Banská Bystrica
| Banská Bystrica | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| coat of arms | map | ||
|
|
||
| Basic data | |||
| State : | Slovakia | ||
| Kraj : | Banskobystrický kraj | ||
| Okres : | Banská Bystrica | ||
| Region : | Horehrony | ||
| Area : | 103.37 km² | ||
| Residents : | 78,084 (Dec. 31, 2019) | ||
| Population density : | 755 inhabitants per km² | ||
| Height : | 362 m nm | ||
| Postal code : | 974 01 | ||
| Telephone code : | 0 48 | ||
| Geographic location : | 48 ° 44 ' N , 19 ° 9' E | ||
| License plate : | BB | ||
| Kód obce : | 508438 | ||
| structure | |||
| Community type : | city | ||
| Urban area structure: | 16 districts | ||
| Administration (as of November 2018) | |||
| Mayor : | Ján Nosko | ||
| Address: | Mestský úrad Banská Bystrica ulica ČSA 26 97539 Banská Bystrica |
||
| Website: | www.banskabystrica.sk | ||
| Statistics information on statistics.sk | |||
Banská Bystrica ( : ['banskaː' bɪstrɪtsa] ; German Neusohl , Hungarian Besztercebánya , Latin Neosolium ) is a town in Slovakia .
It has 78,084 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2019) and is the seat of the Banskobystrický kraj regional association and the Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica . It is the largest city in the district of the same name and the fifth largest city in Slovakia after Bratislava , Košice , Prešov and Žilina . Historically it is a famous mining town of the Middle Ages and modern times and has valuable art historical monuments.
geography
The city is located in the center of Slovakia in the Banská Bystrica district, roughly in the middle between the capital Bratislava (208 km to the southwest) and the country's second largest city, Košice (217 km to the east). Banská Bystrica is located in the Zvolenská kotlina basin on the Hron river , which changes its direction from west to south in the city and the Bystrica brook increases. It is surrounded by several mountain ranges: the Great Fatra ( Veľká Fatra ), the vrchy Starohorské and the Low Tatras ( Low Tatras ) in the north, the Slovak Ore ( Slovenské rudohorie ) and Polana in the southeast and the Kremnica Mountains ( Kremnické vrchy ) in West. Although these mountains reach almost 1350 m nm , the urban landscape is dominated by the Urpín mountain ( 510 m nm ) on the left bank of the Hron. Banská Bystrica, with an area of 103.37 km², is connected to the town of Zvolen, about 20 km south, through a number of municipalities. The city center is 362 m nm. Neighboring communities of Banská Bystrica are Špania Dolina in the north, Nemce , Kynceľová and Selce in the north-east, Slovenská Ľupča and Poniky in the east, Môlča and Horná Mičiná in the south-east, Vlkanová and Badín in the south, Horné Pršany and Malachov in the south Southwest, Kremnica , Králiky and Tajov in the west and Riečka and Harmanec in the northwest.
|
Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Banská Bystrica
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
history
Early history
The city is an old settlement site ( Stone Age , Bronze Age , Celts , important Germanic settlements). It is known that the Celts were already mining surface ores there.
middle Ages
The present settlement was founded by Slavs . It was an agricultural settlement whose population also operated gold panning. The first German settlers (miners) came in isolated cases as early as the 12th century, but to a larger extent only after the devastating Mongol invasion of 1241/42 to activate mining in the form of tunnel and shaft construction.
In 1255 the Hungarian king granted Banská Bystrica town charter, the right to mine gold , silver and other metals and other extensive privileges . The main source of income for the medieval city was mining . There were gold and silver mined from about 1350 copper , in the 14th century, mercury and early 15th century lead . At that time, Banská Bystrica was one next to the "golden" Kremnica ( Kremnica ) and the "silver" Banská Štiavnica ( Schemnitz ) to the three richest mining towns of central Slovakia. Accordingly, Banská Bystrica had the attribute "copper". The mining entrepreneurs (forest citizens, ring citizens) were predominantly German, the craftsmen and traders mostly Slovaks.
