Rehberg (Wasgau)

Rehberg
View from Trifels over Bindersbach to Rehberg
height	576.8  m above sea level NHN
location	near Waldrohrbach ; District of Südliche Weinstrasse , Rhineland-Palatinate ( Germany )
Mountains	Wasgau → Palatinate Forest
Dominance	7 km →  Orensberg ( 581.2  m )
Notch height	320.6 m ↓  depression northwest of Hauenstein, junction L  495 from the B 10 ( 256.2  m )
Coordinates	49 ° 10 '54 "  N , 7 ° 58' 13"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 10 '54 "  N , 7 ° 58' 13"  E
Type	Kegelückenberg
rock	Buntsandstein and Zechstein rock units
Age of the rock	251–243 million years (red sandstone) , 256–251 million years (Zechstein)
particularities	Second highest mountain in the Wasgau, Rehbergturm ( AT )

The Rehberg in Rhineland-Palatinate is 576.8  m above sea level. NHN is the second highest mountain of the Wasgau ( French : Vasgovie ) after the Großer Wintersberg (approx.  581  m ) in northern Alsace , the German-French southern part of the Palatinate Forest that extends from the Queich to the Zaberner Steige . In relation to the German part of the Wasgau, the Rehberg is the highest elevation. As part of the Palatinate Forest-Vosges du Nord biosphere reserve, it is subject to special protection regulations.

It is located 2 km south of the core town of Annweiler and has a lookout tower on the hilltop , the Rehbergturm named after the mountain . This offers the visitor an unobstructed panoramic view over large parts of the Palatinate Forest and the Upper Rhine Plain to the mountain ranges of the Odenwald , Black Forest and Vosges .

Geographical location

The Rehberg rises as a conical single mountain in the northeastern Wasgau immediately southwest above the Annweiler district of Bindersbach . In the south the mountain is bounded by the valley of the Kaiserbach with the community Waldrohrbach . It has an oval base with a diameter of 1 to 2 km and towers over its immediate surroundings by almost 400 m. To the south-east of its main summit, there are two more conspicuous cone mountains, the Small ( 451.2  m ) and the Large Hahnstein ( 411.4  m ); the names of these two mountains do not refer to their height, but to the size of the rock formations of the same name on their peaks. In the north-west lies the Asselstein (approx.  400  m ; see section Natural Monuments ) and in the west-north-west the Ebersberg ( 462.1  m ) with the Wasgaublick .

geology

Emergence

View from Lindelbrunn Castle over the leveled areas of the Rotliegend and Zechstein to the Rehberg (center, back)

The concise mountain pyramid of the Rehberg is primarily determined by the rock units of the Buntsandstein and Zechstein , the sediments of which were deposited in the outgoing Permian (256 to 251 million years ago) and at the beginning of the Triassic (251 to 243 million years ago) under predominantly desert-like climatic conditions .

Tectonic processes in the palaeogene (65 to 23.8 million years ago) during the formation of the Upper Rhine Rift brought these rock layers into a new storage, which determines the current image of the Rehberg and its surroundings. They raised the edges of the ditch, the overburden was then removed and the red sandstone and in some cases older rocks such as Zechstein and Rotliegend exposed. The rock layers got inclined, were arched (shifted and bent) and broken by faults .

These bulges ("Südpfälzer Sattel") were particularly pronounced in the south-eastern part of the Palatinate Forest, also in the Rehberg area, so that the surface layers were then more heavily eroded. Since the formations of the Zechstein, z. B. the Annweiler and Speyerbach layers , in comparison to the red sandstone, consist more of fine-grain sandstones with a clayey bond and shale clay and are therefore softer, this material was cleared out better. Flat areas and wide valleys formed, as can be seen particularly southwest of the Rehberg in the direction of Völkersweiler and Gossersweiler . On the other hand, parts of the Lower Buntsandstein , the so-called Trifels and Rehberg layers, withstood weathering and erosion better , as they are mostly made of harder quartz sandstone . Over the course of millions of years, the often conical mountain shapes and bizarre rock formations of the Wasgau came into being, many of which tower between the leveling areas of the Rotliegend and the Zechstein and of which the Rehberg is a typical example.

Structure (stratigraphy)

Summit region of the Rehberg: rock formations of the Rehberg layers

The geological structure of the Rehberg can best be seen on a hike to its summit. If you start the ascent z. B. in the Annweiler district of Bindersbach in the valley of the same name, you first cross the exposed sediments of the Karbon and Rotliegend (e.g. clay, silt and fine sand stones) and reach the Zechstein deposits at heights of around 250 to 350  m where in the Upper Zechstein massive and crazy layered fine and medium sandstones Annweilerschichten , and above brownish-red and gray red mudstones that Speyerbach layers are observed.

The actual Rehberg massif, which consists of the rock layers of the Lower Buntsandstein, rises above these levels from about 350  m . After crossing the Trifelsstraße, you first have to overcome a steep slope about 100 m high, interspersed with boulders, which is made up of particularly hard, quartz-rich and pebble-bound middle and coarse sandstones of the Trifels layers, which are about 80 to 100 m thick. They form the back of the Rehberg, which reaches a height of 450  m and on which the round, approximately 100 m high, conical summit rests. This consists of the second sequence of layers of the Lower Buntsandstein, the Rehberg layers , for whose name the Rehberg was the godfather.

In contrast to the compact rock unit of the Trifelsschichten , the rock sequence of the Rehbergschichten consists of several small-scale rock zones, which alternate with thin clay layers , the latter often forming a source horizon (see section Waters ). On the ascent to the summit, it is noticeable that the deep red sandstones of this formation now have a finer-grained, less crystallized structure and are therefore less weather-resistant. The actual summit area, consisting of a rock bank, is also formed by the rocks of the Rehberg layers , whereby the so-called sandstone vegetation is particularly prominent (see section on natural monuments ).

Surface shape (geomorphology and topography)

shape

The Rehberg as Kegelückenberg: View from the southwest

The surface shape of the Rehberg is characterized by a ridge with a rocky nose and steep slopes, which is formed by the trifle layers and on which a summit consisting of the Rehberg layers is placed (see section Structure ). Geiger therefore describes it in his typology of the mountain and rock forms of the Wasgau as a characteristic example of a cone ridge mountain , which in the case of the Rehberg rises as a striking mountain figure with steep slopes about 300 to 400 m from its surroundings and dominates the surrounding mountain landscape.

Dominance and notch height

The Rehberg as a particularly distinctive mountain shape with a comparatively large notch height: View from the Rhine plain near Klingenmünster to the west

The closest mountains that exceed the Rehberg in height are the Orensberg ( 581.2  m ) and the Roßberg ( 637  m ); they are located at a distance of 7 or 8 km as the crow flies northeast of the Queichtal (=  dominance ). If you draw a connecting line, which should move at the highest possible height ("mountain ridge"), to the next higher summit, in the case of the Rehberg this is the Weißenberg with a height of 609.9  m . If you determine the lowest point on this line, you get the notch , here a depression north-west of Hauenstein , branch L  495 from the B 10 ( 256.2  m ). The difference between the height of the Rehberg and that of this depression (= notch height or prominence of the mountain) is 320.6 m. This relatively high value for a low mountain range peak can be explained by the special morphological position of the mountain described above.

Additional information is obtained when the individual directions are taken into account . While the next higher mountains in the central and eastern Palatinate Forest are only about 10 to 15 km away to the north of the Rehberg (e.g. Kesselberg , 661.8  m ), the distance in the east / northeast is to the Odenwald (e.g. . Hardberg , 593.1  m ) to about 70 km and in the case of the northern Black Forest about 80 to 90 km (e.g. Merkur , 668.3  m ). If you check the further course of the mountains on the left bank of the Rhine towards the south and south-west, you come across the Großer Wintersberg (approx.  581  m ) near Bad Niederbronn in Alsace at a distance of 34 km and next to the Zaberner Steige, already south of the Zaberner Steige , 75 km away located Schlossberg (approx.  584  m ) with Ochsenstein Castle . On the other hand, if you move westwards along the 49th  parallel , there are no elevations up to the French Atlantic coast that exceed the Rehberg in height.

