Virus classification
The classification of viruses is based on various morphological , epidemiological or biological characteristics. The officially valid taxonomy of viruses must be distinguished from the purely functional classification , according to which viruses are divided into families , genera and species according to the degree of their relationship (determined in particular by genome comparison ). All other classifications are still used in part for historical or practical reasons. The decision on criteria for the taxonomy and classification of viruses is made by an international body called the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
The classic system of virus classification
In 1962 André Lwoff , Robert W. Horne and Paul Tournier introduced a virus taxonomy (LHT system) based on the binary classification of living things established by Carl von Linné .
In it, analogous to the taxonomy of other living things, the following taxa are divided:
- Virosphere ( Phylum : Vira)
The key characteristics for this classification were:
- the nature of the viral genome (DNA or RNA)
- the symmetry of the capsid
- Presence of a lipid coating
- Size of virion and capsid
Virus taxonomy according to ICTV
Important criteria of this currently most modern and recognized virus taxonomy are among others:
- the genome structure ( DNA , RNA , single-stranded, double-stranded, polarity , linear, circular, segmented)
- the shape (symmetry) of the capsid
- the presence of a shell
- Arrangement of genes within the genome
- Replication strategy
- Virus size
Not considered for the taxonomy, but important criteria for the summary of different viruses with common medical or epidemiological characteristics are:
- common organisms that they infect
- common transmission routes (e.g. transmission through arthropods: arboviruses )
- Similar clinical pictures or infection of the same organ (e.g. hepatitis viruses )
Until 2017, the taxonomic structure was basically the same as for the conventional virus classification from level order and below (see above) and was supplemented in 2018 by further levels as follows (with name endings that differ from the LHC system):
-
Area (en. Realm) ( ... viria )
- Sub-area (en. Subrealm) ( ... vira ) (ending as with subphylum in the LHC system, as the second top level)
-
Reich (en. Kingdom) ( ... virae )
- Unterreich (en. Subkingdom) ( ... virites )
-
Strain or Phylum ( ... viricota ) (in analogy to ... archaeota - unlike the LHC system, multiple Virusphyla are possible)
- Subphylum ( ... viricotina )
-
Class ( ... viricetes )
- Subclass ( ... viricetidae )
- Order ( ... viral )
- Subordination ( ... virineae )
- Family ( ... viridae )
- Subfamily ( ... virinae )
- Genus or genus ( ... virus )
- Subgenus or subgenus ( ... virus )
- Species or species ( ... virus )
- Subgenus or subgenus ( ... virus )
- Genus or genus ( ... virus )
- Subfamily ( ... virinae )
- Family ( ... viridae )
- Subordination ( ... virineae )
- Order ( ... viral )
- Subclass ( ... viricetidae )
-
Class ( ... viricetes )
- Subphylum ( ... viricotina )
-
Strain or Phylum ( ... viricota ) (in analogy to ... archaeota - unlike the LHC system, multiple Virusphyla are possible)
- Unterreich (en. Subkingdom) ( ... virites )
-
Reich (en. Kingdom) ( ... virae )
- Sub-area (en. Subrealm) ( ... vira ) (ending as with subphylum in the LHC system, as the second top level)
There are in these guidelines no definition of subspecies (subspecies) strains (in the sense analogous bacterial strain, English strain ) or isolates .
As of March 2020, there are four areas, which are divided as follows:
- Riboviria area
-
- Empire Orthornavirae
-
- Phylum Duplornaviricota
-
- Class Chrymotiviricetes
- Order Ghabrivirales
- Class Resentoviricetes
- Order reovirales
- Class Vidaverviricetes
- order Mindivirales
- Phylum Kitrinoviricota
-
- Class Alsuviricetes
- Order Hepelivirales
- Order martellivirales
- Order tymovirales
- Class Flasuviricetes
- Order Amarillovirales
- Class Magsaviricetes
- Order Nodamuvirales
- Class Tolucaviricetes
- Order tolivirales
- Phylum lenarviricota
-
- Class llassoviricetes
- Order Levivirales
- Class Amabiliviricetes
- Order Wolframvirales
- Class Howeltoviricetes
- Order cryppavirales
- Class Miaviricetes
- Order ourlivirales
- Phylum Negarnaviricota
-
- Subphylum Haploviricotina
-
- Class Chunqiuviricetes
- Order muvirales
- Class Milneviricetes
- Order Serpentovirales
- Class Monjiviricetes
- Order Jingchuvirales
- Order Mononegavirales
- Class Yunchavngviricetes
- Order Goujianvirales
- Subphylum Polyploviricotina
-
- Class Ellioviricetes
- order Bunyavirales
- Class Insthoviricetes
- Order Articulavirales
- Phylum pisuviricota
-
- Class Duplopiviricetes
- Order Durnavirales
- Class Pisoniviricetes
-
- Order nidovirales
- Subordination Abnidovirineae
- Suborder Arnidovirineae
- Suborder Cornidovirineae
- Suborder Mesnidovirineae
- Subordination Monidovirineae
- Suborder Nanidovirineae
- Subordination Ronidovirineae
- Suborder Tornidovirineae
- Order picornavirales
- Order sobelivirales
- Class Stelpaviricetes
- Order Patatavirales
- Order Stellavirales
- Kingdom of Pararnavirae
-
- Phylum Artverviricota
-
- Class Revtraviricetes
- order Blubervirales
- Order Ortervirales
- Duplodnaviria area
-
- Kingdom of Heunggongvirae
-
- Phylum Peploviricota
-
- Class Herviviricetes
- Okay herpes viral
- Phylum uroviricota
-
- Class Caudoviricetes
- Order Caudovirales
- Monodnaviria area
-
- Empire Loebvirae
-
- Phylum Hofneiviricota
-
- Class fiber viricetes
- Order Tubulavirales
- Empire Loebvirae
-
- Phylum Phixviricota
-
- Class Malgrandaviricetes
- Order petitvirales
- Rich Shotokuvirae
-
- Phylum Cossaviricota
-
- Class Mouviricetes
- Order polivirales
- Class Papovaviricetes
- Order Sepolyvirales
- Order Zurhausenvirales
- Class Quintoviricetes
- order Piccovirales
- Phylum Cressdnaviricota
-
- Class Arfiviricetes
- Order Baphyvirales
- Order cirlivirales
- Order Cream Viral
- Order mulpavirales
- Order recrevirales
- Class Repensiviricetes
- Order geplafuvirales
- Empire Trapavirae
-
- Phylum Saleviricota
-
- Class Huolimaviricetes
- Order Haloruvirales
- Varidnaviria area
-
- Empire Bamfordvirae
-
- Phylum nucleocytoviricota
-
- Class Megaviricetes
- Order Algavirales
- Order imitervirales
- Order Pimascovirales
- Class Pokkesviricetes
- Order Asfuvirales
- Order chitovirales
- Phylum Preplasmiviricota
-
- Class Maveriviricetes
- Order Priklausovirales
- Class Tectiliviricetes
- Order Belfryvirales
- Order kalamavirales
- Order Rowavirales
- Empire Helvetiavirae
-
- Phylum Dividoviricota
-
- Class Laserviricetes
- Order Halopanivirales
- unassigned order (s)
- Order Ligamenvirales
The Baltimore Classification
On the basis of knowledge about the molecular biology of viruses, another classification was initially established, which goes back to a proposal by Nobel Prize winner David Baltimore from 1971.
