Fossils of the Franconian Alb

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
QA geosciences

This article was due to content flaws on the quality assurance side of Geosciences portal entered. This is done to increase the quality of the articles in the geosciences topic. Please help to correct the deficiencies or take part in the discussion .  ( + )
Reason: The article deals with far too many basics, thus redundancies to the article Geology of the Franconian Alb , which is also worth revising, and various articles of living creatures (the author obviously still has not understood what we have Wikilinks for); Formatting of references; lower part completely over-illustrated (if necessary, a corresponding gallery can be created on Commons, that's too much for a WP article). - Gretarsson ( discussion ) 3:02 p.m. , Nov. 21, 2017 (CET)

Overview map of the Franconian Alb

The fossils of the Franconian Alb are fossilized evidence of the diverse life of fauna and flora on land, in the water and in the air of the Franconian Alb . They fossilized from the end of the Triassic to the end of the Jurassic . In these geological periods, a predominantly warm climate prevailed , which favored the development of life.

The large number of fossils is often preserved in an impressive level of detail. Some of them are listed as examples in the overview below.

Chronostratigraphic development

The regional geological development of the Franconian Alb began with the lowering of the Franconian Alb furrow or Franconian Alb hollow , a depression in the earth's crust . This runs from the Grabfeld basin further southeast to the Nördlinger Ries impact crater . Presumably it developed from the end of the Middle Keuper of the Germanic Triassic about 210 million years ago (abbreviated mya ).

In the further chronostratigraphic development, different sedimentary rocks were deposited , which formed habitats for fauna and flora of high biodiversity . Most of these have been preserved as fossils.

Development in the Triassic

The foundation of the Franconian Alb is formed by rocks from the Germanic Triassic. These were deposited in the intra-continental Germanic Basin , which was only temporarily under marine influence. In the further geological development, which is related to the disintegration of the supercontinent Pangea from around 230 mya, there was a sea advance ( transgression ) towards the end of the Upper Keuper ( Rhaetium ) (around 205 mya) from the northwest . The coast reached roughly as far as northern Central Franconia . Rivers poured massive sediment deposits, consisting of clastic claystones , siltstones and sandstones as well as lime crusts and silicified limestones , into a wide river delta at the edge of a shallow basin with lakes and swamps , which later came under marine influence. The source areas of the embankments lay in the Bohemian Massif and the Vindelizan threshold connected with it . In the uppermost formation , the outer formation of the Upper Keuper , which is interlocked with the Trossingen formation , there are significant fossil deposits that include marine invertebrates as well as terrestrial or semi-terrestrial living vertebrates and plant remains .

Development in the Jura

At the beginning of the Lower Jurassic , from 201.3 mya, the sea expanded further south and initially extended to the Bohemian Massif and the Vindelician Sill. In the further geological development, the land masses continued to sink and seawater from the Pennine Ocean , a northern branch of the Tethys Ocean , flowed through gates in the Vindelician Sill onto the southern continental shelf of the European plate and into southern Germany. Mighty sediment packages were deposited on this shelf, which today extend from the Swiss Jura over the Swabian Alb to the north of the Franconian Alb. Since these low mountain ranges have the same history of formation, their rocks show a very similar lithostratigraphy . They are divided into the three groups Black Jura ("Lias"), Brown Jura ("Dogger") and White Jura ("Malm").

