Olympic Sports
In the Olympic sports , competitions are held at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games and the Youth Olympic Games . The number and type are determined by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for the respective games. The number of sports can vary from Olympics to Olympics. The subdivisions and competitions of a sport are also often changed. An international sports association recognized by the IOC is responsible for every Olympic sport, with some associations representing several sports. Many sports can be divided into individual disciplines (e.g. 100-meter run and long jump are both part of athletics ).
At the moment, 41 sports from 28 associations are permitted for the Summer Games and 15 sports from 7 associations for the Winter Games. (Status: February 2016) The smaller Summer Youth Olympic Games are currently 26 sports from 26 associations, and 16 sports from 8 associations are permitted for the Winter Youth Games.
Olympic sports at the Ancient Games
Changes in Olympic Sports
Many Olympic sports have changed over the past century. In addition, the IOC has set the maximum number of sports at the Summer Games at 28.
The only summer sports that have always been Olympic since the beginning are athletics, swimming , cycling , fencing and gymnastics . For winter sports, this applies to skiing ( Nordic combination ), speed skating / figure skating and ice hockey . Figure skating and ice hockey were part of the Summer Olympics prior to the introduction of the 1924 Winter Olympics.
Demonstration sports were performed at many Olympic Games in the 20th century to show viewers which sport is popular in the host country. The competitions and victory ceremonies were very similar to the official sports, with the difference that the medals were not included in the medal table. Some of these demonstration sports (e.g. baseball and curling) were later added to the Olympic program because of their popularity. In 1989 the IOC decided to remove demonstration sports after the 1992 Olympics. The only exception was made in 2008 in Beijing , where the organizers were given permission to hold a wushu competition.
Between 1912 and 1948, the so-called art competitions in the five areas of architecture , literature , music , painting and sculpture were also regular Olympic disciplines in which medals were also awarded.
Motor sports are not included in the program. In the first few years, however, there was a motorboat competition until the IOC abolished it.
New Olympic sports should be determined at least 7 years before the start of the Games.
Sports at the Olympics
Summer games
The first Olympic Games only included competitions in 9 sports. Since then, the number of sports has continued to increase, so that the summer games from 2000–2008 included 28 sports. At the 2012 London Games, the number fell to 26 because the IOC decided to withdraw baseball and softball from the program in 2005, but with the prospect of being able to be re-included in the program soon. Then the number of sports rose again to 28 for the subsequent Rio games, because golf and rugby had been reinstated in the program by the IOC in 2009.
The 2020 Tokyo Olympics will set a new record as the IOC decided on August 4, 2016 to add five sports to the program. Baseball and softball will be back after being out of the Olympic program in 2012 and 2016. In addition, karate , skateboard , sport climbing and surfing will be new sports in the games. In addition, it was decided that the host can always choose a sport for the respective games.
In order to introduce a discipline, at least 75 countries and four continents must practice the sport.
Overview of the sports / disciplines
sport | Discipline at summer games | 19th | 20th century | 21st century | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
96 | 00 | 04 | 06 | 08 | 12 | 20th | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 96 | 00 | 04 | 08 | 12 | 16 | 20th |
|
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badminton | badminton | D. | D. | 4th | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Base / softball | baseball | D. | D. | D. | D. | D. | D. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||
Softball | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
basketball | basketball | D. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||||||
3x3 basketball | 2 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Archery | Archery | 6th | 6th | 3 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 5 | winner | |||||||||||||||
Boxing | Boxing | 7th | 5 | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | winner | ||||||
fencing | fencing | 3 | 7th | 5 | 8th | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | winner | ||
Soccer | Soccer | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | ||||
Weightlifting | Weightlifting | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 15th | 15th | 15th | 15th | 15th | 14th | winner | |||||
golf | golf | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Handball | Handball | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||
hockey | hockey | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | ||||||||
Judo | Judo | 4th | 6th | 6th | 8th | 8th | 7th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 15th | winner | ||||||||||||||||||
Canoeing | Canoe racing | D. | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | winner | |||||||||||
Canoe slalom | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
karate | Kata | 6th | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kumite | 6th | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
athletics | athletics | 12 | 23 | 25th | 21st | 26th | 30th | 29 | 27 | 27 | 29 | 29 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 36 | 36 | 38 | 37 | 38 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | winner | ||
Modern pentathlon | Modern pentathlon | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||
Cycling | train | 5 | 2 | 7th | 5 | 7th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4th | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 12 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | winner | |||
BMX | Freestyle | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Race | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mountain bike | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Street | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | winner | ||||||
