rd division or lower divisions.

Only championships that were won in the Bundesliga (i.e. championship titles in the Federal Republic of Germany since the 1963/64 season) fall under the DFL regulation. Since the German Bundesliga has in its history, in addition to one dominating team (FC Bayern Munich), several clubs with a comparatively small number of championships, the DFL decided on an unusual distribution:

  • From three championships: one star
  • From five championships: two stars
  • From ten championships: three stars
  • From twenty championships: four stars

The fact that this system is only applied to Bundesliga championships led to widespread criticism from clubs that won the GDR Oberliga championships and championships before the introduction of the Bundesliga soccer league. The regulation was criticized mainly by the BFC Dynamo with its ten championship titles in the GDR league, but also by other teams. On March 18, 2005, it was decided at the DFB Presidium Meeting - subject to the approval of the DFL - that all German champions before the 1963/64 season as well as all GDR champions should be given the opportunity to add stars according to the above rating to lead their jerseys.

However, the DFL rejected this application. Although it also made a corresponding recommendation to the German Football Association, the DFB did not follow it. For teams in lower divisions than the 2nd Bundesliga, the DFB decided on July 19, 2005 a new regulation for championships won before 1963/64 or in the GDR: According to this, clubs with at least one such title are allowed to wear a single star over the club emblem, the can optionally carry the number of championship titles won (before 1963/64 or GDR title) in its center. This regulation only applies to clubs outside the 1st and 2nd Bundesliga. B. Dynamo Dresden could not wear a star during its seasons in the 2nd Bundesliga.

Dynamo Dresden (eight GDR championship titles) and Fortuna Düsseldorf (German champion 1933) were among the first clubs to wear a star due to this regulation . Rot-Weiß Erfurt and 1. FC Magdeburg have given their jerseys a star for the GDR championships they have won in 2009: Erfurt won the title in 1954 and 1955, and Magdeburg won the GDR championship in 1972, 1974 and 1975. Since 2011 Hansa Rostock's jersey is also decorated with a star with the number 1 for the last GDR / NOFV championship won in 1991.

Deviating from both regulations, SpVgg Greuther Fürth showed three stars in its logo until 2017, as a sign of the three championship titles won as Spielvereinigung Fürth in 1914, 1926 and 1929. However, Fürth had to wear a logo without stars on the game jerseys. The association solved this by wearing the clover leaf on his chest, as it has done traditionally for many decades. The club coat of arms was finally changed in 2017.

society official
DFL
stars
theoretical
diagram
star a
League
season 2020/21
Bundesliga
title
German
championships
before 1963
GDR
Oberliga
champions
Total
title
FC Bayern Munich 4th 4th Bundesliga 29 1 - 30th
Borussia Dortmund 2 2 Bundesliga 5 3 - 8th
Borussia Monchengladbach 2 2 Bundesliga 5 - - 5
Hamburger SV 1 2 2nd Bundesliga 3 3 - 6th
VfB Stuttgart 1 2 Bundesliga 3 2 - 5
Werder Bremen 1 1 Bundesliga 4th - - 4th
BFC Dynamo 0 3 Regionalliga Nordost (4th division) - - 10 10
1. FC Nuremberg 0 2 2nd Bundesliga 1 8th - 9
Dynamo Dresden 0 2 3rd league - - 8th 8th
FC Schalke 04 0 2 Bundesliga - 7th - 7th
1. FC Frankfurt (Oder)
(as ASK / FC Vorwärts Berlin)
0 2 Brandenburg League (6th division) - - 6th 6th
1. FC Kaiserslautern 0 1 3rd league 2 2 - 4th
1. FC Cologne 0 1 Bundesliga 2 1 - 3
SpVgg Greuther Fürth
(as SpVgg Fürth)
0 1 2nd Bundesliga - 3 - 3
VfB Leipzig 0 1 b - 3 - 3
FC Erzgebirge Aue
(as SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt)
0 1 2nd Bundesliga - - 3 3
1. FC Magdeburg 0 1 3rd league - - 3 3
FC Carl Zeiss Jena 0 1 Regionalliga Nordost (4th division) - - 3 3
a Stars that should be worn by counting all championships.
bThe VfB Leipzig after bankruptcy has been liquidated. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig , founded by former members, is not an official successor club and is therefore not entitled to credit for the successes of VfB Leipzig.

