Cyrillic alphabet

Cyrillic alphabet
Font	alphabet
languages	see list
Usage time	Mid 10th century
ancestry	Phoenician script  →  Greek alphabet   →  Glagolitic script    →  Cyrillic alphabet
relative	Latin alphabet Coptic script Armenian alphabet Glagolitic script
Unicode block	U + 0400 – U + 052F U + 2DE0 – U + 2DFF U + A640 – U + A69F
ISO 15924	Cyrl Cyrs (Old Church Slavonic variant)

The current distribution of the Cyrillic script in European countries:

only writing in the official language (s)

next to the Latin script of the official language

The Cyrillic script , formerly also called New Russian script , is a letter font that is used in numerous mainly East and South Slavic languages in Europe and Asia . It is named after Kyrill von Saloniki (826–869), who, however, did not design Cyrillic but the Glagolitic script that preceded it. Is called the Cyrillic also Cyrillic ( Кирилица, Кириллица , Ćirilica / Ћирилица ) or Azbuka ( азбука ; transliterated Azbuka ), after the first two letters of the altkyrillischen alphabet .

history

Emergence

Glagoliza (blue, green) and Kyrilliza (red)

Alphabet on birch bark , Novgorod, 11th century

Alphabetic prayer (letters of the alphabet at the beginning of each line), 12th century

Gnjosdowo inscription , mid-10th century, oldest known Cyrillic inscription of the Kievan Rus

Although it is recognized that Cyril and Method can be considered the originators of the Glagolitic script , the authorship of the Cyrillic alphabet is still the subject of academic discussion. It bears the name Kyrill, but according to today's view it was not created until the middle of the 10th century in eastern Bulgaria at the court of the Bulgarian tsars in Preslav . An authorship of Cyril and Method, who lived a century earlier, would be excluded.

The attribution to Clemens von Ohrid , a student of Kyrill von Saloniki active in the western part of the Bulgarian Empire , is widespread, but legendary and unprovable. A correspondingly interpreted message in the Legenda Ochridica probably only means that he reformed the Glagolitic script.

Most of the letters were taken from or derived from the Greek alphabet (in its Byzantine writing). For sounds that the Greek does not know, characters from the Glagolitic script ( Glagoliza ) were used, which had been developed around 862 by the Slavic teacher Constantine, who later took the name Cyril.

There is not a single medieval source that describes the alphabet as "Cyrillic" or mentions Cyril of Salonika as the creator of this script. It has been proven that the alphabet first spread through Constantine von Preslaw , a student of Kyrill's brother Method and one of the most important representatives of the so-called literary school of Preslaw (Bulgarian Преславска книжовна школа). Around 900 he was bishop in the Bulgarian capital Preslav. Of his old Bulgarian texts, which are written in Cyrillic, more than 40 fonts are known today. His most important work is the "Teaching Gospel" (around 893-894), the introduction of which - the "Alphabetical Prayer" - is known from a Russian copy from the 12th century. The work of Constantine von Preslaw is considered to be one of the oldest Cyrillic scripts.

Inscription from Ana

One of the first surviving stone inscriptions in Cyrillic is the inscription on the fragment of a grave cross from the 9th or 10th century that once marked the grave of Ana. Ana was the youngest daughter of the Bulgarian ruler Boris I (852-889) and the sister of his heir to the throne Vladimir Rassate (889-893) and Simeon I (893-927). The bilingual inscription tells in Old Bulgarian in Cyrillic spelling and in Greek that “the servant of God Ana has died. On the ninth day of October in the month of October, the minister Ana died ”.

Another surviving inscription from this period in Cyrillic is the grave inscription of a high official at the court of the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I (893–927) with the name Mostitsch (Bulgarian Мостич). The grave inscription was found in 1952 by Prof. Stancho Waklinow (1921–1978) during archaeological field research in the so-called Mostitsch Church (also known as Mostitsch Monastery) in the inner city of the old Preslaw administrative center. The researchers now assume that the stone monument was created in the 950s, or at the latest in the 960s. The text of the monument reads (in Old Bulgarian and translated):

"Сьдє лєжитъ Мостичь чрьгоѵбъɪля бъɪвъɪи при Сѵмеонѣ цр҃и и при Пєтрѣ цр҃и ос (м) иѫ жє дєсѧть лѣтъ съɪ оставивъ чрьгоѵбъɪльство ї вьсе їмѣниѥ бъɪстъ чрьноризьць ї въ томь сьврьши жизнь своиѫ."

“Mostitsch, Itschirgu-Boil rests here under Tsar Simeon and Tsar Petar . At the age of 80 he left his office, gave up all his fortune, became a monk and that is how his life ended. "

This monument is also of central importance because it is the first surviving monument that historically documents the use of the imperial title Tsar. The epitaph is kept in the Veliki Preslav Archaeological Museum with other stone monuments from the period between the 9th and 10th centuries .

Further development

Oktoich , Krakow , Poland 1491 , oldest printed book in Cyrillic (New Russian) letters

The originally standardized script has developed differently in the various languages ​​that use Cyrillic. The variant that comes closest to the original form can be found in Church Slavonic . Several letters (e.g. ѣ , ѫ , ѧ , Ѯ , Ѱ , ѳ , ѵ , ѡ ) from the old Cyrillic script are no longer used today. The current alphabetical inventory of the individual languages ​​is dealt with in the articles on the respective languages.

In 1708, as part of the reforms of Peter the Great , the Cyrillic script in the Russian Empire was simplified and optically adapted to the Latin script . These Latinized letter forms, which were called civil script to distinguish them from the Church Slavonic script , became the basis of the normative orthography of Russian. Subsequently, under Russian influence, they were also spread in the regions outside the Russian Empire in which the Cyrillic script was used.

In the 19th century, Bulgarian and Serbian were given a standardized Cyrillic orthography, see Bulgarian alphabet and Serbian alphabet . While the Bulgarian Cyrilliza was largely based on the Russian in the form of the letters and initially followed etymological criteria in the orthography, the Serbian Cyrilliza was radically reformed by Vuk Karadžić to enable a consistent phonological spelling of Serbian. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the Cyrillic orthography of Ukrainian and Belarusian was standardized, with the alphabets of these languages ​​having many similarities, but also some deviations from that of Russian. During and immediately after the Second World War , Yugoslavia finally standardized its own Cyrillic alphabet for Macedonian, based mainly on the model of Serbian .

For Romanian , a Romance language that is spoken in a country of predominantly Orthodox faith and had been written in Cyrillic since the 16th century, the Cyrillic alphabet was abolished in 1865 in favor of Latin .

With the Russian spelling reform of 1918 , the Cyrillic spelling of Russian was reformed again, whereby some characters that were no longer necessary due to the development of sounds were abolished. A similar reform followed for Bulgarian after World War II . The spelling of the other Slavic languages ​​written in Cyrillic, on the other hand, has not changed significantly since their first modern standardization, which largely followed phonological criteria.

The Cyrillic alphabet was used as early as the time of the tsarist empire for the first writing of some smaller languages ​​in the areas of Eastern Europe , the Caucasus , Central Asia and Siberia that belonged to it. During the Soviet era, in the 1920s and early 1930s, the Latin alphabet was first promoted as a means of writing down languages ​​that had previously been written without writing or that had previously used the Arabic or Mongolian alphabet , which were officially regarded as backward . At the end of the 1930s, however, the orthography of all these languages ​​was changed to the Cyrillic alphabet. Only Armenian and Georgian, which retained their own traditional scripts, as well as the languages ​​of the Baltic republics and minority groups of Central and Western European origin, which continued to be written in the Latin script, remained exempt from the general introduction of Cyrilliza for the languages ​​of the Soviet Union. Following the example of the Soviet Union, the Mongolian People's Republic also introduced the Cyrillic script. For the spelling of the non-Slavic languages ​​of the Soviet Union , the Cyrillic alphabet in the form usual for Russian was in most cases extended by additional, mostly newly created letters in order to be able to reproduce all sounds of the respective language.

Today's distribution

Distribution of the Cyrillic alphabet

as writing of the official language (s)

 widespread

Today Russian , Ukrainian , Belarusian , Bulgarian , Serbian , Macedonian and modern Church Slavonic as well as numerous other languages ​​in Eastern Europe , Siberia , the Northern Caucasus and Central Asia are written with Cyrillic characters. In some cases, Turkic languages such as Kazakh and Kyrgyz , Tajik , which is related to Persian , Mongolian or Dungan , a Chinese dialect, are written in Cyrillic.

The alphabets of the individual languages are essentially the same and only differ in a few characters. Some languages ​​use special characters (similar to umlauts in the Latin script). However, in contrast to Latin script, added accents , dots, cedillas or the like are rarely used in the Cyrillic script , but rather completely new letter forms are introduced. The Church Slavonic script contains a number of characters that are no longer common in modern scripts.

Since Bulgaria joined the European Union in 2007, Cyrillic has been one of the three officially used fonts in the EU, along with Latin and Greek . For this reason, since 2013, the currency denomination EURO ("ЕВРО") and the abbreviation ECB ( ЕЦБ for Bulgarian Европейска централна банка , European Central Bank ' ) have also been used in the Cyrillic spelling on the euro banknotes .

Comparison table for the development of the letter shapes

The following table shows the Cyrillic letters in today's common bourgeois script with the characters of all languages:

• Upper and lower case letters (column 1)
• Transliteration (column 2)
• old Cyrilliza, still used today for church texts (column 3)
• Letters not adopted from Greek - the Glagolitic (column 4)
• the corresponding Greek letters (column 5)
• Latin letters developed from the Greek alphabet for comparison (column 6)

As can be seen from the table, the Cyrillic script was mainly developed from the Greek. Greek uncial forms were used (see Greek alphabet ), from which both lowercase and uppercase letters were later created. For all phonemes that cannot be represented with Greek letters , Glagolitic letters - in a form adapted to the Greek or Cyrillic script - were adopted.

Cyrillic			origin		For comparison: Latin letter.
mod. kyr.	transl.	altkyr.	glag.	greek
	a				A a
-	Yes				-
	b				B b
	v				V v
	g, h				C c G g
	G
	gj
	d				D d
	e				E e
	jo
	ė
	ever
	ž			-	-
	z				Z z
	i				I i
	y
( )	ḟ				-
	ï				I i
	ï
	j	-	-		J j
	ć			-	-
	đ
	k				K k
	ḱ
	l				L l
	lj
	m				M m
	n				N n
	nj
-	x, ks		-		(X x)
	O				O o
	p				P p
	r				R r
	s				S s
	ʒ
	t				T t
	u			ΟΥ ου	U u V v W w Y y
	ŭ
( )	ÿ
	f				F f
	ch				(H h)
-	O				-
	c			-	-
	dž
	č			Hebrew צ
	š			Hebrew ש
	šč, št				-
-	ps		-
	”, Ă, ъ			-	-
	y			-	-
	', ь			-	-
( )	ě			-	-
	ju		-		-
	yes, ę			-	-
( )	ă, ǫ			-	-
-	ję			-	-
s. O.	jǫ			-	-

Italic and upright forms

Italic and upright form of the modern Russian alphabet (different italic forms have a gray background)

Different forms of lowercase letters in different alphabets

There are very different variants of some lowercase letters, similar to a / ɑ in the Latin alphabet. In Russian, the form of minuscule, which is similar to the respective capitals, predominates in upright script, and the other form occurs almost exclusively in italics, as shown in the table. In Bulgarian and Serbian , the minuscules, which differ greatly from capital letters, are also common in upright letters. This increases the number of characters that have different meanings in the Cyrillic and Latin alphabet while having the same shape. This can be particularly confusing in Serbia, where the national language is sometimes written in both Latin and Cyrillic.