  • The Black Jura (Unterjura 201.3 to 174.1 mya) forms the basal unit of the Jura system and consists mainly of dark sandstones , claystones, marls and limestones , which sedimented in many formations and changing layers. The deposits often took place at relatively low sea ​​level under reducing or oxygen-free and hydrogen sulfide-containing conditions in the soil area, which led to the rocks turning black. The upper water layers were rich in oxygen and populated with diverse life. The lack of oxygen in the soil hindered the decomposition of organic matter that had sunk, and no scavenging organisms could exist in the hostile environment , so that good conditions for fossilization were present. The greatest accumulation of unoxidized organic substances took place in the Posidonia schist formation , in which the most remarkable fossils can also be found. Obtained aquatic living invertebrates great biodiversity , but also vertebrates and plant remains.
  • The Brown Jura (Middle Jura 174.1 to 163.5 mya) overlies the Black Jura. The brownish color indicates that, compared to the Black Jura, there was more oxygen available to oxidize the iron , and the sea level was also higher. This lithostratigraphic group consists of three formations in the Franconian Alb, starting in the lying (lying below) with the Opalinus Clay Formation of clays and claystones, followed by the iron sandstone formation characterized by iron oxide-containing sandstones, the iron sandstone. The Sengenthal Formation, consisting of clays, marl limestone, limestones and again clays in alternating succession during multiple changes between transgressions and dry mainland phases, sedimented in the hanging wall (above). The most important fossil deposits are located in the Sengenthal Formation, such as B. the macrocephalic layer, which consists predominantly of the ammonites of the genus Macrocephalites . Marine invertebrates were almost exclusively fossilized, but they were often in a very good state of preservation.
  • During the Upper Jurassic (163.5 to 145 mya) the marly and carbonatic rocks of the White Jura (Malm) formed. They have three sedimentation and diagenesis facies , which are informally referred to as stratified limestone facies, mass limestone facies and plate limestone facies . They are an expression of the different lime formation, lime binding and sedimentation that took place on a wide open shelf as a result of rising sea levels.
    • The biogenically formed and chemogenically (chemically) precipitated carbonates of the stratified limestone facies, also called Werkalk facies or bank facies, were deposited in the lower Malm, the Malm Alpha and Beta, about 160 to 156 mya. The biogenic part essentially comes from the small to very small plankton , also called micro- or nano-plankton because of their size. The chemogenic precipitation of the carbonates was mainly caused by changes in temperature and concentration of the seawater. It emerged finest micritic lime sludge, often to powerful tafelgebankte white and marl brown accumulated sediment packages. Often dead, mostly invertebrate macro-organisms were embedded in the lime mud matrix and very well preserved as fossils.
    • The mass limestone facies, also known as the sponge reef facies or the Frankenalb formation, began to sediment at about the same time as the limestone facies, but developed mainly in the middle to upper Malm Zeta around 150 mya. It represents a mostly biogenic carbonate formation, which originates from living beings with calcareous shells or skeletons of the pelagic , the open water area far from the shore and the benthal , the living area on and in the ocean floor. They include both the planktonic organisms of various sizes and the invertebrate macro-organisms. The glass sponges acquired special importance in connection with microbial calcifying organisms. These initially grew on marine thresholds or elevations to form flat biostromic sponge lawns that grew in width . In the course of further development, bio-thermal sponge reefs that grew up into the air created huge , dome-shaped rock bodies over 100 m high and several kilometers in area. The mass limestone facies are therefore also known as sponge reef facies. It was often secondary (to Franconian dolomite ) dolomitized , which changed the rock structure.
    • Another form of sedimentation that is important from the perspective of fossil conservation is the plate limestone facies . It formed in larger and smaller tubs between the bio-thermal sponge reef elevations of the mass limestone facies. When the water level was high, there was good water exchange and water circulation. With temporary regression of the sea level, the water exchange was hindered, which led to stagnation and oxygen depletion of the soil water with salt enrichment. A metal imnion , a thermocline, separated the surface from the bottom zone. Upper reef areas died off, and there were formed groups of islands ( archipelago ) with lagoons from. Only appropriately adapted microbes could exist at the bottom of the lagoons. The muddy sediments sinking to the bottom formed thin micritic layers that were overgrown by microbes and, as it were, sealed off. A large number of limestone slabs were created as the water level rose and fell. Sinking dead organisms could not be used by scavenging or decomposing organisms and were embedded between or in the still soft layers and fossilized in an excellent state of preservation.

Development in Chalk

In the Lower Cretaceous (between 145 and 100.5 mya) what is now southern Germany was tectonically elevated , and the Franconian Alb became mainland . This ended the Jurassic marine life in the Franconian Alb.

Life at the end of the Triassic

The period considered here corresponds to the norium (228 to 208.5 mya) and rhaetium (208.5 to 201.3 mya).

