Development of the Munich cityscape
The emergence of today's cityscape of the city of Munich (i.e. its special character through the effect of the totality of its cultural and natural components) can only be partially derived from the later incorporation of former farming villages of the former agricultural state of Bavaria into an old, rather modest ducal seat. It is also explained by the sometimes extraordinary construction activity of the local rulers and government officials and a mixture of incorporations of places with former aristocratic residences , mansions and castles and suburbs and smaller urban communities , as well as the widespread planned construction of large housing estates and other large-scale construction projects. For a long time now, urban developments that compete with the old city center, the urgent need for accommodation, individual progressive efforts and, from an urban planning point of view, a conservative attitude of many of its residents have come to bear in Munich. There is also some overlap in all of these areas.
Note: This article deals with the development of the Munich cityscape, based on the present, in a general, summarizing form and taking into account everyday architecture .
To the individual → sights in Munich .
On the chronological → history of Munich .
Former ducal, imperial and royal city
Munich, which was founded as a city by Duke Heinrich the Lion in 1158, received decisive original growth and design impulses that shaped the current image of the city's interior during its brief elevation to imperial and later the elevation to royal city.
As early as the Middle Ages (13th century), the reign of the German Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian led to a huge expansion of the formerly rather tranquil ducal city. The urban area was multiplied to include the area within today's Altstadtring . The small Herzogburg ( Alter Hof ) was supplemented a little later by the strengthened Wittelsbachers with the construction of the Neuveste and as such was expanded by the subsequent rulers to the present day residence complex of considerable proportions.
This medieval structure with the Marienplatz as the center characterizes the image of the center of the city of Munich unmistakably to this day, changed in detail, for example, by adapting the houses to different time styles, especially by enlargements donated by dukes and new buildings of various churches (late Gothic Frauenkirche , baroque Theatinerkirche and others), creation of the Viktualienmarkt to adapt to the bourgeois market needs in the early 19th century, and construction of the New Town Hall with the carillon to meet the increased space requirements for the administration of the rapidly growing city around 1900. However, the earlier medieval house facades and alleys, not least since the destruction of the Second World War and later demolition and reconstruction, have often been replaced by today's building complexes with passages such as the Fünf Höfe or the Kaufinger Tor .
In particular, the elevation of Munich to the status of a royal city through the creation of the Kingdom of Bavaria in its large dimensions that still exist today at the beginning of the 19th century once again brought considerable new building impulses for Munich, which has been increasing in importance and size since the 18th century. And by the end of the monarchy from 1918, the rulers and rulers of Bavaria allowed the city of Munich to carry out enormous construction activity with splendid, representative streets, squares and large buildings. At that time the scope of Munich was again considerably expanded step by step. During this period, the architects of the king ( Klenze , Gärtner ) planned artfully, along the streets to the important places and suburbs around Munich (see below, arterial roads ), one after the other, the Max-Joseph-Platz with the royal wing of the Residenz and the State Opera , the Max- , Ludwigs- and Isarvorstadt with the Odeonsplatz , the university and the Königsplatz , as well as the expansion of the axis Maxvorstadt- Bogenhausen with the Bavarian National Museum , the Prinzregentenplatz and the Prinzregententheater . They are all still the bearers of the cityscape in the central city center and have helped shape Munich's reputation as a city of art.
Former noble residences, manors and castles
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A not inconsiderable part of the settlements outside the gates of the city that were incorporated into Munich much later had been around since the 17th and 18th. In the 19th century, some of them have become noble places - some of them with many castles ( Schwabing , Bogenhausen ), some with counts and other mansions, sometimes with their own jurisdiction , awarded by the provincial dukes based in Munich ( Bogenhausen , Haidhausen or also southern Sendling and Pasing ) ; In contrast to purely farming communities, these places, which were far outside Munich at that time, had, in addition to agricultural farms, also mansions and other stately buildings and, according to their social structure, were from the coexistence and coexistence of many free and influential people on the one hand ( court officials and others ) and an actual rural , mostly less important population on the other hand. Or, like Schwabing, they had their own intellectual life around the noble population living there over 200 years ago. The contrast, which is also noticeable in Munich today and which is sometimes clearly above average, between higher-ranking population groups with lavish property ownership on the one hand and poorer people, some of whom are in need of housing, is reflected in today's cityscape, in line with the old tradition, right down to the historical building fabric: The Some of the rich and noble places of the 18th and 19th centuries, which later became today's villa districts, have basically remained and are clearly separated in the cityscape from simple large housing estates elsewhere, and the real estate owned by the descendants of free farmers (see below). Last but not least, Schwabing, with the university and art academy buildings that were later located on its southern edge, and with the hustle and bustle on Leopoldstrasse and in its street bars , also externally exudes the role it had already assumed in the 18th century as a place of sophisticated (formerly courtly) life Preserved recognizable in the cityscape.