The various possibilities arise from the fact that one strand of double-stranded DNA , as it is in all other living beings, is redundant and can therefore be omitted. The virus genome can also be present in various forms of RNA that occur in cells as an intermediate stage in protein synthesis . In the case of single-stranded RNA, both possible coding directions occur: the normal direction 5 '→ 3' , which is referred to as (+) polarity , as it is in the mRNA , and the opposite (complementary) direction (-) in which the RNA is present as a negative.
The Baltimore classification based on the replication strategy is becoming increasingly uncommon today and has largely been superseded by the taxonomy of ICTV. This is particularly true to the extent that the ICTV taxa (kinship groups) with ranks above the order (formerly the highest rank in virology) are established. The highest assigned by ICTV rank is now the area ( English realm ), analogous to the domain in organisms (cellular organisms). It also shows more relationships between virus groups of different Baltimore classes.
Areas recognized by ICTV:
- Riboviria area (Baltimore 3 to 7)
- Duplodnaviria area (Baltimore 1)
- Varidnaviria area (Baltimore 1)
- Monodnaviria area Baltimore 1 and 2)
Some examples of other Baltimore cross-family kin:
- confirmed by ICTV:
- Order Ortervirales (Baltimore 6 and 7)
- Family Pleolipoviridae - and with it the proposed range " Monodnaviria " (Baltimore 1 and 2)
- in addition there are many taxa with rank higher than order.
Incidentally, Baltimore does not differentiate between the two polarities, even with single-stranded DNA viruses, only with single-stranded RNA viruses.
DNA viruses
DNA viruses do not form a taxonomic family group ( clade ); instead, this term is merely a collective term for virus classification. Among the DNA viruses, however, a number of orders could be identified as kinship groups and confirmed by the ICTV. There are suggestions for more - sometimes more comprehensive than regulations.
Baltimore Group I
Double stranded DNA - dsDNA ( English double strand ), normal genome form of all life.
- Varidnaviria area (originally proposed as " Divdnaviria ", " Vertical jelly roll major capsid protein DNA viruses ", " DJR-MCP viruses ")
-
- Empire Bamfordvirae
-
- Phylum Nucleocytoviricota (outdated " Nucleocytoplasmaviricota ", " Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses ", NCLDV)
-
- Class Megaviricetes
- Branch 1:
-
- Order Algavirales
-
- Family Phycodnaviridae
- Genus chlorovirus
- Genus Coccolithovirus
- Genus Phaeovirus
- Genus Prasinovirus
- Genus Prymnesiovirus
- Genus Raphidovirus
- further suggestions within this family (or at least order):
- " Yellowstone Lake Phycodnavirus 1 " to " 3 " (YSLPV-1 to -3)
- " Dishui Lake Phycodnavirus 1 " (DSLPV-1)
- " Mollivirus "
- " Pandoravirus " (own family " Pandoraviridae "?)
- " Clandestinivirus "
- " Usurpativirus "
- " Sylvan virus "
- From the previous genus Prymnesiovirus , several representatives are closer to the Mimiviridae than the Phycodnaviridae , so they are more likely to be assigned to the order Imitervirales .
- Order Imitervirales (outdated " Megavirales " see : the extended family Mimiviridae syn. " Megaviridae ")
-
- Family Mimiviridae ( s. S. )
-
- Subfamily of the cafeteria viruses - possibly with the toilet new viruses in a common subfamily Aquavirinae
- Genus Cafeteriavirus , "Faunus virus", sNCLDV group with " Namao virus "
- Subfamily " Klosneuvirinae " (Klosneuviren) - possibly with the cafeteria viruses in a common subfamily " Aquavirinae "
-
Toilet virus ,
- “ Klosneuvirus ”, “ Catovirus ”, “ Hokovirus ”, “ Catovirus ”, “ Indivirus ”, “ Gaeavirus ”, “ Homavirus ”, “ Barrevirus ”, “ Dasosvirus ”, “ Edafovirus ”, “ Terrestrivirus ”, “ Harvfovirus ”, “ Hyperionvirus "," Bodo saltans virus "," Fadolivirus "," Yasmine virus "
- Subfamily " Megamimivirinae " (synonym " Mimivirinae ")
-
- Genus Mimivirus
-
- Line A (mimiviruses s. S.)
- Species Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus , " Mamavirus ", ...
- Line B (Moumouviren)
- Species " Acanthamoeba polyphaga moumouvirus ", ...