In Serbian and Macedonian , other forms of italic minuscule are also common, which are largely similar to Cyrillic script:

• The б (б) resembles a small Greek delta (δ) even more than the standard form .
• The г (г) looks like an i with a macron (ī) and not like an s mirrored on the vertical or a pointless question mark.
• The д (д) resembles a g instead of a round d (with a curved ascender) or a mirrored 6 .
• The п (п) looks like an italic и or a Latin u with a macron (ū) and not like an n .
• The т (т) is analogous to the standard variant (similar to m ), the doubled form of the minuscule for the п, thus roughly comparable to an italic ш or reverse Latin m with macron (ɯ̅) .

In computer typography, for a long time these variants could only be represented using specially localized fonts. In the meantime, however, “smart fonts” in the formats OpenType , Graphite or AAT can automatically select the correct glyph variants depending on the language. However, the operating system or the software used must be able to determine the language and not all font files are adapted accordingly.

Cyrillic script

At the end of the 17th century, the Cyrillic script was still very similar to the medieval Greek uncial .

With the modernization of Russia initiated by Tsar Peter the Great , the style of both printed and written script came closer to contemporary Western European scripts.

• 

  Letter from Peter I from 1689

• 

  Serbian script around 1900, now partially obsolete

• 

  Modern Serbian handwriting (the lower case ш can also be underlined)

• 

  Modern Serbian script

Rendered in Latin letters

For the graphic reproduction of the Cyrillic script with Latin letters (Romanization) there are different ways of transcription :

• language-independent ( ISO 9 : 1995 / GOST 7.79-2000 system A with 1: 1 letter assignment),
• Source language dependent (scientific transliteration , ISO / R 9: 1968 , DIN 1460: 1982 , GOST 7.79-2000 System B),
  • Latin alphabet of the source language used in parallel or earlier (e.g. Serbian, Macedonian, Turkic languages),
• source and target language dependent ( transcription ).

Reversibility is only fully guaranteed in the first case, with minor restrictions usually also in the second. There is also the purely pronunciation-dependent spelling, e.g. B. by IPA , which does not depend on the original script, in this case the Cyrillic letters. In some cases, for example in Mongolian or with the names of emigrants, the Cyrillic writing system is used in parallel with another, for which there is often a transliteration rule into Latin, which can lead to different results. A theoretically possible, purely target-language-dependent approach is not common, since, as in the Latin writing system, the same sounds are not assigned to the Cyrillic letters in every language (e.g. г → g / h ).

Transliteration

The usual scientific transliteration in Slavic studies is based on the Czech alphabet . The standards of ISO and other institutes (especially GOST ) are based on this, but differ in details from them. The United Nations have been recommending GOST 16876-71 for geographical designations since 1987, which at least for Russian has no differences to scientific transliteration and ISO / R 9 and only three to ISO 9 (щ → šč / ŝ , я → ja / â , ю → ju / û ). The successor standard GOST 7.79-2000 corresponds to ISO 9 in system A with two small exceptions.

Transliteration according to DIN 1460, ISO 9 and GOST 7.79 (System A) at a glance

Cyrillic	А а	Ӓ ӓ	Ӑ ӑ	Ӕ ӕ	А̊ а̊	Ā̈ ā̈	А̄ а̄	А́ а́	Б б	В в	Г г	Ґ ґ	Ѓ ѓ	Ғ ғ	Г̡ г̡	Г̨ г̨	Һ һ	Һ̨ һ̨	Д д	Ђ ђ	Е е	Ё ё	Ӗ ӗ	Є є	Ж ж	Җ җ	Ӝ ӝ	Ӂ ӂ
DIN 1460: 1982 with DIN 1460-2: 2010	A a	Ä Ä	Ă ă	Ä Ä	Å å				B b	V v	G / H g / h 1	G / Ġ g / ġ 2	Ǵ ǵ	Ġ ġ	Ġ ġ	Ǵ ǵ	H̱ ẖ	Ḩ ḩ	D d	Đ đ	E e	Ë ë	Ĕ ĕ	Each / Ė each / ė 3	Ž ž	Ǧ ǧ	Ż ż	Ǧ / Dž ǧ / dž 4
ISO 9: 1995; GOST 7.79-2000 (system A)				Æ æ	Å / GOST: Ȧ å / GOST: ȧ	Ạ̈ ạ̈	Ā ā	Á á			G g	G̀ g̀			Ğ ğ		Ḥ ḥ							Ê ê		Ž̧ ž̧	Z̄ z̄	Z̆ z̆

Cyrillic	Д + С д + с	З з	Ҙ ҙ	Ӟ ӟ	Ӡ ӡ	Ѕ ѕ	И и	Ӣ ӣ	Ӥ ӥ	Й й	И́ и́	І і	Ї ї	Ī̇ ī̇	Ј ј	Ј̄ ј̄	К к	К̨ к̨	Қ қ	Ҝ ҝ	Ҡ ҡ	Ҟ ҟ	К̦ к̦	Q q	Л л	љ љ	Л̡ л̡	Л̕ л̕
DIN 1460: 1982 with DIN 1460-2: 2010	Ǧ ǧ	Z z	Z̧ z̧	Z̈ z̈	Z̈ z̈	Dz dz	I / Y i / y 5	Ī ī	Ï ï	J j		I / Í i / í 6	Ï ï		J́ / J j́ / j 7	J̄ j̄	K k	Ķ ķ				Q q		Q q	L l	Lj lj	Ļ ļ
ISO 9: 1995; GOST 7.79-2000 (system A)			Z̦ z̦		Ź ź	Ẑ ẑ	I i		Î î		Í í	Ì ì		Ǐ ǐ	J̌ ǰ	J́ j́		K̀ k̀	K̦ k̦	K̂ k̂	Ǩ ǩ	K K	Ḳ ḳ			L̂ l̂	L̦ l̦	Ĺ ĺ

Cyrillic	L l	М м	Н н	Њ њ	Ӈ ӈ	Ң ң	Ҥ ҥ	Н̦ н̦	Н̨ н̨	Н̡ н̡	Ӊ ӊ	Н̄ н̄	О о	Ӧ ӧ	Ө ө	Ӫ ӫ	Ҩ ҩ	О̆ о̆	Ō̈ ō̈	О́ о́	О̄ о̄	ОЕ ое	П п	Ҧ ҧ	П̨ п̨	Р р	С с	Ҫ ҫ
DIN 1460: 1982 with DIN 1460-2: 2010	L l	M m	N n	Nj nj	Ņ ņ								O o	Ö ö	Ö / Ó ö / ó 8	Ȯ ȯ	W w	Ŏ ŏ					P p	Ṕ р́		R r	S s	Ş ş
ISO 9: 1995; GOST 7.79-2000 (system A)				N̂ n̂		N̦ n̦	Ṅ ṅ	Ṇ ṇ	Ǹ ǹ	Ń ń	N̆ n̆	N̄ n̄			Ô ô	Ő ő	Ò ò		Ọ̈ ọ̈	Ó ó	Ō ō	Œ œ			P̀ p̀			Ș ș

Cyrillic	С̀ с̀	Т т	Т̆ т̆	Ҭ ҭ	Т̧ т̧	Т̌ т̌	Ћ ћ	Ќ ќ	У у	Ў ў	Ӱ ӱ	Ӯ ӯ	Ӳ ӳ	У̇ у̇	У́ у́	Ӯ̈ ӯ̈	Ү ү	Ұ ұ	Ӱ̄ ӱ̄	W w	Ф ф	Х х	Ҳ ҳ	Ц ц	Ҵ ҵ	Џ џ	Ч ч	Ӵ ӵ
DIN 1460: 1982 with DIN 1460-2: 2010		T t	Ṯ ṯ	Ţ ţ			Ć ć	Ḱ ḱ	U u	Ŭ ŭ	Ü ü	Ū ū	Ü ü	Ú ú			Ü ü	Ū ū		W w	F f	Ch / H Ch / h 9	Ḩ ḩ	C c	Ç ç	Ḑž ḑž	Č č	Ċ ċ
ISO 9: 1995; GOST 7.79-2000 (system A)	S̀ s̀			Ț ț	T̀ t̀	Ť ť				Ǔ ǔ			Ű ű		Ú ú	Ụ̈ ụ̈	Ù ù	U̇ u̇	Ụ̄ ụ̄			H h	H̦ h̦		C̄ c̄	D̂ d̂		C̈ c̈

Cyrillic	Ҷ ҷ	ӌ ӌ	Ҹ ҹ	Ч̀ ч̀	Ҽ ҽ	Ҿ ҿ	Ш ш	Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ы ы	Ӹ ӹ	ы̄ ы̄	Ь ь	Ѣ ѣ	Э э	Э̇ э̇	Ӭ ӭ	Ә ә	Ӛ ӛ	Ю ю	Ю̄ ю̄	Я я	Ѫ ѫ	Ѳ ѳ	Ѵ ѵ	Ӏ	'	"
DIN 1460: 1982 with DIN 1460-2: 2010	Ǵ ǵ			Ċ ċ		Ć ć	Š š	Šč / Śč šč / śč 10	ˮ / Ă / Q    ă / q 11	Y y	Ÿ ÿ		ʼ / Ĭ / Y    ĭ / y 12	Ě ě	Ė ė	É é	Ē ē	Ä / Á ä / á 13	Ȧ ȧ	Ju ju		Yes yes	Ȧ ȧ	Ḟ ḟ	Ẏ ẏ	Ḩ ḩ	'	"
ISO 9: 1995; GOST 7.79-2000 (system A)	C̦ c̦	C̣ c̣	Ĉ ĉ	C̀ c̀	C̆ c̆	C̨̆ c̨̆		Ŝ ŝ	ʺ			Ȳ ȳ	ʹ		È è			A̋ a̋	À à	Û û	Ů / GOST: Ū̂ ů / GOST: ū̂	Â â	Ǎ ǎ	F̀ f̀	Ỳ ỳ	‡	ˋ	¨

¹h: Ukrainian , Belarusian

²g: Ukrainian ; ġ: Russian

³each: Ukrainian ; ė: Russian

^4thǧ: Gagauz ; dž: Moldovan

⁵y: Ukrainian

^6th í: non-Slavic languages

^7thj: Azerbaijani

^8thó: Chantic , Ewenisch

⁹ch: Russian , Ukrainian , Belarusian , Bulgarian

¹⁰śč: Caucasian languages

¹¹ă: Bulgarian ; q: Caucasian , Paleo-Asian and Samoyed languages ​​and Ossetian

¹²ĭ: Caucasian , Paleo-Asian and Samoyed languages; y: Kurdish

¹³á: Abkhazian , Selkupian

For the largely phonetic transcription there is a long tradition in the European languages ​​- also and especially in German - in the course of which there were also changes and variants (e.g. name ending -off / -ow / -ov / -ev or in the GDR sh for ж). In addition to the use of w instead of v for в, the (Russian-) German transcription maintained by Duden differs from the transliteration, especially for the S-sounds (ш / ж → sch , з → s instead of z , ц → z instead of c ). In the English-speaking world, two very similar standards dominate, which rely less heavily on diacritical marks such as Hatschek and circumflex in favor of digraphs (usually with h ) (e.g. щ → shch instead of šč or ŝ ): BGN / PCGN (geography) and ALA-LC (Librarianship). Thanks to its use in the international media, for example in the professional sports sector, and its unreflective adoption by the local press, the French and, above all, English transcriptions can also be found in many other countries; Accent-free transliterations also appear due to technical difficulties. It is a quality feature of publishers and editors to consistently adhere to the selected transcription or transliteration standard.

