Cappenberg Monastery

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cappenberg Castle - view from the south

The Schloss Cappenberg (formerly Cappenberg Castle ) is a former Premonstratensian - Canons in the district Cappenberg the city Selm . It is located on the northern outskirts of Lünen , north of the Lippe , on the southern edge of the Münsterland on a hill, the Cappenberg, surrounded by extensive beech forests, and is a lookout point with a view over the Lippeauen to the eastern Ruhr area from Hamm to Dortmund. Cappenberg was the first Premonstratensian monastery in Germany. Access was reserved for the nobility. At the end of the 17th century the monastery buildings were rebuilt. After secularization in the course of the Napoleonic Wars, it became an estate domain in 1803. The abbey building was converted into a castle. In 1816 it was bought by the Prussian statesman Freiherr vom Stein and served him as a retirement home. Cappenberg was raised to a civil status together with the goods of the Scheda monastery and later passed into the possession of the Counts of Kanitz as an inheritance . Part of the castle is now used as a museum. a. Exhibitions of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation shows. The exCollegiate church is now the parish church of the Catholic parish of St. John the Evangelist.

The Counts of Cappenberg

A noble family had held county rights in the west of the Münster diocese since the 11th century. Since 1092 it has called itself after the Kapenberg near Lünen Cappenberg (also: Kappenberg) - there was also the castle of the same name. The Counts of Cappenberg, who were related to the Sali and Staufers and who owned the Dreingau , were a powerful and rich ruling family. During the Investiture Wars , in which they supported the struggle of the Saxon population under Duke Lothar von Supplinburg against Emperor Heinrich V , Count Gottfried and his brother Otto von Cappenberg moved to Munster in February 1121 under the leadership of Duke Lothar with strong army power. A large part of the city was destroyed, and the old cathedral also went up in flames. Before a trial against him for serious breach of the peace could be opened, Gottfried - out of remorse or fear of the imperial ban - gave most of his property in Westphalia to the founder of the order of Prémontré , Norbert von Xanten , renounced worldly life and moved in a monastery. This left him - as was customary at the time - unpunished.

Cappenberg Monastery

Founding of a monastery

Grave slab for Gottfried von Cappenberg

After the Worms Concordat was passed in 1122, he returned as Gottfried II, later venerated as Saint Gottfried, and the last Count of Cappenberg, and founded the first Premonstratensian Monastery in the German-speaking area at his headquarters on the Cappenberg . For his wife Ida , also called Jutta, daughter of Count Friedrich von Arnsberg , and for his sister Gerberga von Cappenberg , he set up a women's convent in the immediate vicinity. Cappenberg was thus a double monastery . At first, men and women from different classes belonged to the monastery.

In the years after it was founded, the Counts of Cappenberg transferred the monastery property from their allodial property. These included farms in Cappenberg, Werne , Alstedde and Mengede near the monastery as well as more distant properties in Wesel , Wessum and Saerbeck .

Gottfried was intended to be the successor to the first abbot of the monastery, the founder of the order, but died in Ilbenstadt at the age of 30 . Some of Gottfried's bones were transferred to Cappenberg in 1149 and buried there. A tombstone from the 14th century in the south transept of the collegiate church commemorates him.

The 12-stanza poem was written by Annette von Droste-Hülshoff (1797–1846): The foundation of the Cappenberg monastery . The historicizing poem goes back to contemporary sagas and narratives that Droste-Hülshoff traced.

1. The moon with its pale finger
creeps softly through the crack in the wall
and kisses, grazing along the kennel,
Norbertus' forehead damp and cold.
He leans against crumbling rock,
saltpeter flakes his down,
crickets whispering on his ears,
and the thousand-legged runs teeming.
...
12. The tankards are smashed in haste,
burgundy
blood flows over the stone, the lamps are gradually withered,
like earthly lust they smothered.
But over there, in the monastery hat,
the eternal lamp was
lit , And kneeling all the people bowed
to the pure wine, the blood of Christ.

Meaning of Cappenberg in the Middle Ages

Cappenberger Barbarossakopf

Gottfried also provided property to found the Varlar monastery near Coesfeld and the Ilbenstadt monastery near Friedberg (Hesse) . The monasteries Clarholz and Scheda were founded in Cappenberg . The women's monasteries in Oelinghausen and Berentrop were dependent on the latter . These formed the Filiationsverband von Cappenberg, although Oelinghausen later switched to the paternalism of Kloster Wedinghausen . Outside of Westphalia, Cappenberg occupied the St. Wiperti monasteries in Quedlinburg and Heiligenberg in the county of Hoya . The fact that the first provosts in Unserer Lieben Frauen in Magdeburg and Jerichow came from there also speaks for the importance of Cappenberg . Bishops of Brandenburg , Havelberg and Ratzeburg also came from Cappenberg.