Remains of the traditional noble and aristocratic past of once independent suburbs have been impressed on today's Munich cityscape, in districts outside the center, through architectural monuments. In addition to the Wittelsbach palace complex ( Nymphenburg Palace , Fürstenried Palace ), these include Suresnes Palace in Schwabing (18th century), the Fleischerschlösschen as a successor to the original Count's Palace of Montgelas and the Höchl-Schlössl in Bogenhausen (early 19th century). , then the castle formerly belonging to the Counts of Preysing and today's church center in Haidhausen at the end of Preysingstrasse (from house number 83, oldest parts from the 18th century), then the villa of the painter Stuck in Bogenhausen or today Haidhausen (19th century), and in general many of the rich mansion buildings and glamorous patrician houses, which were often built on the grounds of the original castles and which are noticeable in the former (partly) noble places and today's districts such as Schwabing, Bogenhausen, Haidhausen and Nymphenburg are on official lists .
At the same time, there are still some noticeable remnants of the buildings of a rural population from the 18th and 19th centuries in today's Munich city center. Century preserved in the elegant settlements, such as the listed country houses not far from Suresnes Castle in Schwabing (for example in Gunezrainerstraße ) or the Kriechbaumhof near the former count's estate in Haidhausen (in Preysingstraße ). However, it is precisely there that old small houses, dating back to the 18th century, testify to suburban development far in front of the gates of the then city of Munich and represent a (sub) urban tradition long before the incorporation into Munich Continuity (also Gunezrainerstraße and Preysingstraße, see below).
Significant early small town towns and suburbs
In addition to the planned “ suburbs ” of the royal city , there had long been other significant, later incorporated places in the vicinity of Munich, which since the end of the 18th century occasionally rose to become actual cities (with city rights ). From the outset, they were not purely rural in character, but in some cases had a certain bourgeois or particularly aristocratic suburban character. The aftermath of this can still be seen in the cityscape of Munich today and allow a certain urban continuity and tradition to shine through.
In the Middle Ages, for example, clay was mined outside Munich on the eastern bank of the Isar and made into bricks. As a result, more and more poor craftsmen and workers (day laborers), some of whom also worked in Munich, settled here since then. Remnants of their non-rural settlement , the architectural lines of which have shaped the typical urban structure of Haidhausen up to the present day, are particularly noticeable today in An der Kreppe and in Kirchenstrasse , Milchstrasse and Preysingstrasse .
To the south of it, in the Au , artisans had also settled since about 1600; At times there was a manufacture here in the 18th century, in addition to individual pleasure palaces and several monasteries that had previously been built. Au (from 1796 market , from 1808 independent town ) became the seat of the Munich district court in the first third of the 19th century (predecessor of today's district office ).
With Au and Haidhausen, a city and suburban settlement with a specific urban building structure was then incorporated into Munich in the second half of the 19th century , which for some time had to a certain extent competed with Munich (for example in the "Bakers War"). From there, the imposing Mariahilfplatz , which dates back to the autonomy of the Au, is still visible as its own historical urban center within Munich, apart from Marienplatz (with the Mariahilfkirche , the Dulten , which takes place several times a year, and the stately buildings of the District Office and other church buildings and public institutions). With the image of simple fair booths and sales stalls at the Dult time, it represents the old tradition of the meadow, which is poorer compared to the original Munich (Marienplatz, pedestrian zone).