Waters

Rehbergquelle on the northwest flank of the Rehberg

Since the sandy soils of the Rehberg are very permeable to water, the rainwater can quickly seep into the ground and be stored and forwarded as groundwater , especially in the rocky areas of the Trifels and Rehberg layers; here, water-retaining clay layers, which alternate with harder rock layers, act as a source horizon , where the groundwater emerges as a layer or valley edge source. In the case of the Rehberg z. B. Slate of the Speyerbach layers (Upper Zechstein) this function, so that here at a height of about 300  m, several small streams with a length of 1 to 2 km arise. They drain the northern area of ​​the Rehberg area towards the Queich , which flows as a left tributary of the Rhine from west to east through Annweiler and separates the central and eastern Palatinate Forest (Haardt) from its southern part (Wasgau). In contrast, the streams that arise in the south of the Rehberg flow into the Kaiserbach, a left tributary of the Klingbach , which also flows eastwards towards the Rhine plain .

A special feature in this context is the Rehberg spring located on the northwest flank of the Rehberg, which rises from a clayey layer that forms a source horizon within the rock sequence of the lower Rehberg layers. It is located on the edge of the ridge before the start of the summit at about 480  m and is therefore the highest spring in the Palatinate. The local group Ludwigshafen of the Palatinate Forest Association (PWV) captured the source in 1913 and built a refuge with rest areas in its area. The official inauguration of the building took place on March 15, 1914 (see section on tourist development ).

climate

temperature

climate	Rehberg (summit)	Annweiler (valley)	Landau (lowlands)
Annual temperature	6-7 ° C	8-9 ° C	9-10 ° C
Spring start	10.5. – 15.5.	30.4. – 5.5.	20.4. – 25.4.
low impact	~ 950 mm / a	912 mm / a	666 mm / a
wind	frequently; often strong	less often; weaker	less often; moderate
Bioclimat. Aspects	moderate stimulating climate	Irritation weak Even Air	light exposure climate

The Palatinate Forest and thus also the Rehberg are in the temperate climate zone , whereby due to the north-south exposure and the western location of the mountains, Atlantic influences with moderately warm and humid air masses predominate. According to the climate atlas for Rhineland-Palatinate, the mean annual temperature at the foot of the Rehberg at an altitude of around 300  m is around 8 ° C and at its summit 6.5 to 7 ° C, with values ​​ranging from 0 to −1 ° in January, depending on the altitude C and in July from 16 to 17 ° C. In contrast, Annweiler (approx. 179  m ) in the valley of the Queich, 2 km away, has  comparatively high annual temperatures of 8 to 9 ° C, which, however, are caused by places in the wine route region , e.g. B. Ranschbach , Leinsweiler or the city of Landau , with values ​​of 9 or even 10 ° C can be exceeded. Not only do their lower altitudes play a role - z. B. Landau (approx.  142  m ) - but above all the blow-dryer effects play an important role. They are observed on the east side of the Palatinate Forest, i.e. also east of the Rehberg, and are one of the reasons for the special climate of the wine route region (see section Precipitation ).

These influences are also reflected in the phenological annual cycle of the Rehberg region, in which, among other things, the apple blossom and thus the beginning of full spring in lower and middle locations between the 5th and 10th and at heights of over 500  m between the 10th and 10th May 15, about a week later. A clear contrast to this is the wine route region located just a few kilometers to the east, in which the apple blossom begins as early as April 20, i.e. spring arrives two to three weeks earlier on average. Similar phenological differences can also be demonstrated in the further course of the year, where z. B. on average the winter rye bloom (beginning of early summer) in the Rehberg area (around June 9th to 14th) also sets in up to three weeks later than in the Rhine plain (around May 25th to 30th).

Precipitation

In the vicinity of the Rehberg there are some measuring stations of the German Weather Service (DWD), which can provide information about the amount of its annual precipitation . So z. For example, the nearest station Annweiler has a precipitation amount of 912 mm, which tends to match the values ​​of other stations further south-west in Wasgau (e.g. Hirschthal 928 mm, Bruchweiler 830 mm, Lemberg 898 mm). Combining these data with the information from the Rhineland-Palatinate climatic atlas on the amount of precipitation in the south-eastern Palatinate Forest, an extrapolated value of around 950 mm annual precipitation can be assumed for the Rehberg summit. This value is lower than the total precipitation of comparable mountain stations in the central Palatinate Forest (e.g. Forsthaus Taubensuhl 1125 mm, Hermersbergerhof 1095 mm), since lower incline precipitation ( windward-wind effects ) is to be expected due to the eastern location and the isolated, conical shape of the Rehberg . On the other hand, high-lying peaks are often found in overlying clouds when they pass through the front , so that additional moisture is combed out, the amount of which is often not shown in the precipitation statistics, but can increase the overall moisture balance considerably.

On the other hand, due to the lee situation at the edge of the mountain east of the Rehberg, widespread subsidence movements occur, which lead to cloud dissolution and significantly lower amounts of precipitation. So has z. B. Landau with 666 mm annual precipitation almost a third less precipitation than the higher regions of the Rehberg. That is why the region of the wine route is one of the driest areas in Germany with values ​​between 500 and 700 mm annual precipitation.

wind

Wind-shaped sandstone vegetation on the summit plateau of the Rehberg

In contrast to the low mountain ranges, which are more continental, stronger and longer lasting air movements can be observed on average in the area of ​​the left bank of the Rhine (Palatinate Forest / Vosges ). This fact applies in particular to the Rehberg, which as a completely isolated mountain cone towers above its surroundings and is therefore freely exposed to air currents from all directions. The prevailing winds from the west and south-west, each with a frequency of around 25 percent, are found in the summit regions of the Palatinate Forest.

In this context, it is important to note that there are no major mountain ranges from the Rehberg to the Atlantic coast (see section Dominance and Schartenhöhe ), so that the Palatinate Forest and the Vosges are the first notable barriers that are fully exposed to the prevailing west and south-westerly winds. For this reason, z. For example, the Weinbiet ( 554  m ) in the north-east of the Palatinate Forest has repeatedly conspicuously high wind speeds during storms, as the private weather service Meteomedia found in a comparative analysis of the largest storms of the last decade. It can be assumed that in such weather conditions on the Rehberg, due to its particularly exposed location, very high wind speeds also occur.

Bioclimatic aspects

Bioclimatic importance of the Rehberg region: air purity, gentle and stimulating climate

As is clear from the observed data, lets the air in the lower and middle layers of the Rehberg region as irritating weak Already air classified with balanced temperatures, moderate humidity and high purity air. This type of climate has positive effects on respiratory diseases , rheumatic complaints and allergies , among other things .

In contrast, the human organism is exposed to stronger stimuli in the summit area of ​​the Rehberg. Lower temperatures, higher precipitation and stronger winds with also high air purity result in a moderately stimulating climate that can stimulate positively not only in the above-mentioned health disorders , but also in cardiovascular diseases and depression . In contrast, the valleys and especially the Upper Rhine lowlands are more often characterized by a stressful climate with greater heat load ( humidity ) in summer and inversion fog with a higher concentration of air pollutants in winter.