- Line C (megaviruses s. S. )
- Species " Megavirus chilensis " (with subspecies Courdo11 virus)
- Genus " Tupan virus ", " Platanovirus ", " Satyr virus "
- Family " Mesomimiviridae ", previously proposed as subfamily Mesomimivirinae (with group " OLPG ", formerly part of Phycodnaviridae )
-
- " OLPG " group ("Organic Lake Phyvodnavirus Group")
- Species " Phaeocystis globosa virus 12 ", " 14 ", " 16 " (PgV-12T, PgV-14T, PgV-16T)
- Species " Phaeocystis pouchetii virus 01 " (PpV)
- Species " Organic lake phycodnavirus 1 " and " 2 " (OLPV1, OLPV2)
- Species " Yellowstone lake mimivirus " alias " Yellowstone lake gigavirus ", obsolete " Yellowstone Lake Phycodnavirus 4 "
- Species " Prymesia kappa virus RF01 " and " RF02 " (PkV-RF01, PkV-RF02)
- Species " Chrysochromulina ericina virus 01 " (CeV, alias " Haptolina ericina virus " HeV)
- Klade with AaV and ChoanoV
- Species " Aureococcus anophagefferens virus " (AaV)
- Genus " Choanovirus " ("ChoanoV")
- Klade with TetV and PoV
- Species " Tetraselmis virus 1 " (TetV-1)
- Species " Pyramimonas orientalis virus 01 " (PoV01)
- Branch 2:
-
- Order Pimascovirales (formerly "MAPI super clade " or "PMI group"):
- Marseilleviridae family
- Family " Asco-Iridoviridae " (previous families Iridoviridae and Ascoviridae , by proposal with the genus Ichnovirus , previously Polydnaviridae )
- Family " Pithoviridae " (with " Cedratvirus " and including " Orpheoviridae ", " Solumvirus ", " Solivirus ", " Sissivirus " and " Misannotatedvirus ")
- Family " Mininucleoviridae "
- Class Pokkesviricetes
- Branch 3:
-
- Order Asfuvirales
- Family Asfarviridae with " Faustovirus ", " Pacmanvirus ", and " Kaumoebavirus ", possibly " Dinodnavirus "
- Order chitovirales
-
- Family Poxviridae
-
- Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae
- Genus Avipoxvirus
- Genus Capripoxvirus
- Genus Centapoxvirus
- Genus Cervidpoxvirus
- Genus crocodylid poxvirus
- Genus Leporipoxvirus
- Genus Molluscipoxvirus
- Genus Orthopoxvirus
- Genus Parapoxvirus
- Genus Suipoxvirus
- Genus Yabapoxvirus
- Subfamily Entemopoxvirinae
- Genus Entemopoxvirus A
- Genus Entemopoxvirus B
- Genus Entemopoxvirus C
- are not assigned to any of these branches within the NCLDV (references see NCLDV ):
- Family " Medusaviridae " with genus " Medusavirus "
- Family " Klothoviridae " with " Klothovirus casanovai ", " Megaklothovirus horridgei "
- Family " Mininucleoviridae " with " Carcinus maenas virus 1 ", " Dikerogammarus haemobaphes virus 1 ", " Panulirus argus virus 1 "
- " Urceolovirus corneum "
- " Meelsvirus "
- " Yaravirus "
- Phylum Preplasmiviricota
-
- Class Tectiliviricetes
-
- Order Rowavirales
- Family Adenoviridae
- Order kalamavirales
- Family Tectiviridae (possibly in separate order " Kalamavirales ")
- Order Vinavirales
- Family Corticoviridae
- Order Belfryvirales
- Family Turriviridae
- Class Maveriviricetes
-
- Order Priklausovirales
- Family Lavidaviridae
- Empire Helvetiavirae
-
- Phylum Dividoviricota
-
- Class Laserviricetes
-
- Order Halopanivirales
- Family Sphaerolipoviridae
- Duplodnaviria area (suggestion)
-
- Kingdom of Heunggongvirae
-
- Phylum uroviricota
-
- Class Caudoviricetes
-
- Order Caudovirales - bacteriophages with a tail-like process.
-
- Family Ackermannviridae
- Family Herelleviridae
- Family Myoviridae
- The giant phages ( English huge phages , jumbo and megaphages) " Kabirphage ", " Mahaphage " (including the group of " Lak phages "), " Biggiephage ", " Dakhmphage ", " Kyodaiphage ", " Kaempephage ", " Jabbarphage " , “ Enormephage ”, “ Judaphage ”, and “ Whopperphage ” may belong in this family.
- Family Podoviridae
- Family Siphoviridae
- Family " Saltoviridae "
- Family " Zobellviridae "
- Phylum Peploviricota
-
- Class Herviviricetes
-
- Okay herpes viral
-
- Family Alloherpesviridae
- Family Herpesviridae
-
- Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae
-
- Genus Iltovirus
- Genus Mardivirus
- Genus simplex virus
- Species herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) or (HHV-1)
- Species herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) or (HHV-2)
- Species herpes B virus syn. Herpesvirus simiae
- Genus Varicellovirus
- Species varicella zoster virus (VZV) or (HHV-3)
- Species pseudo rage virus syn. Pseudorabies virus (PrV), Aujeszky virus , en. Suid alphaherpesvirus 1 , suide herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1)
- Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae
-
- Genus Cytomegalovirus
- Species Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) syn. Human Cytomegaly Virus (HZMV), Human Herpes Virus 5 (HHV-5)
- Genus Muromegalovirus
- Species mouse cytomegaly virus (MCMV) syn. Mouse Herpes Virus 1 (MHV-1), en. Murid betaherpesvirus 1
- Genus Proboscivirus
- Genus Roseolovirus
- Species Human Herpes Virus 6A (HHV-6A)
- Species Human Herpes Virus 6B (HHV-6B)
- Species Human Herpes Virus 7 (HHV-7)
- Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae
-
- Genus Lymphocryptovirus
- Species Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) syn. Human Herpes Virus 4 (HHV-4), en. Human gammaherpesvirus 4
- Genus Macavirus
- Genus Rhadinovirus
- Species Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV-8), en. Human gammaherpesvirus 8
- Malacoherpesviridae family
- Further previously unclassified order (s):
-
- Order Ligamenvirales
- Family Lipothrixviridae
- Family Rudiviridae
- A still nameless clade " Module 6 " is formed by the following families suggested by Koonin et al. (2015, 2019)
- Baculoviridae family
- Family Hytrosaviridae
- Family Nimaviridae
- Family Nudiviridae
- Family Polydnaviridae (probably polyphyletic, here only genus Bracovirus )
- Members of the Monodnaviria with a circular dsDNA genome
- Monodnaviria area - usually ssDNA, here only exceptions with circular dsDNA
-
- Reich Shotokuvirae (here only representatives with dsDNA: Papovaviricetes )
-
- Phylum Cossaviricota (ditto)
-
- Class Papovaviricetes
-
- Order Sepolyvirales
- Family Polyomaviridae
- Order Zurhausenvirales
- Family Papillomaviridae
- other possible candidates for this group are the following dsDNA virus families:
- Family " Adomaviridae "
- Family " Adintoviridae "
- explicitly unclassified families
- Family " Autolykiviridae " (proposed, dsDNA, tailless bacteriophages)
- Family Anelloviridae
- Family Bicaudaviridae
- Family Clavaviridae
- Family Fuselloviridae
- Family Globuloviridae
- Family Guttaviridae
- Family Ovaliviridae
- Genus Alphaovalivirus with Species Sulfolobus ellipsoid virus 1
- Plasmaviridae family
- Family Portogloboviridae
- Family Spiraviridae
- Family Tristomaviridae
- Family Thaspiviridae
- Genus Nitmarvirus with species Nitmarvirus NSV1 alias Nitrosopumilus maritimus virus 1 , Nitrosopumilus spindle-shaped virus 1 (formerly Fuselloviridae : Alphafusellovirus ) as well as NSV2 and NSV3
- Family Halspiviridae
- Genus Salterprovirus with Species Salterprovirus His1 alias His 1 virus
- Family Bacilladnaviridae
- Family Hepadnaviridae
-
- is not assigned to any family:
- Genus Rhizidiovirus with the only species Rhizidiomyces Virus
Baltimore Group II
Single strand DNA - ssDNA ( English single strand ). Virions contain DNA of positive or negative polarity. The virus group "CRESS" ( circular rep-encoding single-strand DNA viruses ) is not a related group ( taxon ), but polyphyletic. The proposed phylum " Cressdnaviricota ", however, summarizes the main representatives of this in a family group.