The ancient place Sendling is also remarkable . With his free peasants (free lords), who were powerful up to the modern age , especially the Sendlingers , who were important up to 1500 , he had been in a powerful but ambivalent relationship with Munich for centuries (Sendlinger in the Munich magistrate, admission of the mayor who fled Munich). After then in 1705, after the uprising against the then Austrian occupiers ( Sendlinger murder Christmas ), the place of devastated imperial troops had been started here in the 18th century Munich patrician at a central location to build houses that already from the mid 19th Century, for example in the Plinganserstraße , more and more representative city buildings corresponded. Some of them are more than 200 years old, and in places they help shape this district, which means that, in addition to the Stemmerhof as a testimony to the descendants of powerful free farmers and a large number of splendid Wilhelminian style buildings , an older suburban tradition is also visible in the cityscape.
Atypical and originally planned as a kind of new and residential town and building began in the 18th century, the villa settlement around Nymphenburg Palace , which was already busy in the early days . For a long time (only incorporated in 1899 ) it developed independently just outside Munich. The spacious ( northern and southern) castle rondel in front of the famous castle, which is still in existence today , followed by representative rows of houses from the 18th and 19th centuries. Century along the Auffahrtsallee and the noble cityscape of today 's Munich district of the same name, characterized by many villas , refer to this noble development from an electoral foundation. Schools ( Maria Ward ), service providers and companies such as the Siemens Foundation and the Nymphenburger Porzellanmanufaktur , located near or in the structurally unusual round of the palace, represent a certain exclusive continuation of the original electoral building idea with an initially courtly tradition of social life.
Originating from an old manor house and developed through industrial efforts, by the beginning of the 20th century Pasing in the west of Munich had rapidly risen to become an independent city of considerable size and partly of overall Bavarian importance ( Pasing teacher training institute ); until it - then immediately adjacent to Munich - was finally incorporated into Munich in 1938 . Typical features of a historically independent, evolved city and the corresponding lively life shape the image of this Munich district to this day: its own city center with traditional squares and markets ( Pasinger Marienplatz , Bahnhofsvorplatz and Pasinger Viktualienmarkt ), streets running towards it, representative Wilhelminian-style buildings , large long-distance train station .
Arterial roads
As in other cities (e.g. Champs Elysées in Paris, Kurfürstendamm in Berlin), large arterial roads arose to the Munich suburbs and the developed places with aristocratic residences, mansions and castles in the surrounding area , some of which were later expanded into representative boulevards and particularly important traffic arteries were. Together with their natural extensions into the outer areas, they are very formative for the cityscape of Munich today. The following are important, among others: Ludwigstrasse and Leopoldstrasse to Schwabing, Brienner and Nymphenburger Strasse to Nymphenburg, Maximilianstrasse to Haidhausen, Lindwurmstrasse to Sendling, Prinzregentenstrasse to Bogenhausen and Landsberger Strasse, which has its own lanes in the Laim zur Avenue district , which has been developed as an avenue to Pasing.
Although not an arterial road in the narrower sense, but important as a large inner-city street, are Sonnenstrasse and Maximiliansplatz , which is connected to it via Lenbachplatz , and were built in the 19th century along the line of the old city limits in the area of the western ramparts of the 18th century Connect the arterial roads Lindwurmstrasse, Brienner Strasse and Ludwigstrasse.
Remains of rural and industrial settlements
A number of the places that were later incorporated into Munich were mainly settlements of free farmers who saw themselves as masters, with some very stately homesteads.
Some of these farmhouses still stand as an architectural contrast to other buildings in the city of Munich. In addition to the above-mentioned in the more suburban towns of Sendling and Haidhausen , these are in particular those in today's suburbs such as Perlach , Obermenzing (for example the Weichandhof) and Daglfing ; Agriculture has been practiced by individuals up to the present day. Others, especially those in today's inner city area such as the Stemmerhof in Sendling or the courtyards in Gunezrainerstraße in Schwabing, have long been converted and serve as residential houses, craft businesses or shops.