Flora and fauna

flora

Forest

Tree species and area proportions	in hectares	in percent
beech	61.6	40.53
jaw	33.3	21.91
Douglas fir	18.3	12.04
fir	16.9	11.12
larch	7.7	5.07
Spruce	5.0	3.29
Sessile oak	4.5	2.96
birch	2.8	1.84
Red oak	0.7	0.46
Ash	0.6	0.39
Sweet chestnut	0.6	0.39
Sea fir	0.4	0.26

The Rehberg is covered by species-rich mixed forests, which are comparable in their essential properties with other mountain forests in the Palatinate Forest. These are artificial stands that arose in the 19th and 20th centuries through sowing or planting and in which, until the 1980s, coniferous trees predominated over hardwood by a ratio of two thirds to one third. Only the efforts that began in the last few decades to transform larger forest areas into near-natural mixed forests through ecologically oriented permanent forest management with natural regeneration brought about a change there. The proportions of hardwood and coniferous wood were brought into line, whereby in the case of the Rehberg currently 46.58 percent of the total area is reserved for hardwood and 53.42 percent are conifers.

In a comparative analysis of the area proportions that the individual tree species in the Rehberg area claim for themselves, one finds that the beech is represented most frequently with over 40 percent of the total area (see table on the right). This not only corresponds to the situation in the rest of the Palatinate Forest, but also refers to the down-to-earth character of the beech, which played a formative role in the former primeval forests of the low mountain range ( Hainsimsen-Buchenwald ). The pine can also be observed quite often with an area share of around 22 percent, but is around a third below the values ​​for the entire Palatinate Forest (34 percent). Among the autochthonous tree species , the fir has a comparatively high share with 11 percent, while it is represented in the entire Palatinate Forest with only one percent. Relatively large stocks of silver fir can also be found in other regions of the Wasgau, which, according to forest scientists, can be seen as the northern foothills of the large silver fir forests of the Vosges. Other coniferous woods such as Douglas fir (12 percent), larch (5 percent), spruce (3 percent) or coastal fir ( 0.6 percent) are not indigenous tree species, but were instead developed as part of reforestation measures in the 19th and 20th centuries introduced. The values ​​for oak ( sessile oak 2.96 percent; red oak 0.46 percent) are surprisingly low , as they are found in other regions of the Palatinate Forest, e.g. B. in the Eschkopf / Johanniskreuz area , occurs much more frequently and is world-famous there as a veneer rich. Other hardwoods such as birch , ash and sweet chestnut are also quite rare, although the sweet chestnut in particular is comparatively common in the eastern Palatinate Forest ( Haardt ) with 4 percent forest and often occurs in larger stands.

The forests of the Rehberg region have an altogether quite balanced age structure of 8 to 184 years. The proportion of stands up to 49 years old is 34 percent, while the 50 to 100-year-old trees achieve the highest value at 41 percent. Old (100–149 years) and very old (150–200 years) stocks, on the other hand, are only represented with 17 and 7 percent respectively. These data confirm the forestry efforts to transform the Rehbergwald into a natural mixed forest.

Almost 200 years of pine trees on the northwest slope of the Rehberg

The Rehberg forest district is divided into several "forest locations", which are affected by different location and growth conditions, such as B. exposure , soil quality and climatic factors are marked. On the shady north and north-east slopes of the Rehberg there are mainly tree species that prefer cool and humid locations. These are coniferous trees such as firs (around 35 percent), Douglas firs (around 10 percent) and larches (around 13 percent), which often form varied mixed forest stands with beeches (around 31 percent), but also with birch, sweet chestnut and coastal fir. In contrast, different growth conditions prevail on the dry and sunny sandy soils of the south and south-west slopes. There, undemanding pines dominate the forest with up to 55 percent of the area, with beech trees often mixed in with a similar proportion. It is a typical mixed pine-beech forest, as it often grows on nutrient-poor, poor sandy soils and can therefore be observed in different regions of the Palatinate Forest.

A peculiarity is a stock of Scots pine from 1827, which can be found on an area of ​​0.8 hectares on the northwest slope of the Rehberg and probably has an autochthonous character. Softwoods are also predominant in the summit area of ​​the Rehberg, although there is a greater diversity of species than in lower elevations. Although the pine dominates there too, with an area share of around 30 percent, other tree species such as larch with 22, Douglas fir with 12 and spruce with 8 percent create a counterweight. Hardwoods such as beech with 20 percent and sessile oak with 8 percent of the area complement the diversity of this mixed forest. This is especially in the summit area exposed to special climatic influences, especially from strong wind , which the growth of the various plant communities in a specific form, z. B. by the development of wind evacuators can influence.

Other plant communities

With regard to other plant communities, no specific peculiarities are known in the Rehberg area, so that generally the same conditions prevail as in the rest of the Palatinate Forest. Most frequently find beech forests with relatively species-poor soil flora, resulting from soil acid-loving species like the wavy hair , the Wies Wachtelweizen , the woolly honey grass , the White Wood-rush and Luzula sylvatica composed. In addition to these species, there are also the round-leaved bedstraw and the wood fescue in mixed stands . Various grow in shady and moist places of the north and east sides of ferns ( fern , Berglappenfarn ) and mosses , while on roadsides and clearings in the drier south and southwest slope gorse ( Hairy and German gorse , broom ) and Heather ( Heather thrive). Various mushrooms and berries (e.g. blueberries ) can also be found in suitable locations.

fauna

There are no differences to the rest of the Palatinate Forest in terms of fauna either. The large mammals , which are represented by articulated ungulates such as red deer , roe deer and wild boar , are particularly eye-catching . In addition to the red fox , badger , squirrel , stone marten , pine marten , polecat , ermine and weasel etc., the wild cat is also at home in the Palatinate Forest. Although it occurs regularly in the Annweiler area, it can only be observed occasionally in nature. From the smaller mammals z. B. the wood shrew , the bank vole and the yellow-necked mouse , which lives particularly in dense forests . Even garden - and dormice are found in Rehberg area. Birds include the crossbill and, because of the large amount of old wood, the black woodpecker in particular . While hazel grouse and capercaillie have become extinct in Wasgau, the peregrine falcon has returned to the Wasgau for several decades. It also has its nesting sites on various sandstone rocks in the Rehberg region (e.g. on Asselstein, only 1.5 km away, or Rötzenstein near Gossersweiler ), which are therefore subject to strict access restrictions (see also the section on natural monuments ). In the class of insects, the mound nests of forest ants , of which there are several species in the Rehberg area, are particularly eye- catching . B. the bald-backed wood ant and the red wood ant .

history

Surname

Etymologically , the name Rehberg has nothing to do with the forest animal deer , but is traced back to the Old High German or Old Franconian Recho or Rechan , from which the name Reche (t) developed in Middle High German for things heaped up or scraped together . This term has been in the Rhine-Frankish language area , which also includes the Palatine dialect area heard when computing preserved and means steep slope or hillside . The name Rehberg is thus a folk etymological reinterpretation of the original term Rech (e) -Berg and can therefore be understood as a mountain with steep slopes .

Economic use

Agriculturally used tanning areas and wooded steep slopes near Waldrohrbach: Rehberg (left) and Kleiner Hahnstein (right) in the background

The colonization and reclamation of the Palatinate Forest, which began in the High Middle Ages and reached its peak in the Salier and Staufer epochs (10th to 13th centuries), also led to extensive clearing and development measures in the area around Trifels and Rehberg, which mainly focused on Concentrated valleys and the surrounding area of ​​the Rehberg. These areas were easy to cultivate and offered reasonably productive soils, while the Rehberg itself and other elevations were reserved for the forest because of their steep slopes and nutrient-poor sandy soils. This then served primarily as a raw material and energy supplier for centuries. B. for construction and firewood, but also for forest pasture and for the extraction of needles and leaves as litter for livestock in the stable. However, the forest areas on the Rehberg do not seem to have been fully available to the population of the surrounding towns (Bindersbach, Waldrohrbach, Waldhambach ) at all times. In any case, this interpretation allows an old land map from the year 1604, in which the forest on Rehberg is referred to as "Bischöfflich Speirischer Wald" and is thus assigned to the Speyer monastery . The name Im Spitalwald , which can be found in a list of Bindersbacher field names and refers to the former Bürgerspital Landau as the owner, also points in the same direction .