A deep mining crisis in the 15th century, which initiated a rapid Slowakisierung the population was of only Johann Thurzo be overcome: in 1493, the German banker and businessman met Jakob Fugger of Augsburg and the Slovak Zipser Graf and entrepreneur Johann from the family Thurzo . In 1495 they founded the Saigerhandelsgesellschaft (common) Hungarian Trade (initially Fugger-Thurzo-Gesellschaft , later called Hungarian Copper Trade ), which became the largest European trading company around 1500. Banská Bystrica was one of the three locations of the Saigerhütten , which is central to the company , next to Moštenica and Mogiła near Krakow . The company was consolidated through the marriage among their children. They invested in copper mines and established trading centers across Europe. In 1525 the Fuggers were temporarily expropriated by the king. However, with the royal officials unable to pay the miners, a miners 'revolt broke out that lasted until 1526 when the Fuggers' expropriation was reversed. However, in the following years the income steadily decreased, so that the Fuggers did not extend the lease of the mines in 1546.
Modern times
After the defeat of the army of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Turks occasionally penetrated as far as Banská Bystrica. The city fathers had the city castle converted into a fortress, but the city was not directly threatened.
In the 17th century the city was badly affected by the anti-Habsburg uprisings that took place in Slovakia. In 1605 it was burned down by Stephan Bocskay's troops, and in 1620 the rebels elected Gabriel Bethlen as king there.
In the 18th century, the mining of iron ore replaced the mining of copper ore . After a big fire in 1761, the town got a new, baroque look. The last mining mines were closed in 1788. The first manufactory (a cloth manufacture) was established in 1725, others followed soon after. At the end of the 18th century the city was declared the seat of the Sohl County and in 1776 as a bishopric .
19th century
In the 19th century, Banská Bystrica played an important role in the cultural and political life of the Slovaks (center of the Slovak-speaking school system, branch of the Slovenské učené tovarišstvo association, the Spolok pohronský association was founded in 1845). The first factory was built here in 1830 (a sugar factory that closed 16 years later). The most important branches of industry were wood and textile processing. The importance of the city increased with the opening of the railway lines Zvolen-Banská Bystrica in 1873 and Banská Bystrica-Brezno in 1884. In 1845 the first savings bank was founded.
20th century
After the establishment of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1918, the place became a part of it and got its official Slovak name "Baňská Bystrica", which was linguistically corrected in 1927 to the current name.
In the first half of the 20th century the economic structure of the city hardly changed; unemployment was mostly high. In August 1944 the city was the main center of the Slovak National Uprising . During the fighting, part of the German-speaking population of Neusohl was murdered by Slovak partisans. After the Second World War, the city became the center of all of central Slovakia. Numerous new industrial companies emerged such as Slovenské energetické závody (energetics), TESLA , Smrečina (wood processing), Závody SNP (ironworks).
In 1966 the following municipalities were attached to the city: Iliaš (incorporated into Kráľová from 1886 to 1966), Kráľová, Majer, Podlavice, Radvaň (incorporated into Kráľová from 1964 to 1966), Rudlová, Sásová, Skubín (incorporated into Podlavice from 1961–1966).
Today Banská Bystrica is a modern metropolis of central Slovakia.
In 2017, Banská Bystrica was awarded the honorary title “ City of the Reformation of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .
Origin of the city name
The first source evidence comes from 1255 in the form of Noua villa Bystrice prope Lypcham (ie "new settlement Bystrica near Ľupča "). In 1263 the form Besterchebana appeared (exceptionally) , d. H. the Bystrica mine (Hungarian and Slovak nouns bánya / baňa = mine).
Bystrica was taken over from the stream of the same name, whose name is derived from the proto-Slavic root * -bistr . The attribute Banská was added later (first document in 1773) and means mining ( adjective ). The (later) Hungarian form was created by adapting the form from 1263.
