Šumperk

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Šumperk
Šumperk coat of arms
Šumperk (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Historical part of the country : Moravia
Region : Olomoucký kraj
District : Šumperk
Area : 2788 ha
Geographic location : 49 ° 58 ′  N , 16 ° 58 ′  E Coordinates: 49 ° 58 ′ 9 ″  N , 16 ° 58 ′ 16 ″  E
Height: 315  m nm
Residents : 25,957 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code : 787 01
License plate : M.
traffic
Street: Mohelnice - Jeseník
Railway connection: Šternberk – Lichkov ,
Zábřeh na Moravě – Sobotín
structure
Status: city
Districts: 1
administration
Mayor : Zdeněk Brož (as of 2018)
Address: náměstí Míru 1
787 01 Šumperk
Municipality number: 523704
Website : www.sumperk.cz

Šumperk (German Mährisch Schönberg ) is a town in the Olomouc region in the Czech Republic. It is located on the Desná at the foot of the Jeseníky Mountains .

history

The village of Šumperk was owned by Zdeněk Ralsko von Waldstein around 1180 . It was raised to the rank of city under his sons. As early as 1224, the Dominicans had established a religious settlement for eight monks. During the armed conflict between the brothers Wenceslas I of Bohemia and Přemysl of Moravia , the town was destroyed in 1239. The reconstruction took place around 1250. The Dominican monastery and the monastery church of the Annunciation were in 1286 by the Vyšehrad provost and later Bishop of Olomouc John VI. rebuilt by Waldstein .

1340 awarded Margrave Karl the Lords of Lipa , the mining law for already in their possession gentlemen Schoenberg, Goldstein and Žampach . Karl's younger brother Jobst of Moravia granted the town of Schönberg numerous privileges in 1391, which made it equal to a royal town . After further changes of ownership, Schönberg was given a pledge to Peter von Žerotín († 1530) in 1495 , who took over the debts on the town. In 1504 Schönberg and Blauda became his property.

During the Reformation , the monks and the Catholic population were expelled from the city. In 1584 the Jews were expelled, most of whom settled in the Jewish community in Mährisch Aussee . After the battle of the White Mountain , Emperor Ferdinand II transferred Schönberg and other extensive possessions in northern Moravia to the governor Karl von Liechtenstein in his capacity as King of Bohemia . Although he had to take on the debt, he was one of the most powerful and richest aristocrats in North Moravia. Subsequently, he enforced the Counter Reformation . The newly elected council of the city had to take a Catholic oath and approve the reintroduction of the Dominicans, whose monastery was restored in 1623. In the second half of the 17th century there were persecutions of witches , which the authorities had commissioned the lawyer Franz Heinrich Franz Boblig von Edelstadt from Groß-Ullersdorf to do.

Schönberg around 1864
Šumperk, aerial view
town hall
Removal of the Czech place name in 1938

There was an economic development in the 18th century through the linen weaving trade , from which the linen and textile industry later developed. In the Dominican monastery, which was abolished in 1784 as part of the Josephine reforms , the Viennese Ernest Klapperoth built the largest Manchester factory in Europe from 1785–1788 , but after the continental blockade was lifted in 1813, it could no longer hold its own. The factory rooms were converted into barracks. In 1842 the first mechanical linen spinning mill in Moravia was put into operation in Schönberg . The Moravian Border Railway , established in 1870 and based in Schönberg, opened the Hohenstadt – Zöptau railway in 1871 . From 1874 the North Moravian Border Messenger appeared in Schönberg, which was a center of the North Moravian school system in the 19th century .

Germans of the Austro-Hungarian Privy Council did not accept the establishment of Czechoslovakia and declared themselves independent as German Bohemia, this included Mährisch Schönberg, under the name Sudetenland. In doing so, they referred to US President Wilson's right to self-determination. One of the leading figures was Gustav Oberleithner, mayor of Mährisch Schönberg, who was appointed deputy head of government. The city was occupied by troops from Czechoslovakia on December 15, 1918, without a shot being fired. Gustav Oberleithner was not punished because the international status of Czechoslovakia had not yet been clarified at the time.

The proportion of the Czech population increased in the next few years due to settlement. This led to arguments. In 1910, 353 Czechs lived in Mährisch Schönberg, at the 1930 census, Mährisch Schönberg had 15,718 inhabitants (3434/22% of them Czechs). Most of them lived in the "Czech Quarter", Česká čtvrť.

The Sudeten German Party (SdP), openly supported by the “ Third Reich ”, received 64% of the votes in the 1935 elections.