Fossil sites and localities

In the Franconian Alb there are no Triassic rocks exposed that could contain fossils. But were close to the Lias -Tongrube of Kalchreuth at Nuremberg in a sand quarry between Buchenbühl , north of Nuremberg, and Kalchreuth more Jurassic fossils close found. The only fragmentary fossils were in the Trossingen formation , also Feuerletten or with respect to the fossil sites plateosaurus called -Konglomerat that between the middle Norian and Rhaetian dated (period approximately 217-201 mya).

Fossils

Life in the Jura

Black Jura (Lias)

The Black Jura corresponds in time to the Lower Jurassic and dates from 201.3 to 174.1 million years (abbreviated mya ).

Fossil sites and localities

Black Jurassic fossils are often found in various fossil sites , such as

Fossils

Selected representatives of the fossils found are

Brown Jura (Dogger)

The Brown Jura falls into the Central Jurassic period from 174.1 to 163.3 mya. In the deposits of the Brown Jurassic, mostly only living beings with calcitic or aragonitic housings, such as. B. ammonites, armworts and mussels. Animals with thinner and softer shells, such as B. echinoderms and vertebrates were mostly completely decomposed and destroyed post-mortem by putrefaction, scavengers and also by water currents and wave movements.

Fossil sites and localities

Fossil deposits in the Brown Jura (Dogger) are exemplary:

Fossils

Representatives of the fossils found are exemplary:

  • Ammonites (Ammonoidea), families Stephanoceratidae Kosmoceratidae, Cardioceratidae, Sphaeroceratidae, Sonniniidae, Strigoceratinae, Parkinsoniidae, Perisphinctidae, Oppeliidae
  • Nautilidae (pearl boats), genus Cenoceras
  • Belemnites (Belemnoidea) genera Megatheutis, Belemnopsis, Passaloteuthis, Dactyloteuthis
  • Sea snails (Gastropoda), families Discohelicidae, Pleurotomariidae, Purpurinidae, Turridae, Vermetidae
  • Mussels (Bivalvia), family oysters (Ostreidae), file clams (Limidae), scallops (Pectinidae ), blue mussels (Mytilidae), triangular mussels , Pholadomyidae, Monotidae, Cardiniidae, Turridae, Nuculidae, Entoliidae, Malleidae,
  • Arm pods (Brachiopoda), genera Aulacothyris, Rhynchonella, Loboidothyris, Cymatorhynchia, Gigantothyris, Monsardithyris, Ornithella, Loboidothyris, Terebratula
  • Scaphopods (Scaphopoda), genus Dentalium
  • Sea urchins (Echinoidea), genera Hemipedina, Girardema, Rhabdocidaris, Pygorhyitis, Galeropygu, Nuceolites and Holectypus
  • Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), genera Palaeocoma, Asteriacites
  • Tube worms (Serpulidae), genus Serpula
  • Penworms (Sabellidae), genus Glomerula
  • Glass sponges (Hexactinellida), genus Feifelia from the family Cribrospongiidae and the genus Leptolacis from the family Craticulariidae
  • Coral , genus Thecocyatus
  • Flugsaurier (Pterosauria) family Langschwanz Flugsaurier , genus Dorygnathus
  • Ichnofossils , genus traces of life in various forms
  • Plants (Embryophyta), genera Podozamites, Otozamites, Pallissya, Thinnfeldia, Dictyophyllum, Neocalamites, Equisetites, Nilssonia

White Jura (Malm)

The White Jura corresponds to the period of the Upper Jurassic from 163.5 to 145 mya.

Northern and Middle Franconian Alb

Fossil sites and localities

The fossils from the White Jura of the Northern and Middle Franconian Alb are found in many limestone quarries. A special feature are the limestone horizons in the Wattendorf quarry with the excellent state of preservation of the fossils.

Fossil sites and localities are u. a. the quarries

Fossils

Ammonites and belemnites

Sea snails , clams , sponges and corals

Echinoderms and crustaceans

fishes

Reptiles

plants

Common fossils are represented by:

Southern Franconian Alb

Fossil sites and localities

Fossils from the Southern Franconian Alb come mainly from the region around Solnhofen with the world-famous limestone fossil deposits there. In addition to the well-known occurrences of Solnhofen / Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen and Eichstätt / Große Kreisstadt , there are other sites, such as Langenaltheim / Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen, Zandt / Cham , Hienheim / Kelheim , Painten / Kelheim, Blumenberg and Brunn / Regensburg district . The range of fossils in these sites differs in some cases considerably.