A similar German river name with the same etymological root is Weißeritz . The German form Neusohl is derived from the name of the neighboring town of Zvolen and means "Neu-Zvolen"; Zvolen was originally called “Sohl” in German.
Attractions
Most of the historical sights are concentrated around the Square of the Slovak National Uprising ( Slovak Námestie SNP ). The renaissance clock tower , built in 1552, dominates the square . It is a leaning tower with a tip that is 40 centimeters from the vertical. The tower can be climbed and from the top you have a wonderful view of the city. A Plague ( Slovak Morový STLP ) was in the 18th century after a plague erected in the square. The chapter church of St. Francis Xavier was built by the Jesuits in the years 1695–1715 and is a copy of the church Il Gesù in Rome . At the same time, the church has been the cathedral of the Banská Bystrica diocese since 1776 . Other monuments on the square are: The Marian Column, an Art Nouveau fountain from the beginning of the 20th century and a black obelisk , which was erected in honor of the Soviet soldiers who fell in the battle for the city in 1945 .
Most of the buildings around the square and in the surrounding alleys are town houses in the Gothic, Renaissance or Baroque styles. Particular mention should be made of the Thurzo House and Beniczky House. The bishop's palace was built in 1787. The town castle with the castle area consists of the parish church of the Virgin Mary, the Matthias house, a Slovak church, the town hall, a rectory and a fortification. It is located on the edge of the Slovak National Uprising Square.
population
| Population development | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| year | Residents | year | Residents |
| 1720 | 2,646 | 1950 | 22,651 |
| 1780 | 4,988 | 1980 | 62,923 |
| 1869 | 5,950 | 1991 | 83,696 |
| 1918 | 10,776 | 2001 | 83.056 |
According to the 2003 census, the city had 81,961 inhabitants (estimate for 2007: 80,466).
Ethnic composition
The largest ethnic group is the Slovaks with a share of 94.74%, followed by the Czechs with 1.39%, Magyars and Roma with 0.54% each, and Germans (0.06%) and Ukrainians (0.05%).
Religions
The largest denomination was the Roman Catholic with 46.8% of the population, followed by the Evangelical with 13.8%, Greek Catholic with 1.02% and Orthodox with 0.25%. Without religion, 30.2% of the population and 6.3% were not identified. The city is the bishopric of the Catholic diocese of Banská Bystrica .
Culture
theatre
There are four theaters in the city: today's State Opera ( Štátna opera ) was founded in 1959. The most famous of the singers performing here is Edita Gruberová . Štúdio tanca is a theater that was founded in 1998 and specializes in contemporary dance . The other theaters are Bábkové divadlo na Rázcestí (puppet theater at the fork in the road) and Divadlo z Pasáže (theater from the passage).
Museums, galleries
The oldest museum in the city is the Museum of Central Slovakia ( Stredoslovenské múzeum ), which was founded in 1889. It shows two exhibitions: the historical collection is in the Thurzo House in the old town and the scientific collection is in the Radvaň district. The State Gallery ( Štátna galéria ) , which specializes in Slovak contemporary art , is located in the Old Town Hall . The Museum in the Memorial of the Slovak National Uprising (Slov. Pamätník SNP ) includes a military collection with tanks, artillery, planes and armored trains from World War II . Other museums are the Museum of Literature and Music (Slov. Literárne a hudobné múzeum ) near the city center, which gives an overview of the literary and musical culture of central Slovakia, and the Postal Museum ( Poštové múzeum ), which is unique in Slovakia .
Sports
The local football club is FK Dukla Banská Bystrica . He plays in the 2nd division and plays his home games in the Štadión SNP (capacity 10,000). The city is also represented in the top ice hockey league, the Extraliga , by the HC 05 Banská Bystrica club . Another sports club is the ŠKP Banská Bystrica basketball club.
Schools and colleges
Banská Bystrica has been the seat of the Matej Bel University since 1992 and also has a state music academy , the Akademia Umeni Banska Bystrica .