In Yugoslavia the local languages ​​were converted from Cyrillic to Latin letters and vice versa, which was retained in the successor states. Both systems continue to be used in parallel, especially in Serbia. In the states of Azerbaijan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan , Latin alphabets based on Turkish were (re-) introduced after independence from the Soviet Union in the 1990s . In these cases, the local transliteration is usually used abroad as well. In Belarus, a Latin alphabet based on the Polish ( Łacinka ) has historical significance, but does not enjoy any official status today and is therefore only rarely used for transcribing Belarusian in a foreign-language context.

Examples of the transcription of names

The stricter ISO 9 from 1995 is given in brackets under transliteration and the GDR transcription under German .

Cyrillic spelling	Transliteration	transcription
		German	English	French
Александр Солженицын (Russian)	Aleksandr Solženicyn	Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Solzhenitsyn)	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn	Alexandre Soljenitsyne
Михаил Зощенко (Russian)	Mikhail (Mihail) Zoščenko (Zoŝenko)	Mikhail Soschtschenko (Sostschenko)	Mikhail Zoshchenko	Mikhaïl Zochtchenko
Михаил Горбачёв (Russian)	Michail (Mihail) Gorbačëv	Mikhail Gorbachev	Mikhail Gorbachev	Mikhaïl Gorbatchev
Борис Николаевич Ельцин (Russian)	Boris Nikolaevič Elʹcin	Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin	Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin	Boris Nikolaïevitch Eltsine (Ieltsine)
Владимир Владимирович Путин (Russian)	Vladimir Vladimirovič Putin	Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin	Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin	Vladimir Vladimirovitch poutine
Руслана Лижичко (Ukrainian) / Лыжичко (Russian)	Ruslana Lyžyčko / Lyžičko	Ruslana Lyschytschko (Lyshytschko) / Lyschitschko (Lyshitschko)	Ruslana Lyzhychko / Lyzhichko	Rouslana Lyjytchko / Lyjitchko
Тарас Шевченко (Ukrainian)	Taras Ševčenko	Taras Shevchenko	Taras Shevchenko	Taras Chevtchenko
Зоран Ђинђић (Serbian)	Zoran Đinđić	only transliteration: Zoran Đinđić (Djindjić)	only transliteration: Zoran Đinđić (Djindjić)	only transliteration: Zoran Đinđić (Djindjić)

For unofficial methods of transliteration that are based on the technical limitations of input devices such as Latin keyboards, see Translit .

Appearances in individual languages

Slavic languages

Bulgarian

Letter	scientific transliteration		transcription		IPA
	common	ISO	German	english 1
А а	A a		A a		a
Б б	B b		B b		b
В в	V v		W w 2	V v 2	v
Г г	G g		G g		G
Д д	D d		D d		d
Е е	E e		E e		​ɛ​
Ж ж	Ž ž		Sh sh (Sh sh) 3	Zh zh	​ʒ​
З з	Z z		S s	Z z	z
И и	I i		I i		i
Й й	J j		J j	Y y	j
К к	K k		K k (кс = x) 4	K k	k
Л л	L l		L l		l
М м	M m		M m		m
Н н	N n		N n		n
О о	O o		O o		​ɔ​
П п	P p		P p		p
Р р	R r		R r		r
С с	S s		S s (ss) 5	S s	s
Т т	T t		T t		t
У у	U u		U u		u
Ф ф	F f		F f		f
Х х	Ch ch 6	H h	Ch ch	H h 1	​x​
Ц ц	C c		Z z	Ts ts	ts
Ч ч	Č č		Tsch Tsch	Ch ch	​tʃ​
Ш ш	Š š		Sh sh	Sh sh	​ʃ​
Щ щ	Št št	Ŝ ŝ	Shit shit	Sht sht	ʃt
Ъ ъ	Ă ă 7	ʺ	A a 8	A a	ə, ʌ 9
Ь ь	ʹ (soft)		(-) (J j) 10	(Y) (y)	​ʲ​ ( palatal )
Ю ю	Ju ju	Û û	Ju ju	Yu yu	ju
Я я	Yes / Yes	 â	Yes / Yes	Ya ya	Yes

¹In Bulgaria, a transliteration is used in official documents in which the Cyrillic letter х is not reproduced with kh , but with h and which has been identical to the English transcription since 2013. For the sources see web links . In the past, French was transcribed. Upon special request, proper names could continue to be transcribed as usual, so they deviate from the official transcription that is valid today, for example in ya vs. ia .

²In Bulgaria, в  →  v is used for Latinization, as this is the clearest for most languages ​​with the Latin alphabet. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, the syllable -в , especially in the endings -ов and -ев , was often transcribed as -ff ; this transcription is no longer common today.

³The Duden calls sch as a conventional transcription, since a “voiced Sch sound” (as in “Journal”) cannot be clearly and intelligibly expressed in German with letters. The named as the second variant in the dictionary and customary in the GDR transcription sh (as a distinction for unvoiced sh ) is considered by some as a makeshift, since they would be understood only by people with Cyrillic knowledge and pronounced correctly; Others argue, however, that a distinction makes perfect sense and should also be reflected in the transcription.

^4thIf the Cyrillic letter combination кс is derived from a Greek or Latin x , an x is often used again for the "reverse transcription" . With names like Alexandra , which also exist in Latin-written regions as Aleksandra , no generally recommendable transcription can be made.

⁵Between vowels to indicate unvoiced pronunciation, usually ss .

^6thOccasionally, H or h is also used.

^7thOccasionally, Â (Â) or â (â) is also used. Note that this letter is a normal vowel letter in Bulgarian, not a hard sign like in Russian.

^8thIn the past, transcription with u was also common.

⁹Like all others, this vowel is used complementary to a counterpart, in this case to [a] and clearly spoken in stressed syllables: hour (English) [aʊ ' ə ^r ], ъгъл (angle) [' ə gʌl] or in unstressed syllables Syllables darkened cut (English) [k ʌ t], България [b ʌ lg'arija].

¹⁰The soft sign ь occurs (almost) exclusively in connection with о as ьо ; this combination is best transcribed with jo instead of using an apostrophe. The combinations ьи and ье are extremely rare and can only appear in the Cyrillic transcription of foreign names, for example in "Вал ье хо" or "Педрон ье рас" ( Pedroñeras ; place in Spain ). A (back) transcription of ьи and ье should generally not be necessary, since you should simply use the original Latin spelling of the corresponding name.

Church Slavonic

Even modern Church Slavonic texts are still set in the old Cyrillic script, which is shown in the table above. Any transcription or transliteration is usually based on the language of the country in which the text appears.

Macedonian

Letter	Transliteration and transcription	IPA
А а	A a	a
Б б	B b	b
В в	V v	v
Г г	G g	G
Д д	D d	d
Ѓ ѓ	Ǵ ǵ (Gj gj) 1	ɟ, dʑ
Е е	E e	​ɛ​
Ж ж	Ž ž	​ʒ​
З з	Z z	z
Ѕ ѕ	Dz dz 2	dz
И и	I i	i
Ј ј	J j	j
К к	K k	k
Л л	L l	l
Љ љ	Lj lj 2	​ʎ​
М м	M m	m
Н н	N n	n
Њ њ	Nj nj 2	​ɲ​
О о	O o	​ɔ​
П п	P p	p
Р р	R r	r
С с	S s	s
Т т	T t	t
Ќ ќ	Ḱ ḱ (Ć ć) 1	c, tɕ
У у	U u	u
Ф ф	F f	f
Х х	H h	x
Ц ц	C c	ts
Ч ч	Č č	​tʃ​
Џ џ	Dž dž 2	​dʒ​
Ш ш	Š š	​ʃ​

¹In the countries of the former Yugoslavia, the transcriptions Đ đ and Ć ć, based on the Serbian and Croatian Latin alphabet, are also common for Ѓ ѓ and Ќ ќ. In German texts Ѓ ѓ and Ќ ќ are often rendered as Gj gj and Ć ć, respectively.

²For reasons of compatibility, Unicode has its own codes for the digraphs, but these should only be used in exceptional cases: DZ (U + 01F1) or Dz (U + 01F2) dz (U + 01F3); Lj (U + 01C7) or Lj (U + 01C8) lj (U + 01C9); Nj (U + 01CA) or Nj (U + 01CB) nj (U + 01C7); Dž (U + 01C4) or Dž (U + 01C5) dž (U + 01C6).

Russian

Letter	Transliteration		transcription		Pronunciation 12
	scientific	ISO 9	German	English	IPA	Audio
А а	A a		A a		a
Б б	B b		B b		b
В в	V v		W w	V v	v
Г г	G g		G g (w) 8	G g	G
Д д	D d		D d		d
Е е	E e		E e (each each) 1	E e (Ye ye) 1	ʲɛ / jɛ 13
Ё ё	Ë ë		Yo yo (O o) 2	E e (also Yo yo)	ʲɔ / jɔ 13
Ж ж	Ž ž		Sh sh (Sh sh) 3	Zh zh	ʒ
З з	Z z		S s	Z z	z
И и	I i		I i 11		ʲi / i / ji 14
Й й	J j		I i (-, J j) 4	Y y	j
К к	K k		K k 5	K k	k
Л л	L l		L l		l
М м	M m		M m		m
Н н	N n		N n		n
О о	O o		O o		ɔ
П п	P p		P p		p
Р р	R r		R r		r
С с	S s		S s (ss) 5  10	S s	s
Т т	T t		T t		t
У у	U u		U u		u
Ф ф	F f		F f		f
Х х	Ch ch	H h	Ch ch	Kh kh	x
Ц ц	C c		Z z	Ts ts	ʦ
Ч ч	Č č		Tsch Tsch	Ch ch	tʃʲ
Ш ш	Š š		Sh sh	Sh sh	ʃ
Щ щ	Šč šč	Ŝ ŝ	Shch shch (shch shch) 9	Shch shch	ʃʲː
Ъ ъ	ʺ		(-) 6
Ы ы	Y y		Y y		ɨ
Ь ь	ʹ		(-) (J j) 7	(Y) (y)	ʲ
Э э	Ė ė	È è	E e		ɛ
Ю ю	Ju ju	Û û	Ju ju	Yu yu	ʲu / ju 13
Я я	Yes / Yes	 â	Yes / Yes	Ya ya	ʲa / yes 13

¹After Russian vowels, at the beginning of the word and after ь and ъ, each or Je (English ye or Ye ) is transcribed, otherwise with e . Example: Ельцин → Yeltsin . If Е е can also be written Ё ё in Russian, Е е is rendered as Ё ё.

