Břeclav

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Břeclav
Břeclav coat of arms
Břeclav (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Historical part of the country : Moravia
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Břeclav
Area : 7719 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 45 '  N , 16 ° 53'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 45 '29 "  N , 16 ° 53' 16"  E
Height: 158  m nm
Residents : 24,704 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code : 690 02
License plate : B.
traffic
Street: Hodonín - Reintal
Railway connection: Břeclav – Brno
Vienna – Břeclav
Břeclav – Kúty
Břeclav – Petrovice and Karviné
Břeclav – Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou
Boří les – Lednice
structure
Status: city
Districts: 3
administration
Mayor : Pavel Dominik (as of: 2018)
Address: nám. TG Masaryka 10
690 81 Břeclav
Municipality number: 584291
Website : www.breclav.eu

Břeclav [ˈbr̝ɛtslaf] (German Lundenburg ) is a South Moravian city with 24,704 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2019) in the Czech Republic . It lies on the Thaya and on the border with Lower Austria .

history

modern church of St. Wenceslas
Postage stamp from the Austrian coat of arms edition 1850 with local stamp of Lundenburg

First excavations indicate a settlement around 8000–6000 BC. Chr. The area has been continuously populated since the Bronze Age (approx. 2000 BC). Agriculture and cattle breeding formed the economic basis for this.

When around 400 BC When the Celts occupied Central Europe, it led to the linguistic and cultural assimilation of the original population in this region. Around the time after the birth of Christ, quads had moved to this region as the rulers. In the 2nd / 3rd In the 19th century, finds indicate a Germanic settlement. In the vicinity of the Na Valticke settlement and in Charvátská Nová Ves , excavations of a Roman camp from the 2nd century can be proven.

From the half of the 6th century, the majority of the Longobard settlers left the central Danube region and Slavic settler associations gradually immigrated from the southeast . After the defeat of the Avar Empire at the end of the 8th century, they formed the Great Moravian Empire on the basis of already existing smaller tribal principalities , to whose core Mikultschitz the region around the later Břeclav belonged. In the last decades of the Great Moravian Empire, at the earliest in the 980s, the Pohansko castle wall was built approx. 5 km south of Břeclav, which, with 28 hectares, is one of the largest Moravian settlement agglomerations. After the destruction of the Great Moravian Empire by the Magyars at the beginning of the 10th century, the area became largely deserted again.

From 1041 the Přemyslid Břetislav I operated a systematic expansion of rule in Moravia, which was recaptured from the Piasts , by settling ministerials , expanding the country and dividing the country into castle districts. In the 11th century, Břeclav was first mentioned as Lauentenburch (later also as Laventenburg ) in a forged Passau deed of gift. In the document, the supposedly convenient location of the castle on a trunk road emerges, in 1078 a bridge over the Thaya is also documented, nevertheless the settlement remained a simple market town until the town elevation in 1872. The first reliable mention occurs in 1131, when Břeclav emerges as the center of a large parish. Since the 1220s Břeclav [Wittum] was the Queen Constance of Hungary , wife of Ottokar I Přemysl . After 1230, she had the originally wood-fortified castle replaced by a stone one. The core of the new castle is formed by the residential tower and the moat near the Staré Dyje (Old Thaya ). A handicraft center is being formed on the resulting island. Even before Constance's death, the castle was briefly owned by her grandson Ulrich III. of Carinthia , who until 1247 also dubbed himself "Prince of Lundenburg".

In the further course of the 13th century, Břeclav was owned by the Lords of Egerberg . At that time the lordly office was probably moved to Bzenec . The Lords of Boskowitz were owners until 1313 . The castle and town were sold to the Austrian noble families von Hainfeld and von Rauenstein before it was conquered by King John of Bohemia in 1336 . In 1367, Margrave Johann von Moravia enfeoffed the brothers Hans, Hartneid and Georg von Liechtenstein with Břeclav Castle. On March 10, 1419, King Wenceslas IV confirmed the fiefdom of the Liechtenstein family in gratitude for their help in freeing them from his captivity. The castle and the lordship remained with this family until the 16th century.

In the second half of the 16th century there was a larger Bruderhof of the Anabaptist Hutterites in Břeclav . As in other cities in Moravia, a pogrom destroyed a large part of the Jewish community in Břeclav in 1574, until Emperor Maximillian II took the community under his protection. On June 28, 1605, the troops of the Hungarian Prince Stephan Bocskai looted the city. The city was badly damaged in the war years 1605, 1619 to 1622 and 1643. At the beginning of the Thirty Years' War in September 1619, the castle, the city and the Hutterite Bruderhof were burned down by imperial troops . Two years later the Hutterites were completely expelled from Břeclav as part of the Counter Reformation . The property of the insurgent Ladislav Velen von Zerotein was confiscated and handed over to the Liechtensteiners . The city was besieged by Turks and Tatars. The invasion of the Swedes on May 3, 1643 brought much suffering and death to the population. Registries have been kept since 1686. Online search via the Brno State Archives. Land registers have been kept since 1625.