Politics and administration
Banská Bystrica is the capital of the Banskobystrický kraj regional association with around 660,000 inhabitants and the smaller Banská Bystrica district . Some government institutions are based in the city, e.g. B. Tax Directorate of the Slovak Republic and the postal company Slovenská pošta .
The structure of the city administration consists of the mayor ( primátor ) and the city council ( mestské zastupiteľstvo ). The mayor is the chief executive and is elected for a four-year term. Acting mayor is Peter Gogola, who was elected as an independent candidate in November 2010.
City structure
The city is divided into the following 16 districts (German designation in brackets if available):
- Banská Bystrica (German Neusohl )
- Iliaš (incorporated into Kráľová in 1902)
- Jakub (incorporated in 1970; German Sankt Jakob )
- Kostiviarska (incorporated in 1970; German Kostführersdorf )
- Kráľová ( united with Radvaň to Radvaň-Kráľová in 1964, incorporated in 1966; German Königsdorf )
- Kremnička (incorporated in 1970)
- Majer (incorporated in 1966; German Mayersdorf )
- Podlavice ( united with Skubín to Laskomerské in 1960 , incorporated in 1966; German Podlawitz )
- Radvaň (merged with Kráľová to form Radvaň-Kráľová in 1964, incorporated in 1966; German Burgstädtl / Radwan )
- Rakytovce (incorporated in 1970)
- Rudlová (incorporated in 1966; German Rudolphsdorf )
- Sásová (incorporated in 1966; German Sachsendorf )
- Senica (incorporated in 1970; German Senitz )
- Skubín (merged with Podlavice to form Laskomerské in 1960 , incorporated in 1966)
- Šalková (incorporated in 1970; German Schalksdorf )
- Uľanka (incorporated in 1979; German Ulmannsdorf )
traffic
Banská Bystrica has bus and train connections to the rest of Slovakia and some European cities. The R1 expressway connects the city with Zvolen and, after the opening of the missing section on October 28, 2011, also with Nitra , Trnava and further to Bratislava. Other state roads lead to Brezno ( 
), Ružomberok ( 
) and Turčianske Teplice ( 
).
The station is located southeast of the city center on the Zvolen – Červená Skala railway line ; The Banská Bystrica – Dolná Štubňa railway branches off immediately behind the station .
The nearby Sliač Airport currently only offers charter flights. The public transport is operated by two companies; Dopravný podnik mesta Banská Bystrica uses trolley buses and minibuses and SAD Zvolen buses.
sons and daughters of the town
- Johannes Metzler (1494–1538), Graecist and lawyer
- Matthias Bel (1684–1749), Hungarian theologian
- Jaroslav Vlček (1860–1930), literary historian
- Ede Donáth (1865–1945), Hungarian-Jewish conductor and composer
- Hugo Mandeltort (1872–1933), builder and architect
- Viliam Figuš-Bystrý (1875–1937), composer
- Johann Móry (1892–1978), composer
- Roland Jacobi (1893–1951), Hungarian table tennis world champion in 1926
- Denes de Holesch (1910–1983), Hungarian painter
- Ján Cikker (1911–1989), composer
- Šimon Jurovský (1912–1963), composer
- Marko Feingold (1913–2019), Holocaust survivor, President of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Salzburg
- Peter Karvaš (1920–1999), dramaturge
- Ludo Lehen (1925–2014), painter, sculptor and chess composer
- Igor Luther (1942-2020), cameraman
- Peter Tomka (* 1956), judge and since 2003 member of the International Court of Justice in The Hague
- Peter Pellegrini (* 1975), politician
- Richard Zedník (* 1976), ice hockey striker
- Ivan Majeský (* 1976), ice hockey defender
- Vladimír Országh (born 1977), ice hockey player
- Michal Handzuš (* 1977), ice hockey striker
- Barbara Nedeljáková (* 1979), actress
- Tomáš Surový (* 1981), ice hockey player
- Peter Budaj (* 1982), ice hockey goalkeeper
- Ľubomír Guldan (born 1983), football player
- Dušan Šimočko (* 1983), biathlete
- Alena Procházková (* 1984), cross-country skier
- Marek Hamšík (* 1987), football player
- Marek Čanecký (* 1988), cyclist
- Jakub Sylvestr (* 1989), soccer player
- Tomáš Zmoray (* 1989), ski jumper
- Andrej Rendla (* 1990), soccer player
- Chantal Škamlová (* 1993), tennis player
- Richard Gonda (* 1994), racing car driver
Partnerships
Banská Bystrica has partnerships with:
|
|
gallery
literature
- Benedict Franz Johann von Hermann: Description of the silver melting process to Neusohl in Hungary. Joseph Edlen von Kurzbeck, Vienna 1781, OCLC 937293988 ( scan in Google book search; in Fraktur ).