²After Russian vowels, at the beginning of the word, after most of the consonants and after ь and jo, jo or Jo is transcribed; only after ж (sch / sh), ч (tsch), ш (sch), and щ (schtsch / stsch) but with o . Example: Горбачёв → Gorbachev .

³The Duden calls sch as a conventional transcription, since a “voiced Sch sound” (as in “Journal”) cannot be clearly and intelligibly expressed in German with letters. The named as the second variant in the dictionary and customary in the GDR transcription sh (as a distinction for unvoiced sh ) is considered by some as a makeshift, since they would be understood only by people with Cyrillic knowledge and pronounced correctly, others argue, however, a distinction is makes sense and should also be reproduced in the transcription. In Wikipedia, however, the spelling with sch is used for the sake of consistency .

^4thThe Duden writes: "й is not reproduced after и and after ы" and "й = i at the end of the word as well as between Russian vowel letters and Russian consonant letters". Examples: Горький → Gorki , Андрей → Andrei , Чуйков → Tschuikow . With j, й is circumscribed before the vowel (e.g. йогурт → yogurt ) and after и and ы before the consonant (e.g. Новороссийск → Novorossijsk ).

⁵The Duden stipulates that "in all cases" кс should be transcribed as x . In Wikipedia, this rule is only used when it comes to words of Greek or Latin origin (Алексей → Alexei). In Russian words of Slavic or other origin such as the place name Выкса, which is with some probability of Finno-Ugric origin, the spelling with ks is usually used ( i.e. Wyksa ). This applies even if the loanwords are of German origin, the originals of which are written in German with chs or cks : клякса Klecks , такса Teckel , Dachshund , Dachshund , вексель Wechsel . Names like Саксония Sachsen are a borderline case, since the Latinized form Saxonia was obviously borrowed into Russian.

^6th Hard sign : Cancels the palatalization of the preceding consonant. Will i. A. not transcribed. But see  ¹ .

^7th Soft sign : Palatalizes the previous consonant. Usually not transcribed, as the pronunciation differences are hardly noticeable for non-linguists and an apostrophe in the word only makes it difficult to read. Example: Gorki instead of Gorʹki . However, if the soft sign is in front of a vowel, the following applies: The (quite rare) connections ьи, ье and ьо are transcribed as ji , je and jo , respectively . Before я and ю, ь is not transcribed because the j is already included in their transcription (ja or ju) .

^8thHowever, in the genitive ending of the adjectives -ого / -его (in line with the pronunciation) w : - owo / - (j) ewo .

⁹Transcription was also very common in the GDR .

¹⁰Between vowels to indicate unvoiced pronunciation, usually ss .

¹¹ But see Ь ь and 7.

¹²In the case of vowels, the indication refers to the pronunciation in a stressed, isolated position. Deviating pronunciations due to vowel reduction in unstressed syllables or due to the influence of neighboring palatalised consonants are not given.

¹³ The second pronunciation given is only valid as a syllable, i.e. at the beginning of the word, after a vowel, ъ or ь.

^14th The pronunciation [i] applies in the wording, [ji] after a vowel, ъ or ь.

Serbian, Serbo-Croatian and Montenegrin

Note: The Serbian language also uses the Latin alphabet in addition to the Cyrillic alphabet. The Constitution of Serbia emphasizes the Cyrillic script as the first script for official use, especially in public administration and schools in Serbia , but the Latin script can and may also be used in official use. In the Serbo-Croatian of the former Yugoslavia, the Serbian Cyrillic script and the Latin alphabet were on an equal footing in official usage.

In Montenegro , according to the constitution, the Cyrillic script is on an equal footing with the Latin script. In 2009 the Montenegrin Ministry of Education and Science published a spelling that contains two additional letters (both in the Latin and the Cyrillic variant) and a dictionary with corresponding deviations in the spelling of individual words in the Montenegrin language from Serbo-Croatian.

The current form of the Serbian Azbuka (alphabet) goes back to the reform of the previous Cyrillic script by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić in the 19th century. The Slavic Serbian script, which at that time was only known in higher circles, was very similar to the Russian Cyrillic script, except for a few consonants.

From the Middle Ages to the 19th century, the script Bosančica was also widespread , especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Croatia .

Serbian asbuka	Serbian Latin script	IPA
А а	A a	a
Б б	B b	b
В в	V v	v
Г г	G g	G
Д д	D d	d
Ђ ђ	Đ đ 1	dʑ
Е е	E e	​ɛ​
Ж ж	Ž ž	​ʒ​
З з	Z z	z
З́ з́	Ź ź	​ʑ​ (only Montenegrin)
И и	I i	i
Ј ј	J j	j
К к	K k	k
Л л	L l	l
Љ љ	Lj lj 2	​ʎ​
М м	M m	m
Н н	N n	n
Њ њ	Nj nj 2	​ɲ​
О о	O o	​ɔ​
П п	P p	p
Р р	R r	r
С с	S s	s
С́ с́	Ś ś	​ɕ​ (only Montenegrin)
Т т	T t	t
Ћ ћ	Ć ć	tɕ
У у	U u	u
Ф ф	F f	f
Х х	H h	x
Ц ц	C c	​ʦ​
Ч ч	Č č	​tʃ​
Џ џ	Dž dž 2	​dʒ​
Ш ш	Š š	​ʃ​

¹ Đ đ (for Ђ ђ ) can also be replaced by Dj or dj in the event of technical problems .

²These digraphs are also regarded as just one letter each in Latin notation.

Ukrainian

See also : Ukrainian language § Alphabet  and transcription of the Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet

Letter		scientific transliteration			transcription
italic		common	ISO	Łatynka	German	English
А а		A a		A a	A a
Б б		B b		B b	B b
В в	В в	V v		V v	W w	V v
Г г	Г г	H h	G g	H h	H h
Ґ ґ		G g	G̀ g̀	G g	G g
Д д	Д д	D d		D d	D d
Е е		E e		E e	E e
Є є		Ever ever	Ê ê	Depending on / ie / e	Ever ever	Ye ye
Ж ж		Ž ž		Ž ž	Sh sh (sh sh)	Zh zh
З з		Z z		Z z	S s	Z z
И и	И и	Y y	I i	Y y	Y y
І і		I i	Ì ì	I i	I i
Ї ї		Ï ï		Ji ji	Ji ji	Yi yi (Ï ï)
Й й	Й й	J j		J j	J j	Y y
К к		K k		K k	K k (instead of ks also x)	K k
Л л		L l		Ł ł / L l	L l
М м		M m		M m	M m
Н н		N n		N n	N n
О о		O o		O o	O o
П п		P p		P p	P p
Р р		R r		R r	R r
С с		S s		S s	S s 1	S s
Т т	Т т	T t		T t	T t
У у		U u		U u	U u
Ф ф		F f		F f	F f
Х х		Ch ch	H h	Ch ch	Ch ch	Kh kh
Ц ц		C c		C c	Z z	Ts ts
Ч ч		Č č		Č č	Tsch Tsch	Ch ch
Ш ш		Š š		Š š	Sh sh	Sh sh
Щ щ		Šč šč	Ŝ ŝ	Šč šč	Shch shch (shch shch)	Shch shch
ь		ʹ (soft)		´	(-) or j 2	(-) or y
Ю ю		Ju Ju	Û û	Ju ju / iu / u	Ju ju	Yu yu
Я я		Yes / Yes	 â	Yes yes / ia / a	Yes / Yes	Ya ya
ʼ		ʺ	ʼ (apostrophe)	(-)	(-) 3

¹Also ss between vowels to indicate voiceless pronunciation .

² Soft sign , only after consonants; a capital letter does not exist; palatalizes the preceding consonant; in the transcription j before o , otherwise (in the final and before consonants) not reproduced.

³Only between labial consonant and j + vowel; usually not reproduced in the transcription.

Belarusian

Cyrillic letter	Transliteration			transcription		SAMPA value
	common	ISO	Łacinka	German	English
А а	A a			A a		/ a /
Б б	B b			B b		/ b /
В в	V v			W w	V v	/ v /
Г г	H h	G g	H h	H h		/H/
Ґ ґ 10	G g	G̀ g̀	G g	G g		/G/
Д д	D d			D d		/ d /
Дз дз	Dz dz		Dz dz, Dź dź 9	Ds ds	Dz dz	/ dz /
Дж дж	Dž dž			Dsch dsch	Dzh dzh	/ Z /
Е е	E e		6 each , ie 7 , e 8	E e (each each) 1	E e (Ye ye) 2	/ jE /
Ё ё	Ë ë		Jo jo 6 , io 7 , o 8	Yo yo	E e (also Yo yo)	/ jO /
Ж ж	Ž ž			Sh sh (Sh sh) 3	Zh zh	/ Z /
З з	Z z		Z z, Ź ź 9	S s	Z z	/ z /
І і	I i	Ì ì	I i, Ji ji 6	I i		/ i /
Й й	J j			J j	Y y	/ y /
К к	K k			K k	K k	/ k /
Л л	L l		Ł ł, L l 9	L l		/ l /
М м	M m			M m		/ m /
Н н	N n		N n, Ń ń 9	N n		/ n /
О о	O o			O o		/O/
П п	P p			P p		/ p /
Р р	R r			R r		/ r /
С с	S s		S s, Ś ś 9	S s (ss) 4	S s	/ s /
Т т	T t			T t		/ t /
У у	U u			U u		/ u /
Ў ў	Ŭ ŭ			U u		/ ŭ /
Ф ф	F f			F f		/ f /
Х х	Ch ch	H h	Ch ch	Ch ch	Kh kh	/ x /
Ц ц	C c		C c, Ć ć 9	Z z	Ts ts	/ ts /
Ч ч	Č č			Tsch Tsch	Ch ch	/ tS /
Ш ш	Š š			Sh sh	Sh sh	/ S /
Ы ы	Y y			Y y		/ 1 /, IPA : / i /
Ь ь	ʹ (soft)		´ 9	(-) (J j) 5	(Y) (y)	/ j / - palatal
Э э	Ė ė	È è	E e	E e		/ E /
Ю ю	Ju ju	Û û	Ju ju 6 , iu 7 , u 8	Ju ju	Yu yu	/ ju /
Я я	Yes / Yes	 â	Yes yes 6 , generally 7 , a 8	Yes / Yes	Ya ya	/Yes/

¹After Belarusian vowels, at the beginning of the word and after ь, it is transcribed with je or Je , otherwise with e . Example: Ельцын → Jelzyn .

²In English, in accordance with ye or Ye .

