Amedeo Avogadro and Courçay: Difference between pages
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'''Courçay''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Indre-et-Loire]] [[Departments of France|department]] in central [[France]]. |
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{{nofootnotes|date=May 2008}} |
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{{redirect6|Avogadro|the Bishop|Albert Avogadro|the lunar crater|Avogadro (crater)}} |
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==See also== |
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{{Infobox Scientist |
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*[[Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department]] |
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|name = Amedeo Avogadro |
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|box_width = |
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|image = Carlsons.jpg |
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|image_width = 150px |
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|caption = |
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|birth_date = 9 August 1776 |
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|birth_place = [[Turin]] |
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|death_date = 9 July 1856 |
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|death_place = |
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|residence = |
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|citizenship = |
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|nationality = [[Italy|Italian]] |
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|ethnicity = |
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|field = [[Chemistry]] |
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|work_institutions = [[University of Turin]] |
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|alma_mater = |
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|doctoral_advisor = |
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|doctoral_students = |
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|known_for = [[Avogadro's Law]]<br />[[Avogadro's number]] |
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|author_abbrev_bot = |
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|author_abbrev_zoo = |
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|influences = |
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|influenced = |
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|prizes = |
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|religion = |
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|footnotes = |
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}}'''Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e di Cerreto''', [[Count]] of [[Quaregna]] and [[Cerreto]] {{bdd|August|9|1776|July|9|1856}} was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[savant]]. He is most noted for his contributions to the theory of [[molarity]] and molecular weight and also formulated [[Avogadro's Law]]. In tribute to him, the number of elementary entities ([[atom]]s, [[molecule]]s, [[ion]]s or other particles) in one [[mole (unit)|mole]] of a substance, 6.022142 x 10<sup>23</sup>, is known as [[Avogadro's number]]. |
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==Biography== |
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Amedeo Avogadro was born in [[Turin]] to a noble family of [[Piedmont]], [[Italy]]. |
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==References== |
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He graduated in [[ecclesiastical law]] at the early age of 20 and began to practice. Soon after, he dedicated himself to [[physics]] and [[mathematics]] (then called ''positive philosophy''), and in 1809 started teaching them at a ''liceo'' (high school) in [[Vercelli]], where his family had property. |
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''Based on the article in the French Wikipedia.'' |
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{{IndreLoire-geo-stub}} |
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In 1811, he published an article with the title ''Essai d'une manière de déterminer les masses relatives des molécules élémentaires des corps, et les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons'' ("Essay on Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies and the Proportions by Which They Enter These Combinations"), which contains Avogadro's hypothesis. Avogadro submitted this essay to a French journal, [[De Lamétherie]]'s ''Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire naturelle'' (''Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Natural History'') so it was written in French, not Italian. (Note: In 1811, northern Italy was under the rule of the French Emperor [[Napoléon Bonaparte]].) |
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{{commons|Category:Courçay|Courçay}} |
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{{Indre-et-Loire communes}} |
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In 1820, he became professor of physics at the University of [[Turin]]. After the downfall of Napoléon in 1815, northern Italy came under control of this kingdom. |
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{{coord|47|15|N|0|52|E|display=title|region:FR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} |
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He was active in the revolutionary movements of 1821 against the [[King of Sardinia|king]] of [[Sardinia]] (who became ruler of Piedmont with Turin as his capital). As a result, he lost his chair in 1823 (or the university officially declared, it was "''very glad to allow this interesting scientist to take a rest from heavy teaching duties, in order to be able to give better attention to his researches''"){{Fact|date=April 2007}}. |
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Eventually, [[Charles Albert of Savoy|Charles Albert]] granted a Constitution (''[[Statuto Albertino]]'') in 1848. Well before this, Avogadro had been recalled to the university in Turin in 1833, where he taught for another twenty years. |
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Little is known about Avogadro's private life, which appears to have been sober and religious. He married Felicita Mazzé and had six children. |
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Some historians suggest that he sponsored some Sardinian revolutionaries, who were stopped by the announcement of Charles Albert's constitution. |
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Avogadro held posts dealing with statistics, meteorology, and weights and measures (he introduced the [[metric system]] into Piedmont) and was a member of the Royal Superior Council on Public Instruction. |
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In honour of Avogadro's contributions to the theory of [[molarity]] and molecular weights, the number of molecules in one [[mole (unit)|mole]] was named ''[[Avogadro's number]]'', N<sub>A</sub> or "Avogadro's constant". It is approximately 6.0221415 × 10<sup>23</sup>. Avogadro's number is used to compute the results of chemical reactions. It allows chemists to determine the exact amounts of substances produced in a given reaction. |
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[[Johann Josef Loschmidt]] first calculated the value of Avogadro's number, often referred to as the [[Loschmidt number]] in German-speaking countries ([[Loschmidt constant]] now has another meaning). |
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==Accomplishments== |
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[[Avogadro's Law]] states that the relationship between the masses of the same volume of different gases (at the same temperature and pressure) corresponds to the relationship between their respective molecular weights. Hence, the relative molecular mass of a gas can be calculated from the mass of sample of known volume. |
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Avogadro developed this hypothesis after [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] had published in 1808 [[Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac|his law]] on volumes (and combining gases). The greatest problem Avogadro had to resolve was the confusion at that time regarding atoms and molecules. One of his most important contributions was clearly distinguishing one from the other, stating that gases are composed of molecules, and these molecules are composed of atoms. For instance, [[John Dalton]] did not consider this possibility. Avogadro did not actually use the word "atom" as the words "atom" and "molecule" were used almost without difference. He believed that there were three kinds of "molecules," including an "elementary molecule" (our "atom"). Also, more attention was given to the definition of [[mass]], as distinguished from [[weight]]. |
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In 1814, he published ''Mémoire sur les masses relatives des molécules des corps simples, ou densités présumées de leur gaz, et sur la constitution de quelques-uns de leur composés, pour servir de suite à l'Essai sur le même sujet, publié dans le Journal de Physique, juillet 1811'' ("Note on the Relative Masses of Elementary Molecules, or Suggested Densities of Their Gases, and on the Constituents of Some of Their Compounds, As a Follow-up to the Essay on the Same Subject, Published in the Journal of Physics, July 1811") ([http://www.accademiaxl.it/Library/Percorsi/images/Image54.jpg]), about gas densities. |