Russia

A team receives one star for every five championships won. The championships of the Soviet era are also counted. Spartak Moscow has the largest number of stars with 22 championships won.

Russia
society Stars title
Spartak Moscow 4th 22nd
CSKA Moscow 2 13
FK Dynamo Moscow 2 11
Zenit Saint Petersburg 1 6th

Turkey

A team receives one star for every five championships won.

Turkey
society Stars title
Galatasaray Istanbul 4th 22nd
Fenerbahçe Istanbul 3 19th
Beşiktaş Istanbul 3 16
Trabzonspor 1 6th

Both the reigning Turkish champions and the reigning Turkish cup winners get a circular logo that resembles the Turkish flag. The logo for the champion and the cup winner are identical. Should a club be champions and cup winners at the same time, they will only get the logo on their jersey once. This logo can be worn as long as the club is Turkish champions and / or cup winners.

America

In America , a different rule applies to the distribution of master stars than in Europe. In some countries a star is awarded for every tenth championship or a star for every championship won. In addition, some American clubs wear stars for their continental titles or for their world cup titles .

Argentina

In Argentina, clubs wear stars for various reasons.

society Stars title
Argentinos Juniors 4th 4 blue stars for two Argentinian championships as well as one victory each at the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Interamericana .
Boca Juniors 3 3 stars for three world cup titles won .
CA Chacarita Juniors 1 1 yellow star for a victory in the Metropolitano championship.
CA Lanus 2 2 white stars for a title in the Apertura and a title in the Copa Conmebol .
Newell's Old Boys 6th 6 white stars for six Argentine championships.
Rosario Central 6th 4 small blue stars under the coat of arms for four Argentine championships, 1 small blue star under the coat of arms for a victory in the Copa Conmebol and 1 large yellow star for the 115th anniversary above the coat of arms.
Club Atlético Talleres 2 2 gold stars for a win in the Copa Conmebol and the title in the Argentine second division championship (Nacional B).
CA Vélez Sarsfield 11 1 big star for a world cup title and 10 smaller stars for all other titles in club history.
Estudiantes de La Plata 9 9 little stars around the logo for all titles won in the club's history.
Quilmes AC 2 2 yellow stars for an Argentine championship (Metropolitano) and an Argentine amateur championship (before the introduction of the Argentine professional league).
Racing Club Avellaneda 1 1 star for a world cup title.

Brazil

In Brazil there is no uniform regulation for the award of stars, so that every football club can introduce its own rules. Usually a club receives one star for each championship. In addition to their stars for the national championship titles , the three FIFA club world champions Corinthians São Paulo , FC São Paulo and SC Internacional also have a big star (Corinthians, Internacional) and three red stars (São Paulo FC) for their world championship or championship titles. World cup title . On December 2, 2016, the South American Football Association declared CONMEBOL the winner of the Copa Sudamericana 2016 at the request of Atlético Nacional Associação Chapecoense de Futebol . Due to the plane crash on the way to the final, in which a large part of the team was killed, the game was canceled . On December 8, 2016, Associação Chapecoense de Futebol announced that they would add two stars to their club logo. A star above the actual coat of arms stands for winning the Copa Sudamericana 2016.