Equestrian sport | dressage | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||
Show jumping | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||
Eventing riding | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | ||||||||
Wrestling | Freestyle | 7th | 5 | 5 | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8th | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | winner | ||||||
Greco-Rom. | 1 | 4th | 4th | 5 | 5 | 6th | 6th | 7th | 7th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 6th | 6th | winner | |||||
rowing | rowing | 4th | 5 | 6th | 4th | 4th | 5 | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | winner | |||
rugby | 7 rugby | 2 | 2 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
shoot | shoot | 5 | 9 | 16 | 15th | 18th | 21st | 10 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 7th | 7th | 6th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 7th | 7th | 11 | 13 | 13 | 15th | 17th | 17th | 15th | 15th | 15th | 15th | winner | ||||
Swimming | Schwim- men |
Open water swimming |
2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
swim | 4th | 7th | 9 | 4th | 6th | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 15th | 18th | 29 | 29 | 26th | 26th | 29 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 35 | winner | |||
Synchronized swimming | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Water polo | 1 | D. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||
Diving | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4th | 5 | 5 | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | winner | |||||
sailing | sailing | 7th | 4th | 4th | 14th | 3 | 3 | 4th | 4th | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6th | 6th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | winner | |||||
skateboard | skateboard | 4th | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sport climbing | Sport climbing | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
surfing | surfing | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Taekwondo | Taekwondo | D. | D. | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
tennis | tennis | 2 | 4th | 2 | 4th | 6th | 8th | 5 | 4th | D. | D. | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 5 | 5 | 5 | winner | |||||||||||||
Table tennis | Table tennis | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 5 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Triathlon | Triathlon | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gymnastics | Gymnastics | 8th | 1 | 11 | 4th | 2 | 4th | 4th | 9 | 8th | 11 | 9 | 9 | 15th | 15th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | 14th | winner | ||
Rhythmic sports gymnastics | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Trampoline exercise | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
volleyball | beach volleyball | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
volleyball | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||
Former disciplines | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Handball | Field handball | 1 | D. | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equestrian sport | Art riding | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
rugby | Rugby union | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Former sports / disciplines | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cricket | Cricket | 1 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jeu de Paume | Jeu de Paume | 1 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Croquet | Croquet | 3 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lacrosse | lacrosse | 1 | 1 | D. | D. | D. | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Motor boating | Motor boating | 3 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pelota | Pelota | 1 | D. | D. | D. | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
polo | polo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rackets | Rackets | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Roque | Roque | 1 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tug of war | Tug of war | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Winter sports at the Summer Olympics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ice Hockey | ice Hockey | 1 | has been held at the Winter Games since 1924 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
figure skating | figure skating | 4th | 3 | has been held at the Winter Games since 1924 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Additional demonstration competitions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Judo | Judo women |
D. | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
decisions | 43 | 85 | 94 | 79 | 110 | 102 | 156 | 126 | 109 | 117 | 129 | 136 | 149 | 151 | 150 | 163 | 172 | 195 | 198 | 203 | 221 | 237 | 257 | 271 | 300 | 301 | 302 | 302 | 306 | |||||
sports | 9 | 19th | 17th | 13 | 22nd | 14th | 22nd | 17th | 14th | 14th | 19th | 17th | 17th | 17th | 17th | 19th | 20th | 21st | 21st | 21st | 23 | 23 | 25th | 26th | 28 | 28 | 28 | 26th | 28 | 33 |
D - demonstration competition; italic - interludes 1906; Numbers indicate the number of competitions held
Demonstration sports
The following sports / disciplines were not part of the official Olympic program, but were played as a demonstration sport at the stated Olympic Games:
- American Football - 1904 • 1932
- Australian Football - 1956
- Ballooning - 1900
- Boule - 1900
- Bowling - 1988
- Budo - 1964
- Gaelic Football - 1904
- Glíma - 1912
- Hurling - 1904
- Kaatsen - 1928
- Korfball - 1920 • 1928
- Lifesaving - 1900
- Motorsport - 1900
- Pesäpallo - 1952
- Roller hockey - 1992
- Savate - 1924
- Swedish Remedial Gymnastics - 1948
- Glider flight - 1936
- Water skiing - 1972
Winter games
The following sports (and individual disciplines) will be played at the Winter Games . The winter sports of figure skating and ice hockey were initially played at the Summer Olympics, but have been an integral part of the Winter Games since 1924. The table adheres to the sports and disciplines listed by the IOC:
Overview of sports / disciplines
sport | Discipline at winter games | 20th century | 21st century |
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08 | 20th | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 94 | 98 | 02 | 06 | 10 | 14th | 18th | |||||
biathlon | biathlon | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6th | 6th | 6th | 8th | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | winner | |||||||||||