The management of the forest was often not based on the principle of sustainability , but was characterized by overexploitation and overexploitation and led to the gradual impoverishment and even destruction of many forests. This negative development only came to an end with the introduction of regulated forest management in the 18th and 19th centuries, for which the focus was not only on the use, but also, above all, on the maintenance of the forest.

Tourist development

Commemorative plaque for the construction of the Rehberg spring by the PWV

Ritterstein 42 of the PWV on the Cramer path

During the Palatinate Forest was formerly regarded primarily as a source of raw materials and energy (see section Economic use ), it came with increasing industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries to a change of attitude, of the importance of the low mountain range as a recreation - and leisure room more and moved more into the foreground.

Intensive efforts were also made in the Annweiler region to create the conditions for tourism. A first step was the erection of the Rehberg Tower in 1862 at the instigation of Christian Zöppritz . This development reached its peak at the beginning of the 20th century. In order to realize the idea of ​​sociable hiking, the Palatinate Forest Association (PWV) was founded in 1902 and its local group Annweiler in 1904. It is thanks to your voluntary work that the areas around Trifels and Rehberg have become attractive hiking regions. Hiking trails have been marked or newly created, e.g. B. the Cramer path , and linked to a dense network of trails; In addition, shelters were built, springs and wells were redesigned and benches were set up.

The local group Annweiler der Naturfreunde , which was founded in 1912, made an important contribution to the development of environmentally and socially compatible tourism in the Annweiler Valley. Between 1927 and 1938 she ran a Friends of Nature House on the Ebersberg near the Rehberg . However, it burned down in 1938 and was rebuilt at a different location - at the Naturfreunde campsite - after the Second World War. The Willy-Achtermann-Hütte has been located on the site of the old Friends of Nature House since 1998 , a massive log house built by the Annweiler Tourist Office and named after its honorary chairman. After a cross was erected in 1999, ecumenical forest services are also celebrated there.

Kurhaus Trifels in Annweiler-Bindersbach

The Trifels recreation home in Ludwigshafen , which was built between 1909 and 1911 in Bindersbach and its surroundings at the same time, was also laid out in a park-like manner, was of particular tourist importance . As part of these construction measures, a forest botanical garden with rare deciduous and coniferous trees was set up in the saddle between Rehberg and Asselstein in 1913 . In addition, walking paths and two fountains ( running fountain and fountain ) were created. For this purpose, a pipeline had to be laid to the Rehberg spring, which had previously been redesigned and built (see section on waters ). In the course of its eventful history with different owners and purposes, the Art Nouveau building of the rest home was rebuilt several times and finally completely renovated. As Kurhaus Trifels , since the completion of these renovations on May 17, 2011, it has served as a meeting center and seminar location for scientists from various disciplines. In contrast, the forest botanical garden was left overgrown and decayed for decades, so that only a few remains, fountains and a large sequoia tree can be seen.

Climbing hut between Rehberg and Asselstein

After the Second World War, increasing motorization , an improved standard of living and an increasing need for relaxation led to the development of typical forms of mass tourism that did not stop at the Annweiler region. The number of visitors rose steadily, with day tourists and short vacationers predominating, a tendency that, according to recent surveys, has continued into the present. This fact was taken into account in the 1970s and 1980s through the creation of forest parking lots with circular hiking trails, with the Palatinate Forest Nature Park association being in charge. These efforts were also reflected in the Rehberg region, where the Rehberg parking lot with circular hiking trails was set up on Trifelsstrasse, creating convenient access to the Rehberg summit (see also the sections on accessibility and hiking opportunities ). Near this parking lot, on the saddle between Rehberg and Asselstein, is the hut, which was opened by climbers from the Palatinate in 1952 and which can serve as a starting point for climbing tours and hikes to Asselstein and Rehberg.

The offer for recreational tourists was further expanded in the first decade of the 21st century with the establishment of several new themed hiking trails , which are designed as destination or circular hiking trails . For the Rehberg / Trifels area z. B. Richard-Löwenherz-Weg , Burgenweg and Buntsandsteinweg should be mentioned, the first two of which were certified as premium hiking trails by the German Hiking Institute (see section hiking options ).

Sightseeing and tourism

reachability

Rehberg car park on Trifelsstrasse

The actual Rehberg area cannot be reached by individual or public transport; the mountain can only be climbed on foot or by bicycle ( mountain bike ) (see section hiking options ).

The shortest option (see section on tourist development ) is to climb from the Rehberg forest car park on a hiking path directly to the summit of the Rehberg. To do this, leave Bundesstraße 10 on the western outskirts of Annweiler and use the signposted access to Trifels Castle , which as Trifelsstraße ( Kreisstraße  2) touches the parking lot mentioned after about 3 km, which is next to a 360.6  m high street. If you continue on the road towards the castle, after 1.5 km you will come to a saddle (with parking) between Rehberg and Wetterberg ( 512.7  m ), from where the Rehberg summit can also be reached.

The Rehberg can also be hiked directly from the valley, whereby the various routes require stamina and stamina not only because of the greater length, but above all because of their total gradient of around 400 meters. One of these opportunities for ascent begins at the Annweiler train station and is therefore also of interest to non-motorized visitors to the Rehberg, as the Landau – Rohrbach railway line operated by Deutsche Bahn can be used there for public transport . The mountain can also be climbed from the Kaiserbachtal in the south, either from Waldrohrbach or Waldhambach.

Rehbergturm

Lookout tower and panoramic view

Observation tower

→ Main article : Rehbergturm

The 14 m high octagonal observation tower is built from hewn sandstone. It consists of a base 2 m high and the actual tower structure, which, without taking into account the parapet, reaches a height of 12 m. A nine-step outside staircase leads to its ogival doorway, and a spiral staircase with 49 steps inside to its viewing platform with a crenellated outer wall . The base forms an octagon with sides of 1.5 m each, its circumference is 8 × 1.50 = 12 m.

Panorama

As the Rehberg clearly protrudes above its immediate surroundings, it enables an unobstructed panoramic view from its summit. Higher mountains, some of which exceed 600  m , only exist in the central Palatinate Forest, namely - at least 8 to 10 km away - in the northeast on the Haardtrand and in the northwest on the Frankenweide (see section Dominance and Schartenhöhe ).

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  Panoramic view from the Rehbergturm to the central and eastern Palatinate Forest, right from the center in front of the Trifels

View from the Rehbergturm to the southeast: behind the battlements from left to right Madenburg, Kaiserbachtal and Treutelsberg

View from Rehberg to the south: In the background from left to right Hohe Derst and Großer Wintersberg

View from the Rehbergturm to the southwest: Lindelbrunn Castle in the center of the picture, Wegelnburg and Hohenburg behind

If you first look to the northwest (left side of the panorama picture), the first thing you notice in the foreground is the massive rock of the Asselstein and to the left of it the Ebersberg ( 462.1  m ) with the Wasgaublick view, while behind it is the diverse mountain landscape of the interior Palatinate Forest spreads. On the horizon you can see an elongated mountain ridge about 10 to 15 km away as the crow flies, which partially forms the watershed between the Rhine and Moselle and with the Weißenberg ( 609.9  m , Luitpold Tower), Mosisberg ( 608.7  m ) and Eschkopf ( 608.3  m , observation tower) bears the highest elevations in the western Palatinate Forest.