³The Duden calls sch as a conventional transcription, since a “voiced Sch sound” (as in “Journal”) cannot be clearly and intelligibly expressed in German with letters. The named as the second variant in the dictionary and customary in the GDR transcription sh (as a distinction for unvoiced sh ) is considered by some as a makeshift, since they would be understood only by people with Cyrillic knowledge and pronounced correctly, others argue, however, a distinction is makes sense and should also be reproduced in the transcription. In Wikipedia, however, the spelling with sch is used for the sake of consistency .

^4thBetween vowels to indicate unvoiced pronunciation, usually ss .

⁵ Soft sign : Palatalizes the previous consonant. Is generally not transcribed because the pronunciation differences are hardly noticeable for those who do not know the language and an apostrophe in the word only makes it difficult to read. Exceptions are the connections ьі and ьо, which are transcribed as ji and jo , respectively.

^6thAt the beginning of a word or after a vowel, Łacinka uses ja, je, jo, ju for я, е, ё, ю , after a vowel also ji for і .

^7thAfter a consonant except Л л ( L l ), Łacinka uses ia, ie, io, iu for я, е, ё, ю .

^8thAfter Л л in Łacinka j and i from я, е, ё, ю are dropped : a, e, o, u .

⁹In Łacinka, letters indicating palatalized consonants are given an acute accent if they come before another consonant or at the end of a word: Дзь дзь = Dź dź; Зь зь = Ź ź; Нь нь = Ń ń; Сь сь = Ś ś; Ць ць = Ć ć. The L, on the other hand, receives the slash by default and loses it if a soft sign or one of the vowel letters і, я, е, ё, ю follows in Cyrillic : Л л = Ł ł; Ль ль = L l.

¹⁰ Not part of the current official orthography, but still used by some to represent the sound [g], especially in foreign words.

Turkic languages

Bashkir

Cyrillic	Transliteration ISO 9
А а	A a
Б б	B b
В в *	V v
Г г	G g
Ғ ғ	Ġ ġ
Д д	D d
Ҙ ҙ	Z̦ z̦
Е е	E e
Ё ё *	Ë ë
Ж ж	Ž ž
З з *	Z z
И и	I i
Й й	J j
К к	K k
Ҡ ҡ	Ǩ ǩ
Л л	L l
М м	M m
Н н	N n
Ң ң	Ņ ņ
О о	O o
Ө ө	Ô ô
П п	P p
Р р	R r
С с	S s
Ҫ ҫ	Ș ș
Т т	T t
У у	U u
Ү ү	Ù ù
Ф ф *	F f
Х х	H h
Һ һ	Ḥ ḥ
Ц ц *	C c
Ч ч *	Č č
Ш ш	Š š
Щ щ *	Ŝ ŝ
Ъ ъ	""
Ы ы	Y y
Ь ь	''
Э э	È è
Ә ә	A̋ a̋
Ю ю	Û û
Я я	Â â

The letters marked with * usually appear only in younger foreign words of Russian origin.

Kazakh

→ Main article : Kazakh alphabet

Kazakh Cyrillitsa	Kazakh Latin script	German transcription	IPA
А а	A a	A a	​ɑ​
Ә ә	Ä Ä	Ä Ä	æ
Б б	B b	B b	b
В в	V v	W w	v
Г г	G g	G g	G
Ғ ғ	Ğ ğ	Gh gh	​ɣ​
Д д	D d	D d	d
Е е	E e	E e / 1 each	e, ever
Ё ё *	Yo yo	Yo yo (O o)	jo
Ж ж	J j	Sh sh	​ʒ​
З з	Z z	S s	z
И и	Ï ï	I i	i:
Й й	Y y	I i / J j 2	j
К к	K k	K k	k
Қ қ	Q q	Q q	q
Л л	L l	L l	l
М м	M m	M m	m
Н н	N n	N n	n
Ң ң	Ñ ​​ñ	Ng ng	ŋ
О о	O o	O o	O
Ө ө	Ö ö	Ö ö	O
П п	P p	P p	p
Р р	R r	R r	r
С с	S s	S s (ss) 3	s
Т т	T t	T t	t
У у	W w	U u	u :, w
Ұ ұ	U u	U u	u, ʊ​​
Ү ү	Ü ü	Ü ü	y, ʏ​​
Ф ф	F f	F f	f
Х х	X x	Ch ch	x
Һ һ	H h	H h	H
Ц ц *	C c	Z z	​ʦ​
Ч ч *	Ç ç	Tsch Tsch	​ʧ​
Ш ш	Ş ş	Sh sh	​ʃ​
Щ щ *	Şç şç	Shch Shch	ʃ:
Ъ ъ *	-	-	-
Ы ы	I ı	Y y	ɯ, ɤ
І і	İ i	I i	i, ɪ​​
Ь ь *	-	-	-
Э э *	E e	E e 4	e
Ю ю	Yu yu	Ju ju	ju
Я я	Ya ya	Yes / Yes	jɑ

The letters marked with * usually appear only in younger foreign words of Russian origin.

¹At the beginning of the word and after the vowel Je depending , after the consonant e .

²At the end of the word and before the following consonant I i , before the following vowel J j .

³Between vowels ss , otherwise S s .

^4th Only at the beginning of a word or after a vowel.

Kyrgyz

→ Main article : Kyrgyz alphabet

Kyrgyz Cyrillitsa	German transcription	IPA
А a	A a	a
Б б	B b	b
В в	W w	v
Г г	G g	g ~ ɣ
Д д	D d	d
Е е	1 each	e, ever
Ё ё	Yo yo	jo
Ж ж	Dsch dsch	​dʒ​
З з	S s	z
И и	I i	i
Й й	I i / J j 2	j
К к	K k	k ~ q
Л л	L l	l
М м	M m	m
Н н	N n	n
Ң ң	Ng ng	ŋ
О о	O o	O
Ө ө	Ö ö	O
П п	P p	p
Р р	R r	r
С с	S s (ss) 3	s
Т т	T t	t
У у	U u	u
Ү ү	Ü ü	y
Ф ф	F f	f
Х х	Ch ch	x
Ц ц	Z z	ʦ
Ч ч	Tsch Tsch	ʧ
Ш ш	Sh sh	ʃ
Щ щ	Shch Shch	ʃ
Ъ ъ	-	-
Ы ы	Y y	ɯ
Ь ь	-	-
Э э	E e	e
Ю ю	Ju ju	ju
Я я	Yes / Yes	Yes

¹At the beginning of the word and after the vowel Je depending , after the consonant e .

²At the end of the word and before the following consonant I i , before the following vowel J j .

³Between vowels ss , otherwise S s .

Uighur

→ Main article : Uyghur alphabets

In the Soviet Union and its successor states ( above all Kazakhstan ) Uyghur was and is written with a Cyrillic alphabet, in the People's Republic of China, however, officially, initially with an expanded Latin alphabet ( Yengi Yeziⱪ , "new script") and since 1987 (again) in an Arabic alphabet. Persian alphabet ( Ⱪona Yeziⱪ , "old script"). Different spelling principles are used in the various scripts, so that the different alphabets cannot be transferred one to one. This applies above all to the spelling of loan words from Russian and Chinese .

Mongolian languages

Buryat

Cyrillic	Transliteration ISO 9
А а	A a
Б б	B b
В в *	V v
Г г	G g
Д д	D d
Е е	E e
Ё ё	Ë ë
Ж ж	Ž ž
З з	Z z
И и	I i
Й й	J j
К к *	K k
Л л	L l
М м	M m
Н н	N n
О о	O o
Ө ө	Ô ô
П п	P p
Р р	R r
С с	S s
Т т	T t
У у	U u
Ү ү	Ù ù
Ф ф *	F f
Х х	H h
Ц ц *	C c
Ч ч *	Č č
Ш ш	Š š
Щ щ	Ŝ ŝ
Ъ ъ	""
Ы ы	Y y
Ь ь	''
Э э	È è
Ю ю	Û û
Я я	Â â
Һ һ	Ḥ ḥ

The letters marked with * usually appear only in younger foreign words of Russian origin.

Mongolian

→ Main article : Mongolian scripts

Cyrillic	Popular science transcription		Scientific transliteration	Correspondence in Mongolian script
	A.	B.
А а	A a		A a	ᠠ᠊
Б б	B b		B b	ᠪ᠊
В в	W w		V v	ᠸ᠊
Г г	G g		G g	ᠭ᠊/ᡎ᠊
Д д	D d		D d	ᠳ᠋᠊/ᠳ᠊
Е е	Ever ever		E e	ᠶ᠊/ᠶᠥ᠊
Ё ё	Yo yo		Yo yo	ᠶᠣ᠊
Ж ж	Dsh dsh		Ž ž	ᠵᠢ᠊/ᠵ᠊
З з	Ds ds		Z z	ᠵ᠊/ᠽ᠊
И и	I i		I i	ᠢ᠊
Й й	I i; after e: E e		J j
К к	K k		K k	ᠺ᠊
Л л	L l		L l	ᠯ᠊
М м	M m		M m	ᠮ᠊
Н н	N n		N n	ᠨ᠊
О о	O o		O o	ᠣ᠊
Ө ө	Ö ö	U u; long: oo	Ö ö	ᠥ᠊
П п	P p		P p	ᠫ᠊
Р р	R r		R r	ᠷ᠊
С с	S s		S s	ᠰ᠊
Т т	T t		T t	ᠲ᠊
У у	U u		U u	ᠤ᠊
Ү ү	Ü ü	U u	Ü ü	ᠦ᠊
Ф ф	F f		F f	ᠹ᠊
Х х	Ch ch	Ch ch; after -n: k	Ch ch	ᠬ᠊/ᡎ᠊
Ц ц	Z z		C c	ᠴ᠊/ᠼ᠊
Ч ч	Tsch Tsch		Č č	ᠴᠢ᠊/ᠴ᠊
Ш ш	Sh sh		Š š	ᠰᠢ᠊/ᠱ᠊
Щ щ	Shch Shch		Šč šč
Ъ ъ	(not to be marked)		""
Ы ы	Y y		Y y
Ь ь	J j		''
Э э	E e		Ė ė	ᠡ᠊
Ю ю	Ju ju		Ju ju	ᠶᠤ᠊/ᠶᠦ᠊
Я я	Yes / Yes		Yes / Yes	ᠶᠠ᠊

Other languages

Dungan

Letter	IPA	transcription
А а	a, ɑ	a
Б б	p	b
В в	v	v
Г г	k	G
Д д	d	d
Е е	iɛ	(y) e
Ё ё	iɔ	yo
Ж ж	ʐ	zh, rzh
Җ җ	tʂ, tɕ	zh
З з	ts	z
И и	i, ei	i
Й й	j	(y) u, (y) i
К к	kʰ	k
Л л	l	l
М м	m	m
Н н	n	n
Ң ң	ɳ	ng
Ә ә		eh
О о *	ɔ	O
П п	pʰ	p
Р р	ɚ, r	r
С с	s	s
Т т	tʰ	t
У у	ɤu, u	u
Ў ў	u	wu
Ү ү	y	(y) u
Ф ф	f	f
Х х	x	kh
Ц ц	tsʰ	ts
Ч ч	tʂʰ, tɕʰ	ch
Ш ш	ʂ	sh
Щ щ	ɕ	shch, hs
Ъ ъ *	-	"
Ы ы	ɪ, ɭɘ	`i
Ь ь *	-	`
Э э	ɛ	egg)
Ю ю	iɤu	yu
Я я	ia, iɑ	ya

The letters marked with * are only used in Russian loan words.