society Stars Championships description
Atlético Mineiro 1 1 1 yellow star for a Brazilian championship title .
Corinthians São Paulo 0 6th six Brazilian championship titles, one win at the Libertadores and two wins at the FIFA Club World Cup. In 2011 Corinthians abolished the stars for their fifth championship win; up to then there were four yellow (championships) and above them a yellow star framed in silver (FIFA Club World Cup).
Coritiba FC 1 1 1 yellow star for a Brazilian championship.
EC Bahia 2 1 2 yellow stars for a Brazilian championship and a cup win (Taca Brasil)
Flamengo Rio de Janeiro 1 6th 1 gold star for a world cup title. Flamengo used to wear four stars on its jersey, but these were abolished in 2004.
Fluminense Rio de Janeiro 3 2 3 yellow stars for two Brazilian championships and for a win at the Copa do Brasil .
Gremio Porto Alegre 3 2 1 gold star for a world cup title, 1 silver star for the two Copa Libertadores victories and 1 bronze star for all national (Brazilian championship and cup) titles.
SC Internacional 6th 3 5 yellow stars for three Brazilian championships and one victory each in the Copa do Brasil and the Copa Libertadores as well as 1 gray star for the FIFA Club World Cup.
EC Santo André 1 0 1 yellow star for a win at the Copa do Brasil.
FC Santos 2 2 2 yellow stars for two world cup titles.
Sao Paulo FC 5 6th 3 red stars for three victories in the World Cup or the FIFA Club World Cup and 2 yellow stars for two victories in the Copa Libertadores.
CR Vasco da Gama 8th 4th 8 yellow stars for four Brazilian championships as well as for one victory each at the Copa Libertadores, the Copa Mercosur , the Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones and the Campeonato Invicito de Terra e Mar.

Chile

society Stars title
Colo Colo 1 1 ( Copa Libertadores )
Universidad de Chile 1 1 ( Copa Sudamericana )

Costa Rica

A football club receives one star for every tenth championship.

society Stars title
CD Saprissa 3 30 championships

Ecuador

A football club receives one star for every championship in Serie A.

society Stars title
Barcelona Sporting Club 13 13 championships
Club Sport Emelec 10 10 championships
LDU Quito 1 1 ( Copa Libertadores )

Mexico

In Mexico, each team receives one star for each championship they win.

society Stars title
Deportivo Guadalajara 11 9 1 CONCACAF Champions League
Club America 10 7 5 CONCACAF Champions League
Deportivo Toluca 9 9
CD Cruz Azul 8th 8 5 CONCACAF Champions League
UNAM Pumas 6th 6 3 CONCACAF Champions League
Club León 5 5
CF Pachuca 5 5 + 4 (3 CONCACAF Champions League , 1 Copa Sudamericana )
CF Monterrey 4th 4 1 CONCACAF Champions League
Club Necaxa 3 3 1 CONCACAF Champions League
CF Atlante 3 3
Santos Laguna 3 3
Puebla FC 2 2
UANL Tigres 2 2
CD Veracruz 2 2
CD Zacatepec 2 2
CD Estudiantes Tecos 1 1
Monarcas Morelia 1 1

Paraguay

society Stars title
Club Olimpia 1 1 (World Cup Winner)

Peru

society Stars title
Club Sportivo Cienciano 2 1 (Copa Sudamericana), 1 (Recopa Sudamericana)

Venezuela

In Venezuela, each team receives one star for each championship it has won.

society Stars title
Caracas FC 11 11
Deportivo Táchira FC 8th 8th
Deportivo Petare 5 5
Portuguesa FC 5 5
Deportivo Galicia 4th 4th
Deportivo Portugués 4th 4th
Marítimo Caracas 4th 4th

United States

Since the US Major League Soccer has only existed since 1996, each team receives one star for each championship it has won. This star but it receives until the season after next, since it carries the following season, first the symbol of the reigning champions on the jersey, called the Scudetto , following the Italian Serie A . There is also a small star above the Scudetto symbol.

society Stars title
DC United 5 5
Los Angeles Galaxy 4th 4th
Houston Dynamo 2 2
San Jose Earthquakes 2 2
Sporting Kansas City 2 2
Chicago Fire 1 1
Colorado Rapids 1 1
Columbus crew 1 1
Real Salt Lake 1 1

Africa

African Championship

Each African champion receives one star for each title won.