- Area " Monodnaviria " (proposed, not yet confirmed by ICTV - as of November 1, 2019) (here except for the special case Pleolipoviridae )
-
- Empire " Loebvirae "
-
- Phylum " Hofneiviricota "
-
- Class " fiber viricetes "
-
- Order " Tubulavirales "
- Family Inoviridae (to "CRESS")
- Family " Plectroviridae "
-
- Empire " Sangervirae "
-
- Phylum " Phixviricota "
-
- Class " Malgrandaviricetes "
-
- Order " Petitvirales "
- Family Microviridae (to "CRESS")
-
- Empire " Shotokuvirae "
-
- Phylum " Cossaviricota " (without " Papovaviricetes " because these with circular dsDNA)
-
- Class " Quintoviricetes "
-
- Order " Piccovirales "
- Class " Mouviricetes "
-
- Order " Polivirales "
- Family Bidnaviridae
- other members of the (polyphyletic) virus group "CRESS" ( circular rep-encoding single-strand DNA viruses )
-
- Phylum " Cressdnaviricota "
-
- Class " Repensiviricetes "
-
- Order " Geplafuvirales "
- Family Geminiviridae
- Family Genomoviridae
- Class " Arfiviricetes "
-
- Order " Baphyvirales "
- Family Bacilladnaviridae
- Order " Recrevirales "
- Family " Redondoviridae "
- Order " Cirlivirales "
- Family Circoviridae
- Order " cream viral "
- Family Smacoviridae
- Order " Mulpavirales "
- Family Nanoviridae
-
-
- further families classified as "CRESS" without taxonomic classification:
- Family Sarthroviridae
- Family Spiraviridae
- Family Redondoviridae
-
- is / are not assigned to any order (or even higher rank):
- Family Anelloviridae
- Family Finnlakeviridae (ssDNA, tailless bacteriophages ), with species Flavobacterium virus FLiP alias Phage FLiP
Pleolipoviridae
Representatives of this family of DNA viruses have partly double-stranded DNA (group 1), partly single-stranded DNA (group 2).
- Area " Monodnaviria " (proposed, not yet confirmed by ICTV - as of November 1, 2019) (here only special case Caulimoviridae )
-
- Empire " Trapavirae "
-
- Phylum " Saleviricota "
-
- Class " Huolimaviricetes "
-
- Order " Haloruvirales "
-
- Family Pleolipoviridae
-
- Genus Alphapleolipovirus
- Species Haloarcula hispanica pleomorphic virus 1 (HHPV1) (dsDNA)
- Species Halorubrum pleomorphic virus 1 (HRPV1) (ssDNA)
- Genus Betapleolipovirus
- Species Halogeometricum pleomorphic virus 1 (HGPV1)
- Species Halorubrum pleomorphic virus 3 (HRPV3)
- Genus Gammapleolipovirus
- Species Gammapleolipovirus His2 alias His 2 virus , Haloarcula virus His2 (dsDNA)
RNA viruses
The proposed supergroups also belong to this area
- Picornavirus-like superfamily
- Alphavirus-like superfamily
according to Koonin et al. (2015), summarizing clades from various Baltimore groups.
Baltimore Group III
Double stranded RNA - dsRNA
- Riboviria area (here only dsRNA)
-
- as suggested by Koonin et al. (2015) forming an as yet unnamed family group:
-
- The families are not assigned to any order:
-
- Birnaviridae
- Cystoviridae
- Endornaviridae
- Reoviridae (derivedfrom the Cystoviridae after suggestion by Koonin et al. (2015))
Baltimore Group IV
Positive single stranded RNA - ss (+) RNA. It acts directly as mRNA.
- Riboviria area (here only ss (+) RNA)
-
- Order nidovirales
-
- Suborder Abnidovirineae , families:
- Suborder Cornidovirineae , families:
-
-
-
-
- Milecovirus
-
-
-
- Duvinacovirus
- Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV)
- Tegacovirus
- Alphacoronavirus 1 with subspecies Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)
-
- Sarbecovirus
- Merbecovirus
- Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
- Embecovirus
- Betacoronavirus 1 with subspecies Human Coronavirus OC43 (HCoV)
-
- Igacovirus
-
- Buldecovirus
-
-
-
- Suborder Mesnidovirineae , families:
- Suborder Monidovirineae , families:
- Subordination Ronidovirineae , families:
- Suborder Tornidovirineae , families:
-
- Order Picornavirales , families:
-
- Order Tymovirales , families:
-
- as suggested by Koonin et al. (2015) forming an as yet unnamed family group:
-
- as suggested by Koonin et al. (2015) forming another unnamed kinship group:
-
- as suggested by Koonin et al. (2015) forming another unnamed kinship group:
-
-
- Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)
- O'nyong'nyong virus (Onyong nyong virus, ONNV)
- Sindbis virus
- ? Matonaviridae (from ICTV 2018/2019 - i.e. subsequently - separated from the Togaviridae )
-
- Rubella Virus (s. Rubella virus )
-
-
-
- The families are not assigned to any order:
-
- Alphatetraviridae
- Alvernaviridae
- Benyviridae
- Bromoviridae
- Caliciviridae
- Carmotetraviridae
- Closteroviridae
- Flaviviridae
-
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
- GB virus C GBV-C (non-pathogenic)
Baltimore Group V
Negative single stranded RNA - ss (-) RNA. It acts as a template for mRNA synthesis.
- Riboviria area (here only ss (-) RNA)
-
- Phylum Negarnaviricota - The phylum, newly created by ICTV in 2018, corresponds to the proposed flavivirus-like superfamily (in the sense of supergroup) by Koonin et al. (2015)
-
- Subphylum Haploviricotina
-
- Class Chunqiuviricetes , order Muvirales
- Qinviridae family
- Class Milneviricetes , order Serpentovirales
- Family Aspiviridae (formerly Ophioviridae )
- Class Monjiviricetes , Order Jingchuvirales
- Family Chuviridae
- Class Monjiviricetes , order Mononegavirales : RNA not segmented
-
- Artoviridae family
- Family Bornaviridae
- Genus Carbovirus , with Species Southwest carbovirus (Southwest carpet python virus, SWCPV) and type species Queensland Carbovirus (Jungle carpet python virus, JCPV)
- Genus cultervirus , with type species Sharpbelly cultervirus
- Genus Orthobornavirus - en. Borna Disease Virus , the virus of Bornash's disease, with Species Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus (type) u. a.