Sometimes a remnant of the idyllic village of the old settlement structures has at least partially been preserved, such as in Aubing , Ramersdorf or Perlach . These old village centers with a church at a central point, some of them today rich in contrast, are surrounded by sophisticated city buildings, modern housing estates or even rows of high-rise buildings and sometimes framed by multi-lane main roads (e.g. Ramersdorf). The former free farmers have often kept their land with house and farm up to the present day and thus give some parts of Munich's cityscape a very specific color.
However, from the middle of the 19th century, mostly before the incorporation into Munich, industrial capital also sought the land that had remained free in the wider area of Munich around rural settlements. Large industrial plants were built in Milbertshofen ( BMW , Knorr-Bremse and others), Allach ( Krauss-Maffei ) or Obersendling ( Siemens ) from the 19th century onwards. Their successor buildings mostly exist to this day and last but not least give the north of Munich a partially traditional, often progressive, but clearly industrial character (for example, industrial buildings listed as monuments in Milbertshofen ). Around these industrial districts, housing estates for their employees emerged (see below).
Wilhelminian style buildings
The victory over France and the proclamation of the German Empire triggered a great building boom with magnificent town houses in the second half of the 19th century and also visibly transformed the face of Munich ( Wilhelminian era ). In addition to the magnificent buildings of the royal city of Munich and the villa developments (see above), many of the incorporated noble places and suburbs from Sendling to Schwabing and from Westend to Ostbahnhof and beyond received such a sophisticated character that still exists today. Countless such buildings are included in the list of architectural monuments in Munich . In the process, the city also grew further outwards in some cases; Areas such as the French Quarter near the Ostbahnhof were only given their current urban density. And many towns and cities that were still independent at the time, such as Schwabing , Bogenhausen or Pasing , took part in this trend towards large, sophisticated block perimeter development in the early days of the period before they were incorporated (see list of monuments in Munich). This architectural style still characterizes large parts of the cityscape of the entire inner city of Munich.
Continued construction of housing developments
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Again and again people who could not find a place to stay in their traditional locations in Munich looked for alternative quarters. This had already been one of the triggers for the emergence of the small town-like structures with hostels in Haidhausen in earlier historical times. Centuries later, at the beginning of the 20th century, residential areas were created for poorer sections of the population like the one in the Alte Heide , not much later such as those in Berg am Laim (1920s), the Harthof and Am Hart (1930s) settlements and later on Hasenbergl (1950s and 1960s) erected. The late 60s, 70s and 80s of the 20th century saw the construction of the satellite settlements in Neuperlach , partly in Aubing and even outside the city in the suburb of Taufkirchen etc., as well as the establishment of the Olympic village . In the 1990s and since the turn of the millennium, the Messestadt Riem was built and, for a number of years, the new building in Freiham .
Apart from the historical buildings in Haidhausen and Au, all these settlements are large projects designed on the drawing board, with architecture with multi-storey high-rise buildings that is sometimes perceived as very monotonous . They, too, shape the Munich cityscape - not only in the outer areas - as a strong contrast to the traditionally more splendidly glamorous development of Munich in the city center.
Nevertheless, there are also large estates in Munich designed on the drawing board, which should meet high standards. The round palace in Nymphenburg built by the then Elector for court officials can be regarded as a prototype ( see above ). At the beginning of the 20th century, the Borstei was created as a high-quality settlement for the upper middle class. In more recent times it was mainly the Arabellapark , Cosimapark , Theresienhöhe and Parkstadt Bogenhausen settlements that were supposed to comply with this and that are mainly located directly next to the traditionally upscale Bogenhausen district and the Munich cityscape is partly more progressive (Arabellapark), partly more conservative (Parkstadt Bogenhausen).
In addition to the historically grown villa districts (such as Nymphenburg and Bogenhausen), large garden city-like housing estates have played a significant part in Munich's cityscape since before 1900 , starting with villa colonies I and II and in Gern , with original tendencies towards home building with high bourgeois artistic standards Urban planning and implementation, from the garden city of Neubiberg , which was just outside Munich, at the beginning of the 20th century, to extensive residential and terraced housing estates in Feldmoching , Trudering and Johanneskirchen .