Mari

Letter	Transliteration and transcription	IPA
А а	A a	a
Ӓ ӓ 1	Ä Ä	​æ​
Б б	B b	b
В в	V v	v
Г г	G g	G
Д д	D d	d
Е е	E e	​ɛ​
Ё ё	Yo yo	jɔ
Ж ж	Ž ž	​ʒ​
З з	Z z	z
И и	I i	i
Й й	J j	j
К к	K k	k
Л л	L l	l
М м	M m	m
Н н	N n	n
Ҥ ​​ҥ 2	Nj nj	​ɲ​
О о	O o	​ɔ​
Ӧ ӧ	Ö ö	​O​
П п	P p	p
Р р	R r	r
С с	S s	s
Т т	T t	t
У у	U u	u
Ӱ ӱ	Ü ü	y
Ф ф	F f	f
Х х	H h	x
Ц ц	C c	ts
Ч ч	Č č	tɕ
Ш ш	Š š	​ʃ​
Щ щ	Šč šč	ʃtʃʰ
Ъ ъ	""	-
Ы ы	Y y	​ə​
Ӹ ӹ 1	Ӱ ӱ	​ə​
Ь ь	''	-
Э э	È è	​e​
Ю ю	Ju ju	ju, juː
Я я	Yes / Yes	Yes / Yes

¹ only Bergmari (Westmari)

² only meadow mari (Ostmari)

Romanian

The letter of Neacșu (1521) is the oldest surviving document in Romanian. It was written in Cyrillic letters.

The Lord's Prayer in Romanian (1850)

Wallachia was under Bulgarian influence until the 10th century, and Moldavia from the 10th to 13th centuries under the influence of the Kievan Rus. Because of the Orthodox faith of the Romanians and the Slavic environment, the Romanian language was written with Cyrillic letters from the 13th century. This script was adopted from the Church Slavonic .

From the 18th century, however, the Cyrillic script in Transylvania (which at that time belonged to the Habsburg Empire ) was gradually replaced by the Latin one. At that time no separate Romanian alphabet was developed, but was written according to the rules of Hungarian orthography . The Transylvanian School finally developed its own official Romanian alphabet based on Latin letters in the early 19th century. In 1862, the Cyrillic script was officially completely replaced by the Latin one in Romania.

In 1938 the Cyrillic script was reintroduced in the Moldavian ASSR for the Romanian language renamed Moldavian , but this time not in the Church Slavonic, but in the Russian version. In Bessarabia annexed by the Soviet Union, the use of the Cyrillic script became mandatory in 1940 and 1941 and from 1944 to 1989. Today, Romanian is only written in Cyrillic letters in Transnistria .

Old Cyrillic script (until the 19th century)	New Cyrillic script (from 1938)	Latin script
А а	А а	a
Б Б	Б б	b
В в	В в	v
Г г	Г г	G
Д д	Д д	d
Є є	Е е	e
Џй џй	Ж ж	j
З з	З з	z
И и	И и	i
Ї ї	И и	i
Й й	(Ь) ь	i
К к	К к	c (ch 1 )
Ʌ ʌ	Л л	l
М м	М м	m
Н н	Н н	n
О о	О о	O
П п	П п	p
Р р	Р р	r
С с	С с	s
Т т	Т т	t
Ꙋ ꙋ	У у	u
Ꙋ̆ ꙋ̆	У у	u
Ф ф	Ф ф	f
Х х	Х х	H
Ѡ ѡ	О о	O
Ц ц	Ц ц	ț
Ч ч	Ч ч	c 1 (ce, ci 2 )
Ш ш	Ш ш	ș
Ш̩ ш̩	Шт / ШТ шт	șt
Ъ ъ	Э э	ă
Ѣ ѣ	Я я	ea
Ю ю	Ю ю	iu
Ꙗ ꙗ	Я я	ia
Ѧ ѧ	Я я	ia
Ѫ ѫ	Ы ы	â, î
Ѯ ѯ	(Кс) (кс)	(ks)
Ѱ ѱ	(Пс) (пс)	(ps)
Ѳ ѳ
Ѵ ѵ
Ꙟ ꙟ	ын	in

¹before e and i

² before all other letters

Tajik

Tajik Cyrillitsa	German transcription	IPA	Tajik Latin script
А a	A a	[a]	A a
Б б	B b	[b]	B в
В в	W w	[v]	V v
Г г	G g	[G]	G g
Д д	D d	[d]	D d
Е е	E e / 1 each	[e] / [eː] / [je]	E e
Ё ё	Yo yo	[jɒ] / [jo] / [jɔ]	Yo yo
Ж ж	Sh sh	[⁠ ʒ ⁠]	Ƶ ƶ
З з	S s	[z]	Z z
И и	I i	[i] / [iː]	I i 2
Й й	I i / J j 3	[j]	J j
К к	K k	[kʰ]	K k
Л л	L l	[l] / [ɫ]	L l
М м	M m	[m]	M m
Н н	N n	[n]	N n
О о	O o	[ɒ] / [o] / [ɔ] 10	O o
П п	P p	[pʰ]	P p
Р р	R r	[ɾ]	R r
С с	S s (ss) 4	[s]	S s
Т т	T t	[tʰ]	T t
У у	U u	[ʊ] / [uː]	U u
Ф ф	F f	[f]	F f
Х х	Ch ch	[x]	X x
Ц ц 5	Z z	[⁠ ʦ ⁠]	-
Ч ч	Tsch Tsch	[ʧʰ]	C c
Ш ш	Sh sh	[⁠ ʃ ⁠]	Ş ş
Щ щ 5	Shch Shch	[ʃt͡ʃʰ]	-
Ъ ъ	-	​ʔ​ / - 6	'
Ы ы 5	Y y	[ɨ]	-
Ь ь 7	-	-	-
Э э 8	E e	[e] / [eː]	E e
Ю ю	Ju ju	[jʊ] / [ju]	Ju ju
Я я	Yes / Yes	Yes	Yes / Yes
Ғ ғ	Gh gh	[ɣ] / [ʀ]	Ƣ ƣ
Ӣ ӣ	Ij ij	[iː] 9	Ī ī
Қ қ	Q q	[q] / [kʰ] 11	Q q
Ӯ ӯ	U u	[ʊ] / [u] / [ɵ] 12	Ū ū
Ҳ ҳ	H h	[h] / [ɦ]	H h
Ҷ ҷ	Dsch dsch	[⁠ dʒ ⁠]	Ç ç

¹At the beginning of the word and after the vowel Je depending , after the consonant e .

²Cyrillic ии (double и) is represented in Latin script as iji .

³At the end of the word and before the following consonant I i , before the following vowel J j .

^4thBetween vowels ss , otherwise S s .

⁵These letters only appeared in loan words from Russian. They were abolished by the 1998 spelling reform.

^6thIn words of Arabic origin after a consonant [ʔ], after a vowel it causes a stretching of the preceding vowel. Not spoken in words of Russian origin.

^7thIn Soviet times, ь was always written between a consonant and a following einem ё, Ю ю, Я я in native words. It also appeared in loan words from Russian. With the spelling reform of 1998 it was abolished without replacement.

^8th Only at the beginning of the word and after vowels, Е е is written in other positions.

⁹ Is only used at the end of the word for stressed final [i] to distinguish it from unstressed.

¹⁰ The pronunciation of the O is not directly fixed and varies greatly, especially in colloquial language.

¹¹ The Q is not infrequently pronounced in K because the Q does not reproduce a pure Persian sound.

¹²The pronunciation of the Ū varies according to dialects. In the northern area it is pronounced [ɵ], otherwise like a normal U.

Chechen

Cyrillic	Scientific transliteration	German transcription	IPA
А а	A a	A a	a, aː
АЬ аь	Ä Ä	Ä Ä	æ, æː
Б б	B b	B b	​b​
В в	W w	W w 1	w, v
Г г	G g	G g	​G​
ГӀ гӀ	Ġ ġ	Gh gh	​γ​
Д д	D d	D d	​d​
ДЖ дж	Dž dž	Dsch dsch	​ʤ​
ДЗ дз	Dz dz	Ds ds	​ʣ​
Е е	E e	E e / 2 each	e, eː, iə, jæ, je, jeː, jiə
Ё ё	Yo yo	Yo yo / (o) 3	jo, joː, o
ЁЬ ёь	Jö jö	Jö jö	jø, jøː
Ж ж	Ž ž	Sh sh (sh sh)	​ʒ​
З з	Z z	S s	​z​
И и	I i	I i / ji 4	i, ji
Й й	I i	J j	​j​
К к	K k	Kh kh	kʰ
КХ кх	Q q	Kh kh	qʰ
КЪ къ	Q̣ q̣	K k	qˀ
КӀ кӀ	Ḳ ḳ	K k	kˀ
Л л	L l	L l	​l​
М м	M m	M m	​m​
Н н	N n	N n	​n​
О о	O o	O o	o, oː, uə, where, woː, wa
ОЬ оь	Ö ö	Ö ö	ø, øː
П п	P p	Ph ph	pʰ
ПӀ пӀ	Ṗ ṗ	P p	pˀ
Р р	R r	R r	​r​
С с	S s	S s (ss) 5	​s​
Т т	T t	Th th	tʰ
ТӀ тӀ	Ṭ ṭ	T t	tˀ
У у	U u	U u	u, uː
УЬ уь	Ü ü	Ü ü	​y​
Ф ф	F f	F f	​f​
Х х	Ḫ ḫ	Ch ch	​x​
ХЬ хь	Ḥ ḥ	H h	​H​
ХӀ хӀ	H h	H h	​H​
Ц ц	C c	Zh zh	ʦʰ
ЦӀ цӀ	C̣ c̣	Z z	ʦˀ
Ч ч	Č č	Chh chh	tʃʰ
ЧӀ чӀ	Č̣ č̣	Tsch Tsch	tʃˀ
Ш ш	Š š	Sh sh	​ʃ​
Щ щ	Šč šč	Shch Shch	ʃtʃʰ
Ъ ъ	""	(falls away)	-
Ы ы	Y y	Y y	​i​
Ь ь	''	(falls away)	-
Э э	Ė ė	E e	e, eː, iə
Ю ю	Ju ju	Ju ju	ju, juː
ЮЬ юь	Jü jü	Jü jü	jy
Я я	Yes / Yes	Yes / Yes	Yes / Yes
ЯЬ яь	Yeah yeah	Yeah yeah	jæ, jæː
Ӏ Ӏ	ʿ ʿ	''	​ʕ​

¹ U at the end of the syllable after е, э and o.

² Depending on letters, in the beginning of a syllable after a vowel, after й, ъ and after ь.

³ O in Russian loan words after ж, ч, ш and щ.

^4th Ji in Russian loan words after ь.

⁵Between vowels ss , otherwise s .