- Filoviridae family
-
- Genus Cuevavirus
-
- Species Lloviu Cueva Virus , en. Lloviu cuevavirus
- Lloviu virus, en. Lloviu Virus (LLOV)
- Genus Ebolavirus (formerly Ebola-like viruses , en. Ebola-like viruses )
-
- Species Ebola Bundibugyo Virus , en. Bundibugyo ebolavirus (formerly BEBOV)
- Bundibugyo Virus (BDBV)
- Species Ebola Reston Virus , en. Reston ebolavirus (formerly REBOV), 4 subtypes
- Reston Virus (RESTV)
- Species Ebola Sudan Virus , en. Sudan ebolavirus (formerly SEBOV), 3 subtypes
- Sudan Virus (SUDV)
- Species Ebola-Taï Forest-Virus , en. Tai Forest ebolavirus (also Taï Forest ebolavirus , obsolete Ebola-Côte d'Ivoire virus , en. Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus , formerly CIEBOV), 1 subtype
- Taï Forest Virus (TAFV)
- Species Ebola-Zaire virus , en. Zaire ebola virus (also Zaire ebola virus ; formerly ZEBOV), type 6 Species subtypes
- Ebola virus (EBOV)
- Genus Marburg virus
-
- Species Marburg-Marburgvirus (en. Marburg marburgvirus , outdated Marburg-Lake Victoria-Virus )
- Marburg virus (en. Marburg virus, MARV)
- Ravn virus (en. Ravn virus, RAVV)
- Family Lispiviridae
- Family Mymonaviridae
- Family Nyamiviridae
- Family Paramyxoviridae
-
- Subfamily Avulavirinae
-
- Genus metaavulavirus
- Genus Orthoavulavirus (formerly Avulavirus )
- Species Human Parainfluenza Virus
- Species Newcastle Disease Virus
- Genus paraavulavirus
- Subfamily Metaparamyxovirinae
- Genus synodon virus
- Subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae
-
- Genus aquaparamyxovirus
- Genus ferlavirus
- Genus henipavirus
- Species Nipah virus
- Species Hendravirus
- Genus Jeilong virus
- Genus Morbillivirus (Morbiliviruses)
- Species measles virus
- species rinderpest
- Species canines distemper virus
- Genus Narmovirus
- Genus respirovirus (respirovirus)
- Species parainfluenza virus 1, 3
- Genus Salem virus
- Subfamily Rubulavirinae
-
- Genus Orthorubulavirus (formerly Rubulavirus )
- Species parainfluenza virus 2, 4
- Species mumps virus ( mumps )
- Species Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)
- Genus pararubular virus
- Family Pneumoviridae
-
- Genus pneumovirus
- Species Respiratory Sincytical Virus (RSV)
- Genus metapneumovirus
- Species human metapneumovirus (HMPV)
- Family Rhabdoviridae
-
- Genus Lyssavirus
- Species rabies virus (RABV) (genotype 1, rabies virus )
- Species Lagos bat virus (LBV) (genotype 2, Lagos bat virus )
- Species Mokola Virus (MOKV) (Genotype 3)
- Species Duvenhage virus (DUVV) (genotype 4)
- Species European bat lyssavirus (EBLV 1, 2) (genotypes 5 and 6, European bat lyssavirus 1, 2 )
- Species Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) (genotype 7, Australian bat lyssavirus )
- Genus " Sunrhavirus " (suggestion)
- Species " Sunguru sunrhavirus " (SUNV, type species, suggestion)
- Family Sunviridae
- Family Xinmoviridae
- Class Yunchangviricetes , Order Goujianvirales
- Family Yueviridae
- Class Ellioviricetes , Order Bunyavirales
-
- Family Arenaviridae
-
- Genus Hartmanivirus
- Genus Mammarenavirus (hosts: Mammalia )
-
- LCMV / Lassa Complex (Old World Arena Viruses):
- Species Lassa virus
- Species Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)
- Species Lunk Virus (NKS-1)
- New World Arenaviruses (Tacaribe Complex):
- Species Tacaribe Virus (TCRV)
- Species Machupo virus
- Species Junin virus (Argentine mammary virus)
- Species Lujo virus
- Species Chapare virus
- Genus Reptarenavirus (hosts: snakes)
- Species California Reptarenavirus
- Species Universität-Giessen Virus
- Species gold Reptarenavirus
- Species Common Reptarenavirus
- Species Rotterdam Reptarenavirus
- Family Cruliviridae
- Family Fimoviridae
- Family Hantaviridae
-
- Genus Orthohantavirus
- Species Hantaan virus (aka Muerto Canyon virus )
- Species Seoul virus
- Species Prospect Hill Virus
- Species Puumala virus (PUU)
- Species Dobrava virus
- Species Tula virus
- Species Sin Nombre Virus
- Family Leishbuviridae
- Family Mypoviridae
- Family Nairoviridae
-
- Genus Nairovirus
- Species Crimean Congo Fever Virus
- Family Peribunyaviridae (including Tospoviridae )
- Genus herb virus
- Genus Orthobunyavirus
- Genus Shangavirus
- Genus tospovirus
- Family Phasmaviridae (including the former families Feraviridae and Jonviridae )
- Genus Orthophasmavirus
- Genus Feravirus
- Genus Jonvirus
- Family Phenuiviridae
-
- Genus Goukovirus
- Genus Phasivirus
- Genus phlebovirus
- Species Rift Valley Fever Virus
- Species sand fly fever virus
- Genus Tenuivirus
- Family Tospoviridae
- Family Wupedeviridae
- Genus wumivirus
- Family " Lincruviridae " (suggestion)
- Genus " Portunivirus " (suggestion) with type species Crab portunivirus
- Subphylum Polyploviricotina
-
- Class Insthoviricetes , order Articulavirales
-
- Family Amnoonviridae
- Genus tilapine virus
- Family Orthomyxoviridae
-
- Genus alphainfluenza virus
-
- Species influenza virus A
- Influenza A virus H1N1
- Influenza A virus H2N2
- Influenza A virus H3N2
- Influenza A virus H5N1 , highly pathogenic avian influenza virus ( HPAIV )
- Influenza A virus H5N2 , low pathogenic avian influenza virus ( LPAIV )
- Influenza A virus H5N3 , low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV)
- Influenza A virus H7N1 , avian influenza virus
- Influenza A virus H7N2 , low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV)
- Influenza A virus H7N3 , low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV)
- Influenza A virus H7N4
- Influenza A virus H7N5
- Influenza A virus H7N6
- Influenza A virus H7N7 , highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV)
- Influenza A virus H7N8
- Influenza A virus H7N9 , avian influenza virus
- Influenza A virus H8N1
- Influenza A virus H9N2 , low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV)
- Influenza A virus H10N7
- Influenza A virus H10N8
- Influenza A virus H11N2
- Influenza A virus H11N9
- Influenza A virus H13N2
- Influenza A virus H13N9
- Influenza A virus H16N3
- Influenza A virus H17N10
- Influenza A virus H18N11
- Genus betainfluenza virus
-
- Species influenza virus B
- Influenza virus B / Victoria line
- Influenza virus B / Yamagata line
- Genus gamma fluenza virus
- Species influenza virus C
- Genus delta fluenza virus
- Species influenza virus D
- Genus Thogotovirus
- Genus Isavirus
- Genus Quaranja virus
- Phylum, subphylum, class, order, family not determined for genus:
Reverse transcribing viruses
This subheading includes the order Ortervirales , which includes families of Baltimore classes VI and VII:
Baltimore Group VI
Positive single-stranded RNA, which is written back into DNA by reverse transcriptase (RT) and incorporated into the cell genome (retroviruses).