If you look to the north and northeast, you can see the city of Annweiler in the center of the picture, which extends from west to east in the Queich valley. From a natural and settlement point of view, the Queichtal is the main axis of the south-eastern Palatinate Forest and forms an important traffic artery with federal road 10. The summit of the Großer Adelberg ( 567.4  m ) protrudes directly above Annweiler , to which the compact forest areas of the Frankenweide and Annweilerer Bürgerwald adjoin. If visibility is good, the Donnersberg ( 686.5  m ), the highest mountain in the Palatinate, can be made out on the horizon behind . In the northeast the view in front of the so-called "Castle Trinity" sticks of Trifels , Anebos and Scharfenberg (coin) , while in the background the mountains of eastern Palatinate Forest, the Haardt, which also Schänzel mentioned Steigerkopf ( 613.6  m ) the Kesselberg ( 661.8  m ), the Roßberg ( 637  m ) and the Orensberg ( 581.2  m ). In between, Eußerbach and Dernbach cut deeply into the red sandstone package in the area of ​​the Ramberger valley ; together they flow into the Queich as Eisbach near Albersweiler .

To the south of it (right side of the panorama picture) the landscape changes and shows the typical characteristics of the Wasgau. Behind the cone mountains of the “castle trinity” you can see further mountain cones that demarcate the Wasgau from the Rhine plain. From north to south you can see above all: Hohen-Berg ( 551.9  m ), Wetterberg ( 512.7  m ) and Rothenberg ( 476.3  m ) with the Madenburg . Behind it, the valley cuts of Ranschbach , Birnbach and Kaiserbach allow a view of the foothills of the Weinstrasse with its numerous wine-growing villages and the adjoining Upper Rhine Plain , with the town of Landau clearly recognizable in the Birnbach valley. Further to the northeast, with good visibility, the silhouette of the Speyer Cathedral and the western Odenwald about 70 to 80 km away can be identified, whereby the Königstuhl ( 570.3  m ) near Heidelberg , the quarry near Schriesheim and the Melibokus ( 517.4  m ) particularly noticeable at Zwingenberg .

When looking to the southeast and south you can see first on the opposite side of the Kaiserbach Treutelsberg with observation tower ( 503.7  m ) and the south-west of Bad Bergzabern Set High Derst ( 560.5  m ). Through the valley sections of Kaiserbach and Klingbach, parts of the Upper Rhine Plain with the Bienwald and - when the view is clear - behind it the characteristic outlines of the Strasbourg cathedral become visible again. A little further to the east one overlooks the greater Karlsruhe area with its industrial plants and further south the mountain range of the Northern Black Forest with Badener Höhe ( 1002.2  m ) and Hornisgrinde ( 1164.4  m ), 80 to 90 km away .

To the southwest and west, the viewer is presented with the core area of ​​the Wasgauer Felsenland: In the foreground, the rocky mountains of Dimberg ( 418.1  m ), Rötzenberg ( 459.1  m ) and the striking mountain cone with Lindelbrunn Castle rise from the leveled areas around Gossersweiler and Völkersweiler ( 437.6  m ). To the south-west is the diverse “hilltop landscape” of the Dahn rock country around Hauenstein and Dahn and further south in the border area Palatinate / Alsace the likewise conical double peaks with Wegeln ( 570.9  m ; Germany) and Hohenburg ( 551  m ; France). When appropriate visibility behind appearing Great Winterberg in neighboring Alsace, of about 581  m height the Rehberg by 4 exceeds m and the highest peak of the entire Wasgau is. Even further south, beyond the Zaberner Steige , tower over the mountains of the Northern Vosges , such as Mutzigfelsen (approx.  1009  m ) and Donon (approx.  1008  m ), the Wasgau sea ​​of forests.

Castles

Trifels Imperial Castle

At a distance of only 2 km in the north-east of the Rehberg, on a line pointing from north-west to south-east, there are three medieval castles in front of it: the triumvirate of the Reichsburg Trifels , Anebos and Scharfenberg . It is only a few kilometers further to the castles on Haardtrand in the east and south-east - Neukastel , Madenburg , Waldschlössel and Landeck - and Lindelbrunn Castle in the south-west. In addition, there were two wooden castles between Anebos and Scharfenberg in the Middle Ages, which were built on two rocks ( window cliffs and Has ) and served as observation points. The Heidenschuh , a ring wall system on a foothill of the Treutelsberg , is a refugee castle that probably dates from the early Middle Ages (8th / 9th centuries).

Most of the castles were built by the Salian and Staufer rulers in order to secure their southwest German ancestral lands. Some came into ecclesiastical possession, often by donation, such as the Speyer Monastery or the Weissenburg Monastery . In the course of the centuries the fiefs of the castle administrators appointed by the secular or ecclesiastical rulers became hereditary, and families of knights developed who derived their names from the castles.

Protected areas

Of the protection categories listed in the State Nature Conservation Act of Rhineland-Palatinate, the categories “ biosphere reserve ” and “ natural monument ” are primarily important for the Rehberg and its surroundings .

Biosphere reserve

As part of the Wasgau, the Rehberg belongs to the transboundary Palatinate Forest-Northern Vosges biosphere reserve. In implementation of the UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) guidelines , the state of Rhineland-Palatinate issued a statutory ordinance in 2007 containing a zoning concept with different protection goals and graduated protection levels. The Palatinate Forest is divided into three zones, namely core, maintenance and development zones, with Rehberg Zone 3, the "development zone", being assigned. This is permanently open to people for environmentally friendly developments and uses, so it is subject to fewer restrictions on use than is the case in the other two protection zones. According to the State Nature Conservation Act of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate, Section 19.2, this corresponds to the category “landscape protection area”. The aim is to maintain or restore the natural diversity, uniqueness and beauty of the landscape, the efficiency of its natural balance and thus a suitable habitat for plants and animals. For the Rehberg, this means, among other things, an ecologically oriented form of forestry use that is based on the principles of sustainability and near-natural silviculture and strives for the development of near-natural mixed forests with appropriate soil flora.

Natural monuments

While the Rehberg region is characterized by a number of natural monuments and biotopes worthy of protection , nature reserves that cover an area of ​​five hectares and more can only be found on the eastern edge of the mountain near Eschbach and Leinsweiler at a distance of about 3.5 km. These are the nature reserves "Geraide" (21 hectares area) and "Below the Madenburg" (24 hectares area), which are parts of the overarching nature reserve "Haardtrand". Typical landscape elements of the climatically favored eastern edge of the mountains are protected, such as vineyards with different levels of cultivation, dry stone walls and terraces with vineyards and orchards , bushes and fringing biotopes , as well as areas of forest and forest edge. These elements form the habitat of a variety of animal and plant species, such as 40 species of birds - including the bunting  -, 19 species of locusts , as well as a number of amphibians and reptiles .

Asselstein near Rehberg: View from the west of its broadside

In addition, there are a number of bizarre sandstone rocks in the closer and wider area of ​​the Rehberg, which were created over the course of millions of years through weathering and erosion of the rock formations of different hardnesses of the Lower Buntsandstein (see section Geology ). and almost all of which are designated as natural monuments. In the vicinity of the Rehberg, in a southerly direction, there are the cone mountains of the Kleiner and Großer Hahnstein, which carry striking rock towers and are only about 1 to 1.5 km as the crow flies from the main summit. A particularly impressive natural monument is the Asselstein (approx. 400  m ) located on a foothill, also only 1.5 km away  , whose free-standing rock wall is formed by the particularly hard rocks of the Trifelsschichten and which is 58 m high with a base area of ​​approx 60 × 10 m² reached. You can also observe rock outcrops , which often appear as an extension of mountain ridges (such as the Rehbergrücken or the Kriemhildenstein near Gossersweiler ) and elongated rock walls , of which the Dimbergfelsen near Dimbach , about 4 to 5 km away , and the Rötzenstein and the Isselmannsteine near Gossersweiler are good examples . Other rock towers can often be found on Kegelberge, as is the case on the Hundsfelsen and Leberstein , as well as the Drei Felsen and Engelmannfelsen , which rise up beyond the Kaiserbachtal at a distance of about 2 to 4 km. Many castles within the Rehberg are on rocky reefs and - blocks built, these rock formations are, however, usually not labeled as natural monuments; Particularly prominent examples of this are the Trifels, Anebos and Scharfenberg castles, as well as Lindelbrunn Castle in the southwest of the Rehberg.