Bobsleigh | bob | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | winner | |||||
skeleton | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||
Curling | Curling | 1 | D. | D. | D. | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | winner | |||||||||||||||||
ice Hockey | ice Hockey | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||
Ice skating | figure skating | 4th | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 5 | 5 | winner | ||
Speed skating | 5 | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14th | winner | |||||
Short track | D. | 4th | 6th | 6th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | 8th | winner | |||||||||||||||||||
Luge | Luge | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4th | 4th | winner | ||||||||||||
Skiing | Freestyle | D. | 2 | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 6th | 10 | 10 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||
Alpine skiing | 2 | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | winner | ||||||||
Nordic skiing |
Nordic combination | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | winner | ||||
Cross-country skiing | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4th | 6th | 6th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 8th | 8th | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | winner | |||||
Ski jumping | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4th | 4th | winner | |||||
Snowboard | 4th | 4th | 6th | 6th | 10 | 10 | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Former disciplines | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
biathlon | Military patrol | 1 | D. | D. | D. | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Additional demonstration competitions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ice skating | Figure skating ice dance |
D. | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Speed skating women |
D. | winner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Skiing | Freestyle jumping / ballet |
D. | winner | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
decisions | 4th | 4th | 16 | 14th | 14th | 17th | 22nd | 22nd | 24 | 27 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 46 | 57 | 61 | 68 | 78 | 84 | 86 | 98 | 102 | 1061 | |||
sports | 1 | 2 | 6th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 7th |
D - demonstration competition; Numbers indicate the number of competitions held
Demonstration sports
The following sports / disciplines were not part of the official Olympic program, but were played as a demonstration sport at the stated Olympic Games:
- Bandy - 1952
- Sled Dog Race - 1932
- Skis for people with disabilities - 1984 • 1988
- Ski ballet - 1988 • 1992
- Skijoring - 1928
- Speed ski - 1992
- Stick shooting - 1936 • 1964
- Winter Pentathlon - 1948
Sports at the Youth Olympic Games
At the first Youth Summer Games in Singapore in 2010 , the sports were still the same as at the Olympic Games, but with different disciplines and competitions or with a limited number. The same applied to the first Winter Youth Games in Innsbruck in 2012 .
The sports program of the youth games is geared towards the taste of the young athletes and the public and is increasingly developing into a test field for new sports / disciplines and competitions for the "traditional" games. For example, the youth games and 7-a-side rugby were included in the Olympic program earlier than the Olympic Games. In Tokyo in 2021 3x3 basketball, karate and sport climbing will be added to the group of sports that were previously played at the youth games.
The disciplines acrobatics , beach handball , breakdance , futsal and inline speed skating in the youth summer games and ski mountaineering in the youth winter games have not yet been considered in the "traditional" games.
In addition, the youth games feature a large number of mixed competitions in which girls and boys start together as a team. At the Olympic Games, more and more mixed competitions replaced gender-related competitions - which can be seen as further evidence that a successful introduction of a discipline / competition at the youth games can result in inclusion in the Olympic program of the "traditional" games.
In Innsbruck 2012 there was a mixed relay of cross-country skiing and biathlon in the Olympic sports program for the first time - but this competition was replaced by a pure biathlon mixed relay at the next Winter Youth Olympic Games in Lillehammer 2016 .
Overview of sports / disciplines at the Youth Summer Games
Overview of sports / disciplines at the Winter Youth Games
sport | Discipline at youth winter games |
|||||||
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2012 | 2016 | 2020 | 2024 |
|
||||
biathlon | biathlon | 5 | 6th | 6th | winner | |||
Bobsleigh | bob | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||
skeleton | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | ||||
Curling | Curling | 2 | 2 | 2 | winner | |||
ice Hockey | ice Hockey | 4th | 4th | 4th | winner | |||
Ice skating | figure skating | 5 | 5 | 5 | winner | |||
Speed skating | 8th | 7th | 7th | winner | ||||
Short track | 5 | 5 | 5 | winner | ||||
Luge | Luge | 4th | 4th | 5 | winner | |||
Ski mountaineering | Ski mountaineering | 5 | winner | |||||
Skiing | Freestyle | 4th | 6th | 8th | winner | |||
Alpine skiing | 9 | 9 | 9 | winner | ||||
Nordic skiing |
Nordic combination | 1 | 2 | 3 | winner | |||
Cross-country skiing | 5 | 6th | 6th | winner | ||||
Ski jumping | 3 | 3 | 3 | winner | ||||
Snowboard | 4th | 7th | 9 | winner | ||||
decisions | 63 | 70 | 81 | |||||
sports | 7th | 7th | 8th |
swell
- ↑ Do you know the Olympic Games? P. 10. (PDF) Retrieved on February 19, 2016 .
- ↑ In the first few years the IOC ignored the professional associations. It was not until the IOC Congress in 1914 that they enforced their rights, with the IOC setting up its own committees from among its members for sports for which there was no association yet (e.g. modern pentathlon ), cf. Arnd Krüger (1997): Forgotton Decisions. The IOC on the Eve of World War I. Olympika , 6 (1), 85-98 ; PDF
- ↑ Olympic.org> Sports. Retrieved February 19, 2016 .
See also
- International Olympic Committee
- List of international associations recognized by the IOC
- List of competitions of summer Olympic sports
- List of competitions of Olympic winter sports
Web links
- Olympic Medal Winners Database
- Olympic Games Medallists ( Memento from February 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- IAT database on all results in the Olympic sports