- Order Ortervirales (here except for Caulimoviridae - reverse transcribing RNA viruses ssRNA-RT)
-
- Family Belpaoviridae
- Genus Semotivirus
- Metaviridae family
- Genus Errantivirus
- Genus metavirus
- Genus Errantivirus
- Family Pseudoviridae
- Genus hemivirus
- Genus pseudovirus
- Genus Sirevirus
- Family Retroviridae
-
- Subfamily Orthoretrovirinae
-
- Genus alpharetrovirus
- Genus beta-retrovirus
- Genus gammaretrovirus
- Genus deltaretrovirus
- Species Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)
- Species human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2)
- Genus epsilon retrovirus
- Genus lentivirus
- Species Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-I)
- Species Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type II (HIV-II)
- Species simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)
- Species Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
- Species Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV)
- Species virus, equine infectious anemia (EIAV)
- Species Maedi Visna Virus (MVV)
- Subfamily Spumaretrovirinae
- Genus bovispumavirus
- Genus Equispumavirus
- Genus Felispumavirus
- Genus Prosimiispumavirus
- Genus Simiispumavirus
Baltimore Group VII
Double-stranded DNA that uses an intermediate RNA step for replication (reverse transcribing DNA viruses dsDNA-RT, pararetroviruses).
- Order Ortervirales (here only special case Caulimoviridae )
-
- Family Caulimoviridae
-
- Gender badnavirus
- Species Cacao swollen-shoot virus (CSSV)
- Genus caulimovirus
- Genus Cavemovirus
- Genus Petuvirus
- Genus Rosadnavirus
- Genus brine virus
- Genus soymovirus
- Genus tungro virus
- order Blubervirales
-
- Family Hepadnaviridae
-
- Genus Avihepadnavirus
- Genus Orthohepadnavirus
- Species hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Table overview
nucleic acid | Capsid symmetry | Shell | Genome | Baltimore class | family | genus | species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DNA | icosahedral | naked | ss (+/-) | II | Parvoviridae | Erythroparvovirus | Parvovirus B19 |
DNA | icosahedral | naked | ds circular | I. | Polyomaviridae | Beta-papillomavirus | Human papillomavirus 1 and 2 |
DNA | icosahedral | naked | ds circular | I. | Polyomaviridae | Polyomavirus | SV40 , BK virus , JC virus |
DNA | icosahedral | naked | ds | I. | Adenoviridae | Mastadenovirus | Human AdV A-F |
DNA | icosahedral | enveloped | ds | VII | Hepadnaviridae | Orthohepadna virus | Hepatitis B virus |
DNA | icosahedral | enveloped | ds | I. | Herpesviridae | Simplex virus | Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 |
DNA | icosahedral | enveloped | ds | I. | Herpesviridae | Varicellovirus | Varicella zoster virus |
DNA | icosahedral | enveloped | ds | I. | Herpesviridae | Cytomegalovirus | Cytomegalovirus |
DNA | icosahedral | enveloped | ds | I. | Herpesviridae | Roseolovirus | Human herpes virus 6A, 6B and 7 |
DNA | icosahedral | enveloped | ds | I. | Herpesviridae | Lymphocryptovirus | Epstein-Barr Virus |
DNA | complex | enveloped | ds | I. | Poxviridae | Orthopoxvirus | Variola virus , vaccinia virus |
DNA | complex | enveloped | ds | I. | Poxviridae | Parapox virus | Orf virus |
RNA | icosahedral | naked | ss (+) | IV | Picornaviridae | Enterovirus | Poliovirus 1 - 3 , Rhinovirus A - C , Coxsackievirus , Echovirus |
RNA | icosahedral | naked | ss (+) | IV | Picornaviridae | Parechovirus | Parechovirus A |
RNA | icosahedral | naked | ss (+) | IV | Picornaviridae | Hepatovirus | Hepatitis A virus |
RNA | icosahedral | naked | ss (+) | IV | Picornaviridae | Cardiovirus | Cardiovirus A ( mengovirus , EMC virus) |
RNA | icosahedral | naked | ss (+) | IV | Astroviridae | Mamastro virus | Mamastrovirus 1 , 6 , 8 , 9 |
RNA | icosahedral | naked | ss (+) | IV | Caliciviridae | Norovirus | Norwalk virus |
RNA | icosahedral | naked | ss (+) | IV | Hepeviridae | Orthohepevirus | Hepatitis E virus |
RNA | icosahedral | naked | ds (10-18 segments) | III | Reoviridae | Coltivirus | Colorado tick fever virus |
RNA | icosahedral | naked | ds (10-18 segments) | III | Reoviridae | Orthoreovirus | Mammalian orthoreovirus |
RNA | icosahedral | naked | ds (10-18 segments) | III | Reoviridae | Rotavirus | Rotavirus |
RNA | icosahedral | enveloped | ss (+) | IV | Togaviridae | Alphavirus | Sindbis virus |
RNA | icosahedral | enveloped | ss (+) | IV | Togaviridae | Rubivirus | Rubella virus |
RNA | icosahedral | enveloped | ss (+) | IV | Flaviviridae | Flavivirus | Yellow fever virus , hepatitis C virus |
RNA | complex | enveloped | ss (+) | VI | Retroviridae | Deltaretrovirus | HTLV-1 HTLV-2 |
RNA | complex | enveloped | ss (+) | VI | Retroviridae | Spumavirus | Spumavirus |
RNA | complex | enveloped | ss (+) | VI | Retroviridae | Lentivirus | HIV-1, -2 , SIV |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (+) | IV | Coronaviridae | Alphacoronavirus | Felines CoV |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (+) | IV | Coronaviridae | Beta coronavirus | SARS-CoV , MERS-CoV |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Orthomyxoviridae | Alpha influenza virus | Influenza virus A |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Orthomyxoviridae | Betainfluenza virus | Influenza virus B |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Orthomyxoviridae | Gamma fluenza virus | Influenza virus C |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Orthomyxoviridae | Delta fluenza virus | Influenza virus D |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Paramyxoviridae | Pneumovirus | Respiratory syncytial virus |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Paramyxoviridae | Respirovirus | Parainfluenza virus HPIV-1, HPIV-3 |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Paramyxoviridae | Rubula virus | Parainfluenza virus HPIV-2, HPIV-4 |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Paramyxoviridae | Rubula virus | Mumps virus |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Paramyxoviridae | Morbillivirus | Measles virus |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Rhabdoviridae | Lyssavirus | Rabies virus |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Filoviridae | Filovirus | Marburg virus , Ebola virus |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Peribunyaviridae | Orthobunyavirus | Bunyamweravirus |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Nairoviridae | Orthonairovirus | Crimean Congo Virus |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Phenuiviridae | Phlebovirus | Phlebotomus Fever Virus |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Hantaviridae | Orthohantavirus | Hantaan virus |
RNA | helical | enveloped | ss (-) | V | Arenaviridae | Mammary virus | LCM virus , Lassa virus |
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Executive Committe , Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release , How to write virus and species names
- ↑ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Executive Committee : The new scope of virus taxonomy: partitioning the virosphere into 15 hierarchical ranks , in: Nature Microbiology Volume 5, pp. 668-674 of April 27, 2020, doi: 10.1038 / s41564-020 -0709-x ; and Nadja Podbregar: A family tree for the virosphere , on: scinexx.de from April 29, 2020. Both articles have the status of January 2020, i. H. Details of the Master Species List (MSL) No. 35 of the ICTV from March 2020 have not yet been taken into account. However, this has no meaning for the basic intention of ICTV, with MSL # 35 the development has only continued in the specified direction.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k ICTV Master Species List 2019 v1 MSL # 35, March 2019
- ↑ a b c d e f ICTV Master Species List 2018b v1 MSL # 34, February 2019
- ↑ Lars Gerdes, Ulrich Busch, Sven Pecoraro: Parallel Quantification of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) , in: Genetic Engineering for Environment and Consumer Protection, Volume 8, 5th Symposium "Genetic Engineering for Environmental and Consumer Protection", Oberschleissheim, November 2013: Conference Paper, here: Fig. 6.1: Baltimore classification and virus families
- ↑ SIB: Baltimore classification , on: ViralZone
- ↑ SIB: Double Strand DNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
- ↑ Koonin EV, Dolja VV, Krupovic M, Varsani A, Wolf YI, Yutin N, Zerbini M, Kuhn JH: Create a megataxonomic framework for DNA viruses encoding vertical jelly roll-type major capsid proteins filling all principal taxonomic ranks . ICTV Proposal 2019.003G, April – July 2019
- ↑ a b Julien Guglielmini, Anthony C. Woo, Mart Krupovic, Patrick Forterre, Morgan Gaia: Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNnA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes , in: PNAS 116 (39), 10./24. September 2019, pp. 19585-19592, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1912006116 , PMID 31506349 , Fig. 2
- ↑ a b Julien Guglielmini, Anthony Woo, Mart Krupovic, Patrick Forterre, Morgan Gaia: Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes , on: bioRxiv of October 29, 2018, doi: 10.1101 / 455816 . bioRxiv : 10.1101 / 455816v1 ( preprint full text).
- ↑ Sailen Barik: A Family of Novel Cyclophilins, Conserved in the Mimivirus Genus of the Giant DNA Viruses , in: Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, Volume 16, July 2018, pp. 231-236, doi: 10.1016 / j.csbj.2018.07 .001
- ↑ Center national de la recherche scientifique: List of the main “giant” viruses known as of today , Université Aix Marseille, April 18, 2018.
- ↑ Jonathan Filée: Giant viruses and their mobile genetic elements: the molecular symbiosis hypothesis , in: Current Opinion in Virology, Volume 33, December 2018, pp. 81-88; bioRxiv : 2018/04/11/299784 ( preprint full text)
- ↑ NCBI: Prymadium kappa virus (species)
- ↑ Lucie Gallot-Lavallee, Guillaume Blanc, Jean-Michel Claverie: Comparative genomics of Chrysochromulina Ericina Virus (CeV) and other microalgae-infecting large DNA viruses highlight their intricate evolutionary relationship with the established Mimiviridae family , in: J. Virol., 26 April 2017, doi: 10.1128 / JVI.00230-17
- ↑ a b Torill Vik Johannessen, Gunnar Bratbak, Aud Larsenb, Hiroyuki Ogatac, Elianne S. Egged, Bente Edvardsen, Wenche Eikremd, Ruth-Anne Sandaaa: Characterization of three novel giant viruses reveals huge diversity among viruses infecting Prymnesiales (Haptophyta) , in : Virology, Volume 476, February 2015, pp. 180-188, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2014.12.014 , PMID 25546253
- ↑ Christopher R.Schvarcz, Grieg F. Steward: A giant virus infecting green algae encodes key fermentation genes , in: Virology, Volume 518, May 2018, pp. 423-433, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2018.03.010
- ↑ New giant virus discovered - virus detected off Hawaii is the largest cell parasite of plant organisms to date, on: scinexx from May 4, 2018
- ↑ Julien Andreani, Jacques YB Khalil, Emeline Baptiste, Issam Hasni, Caroline Michelle, Didier Raoult, Anthony Levasseur, Bernard La Scola: Orpheovirus IHUMI-LCC2: A New Virus among the Giant Viruses . In: Frontiers in Microbiology . tape 8 , January 22, 2018, ISSN 1664-302X , doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2017.02643 .
- ^ A b Dupuy C, Huguet E, Drezen JM: Unfolding the evolutionary story of polydnaviruses . In: Virus Res . 117, No. 1, 2006, pp. 81-89. doi : 10.1016 / j.virusres.2006.01.001 . PMID 16460826 .