African men's soccer champions
National team Stars African championship title won in the year
EgyptEgypt Egypt 7th 1957 , 1959 , 1986 , 1998 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010
CameroonCameroon Cameroon 5 1984 , 1988 , 2000 , 2002 , 2017
GhanaGhana Ghana 4th 1963 , 1965 , 1978 , 1982
NigeriaNigeria Nigeria 3 1980 , 1994 , 2013
Ivory CoastIvory Coast Ivory Coast 2 1992 , 2015
AlgeriaAlgeria Algeria 1 1990
TunisiaTunisia Tunisia 1 2004
ZambiaZambia Zambia 1 2012

African Champions League

Clubs that have won the CAF Champions League are allowed to wear one star above their club logo for each title.

African soccer leagues

The traditional regulation applies as in Europe. Clubs from Tunisia , Algeria , Morocco , Egypt , Libya etc. are allowed to put a star over their coat of arms for every ten championships they win. Some African clubs wear stars for their CAF Champions League titles instead of championships.

Tunisia
society Stars title
Espérance Sportive de Tunis 2 28 championships
Club Africain Tunis 1 13 championships
Étoile Sportive du Sahel 1 1 (CAF Champions League)
Egypt
society Stars title
al Ahly Cairo 3 36 championships
al Zamalek SC 5 5 (CAF Champions League)
Morocco
society Stars title
Wydad Casablanca 1 12 championships
AS FAR Rabat 1 12 championships
Raja Casablanca 4th 10 championships, 3 (CAF Champions League)
Algeria
society Stars title
JS Kabylie 6th 2 (CAF Champions League), 1 (African Cup Winners' Cup), 3 (CAF Cup)
ES Sétif 4th 1 (CAF Champions League), 1 (Afro-Asian Cup), 2 (Arab Champions League)
MC Alger 1 1 (CAF Champions League)
Libya
society Stars title
Al-Ittihad 1 16 championships
Al-Ahly Tripoli 1 11 championships

Arabia

Clubs that have won the Arab World Club Cup are allowed to wear one star per title.

Similar honors

  • The winners of the World Cup , Women's World Cup , Futsal World Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup receive a special FIFA winner's badge, which they can wear for as long as the association or club is the current world champion.
  • In the German Bundesliga, the reigning champions receive a golden Bundesliga logo on the sleeve of the jersey.
  • In Italy, the reigning champions receive the Scudetto logo and the reigning cup winners the Coccarda Di Coppa Italia logo. Both logos can be worn on the jersey as long as the club is champion or cup winner.
  • In Portugal, the reigning champions receive a logo of the Portuguese association, which can be worn on the jersey as long as the association is Portuguese champions.
  • In Turkey, both the reigning Turkish champions and the reigning Turkish cup winners receive a circular logo that is similar to the Turkish flag. Unlike z. B. in Italy the logo for the champion and the cup winner is identical. If a club is both champion and cup winner at the same time, only this team gets the logo on the jersey. If the champions and the cup winners are two different teams, both teams wear this logo on their jerseys. This logo can be worn as long as the club is Turkish champions and / or cup winners.
  • In England, Manchester City wore three stars on their jerseys, but these were only intended for decorative purposes.
  • In Scotland, Aberdeen FC has worn two stars over the club emblem since the 2005/06 season. The stars stand for the two victories in the European Cup Winners' Cup and in the European Supercup 1983.
  • Nacional Montevideo carries three small trophies over its club crest for three world cup titles it has won .

Master stars in other sports

Individual evidence

  1. Uruguay Olympia Siege , report on dailymail.co.uk from June 21, 2014, page in English, accessed on July 15, 2018
  2. World Cup championship stars on the 2020 DFB jersey, paragraph: England at the EM 2012 with a bigger star , accessed on March 5, 2020
  3. The DFB's U-19 team was awarded three stars at the 2014 European Championships , which took place shortly after the 2014 World Cup , to enable the A-Elf to premiere the four-star jersey at the international match in September.
  4. Blick: FCB are champions: Swiss coaching colleagues congratulate them on their 20th title. Retrieved April 30, 2017 .
  5. Stuttgart gets its first star ( memento from September 6, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  6. FAZ.net: Master stars for Dynamo and Fortuna . August 29, 2007.