In addition, erosion processes in the red sandstone have caused various small forms of weathering such as B. crevices , cornice-like overhangs , rock openings and peat rocks , but also small-scale structures such as rock ridges and honeycomb weathering (example Trifels rocks ). From a botanical point of view, many rock regions form biotopes of particularly resistant and undemanding sandstone vegetation , which was originally a hawkweed-sessile oak- rock bushes biotope, but today is mainly made up of crippled pines , heather and simple grasses (e.g. the cinderella), in wetter places also from moss and ferns. In addition, on some rocks in the Rehberg region - z. B. on Asselstein, Leberstein and Rötzenstein - peregrine falcons have settled again since the 1980s . Strict regulations apply to climbers, hikers and other users of the rocks (restricted list and guarding of the breeding rocks), which are agreed annually between the Palatinate Climbers Association and the Palatinate nature conservation associations (e.g. the NABU's "Peregrine Falcon Protection" working group).

Rock biotope in the summit area of ​​the Rehberg

Even if no nature reserves or natural monuments within the meaning of the Rhineland-Palatinate State Nature Conservation Act have yet been established on the actual Rehberg, according to the latest biotope register of the Rhineland-Palatinate Nature Conservation Administration there are a number of near-natural habitats of special ecological importance on the mountain itself and in its surroundings. Three biotopes worthy of protection are z. B. a near-natural grove beech forest in the area of ​​the Rehberg spring of 1.8 hectares, the almost 200-year-old pine forest on the northwest slope of the Rehberg (0.8 hectare area) and rock formations in the summit area with sandstone vegetation (0.05 hectare area). On the Verebnungsflächen of the Rehberg area also include clearings stretch with species and flowery lean (the biotope see eg., From or orchards, further into the surrounding valleys - Aßental) natural source streams with spring swamps and accompanying Esch gallery forest , wet grassland , species-rich oat grass meadows and Reeds .

Hiking opportunities

To the summit

Direct ascent to the Rehberg summit: signpost

Ascent to the Rehberg: rock formations of the Trifelsschichten

The Rehberg car park on Trifelsstraße serves as the starting point (see section Accessibility ), from which the shortest ascent variant leads to the summit. To do this, you use a steadily rising, sometimes steep mountain path (local marking black 18 ), which after about 1 km reaches the rocky ridge of the Rehberg and shortly afterwards the Rehberg spring (see section waters ). Behind this is the actual ascent to the summit, where another 100 meters in altitude have to be overcome and which takes about half an hour. For the entire route, depending on the walking pace, a hiking time of 45 to 60 minutes can be expected.

A second ascent variant begins on the saddle ( 369.6  m ) between Wetterberg and Rehberg. From here you first use the slightly ascending August-Becker hiking trail , which is marked by the PWV with a green triangle . In front of the Rehberg spring, this first encounters the local marker white 3 on a green background , which after a short distance joins the local marker no. 18 mentioned above . The ascent is a little less steep, because with a distance of about 3 km there is a difference in altitude of only 207 m. Due to the greater length of the path, a hiking time of around 45 to 60 minutes must also be estimated to the summit.

Various hiking trails are also available to visitors when climbing directly from the valley. One of these ascent options begins at Annweiler train station and leads with the PWV marking blue-white line to the Rehberg car park , from where you can reach the summit with the mentioned marking No. 18 after a total of about 5 km and a hiking time of about 90 to 120 minutes . In addition, the mountain can also be climbed from the south, from the Kaiserbachtal, whereby hiking trails are available here as ascent variants, those from Waldhambach (total length about 4.5 km, markings white and green triangle , No. 3 and No. 18 ) or Waldrohrbach (Total length about 4 km, markings blue and white line , No. 18 ) lead to the summit with a hiking time of about two hours each.

In the Rehberg area

Rehberg car park : circular hiking trails in the Palatinate Forest Nature Park

Signpost of the PWV to the Cramer path

At the Rehberg parking lot, which has already been mentioned several times, circular hiking trails marked with black numbers (see illustration) begin, which can be used for walks and shorter circular hikes. You lead z. B. around the Rehberg (marking black 19 ), to the nearby Asselstein (marking black 17 ) and with this marking continue on the Karl-Rahn-path over the Willy-Achtermann-Hütte to Wasgaublick on the Ebersberg. The small and large Hahnstein can also be hiked with the white 25 on a green background .

Larger hikes over a full or half day, which include an ascent of the Rehberg summit, begin z. B. in Queich or Kaiserbachtal. A scenic and historically interesting circular hike from Annweiler train station initially runs as described above (see section To the summit ) via the Rehberg car park to the summit, and then on the August-Becker hiking trail (marked by a green triangle ) to the saddle between Wetterberg and Burgberg der Scharfenberg ruin. From here you can hike the castles Scharfenberg, Anebos and Trifels with the white triangle marking or including a section of the castle hiking trail ; then the same marking allows you to return to Annweiler.

Richard-Löwenherz-Weg: Marking

The Richard-Löwenherz-Weg is particularly interesting for the Rehberg , as this 12 km long circular route (see picture on the right for marking) brings hikers closer to the main scenic features of the mountain. It begins at the town hall in Annweiler and initially runs upwards to the Trifelsruhe natural burial site and on via the Willy Achtermann hut to the “Wasgaublick” on the Ebersberg. Past Asselstein and the climbing hut, it then crosses the summit of the Rehberg and then takes another route back into the valley. The starting point of the circular hike is finally reached again via Bindersbach and the spa gardens.

From Waldrohrbach, a path with the local marking white 25 runs on green ground, first over the Großer and Kleiner Hahnstein ( 451.2  m ) to the summit of the Rehberg and then to the Rehberg car park . For the way back, you can use the white 27 mark on a green ground , which leads over the Ebersberg back to Waldrohrbach. A popular destination hike leads from the Rehberg car park, first on the August-Becker hiking trail (marked with a green triangle ) and then on the Cramer path (marked with a yellow line ) through pine and chestnut forests to the Madenburg, from which you can then go to the Rhine plain, e.g. B. to Eschbach , can descend. Another half-day hike is a larger section of the August-Becker hiking trail , on which you reach the Neukastel castle ruins, the Slevogthof and finally the wine-growing village of Leinsweiler after going around the Förlenberg ( 533.1  m ) .

Sport climbing

→ Main article : Climbing area Südpfalz (Annweiler area, southern part,  and Luger area)

The extended Rehberg region offers climbers in the areas south of Annweiler and east of Lug and Rinnthal around 40 climbing rocks, which are rock towers and rock massifs. The texture and weathering of the sandstone differ greatly and can therefore lead to very different degrees of difficulty (see sections on geology and natural monuments ). Well-known climbing rocks are the Asselstein with its numerous routes, the rocks of the Sonnenberg, on which the Trifels was built, the Große Hahnstein and on the south side of the Kaiserbachtal the Hundsfelsen and the Leberstein . In the area around Lug, Völkersweiler and Rinnthal, the Rötzenstein , the various Dimberg rocks , the Wernersberger Geiersteine , the Luger Friedrich massif and the Rinnthal Buchholzfelsen are worth mentioning.

Museums

Museum under the Trifels

→ Main article : Museum under the Trifels

Museum under the Trifels in Annweiler

At the foot of the Rehberg, just 2 km as the crow flies, is the town of Annweiler, where the museum is located under the Trifels. It contains a variety of exhibits on the settlement history of the region, the history of the city of Annweiler and the Reichsburg Trifels, as well as natural history collections on aspects of natural and landscape history.