- ↑ a b c references see NCLDV
- ↑ Basem Al-Shayeb, Rohan Sachdeva, L. Chen, Jillian F. Banfield et al .: Clades of huge phages from across Earth's ecosystems , in: Nature from February 12, 2020, doi: 10.1038 / s41586-020-2007-4 , previously bioRxiv : 10.1101 / 572362v1 ( preprint full text)
- ↑ Ed Yong: A Huge Discovery in the World of Viruses , on: The Atlantic, February 20, 2020
- ↑ ICTV: 2018.139B.Ud.v1.Saltoviridae.xlsx , ICTV Proposals: Saltoviridae, from August 27, 2018
- ↑ Peter J. Walker: 2019.098B.Ud.v1.Zobellviridae_Cobavirinae_1fam1subfam12sp , ICTV Proposals: Zobellviridae, from October 19, 2019
- ↑ Eugene V. Koonin, Natalya Yutin: Evolution of the Large Nucleocytoplasmatic DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes and Convergent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: Advances in Virus research, Volume 103, AP January 21, 2019, doi: 10.1016 / bs.aivir.2018.09 .002 , pp. 167-202.
- ↑ a b c d e f Eugene V. Koonin, Valerian V. Dolja, Mart Krupovic: Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes: The ultimate modularity , in: Virology from May 2015; 479-480. 2-25, Epub March 12, 2015, PMC 5898234 (free full text), PMID 25771806
- ↑ Jaime Iranzo, Mart Krupovic, Eugene V. Koonin: The Double-Stranded DNA Virosphere as a Modular Hierarchical Network of Gene Sharing , in: mBio 7 (4), July – August 2016, e00978-16, doi: 10.1128 / mBio. 00978-16 , PMC 4981718 (free full text), PMID 27486193
- ↑ Nicole L. Welch, Natalya Yutin et al. : Adomaviruses: an emerging virus family provides insights into DNA virus evolution , in: bioRxiv, June 7th 2018 bioRxiv : 2018/06/07/341131 ( Preprint - full text), doi: 10.1101 / 341131 , esp. Fig. 7
- ^ A b Nicole L. Welch, Michael J. Tisza et al. : Identification of “Missing Link” Families of Small DNA Tumor Viruses , in: BioRxiv; Cold Spring Harbor, July 11, 2019, bioRxiv : 10.1101 / 697771v3 ( Preprint - full text)
- ↑ NCBI: Adomaviridae (family)
- ↑ NCBI: Adintoviridae (family)
- ↑ Kathryn M. Kauffman, Fatima A. Hussain, Joy Yang, Philip Arevalo, Julia M. Brown, William K. Chang, David VanInsberghe, Joseph Elsherbini, Radhey S. Sharma, Michael B. Cutler, Libusha Kelly, Martin F. Polz : A major lineage of non-tailed dsDNA viruses as unrecognized killers of marine bacteria , in: Nature Volume 554, pp. 118–122, January 24, 2018, doi: 10.1038 / nature25474
- ↑ Scientists Find New Type of Virus in World's Oceans: Autolykiviridae , on: sci-news of January 25, 2018
- ↑ Researchers discover a mysterious virus that dominates the oceans on: business insider January 29, 2018
- ↑ Never-Before-Seen Viruses With Weird DNA Were Just Discovered in The Ocean , on: science alert of January 25, 2018
- ↑ NCBI: Autolykiviridae (family) - unclassified dsDNA viruses
- ↑ SIB: Bicaudaviridae , on: ViralZone
- ↑ SIB: Fuselloviridae , on: ViralZone
- ↑ SIB: Globuloviridae , on: ViralZone
- ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Sulfolobus ellipsoid virus 1 , EC 50, Washington, DC, July 2018; Email ratification February 2019 (MSL # 34)
- ↑ a b c Jong-Geol Kim, So-Jeong Kim, Virginija Cvirkaite-Krupovic, Mart Krupovic, Jang-Cheon Cho, Sung-Keun Rhee et al. : Spindle-shaped viruses infect marine ammoniaoxidizing thaumarchaea , in: PNAS 116. 201905682, 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1905682116
- ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Nitmarvirus NSV1 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ NCBI: Nitrosopumilus spindle-shaped virus (species)
- ↑ SIB: 190 (Salterprovirus) , on: ViralZone
- ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Salterprovirus His1 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ NCBI: His 1 virus (species)
- ↑ SIB: Single Strand DNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
- ↑ Mart Krupovic: Networks of evolutionary interactions underlying the polyphyletic origin of ssDNA viruses , in: Current Opinion in Virology Volume 3, No. 5, October 2013, pp. 578-586, doi: 10.1016 / j.coviro.2013.06.010 , PMID 23850154
- ↑ Karyna Rosario, Siobain Duffy, Mya Breitbart: A field guide to eukaryotic circular single-stranded DNA viruses: insights gained from metagenomics . In: Archives of Virology . 157, No. 10, October 2012, pp. 1851-1871. doi : 10.1007 / s00705-012-1391-y . PMID 22760663 .
- ↑ Darius Kazlauskas, Arvind Varsani, Eugene V. Koonin, Mart Krupovic: Multiple origins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-stranded DNA viruses from bacterial and archaeal plasmids . In: Nature Communications . 10, No. 1, 2019, p. 3425. doi : 10.1038 / s41467-019-11433-0 .
- ↑ NCBI: CRESS viruses
- ↑ Richard Harth: Major class of viruses reveals complex origins , on: ScienceDaily: Science News, July 31, 2019, Arizona State University
- ↑ Peter J. Walker: 2019.011DUv1.Redondoviridae , proposal to ICTV, October 18, 2019
- ↑ Elina Laanto, Sari Mäntynen, Luigi De Colibus, Jenni Marjakangas, Ashley Gillum, David I. Stuart, Janne J. Ravantti, Juha Huiskonen, Lotta-Riina Sundberg: Virus found in a boreal lake links ssDNA and dsDNA viruses , in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (31), July 2017, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1703834114
- ↑ Here the Baltimore classification divides the family or even the genera, not just the order as with the Ortervirales.
- ↑ Viral Zone: Pleolipoviridae
- ↑ Viral Zone: etapleolipoviridae
- ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Gammapleolipovirus His2 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ SIB: Double Strand RNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
- ↑ SIB: Positive Strand RNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
- ↑ ICTV: Sarthroviridae , Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ SIB: Macronovirus , on: ExPASy: ViralZone
- ↑ SIB: Negative Strand RNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
- ↑ a b Peter J. Walker: 2019.004MAv1.Sunrhavirus , ICTV Proposal: Animal dsRNA and ssRNA viruses
- ↑ a b Jamie Bojko: Animal dsRNA and ssRNA viruses , proposal to ICTV of October 15, 2019
- ^ SIB: Reverse-Transcribing Viruses , on: ViralZone
- ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Hepatitis B virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)