Chukchi

Cyrillic	Transliteration ISO 9
А а	A a
Б б *	B b
В в	V v
Г г	G g
Д д *	D d
Е е	E e
Ё ё	Ë ë
Ж ж *	Ž ž
З з *	Z z
И и	I i
Й й	J j
К к	K k
Ӄ ӄ	Ḳ ḳ
Л л *	L l
Ԓ ԓ 1	Ļ ļ
М м	M m
Н н	N n
Ӈ ӈ	Ṇ ṇ
О о	O o
П п	P p
Р р	R r
С с	S s
Т т	T t
У у	U u
Ф ф *	F f
Х х	H h
Ц ц	C c
Ч ч	Č č
Ш ш *	Š š
Щ щ *	Ŝ ŝ
Ъ ъ	""
Ы ы	Y y
Ь ь	''
Э э	È è
Ю ю	Û û
Я я	Â â
ʼ	‵

The letters marked with * appear only rarely or not at all in genuine Chukchi words.

¹Letter introduced at the end of the 1980s to distinguish the Chukchi from the Russian L sound. Previously, Л л was used for both sounds .

Names of the letters

Traditional names

In Church Slavonic , like in Greek, every letter has a name. These names, possibly already introduced by Konstantin-Kyrill himself, are for the most part normal Old Church Slavonic words or word forms that seem to result in a kind of memorandum through which writing pupils might be able to remember the order of the alphabet better. However, for the letters inserted at the end of the alphabet after Omega , for the most part no such "speaking" names have survived.

Letter	Surname	Transliteration	translation	meaning
	азъ	azъ	I	I know the letters.
	буквы	bukwy	Letters
	* вѣдѣ, вѣди	* vědě, vědi	White
	глаголи, глаголъ	glagoli, glagolъ	speak!	Say: It is good to live, the earth and the one who ...
	добро	dobro	Well
	єстъ	jestъ	is
	* живѣти, живѣте	* živěti, živěte	Life
	ѕѣло	dzělo	very
	земля	zemlja	earth
	і	i	and
	иже	iže	which one
	како	kako	how	How do you think, O people?
	людіє	ljudije	People
	мыслите	myslite	you think
	нашь	našь	our	He is our peace.
	онъ	onъ	he
	покои	pokojь	Peace, quiet
	рьци	rьzi	speak!	Say a heavy sentence:
	слово	slovo	Sentence, saying
	тврьдо	tvrьdo	hard
	ѵкъ, укъ, икъ	ükъ, ukъ, ikъ	=  gr. οἶκος [ ˈykɔs ] 'house'?	gr. οἶκον φέρετε χειρί 'carry the house with your hand!' (the beginning of a word of the three words [⁠ y ⁠] , [⁠ f ⁠] and [ K were] difficult to speak for Slavic)
	оукъ	ukъ	(later of ük on оу ligature for [⁠ u ⁠] transmitted)
	фрьтъ	morningь	=  gr. φέρ (ε) τε [ ˈfɛr (ɛ) tɛ ] 'carries!'?
	хѣръ	chěrъ	=  gr. χείρ [ ˈkʰir ] 'hand'?
	ѡтъ	ōtъ	from	?
	ци	ci	-	-
	чрьвь	črьvь	Worm; Purple; Hell [?]	?
	ша	ša	-	-
	ща (originally maybe щалмъ and then пѣснь)	šta (originally maybe psalmъ and then pěsnь )	- (earlier maybe 'Psalm' and then 'Song')	?
	єръ	jerъ	-	?
	єры	jery	-
	єрь	jerь	-
	ять	yes	-
	ю	ü, ju	-
	я	Yes	-
	ѥ	ever	-
	* ѧсъ	* ęsъ	-
	* ѫсъ	* ǫsъ	-
	* ѩсъ	* jęsъ	-
	* ѭсъ	* jǫsъ	-
Letters that did not yet exist in the Glagolitic alphabet but were added to the Cyrillic alphabet for writing Greek words:
	ѯи	ksi	<  Gr. Xi	-
	ѱи	psi	<  large psi
	ѳита	ḟita	<  gr. theta
	ѵжица	ižica	(derived from iže , see above)

Today's names

In today's Slavic languages, the traditional names are no longer used, but according to a pattern similar to names formed in German:

Letter	Bulgarian	Russian	Serbian	Ukrainian	Belarusian
а	a	a	a	a	a
б	bə	be	be	be	be
в	wə	we	ve	we	we
г	gə	ge	ge	hey	hey
ґ				ge
д	də	de	de	de	de
дж					dsche
дз					dse
ђ			đe
е	e	ever	e	e	ever
ё		jo			jo
є				ever
ж	schə	sch	že	sch	sch
з	sə	se	ze	se	se
и	i	i	i	y
і				i	i
ї				ji
й	i kratko 'short i'	i kratkoje 'short i'		ij or jot	i karotkaje 'short i' or i neskladowaje ' unsilbic i'
ј			ever
к	kə	ka	ka	ka	ka
л	lə	el	el	el	el
љ			elj
м	mə	em	em	em	em
н	nə	en	en	en	en
њ			enj
о	O	O	O	O	O
п	pə	pe	pe	pe	pe
р	rə	he	he	he	he
с	ssə	it	it	it	it
т	tə	te	te	te	te
ћ			će
у	u	u	u	u	u
ў					u karotkaje 'short u' or u neskladowaje ' unsyllabic u'
ф	fə	ef	ef	ef	ef
х	chə	cha	Ha	cha	cha
ц	zə	ze	ce	ze	ze
ч	ch	Che	če	Che	Che
џ			dže
ш	schə	scha	it	scha	scha
щ	schtə	shcha		shcha
ъ	he goljam 'big he'	twjordy snak 'hard sign'
ы		y			y
ь	he malək 'little he'	mjagki snak 'soft sign'		mjaky snak 'soft mark'	mjakki snak 'soft sign'
э		ɛ (ä)			e abarotnaje 'upside down e'
ю	ju	ju		ju	ju
я	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes
'				apostrof	nadradkowy snak 'supralinear sign' or apostrof

Spelling alphabet

Russian spelling alphabet
А	Анна ( old: Алексей)	Anna ( old: Alexei )
Б	Борис	Boris
В	Василий	Vasily
Г	Григорий	Grigori
Д	Дмитрий ( old: Дарья)	Dmitri ( old: Daria )
Е	Елена	Jelena
Ё	ёж	josch ' hedgehog '
Ж	Женя	Shenya
З	Зинаида, Зия ( old: Зоя)	Sinaida , Sija ( old: soy )
И	Иван	Ivan
Й	Иван краткий	short Ivan
К	Константин ( old: киловатт)	Constantine ( old: kilowatts )
Л	Леонид	Leonid
М	Мария ( old: Михаил)	Marija ( old: Michail )
Н	Nikola	Nikolai
О	Ольга	Olga
П	Павел	Pavel
Р	Роман	novel
С	Семён ( old: Сергей)	Semjon ( old: Sergei )
Т	Татьяна	Tatiana
У	Ульяна	Ulyana
Ф	Фëдор	Fyodor
Х	Аритон	Chariton
Ц	цапля	zaplja ' heron '
Ч	Человек	chelovek ' human '
Ш	Шура	Shura
Щ	щука	shchuka ' pike '
Ъ	твёрдый знак	twjordy snak ' hard sign '
Ы	игрек ( old: еры)	igrek ' Ypsilon ' ( old: jery )
Ь	мягкий знак	mjagki snak ' soft sign '
Э	эхо ( old: Эмилия)	Echo ( old: Emilia )
Ю	Юрий	Yuri
Я	Яков	Yakov

Cyrillic numbers

→ Main article : Cyrillic numerals

The Cyrillic numbers are a number system based on the Cyrillic letters. It was used by the South and East Slavs, especially in Church Slavonic texts, which are written in old Cyrilliza. The use of letters as numerals followed the Greek pattern . To mark it, a titlo was placed over the respective letter. Since the 16th century, Indo-Arabic and Roman numerals have also been used. Since the introduction of the civil script by Peter I in 1708, the Cyrillic numbers are no longer used.

Character encoding

The most common 8-bit encodings for Cyrillic are ISO 8859-5 , Windows-1251 , Macintosh Cyrillic , KOI8-R and KOI8-U . They only include the letters required for modern Slavic languages , KOI8 even only those for modern Russian or Ukrainian. Historical characters and special characters for non-Slavic languages ​​are only encoded in Unicode (for details see Cyrillic and Glagolitic in Unicode ).

The following table gives an overview of the coding of Cyrillic characters in the current ISO transliteration , hexadecimal and decimal in Unicode (e.g. usable for numeric character references in HTML , SGML and XML ), and as hexadecimal byte values in the five mentioned 8- Bit coding, with the additions to KOI8-U compared to KOI8-R in the common column in brackets.