Trifels Imperial Castle

→ Main article : Trifels Castle

At Trifels Castle there are replicas of important parts of the imperial regalia in the so-called treasure chamber , which symbolize the special importance of the Trifels as the center of power of the Salier and Staufer empires. The exhibits include the imperial crown , Imperial Cross , orb , scepter and imperial sword . They were created between 1955 and 1989 by the goldsmith Erwin W. Huppert, formerly Kaiserslautern and Mainz.

literature

• German Weather Service (ed.): Climate Atlas of Rhineland-Palatinate . Verlag Deutscher Wetterdienst, Bad Kissingen 1957, ISBN 3-88148-135-4 .
• Michael Geiger et al. (Hrsg.): The Palatinate Forest, portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, ISBN 3-9801147-1-6 , p. 21-46 .
• Michael Geiger: Rehberg . In: Adolf Hanle (ed.): Palatinate Forest and Wine Route . Meyers Lexikonverlag, Mannheim 1990, ISBN 3-411-07131-1 , p. 106-107 .
• Michael Geiger: The landscapes of the Palatinate . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Hrsg.): Geographie der Pfalz . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 2010, ISBN 978-3-9812974-0-9 , p. 98-101 .
• Jost Haneke / Michael Weidenfeller: The geological structural units of the Palatinate . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Hrsg.): Geographie der Pfalz . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 2010, ISBN 978-3-9812974-0-9 , p. 74-91 .
• Adolf Hanle: Meyer's nature guide, Palatinate Forest and Wine Route . Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1990, ISBN 3-411-07131-1 , p. 7-12 .
• State Office for Geology and Mining Rhineland-Palatinate (Ed.): Geological overview map of Rhineland-Palatinate 1: 300,000 . Mainz 2003.
• Edmund Mainberger: The forest . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Ed.): The Palatinate Forest, portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, ISBN 3-9801147-1-6 , p. 101-126 .

Web links

Commons : Rehberg  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Panoramic view from the Rehberg tower
• Website of the Palatinate Forest Nature Park
• Website of the hiking portal Pfalz
• Website of the Palatinate Forest Association