After the Munich Agreement , the city was added to the German Reich in 1938 and until 1945 was the seat of the district of Mährisch Schönberg , administrative district of Troppau , in the Reichsgau Sudetenland . In 1945 Šumperk returned to Czechoslovakia , and in 1945/46 a large part of the German-Moravian population was expropriated and driven out by the Beneš decrees .

In February 1946 a further eleven transports with more than 9,500 Germans took place as part of the expulsion. As of the last day of this year, only 686 residents remained in the city. The original German residents were replaced by settlement from the Czech interior.

On May 4, 1950, Temenice was incorporated .

On August 21, 1968, during the Prague Spring , the city was occupied by the Polish Army, and a few weeks later, on October 3, by the Red Army.

There is a Czech-German meeting center in the city with a branch in Nový Jičín .

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1857 06,651
1890 10,493 Civilians: 10,029

Military: 464

By religion:

10,277 Roman Catholic

76 Protestant Augsburg

18 Swiss

117 Israelite

5 non-denominational

By colloquial language:

10,031 Germans

332 Slavs

130 foreigners (including Hungarians) without information

1900 11,636 Civil population: 11,060

5,292 of them male

and 5,768 female

Military: 576

in colloquial language:

11,174 Germans

359 Slavs (including 37 Poles and 14 Ruthenians)

5 Italians

98 foreigners (including Hungarians) without information

1930 15,718 including 3,434 Czechs
1939 14,753 thereof 1,182 Evangelicals, 12,150 Catholics, 1,089 other Christians and six Jews
Population since the end of the Second World War
year 1950 1971 1981 1990 1991 2001 2011
Residents 17.192 23,690 31,959 37,375 30,394 29,499 27,189

City structure

No districts are shown for the city of Šumperk. Basic development units are Alšova, Bělidlo ( bleach ), Bratrušovské pole, Čajkovského, Dolni Temenice ( low Hermesdorf ) Gagarinova, Generála Svobody, Horni Temenice ( upper Hermesdorf ) Hrabenská, Jánošíkova, Karlův Dvůr ( Karlhof ) Kokrháč, Kopce, Krameriova, Lovak , Na Vápenicích, Nádraží, Pod Senovou, Pod Temenicí, Sady 1. máje, Sanatorium I, Sanatorium II, Skřivánčí ( Larkfield ), Šmeralova, Šumavská, Šumperk-střed, Tyršova, U čističky and Vančurova.

The municipality is divided into the cadastral districts of Dolní Temenice, Horní Temenice and Šumperk.

Town twinning

Attractions

  • The Marian column on Rathausplatz was created by the sculptor Michael Kössler in 1718–1720 .
  • The town hall was built in 1910/11 on the site of the demolished Renaissance town hall from 1474 in the style of historicism .
  • The monastery church of the Annunciation , first mentioned in 1287, was redesigned in baroque style in 1686 after the town fire in 1669.
  • Witch's Chapel / memorial in memory of the executions of 23 victims of the witch hunt from Šumperk in the years 1682–1692
  • Memorial plaque by Černohorska Street, which is located in a former prison, for the victims of the witch trials
  • In June 2000 the Archbishop of Olomouc, Jan Graubner, unveiled a memorial plaque for dean and pastor Christoph Alois Lautner in the former parsonage (Kostelni nam) in Šumperk and apologized for the church's part in the process.
  • In the basement of the Geshadera house (ul. Kladska 1) there is an exhibition about the history of the witch hunt in the Jesenik-Šumperk region.
  • The St. Barbara cemetery church is located in the southeast of the city . The ceiling paintings were created in 1775 by the Neustadt painter Ignaz Oderlitzky.
  • Jewish cemetery with mourning hall

A designated city tour “In the footsteps of Little Vienna” (Na stopách Malé Vídně) leads to a total of 24 sights of the city. The name "Little Vienna" came about because several buildings were designed by Viennese architects:

  1. Villa Eduard Hackl (1893/94, by F. Thiel, Prague), now a library
  2. Villa Doris (1899)
  3. Hotel Grand (1931/32)
  4. Villa Siegl (1867, by Theophil von Hansen , Vienna)
  5. Evangelical Church (1874), now the Church of the Bohemian Brethren
  6. German grammar school (1897, by the brothers Anton Drexler and Josef Drexler , Vienna), now business academy
  7. Ornamental garden of the Paulinenhof
  8. Paulinenhof (1876, by Moritz Hinträger , Vienna), now the City Museum
  9. House Ottokar Katzer (1930, by E. Hantschl)
  10. Theater (originally the German Bundeshaus, 1901/02, by Georg Berger, Vienna)
  11. Hotel Schneider (1852)
  12. Eisenstein House (1882/83)
  13. Schuster House (1905)
  14. Former Kino Saxinger (1928, by Rudolf Bitzan , Dresden)
  15. Pharmacy "Zum Schwarzen Bären" (1886, by K. Seidl)
  16. Oberleithner Palace (1831)
  17. Villa Oberleithner (1887, by Karl Mayreder , Vienna)
  18. House Oberleithner (1840)
  19. House Tersch (around 1800)
  20. Town Hall (1911, by Georg Berger, Vienna)
  21. House of the Roman Woman (1877)
  22. House "Zum Weißen Hund" (by the Drexler brothers, Vienna)
  23. Seidl Palace (1873, by Moritz Hinträger, Vienna)
  24. Smetana Park (originally the stately garden, 1885/86)

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town
Worked in place

mayor

Town hall of Mährisch Schönberg in the 1930s
  • 1882 to 1907 Friedrich Ritter von Tersch
  • 1907 to 1918 Viktor von Woehlheim
  • 1918 to 1921 Gustav Oberleitner
  • 1921 to 1923 Johann Witschke
  • 1923 to 1933 Otto Lebwohl
  • 1933 to 1934 Richard Künzell
  • 1934 to 1938 Alois Blaschke
  • 1938 to 1945 Hans Kaulich

literature

  • Joachim Bahlcke , Winfried Eberhard, Miloslav Polívka (eds.): Handbook of historical places . Volume: Bohemia and Moravia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 329). Kröner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-520-32901-8 , pp. 358-361.
  • Franz Harrer: History of the city of Mährisch-Schönberg. Public German community library, Mährisch-Schönberg 1923.
  • Eva Hudcová: The citizen and his theater in a small Moravian town. From the cultural history of Mährisch-Schönberg (= contributions to German-Moravian literature. Vol. 10). Univerzita Palackèho, Olomouc 2008, ISBN 978-80-244-2114-8 .
  • Karl Umlauff, Friedrich Ritter von Tersch: Chronicle of the city of Mähr.-Schönberg. From the city's foundation to the end of the 19th century. Emmer, Mähr.-Schönberg 1901 ( online ).
  • Jan Šícha, Eva Habel, Peter Liebald, Gudrun Heissig: Odsun. The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans. Documentation on the causes, planning and realization of an "ethnic cleansing" in the middle of Europe in 1945/46. Sudeten German Archive, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-930626-08-X .

Web links

Commons : Šumperk  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. http://www.uir.cz/obec/523704/Sumperk
  2. Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  3. Genealogy
  4. ^ Rudolf Hemmerle : Sudetenland Lexicon . Volume 4. Adam Kraft Verlag, 1985, ISBN 3-8083-1163-0 , p. 284.
  5. ^ History of the town of Šumperk (Mährisch Schönberg). Retrieved August 31, 2016 .
  6. ^ Carl Kořistka : The Margraviate of Moravia and the Duchy of Silesia in their geographical relationships . Vienna and Olmütz 1861, pp. 268–269 .
  7. ^ Gregor Wolny : Church topography of Moravia . Part II: Brno Diocese , Volume 4, Brno 1861, p. 83 .
  8. a b Karl Umlauff, Friedrich Ritter von Tersch: Chronicle of the city of Mähr.-Schönberg. From the city's foundation to the end of the 19th century . Ed .: Josef Emmer. 2nd Edition. Josef Emmer, Mährisch Schönberg May 1901.
  9. ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Mährisch Schönberg district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  10. http://www.uir.cz/zsj-obec/523704/Obec-Sumperk
  11. http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi-obec/523704/Obec-Sumperk
  12. According to Drahomír Polák: Historie mariánského sloupu v Šumperku. Město Šumperk, Šumperk 1996, p. 53; in the Handbook of Historic Places. Bohemia and Moravia. 1998, p. 360, the work is attributed to Johann Wenzel Sturmer .
  13. a b szlakczarownic.eu
  14. Listář: přepis pořadu of January 3, 2006
  15. In the footsteps of Little Vienna (accessed on September 18, 2018)
  16. Jindřich Vybíral: Young Masters - architects from the school of Otto Wagner in Moravia and Silesia . Böhlau, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-205-77573-7 , p. 319 , p. 100 .
  17. Peter Schmidt Schönberg. Retrieved August 19, 2018 .