	ISO	Unicode		8859-5	CP1251	MacCyr	KOI8
Basic Russian alphabet
А а	A a	0410 0430	1040 1072	B0 D0	C0 E0	80 I0	E1 C1
Б б	B b	0411 0431	1041 1073	B1 D1	C1 E1	81 E1	E2 C2
В в	V v	0412 0432	1042 1074	B2 D2	C2 E2	82 E2	F7 D7
Г г	G g	0413 0433	1043 1075	B3 D3	C3 E3	83 E3	E7 C7
Д д	D d	0414 0434	1044 1076	B4 D4	C4 E4	84 E4	E4 C4
Е е	E e	0415 0435	1045 1077	B5 D5	C5 E5	85 E5	E5 C5
Ж ж	Ž ž	0416 0436	1046 1078	B6 D6	C6 E6	86 E6	F6 D6
З з	Z z	0417 0437	1047 1079	B7 D7	C7 E7	87 E7	FA DA
И и	I i	0418 0438	1048 1080	B8 D8	C8 E8	88 E8	E9 C9
Й й	J j	0419 0439	1049 1081	B9 D9	C9 E9	89 E9	EA CA
К к	K k	041A 043A	1050 1082	BA DA	CA EA	8A EA	EB CB
Л л	L l	041B 043B	1051 1083	BB DB	CB EB	8B EB	EC CC
М м	M m	041C 043C	1052 1084	BC DC	CC EC	8C EC	ED CD
Н н	N n	041D 043D	1053 1085	BD DD	CD ED	8D ED	EE CE
О о	O o	041E 043E	1054 1086	BE DE	CE EE	8E EE	EF CF
П п	P p	041F 043F	1055 1087	BF DF	CF EF	8F EF	F0 D0
Р р	R r	0420 0440	1056 1088	C0 E0	D0 F0	90 F0	F2 D2
С с	S s	0421 0441	1057 1089	C1 E1	D1 F1	91 F1	F3 D3
Т т	T t	0422 0442	1058 1090	C2 E2	D2 F2	92 F2	F4 D4
У у	U u	0423 0443	1059 1091	C3 E3	D3 F3	93 F3	F5 D5
Ф ф	F f	0424 0444	1060 1092	C4 E4	D4 F4	94 F4	E6 C6
Х х	H h	0425 0445	1061 1093	C5 E5	D5 F5	95 F5	E8 C8
Ц ц	C c	0426 0446	1062 1094	C6 E6	D6 F6	96 F6	E3 C3
Ч ч	Č č	0427 0447	1063 1095	C7 E7	D7 F7	97 F7	FE DE
Ш ш	Š š	0428 0448	1064 1096	C8 E8	D8 F8	98 F8	FB DB
Щ щ	Ŝ ŝ	0429 0449	1065 1097	C9 E9	D9 F9	99 F9	FD DD
Ъ ъ	ʺ	042A 044A	1066 1098	CA EA	DA FA	9A FA	FF DF
Ы ы	Y y	042B 044B	1067 1099	CB EB	DB FB	9B FB	F9 D9
Ь ь	ʹ	042C 044C	1068 1100	CC EC	DC FC	9C FC	F8 D8
Э э	È è	042D 044D	1069 1101	CD ED	DD FD	9D FD	FC DC
Ю ю	Û û	042E 044E	1070 1102	CE EE	DE FE	9E FE	E0 C0
Я я	Â â	042F 044F	1071 1103	CF EF	DF FF	9F DF	F1 D1
Cyrillic extensions
Ѐ ѐ		0400 0450	1024 1104	–– ––	–– ––	–– ––	–– ––
Ё ё	Ë ë	0401 0451	1025 1105	A1 F1	A8 B8	DD DE	B3 A3
Ђ ђ	Đ đ	0402 0452	1026 1106	A2 F2	80 90	AB AC	–– ––
Ѓ ѓ	Ǵ ǵ	0403 0453	1027 1107	A3 F3	81 83	AE AF	(BD AD)
Є є	Ê ê	0404 0454	1028 1108	A4 F4	AA BA	B8 B9	(B4 A4)
Ѕ ѕ	Ẑ ẑ	0405 0455	1029 1109	A5 F5	BD BE	C1 CF	–– ––
І і	Ì ì	0406 0456	1030 1110	A6 F6	B2 B3	A7 B4	(B6 A6)
Ї ї	Ï ï	0407 0457	1031 1111	A7 F7	AF BF	BA BB	(B7 A7)
Ј ј	J̌ ǰ	0408 0458	1032 1112	A8 F8	A3 BC	B7 C0	–– ––
Љ љ	L̂ l̂	0409 0459	1033 1113	A9 F9	8A 9A	BC BD	–– ––
Њ њ	N̂ n̂	040A 045A	1034 1114	AA FA	8C 9C	BE BF	–– ––
Ћ ћ	Ć ć	040B 045B	1035 1115	AB FB	8E 9E	CB CC	–– ––
Ќ ќ	Ḱ ḱ	040C 045C	1036 1116	AC FC	8D 9D	CD CE	–– ––
Ѝ ѝ		040D 045D	1037 1117	–– ––	–– ––	–– ––	–– ––
Ў ў	Ŭ ŭ	040E 045E	1038 1118	AE FE	A1 A2	D8 D9	–– ––
Џ џ	D̂ d̂	040F 045F	1039 1119	AF FF	8F 9F	DA DB	–– ––

Day of the Cyrillic Script

Cyrillic Day is May 24th. Celebrated in Bulgaria as the Day of the Bulgarian Alphabet , it is an official holiday. On this day, flowers are traditionally laid at the monument to Cyril and Method in front of the Bulgarian National Library, also in Moscow on Slavjanskaya Square near the Kremlin , where there is also a memorial. Services are held in many churches.

See also

• Derivation of Latin and Cyrillic from Greek letters

literature

• A. Leskien : Handbook of the Old Bulgarian (Old Church Slavonic) language. Grammar - Texts - Glossary. 10th edition provided with improvements and additions by Johannes Schröpfer. Winter, Heidelberg 1990, ISBN 3-533-00615-8 ( Indo-European Library. Series 1: Textbooks and Handbooks ).
• Nicolina Trunte: Old Church Slavonic. 5th edition. Sagner, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-87690-480-3 ( Словѣньскъи ѩзыкъ. A practical textbook of Church Slavonic in 30 lessons. At the same time an introduction to Slavic philology. Vol. 1 = Slavic contributions. 264 = Study aids. Vol. 1).
• Gerhard Podskalsky : Theological literature of the Middle Ages in Bulgaria and Serbia 865-1459. C. H. Beck, 2000, ISBN 3-406-45024-5
• Florin Curta: Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 , Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-521-81539-8
• Ivan G. Iliev: Brief History of the Cyrillic Alphabet . Plovdiv, 2015, academia.edu
• Ivan G. Iliev: Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet ijors.net
• Paul Cubberley: “The Slavic Alphabets” and later finalized and spread by disciples Kliment and Naum in Ohrid and Preslav schools of Tsar Boris' Bulgaria . In: Daniels, Bright (Ed.): The World's Writing Systems . Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-507993-0 .
• Eleonora Gallucci: Ucitel'noe Evangelie di Costantino di Preslav (IX-X sec.). Tradizione testuale, redazioni, fonti greche . (PDF; 5.1 MB) In: Europa Orientalis , XX, 2001, pp. 49–138 (Teaching Gospel by Konstantin von Preslaw)
• Philipp Ammon: Tractatus slavonicus . (PDF) In: Sjani (Thoughts) Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature , N 17, 2016, pp. 248–56

Web links

Commons : Cyrillic alphabet  - album of pictures, videos and audio files

• Sebastian Kempgen: Kodeks server (German / English)
• Omniglot (English)
• Transliteration and transcription table as well as MS Word macro for transliteration and conversion ( Memento of February 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
• Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts - Comprehensive collection of transliteration rules for different languages ​​and alphabets
• Unicode Code Charts: Cyrillic (PDF; 263 kB), Cyrillic Supplement (PDF; 124 kB)
• Typographic dummy text generator for Russian
• Russian keyboard layout for German keyboards
• Windows 2000 / XP keyboard layout for several Cyrillic alphabets in Unicode ( Memento from December 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (based on the German standard keyboard )
• Direct Latin-Cyrillic transcription with spell check (English-based transcription without diacritical marks)
• CyrAcademizer online transliteration and conversion for ISO 9, scientific, ISO / R 9, ALA-LC (diacritical), GOST 7.79B, German (Duden), Danish (Sprognævn) and Translit. Old Cyrillic letters are recognized and can be entered using the virtual keyboard.
• Cyrillic under Linux / KDE ( Memento from April 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) - Perl script for transliterating Russian into German
• Table that contains the special Morse code for Cyrillic letters
• The Russian law that prescribes the Cyrillic script: website of the Russian Federation ( Memento of May 29, 2007 on the Internet Archive )
• Bulgarian "Law on Transliteration" Закон за транслитерацията of March 13, 2009 (Bulgarian) on Wikisource [in reality an English-based transcription]
• Russian alphabet - 33 letters and 330 sample words with audio recordings
• Link catalog on the subject of the Cyrillic alphabet at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )

References and comments

1. ↑ Nicolina Trunte: Old Church Slavonic. 4th edition. Sagner, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-87690-480-3 ( Словѣньскъи ѩзыкъ. A practical textbook of Church Slavonic in 30 lessons. Vol. 1), chap. 1.9, pp. 16-19.
2. ↑ Hans-Dieter Döpmann : Church in Bulgaria from the beginnings to the present. Biblion, Munich 2006
3. ^ Gerhard Podskalsky : Theological literature of the Middle Ages in Bulgaria and Serbia 815-1459. Beck, Munich 2000
4. ↑ Nicolina Trunte: Πρὸς τὸ σαφέστερον. (On reforms in the Glagolitic script.) In: Marija-Ana Dürrigl u. a. (Ed.): Glagoljica i hrvatski glagolizam. Staroslavenski Inst., Zagreb 2004, pp. 419-434.
5. ^ Florin Curta: Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press, September 18, 2006, pp. 221–222 (Cambridge Medieval Textbooks)
6. ↑ Eleonora Gallucci: Ucitel'noe Evangelie di Costantino di Preslav (IX-X sec.) (PDF; 5.1 MB)
7. ↑ Stone inscriptions from Bulgaria ( Memento of the original dated August 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
8. ↑ Mostitsch's grave inscription, 10th century
9. ↑ Mostitsch's grave inscription from the 10th century
10. ↑ The Enigma of the Golden Age
11. ↑ The grave inscription in the Veliki Preslaw Archaeological Museum ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
12. ↑ Accession Treaty: D.7 - Declaration by the Republic of Bulgaria
13. ↑ On the origin of the Glagolitic and thus also the Cyrillic Shta from the Greek Psi, cf. Nicolina Trunte: Πρὸς τὸ σαφέστερον: On reforms in the Glagolitic script. In: Glagoljica i hrvatski glagolizam. Zagreb 2004, p. 428 f.). According to this, the Shta, which does not appear in the oldest texts, was introduced in the course of a reform of the Glagolitic alphabet, which is attributed to Kliment von Ohrid , and the fact that in several alphabet poems the word pěsnьmi instead of Shta speaks for the origin of the Psi stands for 'with songs', which presumably represents the original psalmy 'with psalms '.
14. ↑ In older South Slavic texts is often a mirrored form of the Cyrillic letter that suggests its origin from Greek οι, which at that time [⁠ y ⁠] was discussed, as originally probably ю while ιο yes [ io spoken] would have been and under no circumstances [ ju ] (see Nicolina Trunte: Altkirchenslavisch. 4th edition. Sagner, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-87690-480-3 ( Словѣньскъи ъзык prakt. A practical textbook of Church Slavonic in 30 lessons. Vol. 1), p . 13).
15. ^ Janko Stamenović: Graphics
16. ↑ gost.ruscable.ru ( Memento of the original from May 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; ifap.ru (PDF; 1.5 MB) 
17. ↑ Working Group on Romanization Systems UNGEGN - United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (English)
18. ^ Romanization system for Bulgarian: BGN / PCGN 2013 system. ( Memento from February 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, September 2014.
19. ↑ Pravopis crnogorsgoga jezika i rječnik crnogorsgoga jezika. Montenegrin Ministry of Education and Science, Podgorica 2009. (PDF; 1.4 MB)
20. ↑ Xīn Méng-Hàn cídiǎn《新 蒙汉 词典》 /ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ
    ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
    ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ
    ᠲᠣᠯᠢ/ Шинэ монгол хятад толь . Beijing: Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商务印书馆, 2002; ISBN 7-100-01966-4 .
21. ↑ Hans-Peter Vietze : Dictionary German – Mongolian . Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie, ²1984.
22. ↑ Hans-Peter Vietze: Dictionary Mongolian-German . Verlag Enzyklopädie, Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-324-00336-9 .
23. ↑ The information about the letter names is based on Nicolina Trunte: Rьci slovo tvrьdo. A tongue twister for slaves? In: Miloš Okuka, Ulrich Schweier (Hrsg.): Germano-Slavistic contributions. Festschrift for Peter Rehder on his 65th birthday. Munich 2004, pp. 287-294; and Nicolina Trunte: Old Church Slavonic. 5th edition. Sagner, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-87690-480-3 ( Словѣньскъи ѩзыкъ. A practical textbook of Church Slavonic in 30 lessons. Vol. 1), pp. 17-22.