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Written communication from the State Office for Surveying and Geographic Base Information Rhineland-Palatinate, Koblenz, from 23 August 2011: “… The exact height (of the Rehberg) was recorded in 2002 by laser scanning from an aircraft. From the points recorded, we derived the highest point in the terrain at 576.8  m . "
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e} State Office for Surveying and Basic Geographic Information Rhineland-Palatinate (Ed.): Topographic map 1: 25,000 with hiking trails, Annweiler am Trifels . Self-published by the State Office for Surveying and Geographic Base Information Rhineland-Palatinate, Koblenz 1999.
3. ↑ Palatinate hiking portal: Tower 2: Rehbergturm. Retrieved June 23, 2011 . 
4. ↑ The Palatinate Forest in a geographical overview . In: Michael Geiger u. a. (Ed.): The Palatinate Forest, a portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, p. 21-46 .
5. ^ Adolf Hanle: Meyers Naturführer, Palatinate Forest and Wine Route . Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1990, p. 7-12 .
6. ↑ Jost Haneke, Michael Weidenfeller: The geological building units of the Palatinate . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Hrsg.): Geographie der Pfalz . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 2010, p. 80-84 .
7. ↑ ^{a b} State Office for Geology and Mining Rhineland-Palatinate: Geological overview map of Rhineland-Palatinate. Retrieved July 24, 2011 . 
8. ↑ Michael Geiger: Rehberg . In: Adolf Hanle (ed.): Palatinate Forest and Wine Route . Meyers Lexikonverlag, Mannheim 1990, p. 106 f .
9. ↑ The Palatinate Forest in a geographical overview . In: Michael Geiger u. a. (Ed.): The Palatinate Forest, a portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, p. 40 f .
10. ↑ ^{a b} Landesamt für Vermessung und Geobasisinformation Rheinland-Pfalz (Ed.): Topographic map 1: 25,000 with hiking trails, Hauenstein . Self-published by the State Office for Surveying and Geographic Base Information Rhineland-Palatinate, Koblenz 1999.
11. ↑ The General Map, large-scale edition, sheet 5: Rhine – Main – Mosel – Saar – Neckar . Mairs Geographischer Verlag, Ostfildern 2001.
12. ^ The general map, large-scale edition, sheet 6: Mannheim – Ludwigshafen – Stuttgart – Black Forest – Lake Constance . Mairs Geographischer Verlag, Ostfildern 2004.
13. ↑ Palatinate Forest Nature Park e. V. (Ed.): Palatinate Forest-Northern Vosges Biosphere Reserve . Bike tour and adventure map 1: 100,000. 2nd Edition. Pietruska Verlag, Rülzheim 2004.
14. ^ Institut Géographique National (ed.): Carte Topographique 1: 25,000, Saverne, Sarrebourg . Institut Géographique National, Paris 1999.
15. ^ Institut Géographique National (Ed.): Cartes Topographique 1: 100,000, several sheets . Institut Géographique National, Paris (different years).
16. ↑ Thomas Kärcher, Hubert Heitele: The groundwater and its use . In: Michael Geiger u. a. (Ed.): Geography of the Palatinate . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 2010, p. 114-127 .
17. ↑ Michael Geiger: Rehberg . In: Adolf Hanle (ed.): Palatinate Forest and Wine Route . Meyers Lexikonverlag, Mannheim 1990, p. 106 .
18. ↑ Palatinate hiking portal: On the royal Rehberg. Retrieved July 28, 2011 . 
19. ^ German Weather Service (ed.): Climate Atlas of Rhineland-Palatinate . Verlag Deutscher Wetterdienst, Bad Kissingen 1957, sheet 6 f .
20. ^ German Weather Service (ed.): Climate Atlas of Rhineland-Palatinate . Verlag Deutscher Wetterdienst, Bad Kissingen 1957, sheets 69 and 71 .
21. ↑ German Weather Service: Weather and climate from a single source. Retrieved March 14, 2011 . 
22. ^ German Weather Service (ed.): Climate Atlas of Rhineland-Palatinate . Verlag Deutscher Wetterdienst, Bad Kissingen 1957, sheet 51 .
23. ^ German Weather Service (ed.): Climate Atlas of Rhineland-Palatinate . Verlag Deutscher Wetterdienst, Bad Kissingen 1957, pages 3–5 .
24. ↑ Comparative analysis of the storm events of the last decade ( memento of December 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on September 29, 2016, at archive.org
25. ↑ Michael Geiger, Manfred Kurz: Weather and Climate in the Palatinate . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Hrsg.): Geographie der Pfalz . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 2010, p. 128-145 .
26. ↑ Michael Geiger, Manfred Kurz: Weather and Climate in the Palatinate . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Hrsg.): Geographie der Pfalz . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 2010, p. 143 .
27. ↑ Edmund Mainberger: The forest . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Ed.): The Palatinate Forest, a portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, p. 101-126 .
28. ↑ ^{a b c} Annweiler Forestry Office: District XXXIII = Rehberg . Forest management data. Annweiler 2011.
29. ↑ Norbert Hailer: Natural forest cells, primeval forest of the future . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Ed.): The Palatinate Forest, a portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, p. 127-132 .
30. ↑ Edmund Mainberger: The forest . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Ed.): The Palatinate Forest, a portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, p. 112 .
31. ^ Annweiler Forestry Office: District XXXIII = Rehberg . Aerial view with the boundaries of the individual forest locations. Annweiler 2011.
32. ^ ^{A b c d} Holger Spindler, Annweiler Forestry Office: Written communication . Annweiler 2011.
33. ^ Günter Preuss: The Palatinate Forest, habitat for plants and animals . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Ed.): The Palatinate Forest, a portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, p. 133-164 .
34. ^ Günter Preuss: The Palatinate Forest, habitat for plants and animals . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Ed.): The Palatinate Forest, a portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, p. 140-141 .
35. ^ ^{A b} Günter Preuss: The Palatinate Forest, habitat for plants and animals . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Ed.): The Palatinate Forest, a portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, p. 141-145 .
36. ^ Siegfried Vater: On the etymology of the field names in the Waldrohrbach district . Cheapheim-Ingenheim 2011 (oral communication).
37. ↑ Ernst Christmann: Field names between the Rhine and Saar . Publications of the Palatinate Society for the Advancement of Science. tape 49 . Publishing house of the Palatinate Society for the Advancement of Science, Speyer 1965.
38. ↑ Jürgen Keddigkeit : The Palatinate Forest as a historical-political space . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Ed.): The Palatinate Forest, a portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, p. 63-92 .
39. ^ ^{A b c} Günter Frey: Written communication . Annweiler 2011.
40. ↑ Günter Frey: Bindersbach 1306-2006. The village at the foot of the Trifels . Chronicle for the 700th anniversary of Bindersbach. S. 284, paragraph 25 (written communication by the author, Annweiler 2011).
41. ↑ Hubert Job, Michael Geiger: The Palatinate as a leisure and recreation area . In: Michael Geiger et al. (Hrsg.): Geographie der Pfalz . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 2010, p. 252-267 .
42. ^ Local group Annweiler of the PWV: history of the association. Retrieved August 24, 2011 . 
43. ^ Friends of Nature Annweiler: Presentation of the local group. Retrieved August 24, 2011 . 
44. ↑ Bindersbach at the foot of the Trifels: Willy-Achtermann-Hütte. Retrieved August 24, 2011 . 
45. ↑ Bindersbach at the foot of the Trifels: Chronicle: Kurhaus Trifels and forest botanical garden. Retrieved August 24, 2011 . 
46. ↑ Hubert Job, Michael Geiger: The Palatinate as a leisure and recreation area . In: Michael Geiger u. a. (Ed.): Geography of the Palatinate . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 2010, p. 261 f .
47. ↑ Trifelsland in the Palatinate Forest Biosphere Reserve: hiking and castles. Retrieved August 24, 2011 . 
48. ↑ ^{a b} Landesamt für Vermessung und Geobasisinformation Rheinland-Pfalz (Ed.): Topographic map 1: 25,000 with hiking trails, Bad Bergzabern with Alsace. Border area . Self-published by the State Office for Surveying and Geographic Base Information Rhineland-Palatinate, Koblenz 1998.
49. ↑ ^{a b} Map service of the landscape information system of the Rhineland-Palatinate Nature Conservation Administration (LANIS map) ( notes )
50. ↑ palzpix.de: Rehbergturm. Retrieved June 23, 2011 . 
51. ↑ Günter Frey: The dimensions of the Rehbergturm . Written communication. Annweiler 2011.
52. ↑ State Office for Surveying and Basic Geographic Information Rhineland-Palatinate (Ed.): Topographic map 1: 25,000 with hiking trails, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Maikammer, Edenkoben, Landau in the Palatinate . Self-published by the State Office for Surveying and Geographic Base Information Rhineland-Palatinate, Koblenz 2006.
53. ↑ ^{a b} State Office for Surveying and Basic Geographic Information Rhineland-Palatinate (ed.): Topographic map 1: 25,000 with hiking trails, Eastern Wasgau with Bad Bergzabern . Self-published by the State Office for Surveying and Geospatial Information Rhineland-Palatinate, Koblenz 2010.
54. ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation: Map service. Retrieved October 22, 2013 . 
55. ↑ ^{a b} State Office for Surveying and Basic Geographic Information Rhineland-Palatinate (ed.): Topographic map 1: 25,000 with hiking trails, Western Wasgau with Dahn . Self-published by the State Office for Surveying and Geospatial Information Rhineland-Palatinate, Koblenz 2007.
56. ^ Institut Géographique National (ed.): Carte Topographique 1: 25,000, La Petite Pierre, Niederbronn-les-Bains . Institut Géographique National, Paris 1999.
57. ↑ Institut Géographique National (ed.): Carte Topographique 1: 25,000, Donon . Institut Géographique National, Paris (no year given).
58. ↑ ^{a b} Nature Conservation Act Rhineland-Palatinate . Retrieved June 29, 2012.
59. ↑ Map service of the landscape information system of the nature conservation administration . Retrieved June 29, 2012.
60. ↑ Klaus Hünerfauth: An overview of the natural and cultural landscapes of the Palatinate . In: Michael Geiger (ed.): Geography of the Palatinate . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau 2012, pp. 155–158.
61. ↑ State ordinance on the "Palatinate Forest Nature Park" as a German part of the Palatinate Forest-Northern Vosges biosphere reserve of January 22, 2007. Website of the Ministry for the Environment, Forests and Consumer Protection of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
62. ^ State law for the sustainable development of nature and landscape (State Nature Conservation Act - LNatSchG -) of September 28, 2005. Accessed on June 18, 2012.
63. ↑ Dieter Raudzus: Nature Conservation Concept "Haardtrand". In: Michael Geiger (Ed.): Haardt and Weinstrasse - Contributions to regional studies. Publishing house of the Palatinate Society for the Advancement of Science in Speyer, Speyer 1996, pp. 173–178.
64. ↑ Nature Conservation Administration Rhineland-Palatinate: Map and ordinances of the nature reserves. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
65. ↑ ^{a b} Wanderportal Pfalz: The rocks of the Palatinate Forest. Retrieved August 14, 2011 . 
66. ↑ The Palatinate Forest in a geographical overview . In: Michael Geiger u. a. (Ed.): The Palatinate Forest, a portrait of a landscape . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 1987, p. 41 (graphic).
67. ↑ Klaus Hünerfauth: An overview of the natural and cultural landscapes of the Palatinate. In: Michael Geiger (ed.): Geography of the Palatinate. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau 2010, p. 158.
68. ↑ Naturschutzbund Deutschland e. V. (NABU) in Rhineland-Palatinate: Peregrine falcon protection Rhineland-Palatinate. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
69. ↑ Nature Conservation Administration Rhineland-Palatinate (Ed.): Biotope register . Retrieved June 29, 2012.
70. ↑ Nature Conservation Administration Rhineland-Palatinate: Osiris System ( Memento from January 6, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), accessed on September 29, 2016, from naturschutz.rlp.de
71. ↑ ^{a b} Palatinate Forest Nature Park e. V. (Ed.): Palatinate Forest . Parking spaces with circular hiking trails. Self-published, Lambrecht 1997.
72. ^ Hilmar Schmitt: Directory of the long-distance hiking trails of the Palatinate Forest Association. Retrieved August 7, 2011 . 
73. ↑ State Office for Surveying and Geographic Base Information Rhineland-Palatinate (ed.): Topographic map 1: 25,000 with hiking trails, Annweiler am Trifels . Self-published by the State Office for Surveying and Geospatial Information Rhineland-Palatinate, Koblenz 1985.
74. ↑ Palatinate climbers: Tour database Südpfalz. Retrieved August 14, 2011 . 
75. ^ Museum digital Rhineland-Palatinate: Museum under the Trifels. Retrieved August 15, 2011 . 
76. ^ City of Annweiler: Museum under the Trifels. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 4, 2011 ; Retrieved August 15, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
77. ↑ Hans-Joachim Kölsch: The Trifels department in the museum under the Trifels in Annweiler . In: Trifelsverein e. V. Annweiler am Trifels (ed.): Stauferkaiser, imperial insignia, ministeriality . Contributions to the history of the Trifle and the Middle Ages. tape 2 . Maierdruck, Lingenfeld 2002, p. 162-187 .
78. ↑ Günter Frey: The replicas of the imperial insignia on the Trifels . A slightly different genesis. In: Trifelsverein e. V. Annweiler am Trifels (ed.): Stauferkaiser, imperial insignia, ministeriality . Contributions to the history of the Trifle and the Middle Ages. tape 2 . Maierdruck, Lingenfeld 2002, p. 129-141 .

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on June 21, 2012 in this version .