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In 1821 he published another paper, ''Nouvelles considérations sur la théorie des proportions déterminées dans les combinaisons, et sur la détermination des masses des molécules des corps'' (''New Considerations on the Theory of Proportions Determined in Combinations, and on Determination of the Masses of Atoms'') and shortly afterwards, ''Mémoire sur la manière de ramener les composès organiques aux lois ordinaires des proportions déterminées'' (''Note on the Manner of Finding the Organic Composition by the Ordinary Laws of Determined Proportions''). |
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In 1841, he published his work in ''Fisica dei corpi ponderabili, ossia Trattato della costituzione materiale de' corpi'', 4 volumes. |
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==Response to the theory== |
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The scientific community did not give great attention to his theory, so Avogadro's hypothesis was not immediately accepted. [[André-Marie Ampère]] achieved the same results three years later by another method (in his ''{{lang|fr|Sur la détermination des proportions dans lesquelles les corps se combinent d'après le nombre et la disposition respective des molécules dont leurs particules intégrantes sont composées}}'' -- ''On the Determination of Proportions in which Bodies Combine According to the Number and the Respective Disposition of the Molecules by Which Their Integral Particles Are Made''), but the same indifference was shown to his theory as well. |
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Only through studies by [[Charles Frédéric Gerhardt]] and [[Auguste Laurent]] on [[organic chemistry]] was it possible to demonstrate that Avogadro's law explained why the same quantities of molecules in a gas have the same volume. |
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Unfortunately, related experiments with some inorganic substances showed seeming exceptions to the law. This was finally resolved by [[Stanislao Cannizzaro]], as announced at [[Karlsruhe Congress]] in 1860, four years after Avogadro's death. He explained that these exceptions were due to molecular dissociations at certain temperatures, and that Avogadro's law determined not only molecular masses, but atomic masses as well. |
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In 1911, a meeting in [[Turin]] commemorated the hundredth anniversary of the publication of Avogadro's classic 1811 paper. King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] attended. Thus, Avogadro's great contribution to chemistry was recognised. |
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[[Rudolf Clausius]], with his kinetic theory on gases, gave another confirmation of [[Avogadro's Law]]. [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]] showed that Avogadro's theory also held in dilute solutions. |
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Avogadro is hailed as a founder of the [[Atomic theory#Modern atomic theory|atomic-molecular theory]]. |
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== Further reading == |
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*{{Citation |
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|id = [[PMID]]:17799933 |
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|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17799933 |
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|last=Pierson |
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|first= |
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|publication-date=1984 Oct 26 |
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|year=1984 |
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|title=Avogadro and His Work: Amedeo Avogadro. |
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|volume=226 |
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|issue=4673 |
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|periodical=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |
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|pages=432-433 |
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|doi = 10.1126/science.226.4673.432 |
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}} |
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*{{Citation |
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|id = [[PMID]]:17757602 |
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|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17757602 |
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|last=Hinshelwood |
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|first= |
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|last2=Pauling |
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|first2= |
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|publication-date=1956 Oct 19 |
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|year=1956 |
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|title=Amedeo Avogadro. |
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|volume=124 |
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|issue=3225 |
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|periodical=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |
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|pages=708-713 |
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|doi = 10.1126/science.124.3225.708 |
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}} |
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*{{Citation |
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|id = [[PMID]]:13369233 |
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|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13369233 |
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|last=CAVANNA |
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|first=D |
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|publication-date=1956 Jun |
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|year=1956 |
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|title=[Centenary of the death of Amedeo Avogadro.] |
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|volume=5 |
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|issue=6 |
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|periodical=Minerva farmaceutica |
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|pages=134-7 |
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}} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |
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| last = Crosland |
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| first = M.P. |
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| title = Avogadro, Amedeo |
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| encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] |
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| volume = 1 |
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| pages = 343-350 |
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| publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons |
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| location = New York |
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| date = 1970 |
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| isbn = 0684101149 |
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}} |
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* Morselli, Mario. (1984). ''Amedeo Avogadro, a scientific biography.'' Kluwer. ISBN 9027716242. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Avogadro (crater)|Avogadro]] ([[lunar crater]]) |
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* [[Avogadro's constant]] |
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[[Category:Communes of Indre-et-Loire|Courcay]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Avogadro, Amedeo}} |
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[[Category:People from Turin (city)]] |
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[[Category:Italian chemists]] |
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[[id:Amedeo Avogadro]] |
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[[he:אמדאו אבוגדרו]] |
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[[kn:ಅಮೆಡಿಯೋ ಅವೊಗಾಡ್ರೋ]] |
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[[ka:ამედეო ავოგადრო]] |
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[[ru:Авогадро, Амедео]] |
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[[sv:Amadeo Avogadro]] |
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[[ta:அமேடியோ அவகாதரோ]] |
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[[kab:Amedeo Avogadro]] |
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[[th:อาเมเดโอ อาโวกาโดร]] |
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[[uk:Амедео Авогадро]] |
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[[zh:阿莫迪欧·阿伏加德罗]] |
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Revision as of 15:20, 11 October 2008
Courçay is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.
See also
References
Based on the article in the French Wikipedia.
 | This Indre-et-Loire geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Courçay.