The main task of the Premonstratensians in addition to choral prayer was pastoral care. Cappenberg himself did not have parish rights; but various churches were incorporated into it. In 1139 Bishop Werner von Münster transferred the churches in Werne and Ahlen as well as the archdeaconate in Werne to Cappenberg. In 1160 the archdeaconate in Ahlen was added. The church in neighboring Bork was incorporated into Cappenberg in 1175. In 1254, Count Engelbert von der Mark gave Cappenberg the patronage of the church in Mark, the branch in Hamm and the chapel at Mark Castle . The dynast Hermann II von Lohn gave the patronage of the church in Stadtlohn to the monastery in 1278 . In 1318 Engelbert von der Mark donated the patronage over the churches in Kurl and Methler to Cappenberg.

In worldly terms, Cappenberg was able to greatly increase the original property. This was done through further donations and purchases. When the monastery was abolished, Cappenberg had over 7000 acres of forest, meadows and farmland, mostly near the monastery. In addition, there were more than 240 yards and cottages of serfs. Cappenberg also had significant economic benefits. These included freedom from treasury and duty in Wesel and Kaiserswerth .

From the second half of the 12th century, Cappenberg and its daughter monasteries assumed an exclusively aristocratic character. In addition, the Cappenberg Filiationsverband held on to the title of provost as head of the monastery.

Further development

The convent probably died in the 14th century. The male monastery operated successfully and was able to accumulate a considerable amount of wealth, some of which is still visible today in the collegiate church located on the site . However, wealth and aristocratic exclusivity in Cappenberg, Varlar, Scheda and Clarholz meant that they left the pastoral care in their incorporated churches to bourgeois priests from other Premonstratensian monasteries. The canons themselves, however, held the title of pastor, and they benefited from the income of the churches. Since the 13th century, the canons' way of life, whose number was limited to twelve in 1536, was often criticized. There have been various attempts to reform, ultimately in vain.

In the last centuries of its existence, Cappenberg was little more than a pension institution for later-born sons of the Westphalian nobility . The admission requirements for aristocratic ancestors were just as strict as for the cathedral chapters .

Some of the monastery buildings fell into disrepair, and some were destroyed during the Thirty Years' War . In the late 17th century, a comprehensive new building in the Baroque style began to stretch over decades . This resulted in a structural separation between the abbey and the church. The abbey building was built as a three-wing complex. In the 18th century, the Prince Diocese of Münster planned the abolition of Cappenberg to provide the University of Münster with funding. However, that did not happen.

Towards the end of the 18th century, Cappenberg belonged to the areas in the Holy Roman Empire that did not belong to any imperial circle . But it was not directly imperial, although it was treated that way during the Peace of Luneville .

After secularization until today

Main building of Cappenberg Castle (museum wing)

After almost 700 years of existence, the monastery was dissolved in 1803 and converted into the Prussian state domain. Meanwhile under French and Bergisch administration, the property fell back to the Prussian state in 1815 and was acquired in 1816 by the former Minister of State Karl Freiherr vom und zum Stein . He renovated the buildings and saved the complex from deterioration. Together with the Scheda monastery, Cappenberg was raised to a civil status. Vom Stein spent a large part of the year on Cappenberg from 1817 onwards. His daughter Therese (1803–1863), who married Count Ludwig Ferdinand von Kielmannsegg in 1827, became heiress . In 1926 the estate passed to the family of the Counts of Kanitz through the Von der Groeben family .

Freiherr vom Stein praised the location of the palace in an invitation in 1816:

"I am very much looking forward to your visit to Cappenberg ... You will be happy about (...) the serious character of the heavily and beautifully wooded area on one side of the surroundings and the wide, unobstructed view of the great, beautiful mountains of the Sauerland limited level on the opposite, which one overlooks from the monastery boldly built on the slope of a hill. "

During World War II, Cappenberg Castle was used to store works of art to protect against Allied bombing . The collection of the Museum for Art and Cultural History Dortmund was moved to Cappenberg. Art treasures from various destroyed churches in Westphalia, such as the Marien Altar by Conrad von Soest from the Marienkirche in Dortmund , were also kept here.

From 1946 the collection of the Museum for Art and Cultural History in Cappenberg was exhibited. The collection was only returned to Dortmund when the local museum opened in 1983.

In 1985 the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe rented the main building of the castle together with the district of Unna for 30 years and converted it into a museum. Since then u. a. to see painting exhibitions curated by the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation in Cappenberg Castle . After the lease expired in 2015, it was signed between Count Sebastian von Kanitz and the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe (LWL) for a further 20 years at a price of 100,000 euros p. a. plus additional costs extended. As in the past, the district of Unna will invite artists as sub-tenants and provide them with rooms in the castle to exhibit their works.