Under the protection of Prince Karl Eusebius von Liechtenstein and his wife Johanna Beatrix there was a renewed settlement of Jews. The synagogue was rebuilt in 1672. As a result of the war between Empress Maria Theresa and the Prussian King Friedrich II, the city burned down on March 25, 1742 as a result of a smoke accident by a careless hussar . On November 21, 1805, French troops took the city before the battle of Austerlitz . The city remained occupied by French troops until January 3, 1806.

In 1831 a cholera epidemic raged in the city and claimed many lives. In 1866 a second epidemic raged in Lundenburg and the surrounding area. In 1839, Lundenburg was reached by the Emperor Ferdinand's Northern Railway , which was under construction , and subsequently expanded into a railway junction connecting Vienna with Brno and Prague, with Austrian Silesia, Northern Moravia and Upper Hungary.

In 1880 Lundenburg had 5681 inhabitants, then in 1890 6430 inhabitants, of which 3045 Germans and 3075 Czechs; most were Catholics, the Jewish religion had 740 inhabitants. In 1896 Lundenburg belonged to the Hodonín / Göding District Commission of the Margraviate of Moravia and owned a district court, the Princely Liechtenstein Castle, two sugar factories, malt factories, a brewery, alcohol distillery, steam saw, parquet factory, starch and sago factory. From 1919 there was a Czech majority in the city. Nevertheless, in October 1938, with the Munich Agreement , the city became part of the Reichsgau Niederdonau in the German Empire . The reason for this was the narrow German-speaking majority in Lundenburg in the census of 1910, which was the criterion for drawing the border in October / November 1938. In 1942 the Jewish residents were deported.

After the end of the Second World War , the city came back to Czechoslovakia on May 8, 1945. Before the onset of "revenge" many Deutschsüdmährer fled to Austria or were there sold . In Austria, however, according to a law passed in 1945, they were undesirable and the majority of them were deported to the “Old Reich”. The law stated that all “New Austrians” registered on Austrian soil after March 1938 had no right of residence. All South Moravians were covered by this - “Old Austrians” par excellence - because they were made affected by the law with their later incorporation into the Lower Danube Gau. In August 1945, three of the main allies of the Second World War determined the post-war order in the Potsdam Agreement . In it they tolerated the expulsion demanded by the Czech side of all German-born residents, including those who had been added to the Niederdonau Gau in 1939. As a result, the Lundenburger unexpectedly - as "Reich Germans" "moved" to Austria after March 1938 - were exposed to deportation to West Germany. The "wild expulsions" were followed by an "orderly transfer of the German population" from Czechoslovakia, but not to Austria, as the Lundenburgers, who are almost neighboring Vienna, but to West Germany, which is completely foreign to them. Due to the Beneš decree 108 of October 25, 1945, the entire property of the German residents, including German Bohemian nobility such as the princes of Liechtenstein, was confiscated and placed under state administration.

In the communist era, the direct road connection to the south in the direction of Hohenau an der March was blocked, the rail border crossing remained.

census Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs Other
1793 2,063 - - -
1836 2,952 - - -
1869 4,597 - - -
1880 6,954 3,449 3,142 363
1890 8,203 3,053 4,759 391
1900 9,136 3,462 5,272 402
1910 11,380 4,994 6.123 263
1921 12,500 2,028 9,534 482
1930 13,689 1,582 11,220 887
1939 11,237 - - -
Source: 1793, 1836, 1850 from: South Moravia from A – Z, Frodl, Blaschka
Other: Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984

Economy and Transport

Břeclav is an important railway junction on the Pan-European Transport Corridor IV with main routes in four directions:

The CD-route no. 246 (a branch line) connects Břeclav with Znaim ( Znojmo ).

Břeclav is home to the headquarters and production facilities of Moraviapress , a subsidiary of Goldmann Druck AG with 360 employees.

In the Poštorná district , which was part of Lower Austria until 1920 as a separate municipality with the name Unter-Themaau, PKZ Keramika Poštorná as is a traditional brick and earthenware factory. The predecessor company, the former Liechtenstein brick factory, was established in 1867. The factory became famous for the delivery of roof tiles for St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna between 1948 and 1950, but also for other important church and secular buildings in cities of Austria-Hungary ( Morava Palace , Brno ).