Fossils

In the plate limestone of the southern German Jura, fossils of great biodiversity and in some cases high numbers have been found.

Cephalopods and mussels

Crustaceans , cnidarians and echinoderms

insects

fishes

Dinosaurs , scaled lizards , turtles and crocodiles

Ichthyosaurs and Pterosaurs

Primeval birds

Other fossils

  • Cephalopods
    • Ammonites (Ammonoidea), families Ammonitida, Aspidoceratidae, Oppeliidae, Perisphinctidae, Aulacostephanidae, Ataxioceratidae
    • Pearl boats (Nautilidae), genus Pseudaganides
    • Belemnites (Belemnoidea), genera Belemnoteuthis , Hibolithes, Acanthoteuthis, Rhaphibelus
    • Squids (Coleoidea), genera Leptoteuthis, Muensterella, Palaeololigo, Plesioteuthis, Trachyteuthis, Senefelderiteuthis or Dorateuthis, Winkleriteuthis, Celaenoteuthis, Doryanthes
  • Arm pods (Brachiopoda), genera Lacunosella, Loboidothyris, Rhynchonella, Terebratula
  • Sea snails (Gastropoda), family tower snails (Turritellidae), genera Risoa, Risseloidea and genera Ampullina, Bathrotomaria, Dicroloma, Ditremaria, Globularia, Neritopsis, Pileolus, Spiniloma
  • Sponges (Porifera), genera Ammonella, Hazelia, Neochoiaella
  • Echinoderms (Echinodermata)
    • Sea urchins (Echinoidea), genera Hemicidaris, Hemicidaris, Pedina, Phymosoma, Phymosomatoida, Pseudodiadema, Pseudosalenia, Rhabdocidaris, Tetragramma
    • Sea lilies and starfish (Crinoidea), genera Comaturella, Millericrinus, Saccocoma, Solanocrinites
    • Starfish (Asteroidea), genera Astropecten , Pentasteria, Riedaster, Terminaster
    • Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), genera Geocoma, Ophiopetra, Ophiurella, Sinosura
    • Sea cucumber (Holothuroidea), genus Pseudocaudina
  • Crustaceans (Crustacea)
    • Decapods (Decapoda), families Cancrinidae, Coleiidae, Eryonidae, Erymidae, Glypheidae , Uncinidae, Mecochiridae, Palaeopentachelidae , Palinuridae , Stenochiridae, Uncinidae
    • Anomura (Anomura), families Axiidae, Paguridae , Laomediidae, hippoidea
    • Crabs (Prosopidae), genera Abyssophthalmus, Goniodromites, Pithonoton
    • Mantis shrimp , also Mundfüßer / mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda), genera Sculda, Spinosculda
    • Barnacles (Cirripedia), genera Archaeolepas, Litholepas, Pollicipes
    • Shrimp , families Aegeridae, Penaeidae, Carpopenaeidae, Alvinocarididae, Pleopteryxidae, Palaemonidae , Udorellidae
    • Suspended shrimp (Mysida), genera Anthonema, Elder, Francocaris, Naranda
    • Woodlice (Isopoda), genera Archaeoniscus, Brunnaega, Brunnella, Palaega, Schweglerella, Urda
  • fishes
    • Real bony fish (Teleostei), genera Anaethalion, Ascalabos, Callopterus, Eichstaettia, Leptolepides , Siemensichthys, Orthogonikleithrus
    • Bone organoids, also bone enamel flakes (Holostei), genera Amblysemius, Aspidorhynchus, Belonostomus, Gyrodus, Liodesmus, Notagogus, Solnhofenamia, Turbomesodon
    • Cartilage fish (Chondrichthyes), genera Asterodermus, Heterodontus, Palaeocarcharias, Pseudorhina, Synechodus
    • Cartilage organoids also cartilage smelting flakes (Chondrostei), genus Coccolepis
    • Quastenflosser (Coelacanthiformes), genera Coccoderma, Coelacanthus, Holophagus, Libys, Macropoma
  • Insects (Insecta) with the orders
    • Ephemera (Ephemeroptera), genera Hexagenites, Mesephemera
    • Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera), genus Myrmicium
    • Long- antennae terrors (Ensifera), genera Cyrtophyllites, Elcana, Pycnophlebiam
    • Dragonflies (Odonata), genera Aeschnogomphus, Aeschnopsis, Bergeriaeschnidia, Cymatophlebia, Isophlebia, Juracordulia, Mesuropetala, Protolindenia, Stenophlebia, Tarsophlebia, Urogomphus
    • Lacewings (Neuroptera), genera Archaegetes, Creagroptera, Dicranoptila, Kalligramma, Mesochrysopa, Neuroptera
    • Fly (Diptera), genus Prohirmoneura
    • Cockroaches (Blattodea), genus Lithoblatta
    • Bugs (Heteroptera), genera Mesobelostonum, Mesonepa
    • Cicadas (Auchenorrhyncha), genera Archipsyche, Eocicada, Prolystra
    • Water strider (Gerridae), genus Chresmoda
    • Termites (Isoptera), genus Gigantotermes
  • Trace fossils (Ichnofossils) of various animals with attachment marks, bite marks, burial tunnels, tracks, alluvial marks, spits, coprolites