Today the Cappenberg Castle is a popular excursion destination; it houses a museum and a small café or restaurant. It is part of the Route of Industrial Heritage . Renowned events, art exhibitions and concerts (including the International Chamber Music Festival under the artistic direction of the violinist Mirijam Contzen ) take place there regularly , which attract between 60,000 and 80,000 visitors annually.

On the grounds of the castle there is an approx. 25 m high water tower built in 1899 , which is a listed building and was restored as a lookout tower in 1992 . The approach from the north-west to the main portal is flanked by two stone lions placed on plinths. After that the street becomes an avenue with pyramidal oaks on either side.

Sebastian Graf von Kanitz had the former vineyard near the castle replanted with around 1,000 Riesling vines in June 2017. It is expected that after about three years the first wine can be harvested on what is probably the northernmost vineyard in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Collegiate church

Collegiate Church of St. John Evangelist
Central nave of the collegiate church

The collegiate church is now surrounded on three sides by the baroque monastery building. Older extensions were removed in the course of the baroque redesign of the monastery complex. These include side chapels and a cloister . Therefore, the church stands free in the courtyard, surrounded by a park. The church is largely Romanesque from the 12th century and is laid out in the shape of a Latin cross . In the 14th and 15th centuries, the church was redesigned in Gothic style , which can be seen in the pointed arched windows and the vaults . The church is a three-aisled and three- bay pillar basilica with a transept and a two-bay choir with a 5/8 end . The choir is made in the Gothic style. The church does not have a tower, just a simple bell house. The formerly round-arched windows have been widened in part in the Gothic style. These are in three parts with tracery .

The high altar and the glazing of the apse are neo-Gothic . The famous Barbarossa head made of gilded bronze from around 1160 is one of the numerous noteworthy items of equipment. It is a head reliquary with the facial features of Emperor Friedrich I. The head came to Cappenberg through Otto von Cappenberg, the emperor's godfather. Since then it has served as a reliquary container for hair from the head of the Evangelist John.

Other items include the late Romanesque Cappenberg Cross, a triumphal cross dated 1210–1220, of which only parts including the body are still original, as well as various grave monuments and panel paintings, including the winged altar by Jan Baegert (around 1530), and the late Gothic choir stalls from the 16th Century.

archive

The archives of the Cappenberg registry office and the Freiherr-vom-Stein archive are located in the castle. Legally, this also includes the monastery archive. The holdings were sorted in 1803 and some of them were given as a deposit to the State Archives in Münster in 1879. There are 1080 documents from the period between 1122 and 1500. In Cappenberg itself there are still archives that mainly concern the monastery property. These were opened up in 1905 and 1928. The family, estate and rulership archives mainly contain material from the time as the Prussian state domain between 1803 and 1816 and from the time of Freiherr vom Stein and his successor as the owner of the Cappenberg registry. The Stein Archive contains in particular family records on the Stein family and private files.

Lists of persons

Vögte von Cappenberg

Provosts and abbots

The "from" does not (always) indicate a noble origin, but is often an indication of the origin.

  • ( Norbert von Xanten ) 1122-1126
  • Conon 1126-1136
  • Otto 1136-1156
  • Otto von Cappenberg 1156–1171
  • Hermann von Are 1171–1210
  • Andreas von Senden 1210–1232
  • Hugo von Werne 1232–1257
  • Arnold von Ahlen 1257-1270
  • Bruno 1270-1273
  • Erich 1273-1275
  • Hartlev 1275-1294
  • Otto 1294-1296
  • Warm and 1296-1299
  • Johann von Cule 1299-1307
  • Wennemar 1307-1308
  • Dietrich von Ahlen 1308-1321
  • Ludwig 1321-1339
  • Dietrich 1339-1343
  • Wilhelm von Landsberg 1343–1344
  • Hermann von Ringelsdorf 1344–1369
  • Adolf von der Recke 1369–1385 (resigned)
  • Eberhard von Frydag 1385–1390 (resigned)
  • Bernhard von der Horst 1390–1407
  • Arnold von Boenen 1407-1417
  • Friedrich Rogge 1417–1445 (resigned)
  • Hermann von Königsberg 1445–1455
  • Lubert von Diepenbrock 1455–1469
  • Bernhard von Galen 1469–1484
  • Ludolf von Bönen 1484–1492
  • Dietrich von Olden 1492-1511
  • Gottfried von Haen 1511–1521 (resigned)
  • Johann von Ketteler 1521–1536 (resigned)
  • Johann von Harmen 1536–1546
  • Hermann von Ketteler 1546–1556
  • Konrad von Nagel 1556–1572
  • Gottfried von Velmede 1573–1583
  • Wennemar te Korte 1583–1613
  • Theodor von Haene 1613-1624
  • Johann Reinhard von Schade 1624–1664
  • Franz Dietrich von Westrem 1664–1671
  • Bernhard von Westrem 1671–1686
  • Johann Alexander von Ketteler 1686–1695
  • Hermann Stephan von Nagel 1696–1711
  • Gottfried Bernhard von Ascheberg 1711–1713 (resigned)
  • Johann Engelbert von Ketteler 1713–1739
  • Ferdinand Moritz von Ketteler 1739–1784
  • Kaspar Ferdinand von Bersworth 1784–1794
  • Ferdinand Elias von Kleinsorgen 1794–1803