Community structure

The town consists of the districts Breclav Breclav, Charvátská Nová Ves ( Oberthemenau ) and Poštorná ( Unterthemenau ), at the same time also make Katastralbezirke. Basic development units are Apollo, Boří les , Bratislavská, Břeclav-sever, Charvátská Nova Ves, Cukrovar, Čtvrtky, Díly, Dubic, Jánský Dvůr, Kanci obora, Louky, Na Pěšině, Novoveská, Padělky, vodojemem Pod, Pohansko ( Pohanska ), Poštorná, Průmyslový obvod Poštorná, Průmyslový obvod-východ, Sídliště Charvátská, Smetanovo nábřeží, Stará Břeclav ( Altenmarkt ), Štěpnice, Tatran, Valtický les, Veslařská, Za nádražíží.

Attractions

lock
Former synagogue

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

Town twinning

literature

  • Franz Josef Schwoy : Topography of the Markgrafthum Moravia. 1793, Lundenburg page 208f
  • Benjamin Kroboth: The Croatian residents of Themaau in Lower Austria . In: Michael Haberlandt (Red.): Journal for Austrian Folklore , No. 5-6 / 1901 (7th year). Association for Austrian Folklore / Gerold, Vienna 1901, ZDB -ID 2483872-X , pp. 202–238. - Full text online .
  • Erhart Malwine: Lundenburg, an urban geography. 1940
  • Johann Zabel: Church guide for South Moravia. 1940, Lundenburg page 32f
  • Dehio / Ginkart: Handbook of Art Monuments in the Ostmark. 1941, Lundenburg page 313
  • Gustav Gregor: History of the city of Lundenburg. 1957
  • Gustav Gregor: Lundenburg through the ages. 1968
  • Bořivoj Dostál: Břeclav - Dějiny města. 1968
  • Anton Kreuzer: German language - difficult language or Lundenburg-Gödinger peasant uprising in 1718. 1971
  • Anton Kreuzer: The development of Lundenburg and its first years. 1972
  • Art. Břeclav , in: Hrady, zámky a tvrze v Čechách, na Moravě a ve Slezsku, vol. 1, Jižní Morava, Prague 1981, pp. 57–59.
  • Anton Kreuzer: Lundenburg - History of a South Moravian border town. Home group Lundenburg, Karlsruhe 1983, DNB 850144906 .
  • Školl, Jaroslav: The development of the population in the Lundenburg district in the years 1938–1947. 1987
  • Zimáková, Alena: The development of the Lundenburg district after 1850.
  • Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia. 1990, Lundenburg page 17f
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 215, 219, 220, 227, 257, 406, 411, 412, 414, 412-425, 431, 524, 573 (Lundenburg).
  • Papírník, Miloš - Šuláková, L .: Bibliography okresu Břeclav. 2002
  • Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: The Nikolsburg district from A – Z. 2006, Lundenburg 112-118

Web links

Commons : Břeclav  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Lundenburg in the Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/584291/Breclav
  2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  3. ↑ Cf. Jiří Macháček, Petr Dresler, Michal Rybníček, Dendrochronological dating of the early medieval agglomeration In Pohansko near Břeclav and the Blatnica-Mikulčice - Horizont , conference contribution: Early Slavic settlement in Central Europe (6th – 9th centuries) in the light of scientific dating , Wrocław 2008, p. 12. Link ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.6 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / praha5.ff.cuni.cz
  4. ↑ See MGH, DD H III, p. 517.
  5. ↑ See Codex diplomaticus Bohemiae, Vol. 1, p. 123
  6. ↑ Beck Josef: The history books of the Anabaptists in Austria-Hungary. Vienna, 1883; reprinted Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967.
  7. ^ Loserth Johann: The communism of the Moravian Anabaptists in the 16th and 17th centuries: Contributions to their teaching, history and constitution. Archives for Austrian History 81, 1. 1895.
  8. ^ Paul Dedic: Lundenburg (Jihomoravský kraj, Czech Republic) . In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
  9. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved March 30, 2011.
  10. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979. ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
  11. ↑ William Jun / Ludislava Šuláková: The problem of Abschubs the Germans in the files of the national committee (MNV) and the District People's Committee (ONV) Mikulov. Verlag Maurer, Südmährisches Jahrbuch 2001, p. 45, ISSN  0562-5262
  12. ↑ Archive Mikulov, Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. května, 1946th
  13. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/casti-obce-obec/584291/Obec-Breclav
  14. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi-obec/584291/Obec-Breclav
  15. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/zsj-obec/584291/Obec-Breclav