literature

  • Andreas E. Richter: Geology and paleontology: The Mesozoic of the Franconian Alb. From Ries to Coburg Land , Franckh-Kosmos 1985
  • Alexander Usefulel: Life on the seabed - About the fauna of the Franconian Amaltheenton. In: Friends of the Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Histostric Geology Munich eV, Annual Communication 2007 and Announcements 36th Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil Munich 2008. ISSN  0942-5845 ISBN 978-3-89937-089-8 ( PDF on steinkern.de).
  • Georg Stark: Little Staffelberg guide through the earth, landscape and settlement history of the mountain, 1986. In Verlag HOSchulze, Lichtenfels / Upper Franconia
  • Bernhard Kästle: Petrefacts collection Monastery Banz, petrifications and Oriental collection. In: Bavarian Museums, State Office for Non-State Museums in Bavaria at the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, Volume 17, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, Munich, Zurich, 1992, ISBN 3-7954-1016-9
  • Wolfgang Schirmer: riches of the earth around Staffelstein. In: Reprint from 850 years of market law of the town of Staffelstein, published by the town of Staffelstein in 1980, series of publications on the history and landscape of our town.
  • Matthias Mäusers: Franconia on the banks of the Jura, petrified treasures from the Wattendorfer lagoon. 2nd edition, F. Pfeil, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-89937-171-0 .
  • Rolf Meyer, Hermann Schmidt-Kaler: Earth history made visible. A geological guide through the Altmühlalb. Bavarian Geological State Office, Munich 1983 ( download page on bestellen.bayern.de).
  • Rolf Meyer, Hermann Schmidt-Kaler: Walks in the history of the earth. I. Treuchtlingen, Solnhofen, Mörnsheim, Dollnstein. 2nd edition, F. Pfeil, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-923871-84-8 .
  • TC Brachert: Continuous and discontinuous sedimentation in the southern German Upper Jura (lower Kimmeridge); Ludwag / Upper Franconia, Northern Franconian Alb. Facies, 15, 1986.
  • Rolf Meyer, Hermann Schmidt-Kaler: Paleogeographical atlas of the southern German Upper Jura (Malm). Geological Yearbook, Hannover 1989, ISBN 978-3-510-96381-2 .
  • Rolf Meyer, Hermann Schmidt-Kaler: Walks in the history of the earth. 5. Through Franconian Switzerland. F. Pfeil, Munich 1992.
  • E. Flügel, T. Steiger: An Upper Jurassic sponge-algal buildup from the Northern Frankenalb, West Germany. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (SEPM), Special Publication, 30, 1981, pp. 371-397.