- Alexander Markus: Contributions to the knowledge of the flora of Neusohl. In: Austrian botanical journal. Vol. 15, 1865, Issue 6, ISSN 0029-8948 , pp. 163-190 ( bsb-muenchen.de ).
- Arnold Ipolyi : History of the City of Neusohl. A sketch of the history of culture. Translated from the Hungarian by Adolf Dux . Braumüller, Vienna 1875, OCLC 560034420 ( scan in Google book search; original title: Beszterczebánya város mveltségtörténeti vázlata ).
- Arnold Ipolyi: History and restoration of church art monuments in Neusohl. Translated from Hungarian by Adolf Dux, designed, drawn and executed by Franz Storno. Akademische Buchhandlung, Budapest 1878, OCLC 162605942 ( preview in Google book search with 7 color and lithographic plates and 54 woodcuts).
Web links
- City information (English)
- Information (Low Tatras)
- Information from Slovakia network
Individual evidence
-
↑ Christoph Bartels u. a. (Ed.): History of German mining. Volume 1: The old European mining industry. From the beginning to the middle of the 18th century. Aschendorff Verlag, Münster 2012, ISBN 978-3-402-12900-5 , pp. 254-255, 269, 317, 321, 496-497. -
Ian Blanchard: International Lead Production and Trade in the "Age of the Saiger Process" 1460–1560 (= Journal of Company History . Supplement 85, ISSN 0342-3956 ). Steiner, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-515-06461-3 , pp. 15-74. - ↑ Milan Majtán: názvy obcí Slovenskej Republiky. VEDA, vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie, Bratislava 1998, ISBN 80-224-0530-2 ( savba.sk , accessed December 22, 2017).
- ↑ See the city portrait of the Reformation city of Banská Bystrica. Slovakia. Confession in the mountains. In: reformation-cities.org/cities, accessed December 22, 2017.
- ↑ História - Využívanie vody na Slovensku má Davne tradície ( Memento of 21 June 2015, Internet Archive ). In: svp.sk, accessed on April 15, 2017 (Bystrica hron).
- ↑ a b Katarína Donovalová: Poznaj svoje mesto - Banská Bystrica: Výberová regionálna bibliografia dejín mesta od najstarších čias po súčasnosť. Verejná knižnica Mikuláša Kováča v Banskej Bystrici, 2004, ISBN 80-88783-27-5 ([ vasadomena.sk ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )] [PDF; 838 kB; accessed on April 15, 2017; Slovak] ).
- ↑ a b c d Banská Bystrica vo svetle posledného sčítania obyvateľstva domov a bytov. In: Bystrický Permon. 4th year, 2006/2, p. 12 ( banskabystrica.sk ( memento from January 5, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 3.4 MB, accessed on April 18, 2017; Slovak]).
- ↑ Z histórie Štátnej opery. In: stateopera.sk, accessed on August 26, 2019 (Slovak; on the history of the State Opera).
- ↑ VOTE: Bratislava changes its political orientation after two decades, official results confirm. In: The Slovak Spectator , accessed November 29, 2010.
- ^ Town twinning of the city of Banská Bystrica. In: banskabystrica.sk, accessed on April 15, 2017 (English).