photos

  • Cappenberg Castle around 1860, Alexander Duncker collection

  • Church around 1890

  • The interior of the collegiate church

  • Interior around 1890

  • Castle garden

literature

  • Horst Appuhn: Cappenberg. Collegiate Church - Castle - Museum ( Large Architectural Monuments , Issue 272). Munich / Berlin 1973.
  • Gerd Dethlefs (Ed.): The Cappenberg choir stalls 1509–1520. Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 2009, ISBN 978-3-89534-873-0 .
  • Otfried Ellger: Cappenberg Castle. In: Ministry for Building and Transport of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia / Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe (Hrsg.): Burgen AufRuhr. On the way to 100 castles, palaces and mansions in the Ruhr region. Editor: Kai Niederhöfer. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-8375-0234-3 , pp. 363-366.
  • Helmut Knirim, Karl-Friedrich Gesau: Cappenberg Castle ( Westfälische Kunststätten , issue 41). Münster 1986.
  • Albert Ludorff : The architectural and art monuments of the district of Lüdinghausen. With historical introductions by J. Schwieters, Kaplan in Herbern. Schöningh, Münster et al. 1893, p. 24ff. ( The architectural and art monuments of Westphalia  1), (Reprint: Hermes, Warburg 1994, ISBN 3-922032-41-9 ).
  • Handbook of historical sites in Germany. Volume 3: Franz Petri (Ed.): North Rhine-Westphalia . 2nd revised edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1970, p. 142 ( Kröner's pocket edition 273).
  • Norbert Backmund: Monasticon Praemonstratense. Id est Historia Circariarum atque Canoniarum candidi et canonici Ordinis Praemonstratensis . Vol. I, Pars prima et secunda. Berlin 1983, ISBN 978-3-11-008917-2 , pp. 188f.

Web links

Commons : Schloss Cappenberg  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Handbook of Historic Places , p. 142
  2. ↑ Caspar Geisberg: The life of Count Godfried von Kappenberg and his monastery foundation . In: Association for history and antiquity of Westphalia (Ed.): Journal for patriotic history and antiquity (Westphalia) . tape 12 . Regensberg, Münster 1851, p. 331 .
  3. ↑ a b Ludger Horstkötter : The Premonstratensians in Westphalia . In: Magdalena Padberg (Ed.): Oelinghausen Monastery . Arnsberg 1986, p. 10f.
  4. ↑ a b c Ludorff: Architectural and art monuments in the district of Lüdinghausen , p. 25
  5. ^ Ludger Horstkötter: The Premonstratensians in Westphalia . In: Magdalena Padberg (Ed.): Oelinghausen Monastery . Arnsberg 1986, p. 15
  6. ^ Gerhard Köbler : Historical Lexicon of the German Lands. The German territories from the Middle Ages to the present. 4th, completely revised edition. CH Beck, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-406-35865-9 , p. 103
  7. ↑ http://www.schlosscappenberg.de/
  8. ↑ lwl-museumstour 2018/2019 (PDF), p. 29.
  9. ↑ Water tower Cappenberger Schloss knowledge map on medienwerkstatt-online.de
  10. ↑ Malte Bock: How a vineyard is created again on Cappenberg. RuhrNachrichten.de, June 29, 2017
  11. ↑ Ludorff: Architectural and art monuments in the district of Lüdinghausen , p. 27
  12. ↑ Brigitte Paschedag: The emperor and his golden head - The Cappenberg collegiate church . Autumn sheet No. 37, December 2004.
  13. ^ Homepage of the parish
  14. ↑ Guide of the Premonstratensians
  15. ↑ Archives in German-speaking countries . Berlin 1974 (reprint from 1932), p. 171

Coordinates: 51 ° 39 ′ 3 "  N , 7 ° 32 ′ 20.5"  E