Web links

Commons : Jurassic fossils in Bavaria  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ M. Franz, B. Niebuhr and A. Zeiss: Sengenthal formation. ( Memento of the original from October 3, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Lithographisches Lexikon LithoLex, Lithostratigraphic Units Germany. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / litholex.bgr.de
  2. ↑ a b Dieter U. Schmid, Reinhold R. Leinfelder and Günter Schweiger: Stratigraphy and Palaeoenvironments of the Upper Jurassic of Southern Germany - A Review. In: Zitteliana, series B26 31-41 of the Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Geology, Munich, September 5, 2005, ISSN  1612-4138 .
  3. ↑ B. Niebuhr and T. Pürner: Frankenalb formation. ( Memento of the original from December 1, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Lithographisches Lexikon LithoLex, Lithostratigraphic Units Germany. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / litholex.bgr.de
  4. ^ Günter Schweigert: Reefs in the White Jura of the Swabian Alb. In: Riffgruppe, Jurassic Reef Park of the website Pal.munich-homepage.
  5. ↑ Markus Moser: Plateosaurus engelhardti MEYER, 1837 (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Feuerletten (Middle Keuper; Upper Triassic) of Bavaria. In: Zitteliana, Series B Treatises of the Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Geology, Munich 2003. epub.ub.uni-muenchen PDF
  6. ↑ Horst Gradl: Unterstürmig. In: Fossil Collectors. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  7. ^ Horst Gradl: Holzbachacker. In: Fossil Collectors. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  8. ^ Edit and Fritz Petutschnig: Fossils from Buttenheim, Jura, Lias / Pliensbachium. Approx. 180 million years old. In: website www.Fossilienzone.at.
  9. ^ Christian Schulbert: Clay pit Mistelgau. In: Paläoumwelt, GeoZentrum Nordbayern of the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg.
  10. ↑ Sven von Loga: The Tobgrube von Marloffstein. In: Steinkern.de, Fossil Community.
  11. ^ Sönke Simonsen: The Kalchreuth clay pit near Nuremberg. In: Steinkern.de, Fossil Community.
  12. ↑ Alexander Türk: Geology and fossils of the ICE route Eierberge - Part 1: General information on the tunnel and Lias Epsilon. In: Steinkern, fossil community, localities Bavaria.
  13. ^ Wolfgang Claus, Uwe Koch and Lothar Franzke: Fossil collectors Upper Franconia. In: CFRP fossils Coburg.
  14. ^ Horst Gradl: Brown Jura. In: Fossil Collectors. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  15. ^ Horst Gradl: Sengenthal 1. In: Fossiliensammler. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  16. ^ Horst Gradl: Sengenthal 2. In: Fossiliensammler. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  17. ^ Horst Gradl: Sengenthal 3. In: Fossiliensammler. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  18. ^ Armin Bauer: Fossils from Kinding, (ICE construction site, Lower Bathonian, Bajocian). In: Pictures from the collection of Armin Bauer; Pressath.
  19. ↑ Hirst Gradl: Kinding In: Fossiliensammler. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  20. ↑ Gernot Arp: facies, stratigraphy and ammonite fauna of the Middle and Upper Dogger near Neumarkt idOpf. (Bajocium-Oxfordium, Southern Germany). In: Berliner Geoscientific Abhandlungen, Series E, Volume 36, Pages 189 to 241, Berlin 2001.
  21. ↑ Jürgen Höflinger: The Auerbacher Dogger and his brachiopods. (PDF) In: Naturhistorische Gesellschaft Nürnberg eV, Annual Reports 2009, 2010, pages 83 to 98.
  22. ↑ Thomas Krieger: The Bajocium of Auerbach and Edelsfeld. In: District group Weiden of the Association of Friends of Mineralogy and Geology.
  23. ↑ Wolfgang Claus, Uwe Koch and Lothar Franzke: The plate limestone of Wattendorf. In: CFRP fossils Coburg.
  24. ^ Horst Gradl: Bischberg. In: Fossil Collectors. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  25. ↑ Horst Gradl: Drügendorf. In: Fossil Collectors. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  26. ↑ Horst Gradl: Kälberberg1. In: Fossil Collectors. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  27. ^ Horst Gradl: Kälberberg 2. In: Fossiliensammler. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  28. ↑ Horst Gradl: Gräfernberg. In: Fossil Collectors. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  29. ^ Horst Gradl: Sengenthal 4. In: Fossiliensammler. Focus: Jura of the FrankenAlb.
  30. ↑ Martin Röper: Development of the Solnhofen Archipelago. (PDF) In: The Fossils of Solnhofen.
  31. ^ Martin Sauter: Solnhofen fossil atlas. In: The fossils of Solnhofen.