Skyscrapers and modern architecture
Compared to other large cities, since the 19th century Munich, with its widespread development of villas and houses that seldom exceed five storeys even in the core of the inner city area, has generally tended to be rather low-rise, some of which corresponds to the individual farms that still exist outside. However, this does not limit the highest population density in Germany with 4,777 inhabitants / km² [2019]. For a long time it was customary not to allow any buildings that would exceed the height of the west tower of the Frauenkirche (99 m): the tallest modern skyscraper of the post-war period, the BMW four-cylinder , has exactly this height. A referendum from 2004, which confirmed this principle, showed a conservative attitude of broad sections of the population and to this day there are only a few really high skyscrapers on the grounds of the Bavarian capital (besides the BMW skyscraper, the buildings in Arabellapark , in Parkstadt Schwabing , the HVB Tower , the SV high-rise and the Uptown high-rise, of which only five exceed the hundred meter limit, sometimes just barely). The Munich cityscape therefore has hardly any outstanding peaks in its skyline .
As a result, downright progressive architectural design elements also have a rather low priority in Munich. But wherever they appear - especially in connection with sport - especially in the Olympic Park and the Allianz Arena , they are located on major traffic arteries, especially the Mittlerer Ring and the A 9 motorway , visible from afar, and are rather exotic in the cityscape in it.
New building in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century, with its simpler, innovative style, only left traces of quality in the cityscape in isolated places in the city of Munich (e.g. the post offices at Goetheplatz and Harras ).
Especially since the end of the 20th century, however, with the structural change towards the service and information society, the need for office space, among other things, has become more urgent, especially in Munich with its strong financial and media industry and its many university and research institutions. In this way, apart from the few high-rise towers, large, more spacious, conspicuous office buildings and building complexes were created, either as successors to older buildings or in vacant lots, spread across the city, starting with the administrative buildings of the municipal school and environmental departments in the Bayerstraße 28 and the Munich Re (with oversized statue Walking Man ) in Schwabing, about the film school and the European Patent Office in the center, to the municipal engineering department and the Telekom center Munich behind the Ostbahnhof. Munich has received similar colors in the cityscape in recent decades as the seat of government ( Bavarian State Chancellery ), art city ( Pinakothek der Moderne , Museum Brandhorst ) and trade fair location ( Munich Trade Fair ). Although these buildings are not very high, they take up a lot of space and have a significant impact on the cityscape.
The building boom of the 50s to 70s of the 20th century, which was triggered by the destruction of the Second World War and the influx of refugees to Munich, has a major impact on today's cityscape . Typical buildings of this time can be found all over the city, some of them striking, such as the high-rise buildings on Fürstenrieder , the corner of Agnes-Bernauer-Straße in Laim , the nurses' dormitory on Rotkreuzplatz or the Kaufhof on Marienplatz .
Greater area: Munich urban landscape
As with many large cities in Germany, the area around Munich also grew significantly, not least after the Second World War and after reunification ( metropolitan area ), whereby the influx into the Munich area was rather above average. In many suburbs around the Bavarian state capital - partly under the direction of Munich (around 1968 in Taufkirchen ) - large residential areas emerged as new building areas with high population density and widespread with high-rise settlements (for example Planie in Puchheim , settlement on Jagdfeldring in Haar ). This happened at the gates of the city and thus created an urban landscape in the Munich area in the broader sense . As a result, the cityscape of Munich is shifting more and more in the direction of a multi-part urban space, with interspersed monuments and historical ensembles of various types and sizes (in the outer space for example the inner cities of Fürstenfeldbruck and Dachau [with castle] ).
Today, directly or indirectly via other suburbs, seamlessly - i.e. indistinguishable in the course of the continuous development - with Munich, but independent suburbs are Pullach , Grünwald , Neubiberg , Ottobrunn , Riemerling (part of Hohenbrunn), Haar, Unterföhring , Karlsfeld , Graefelfing , Krailling , Planegg , Stockdorf (part of Gauting ) and Neuried , with a combined population of around 160,000 inhabitants and a total population with Munich of around 1.65 million (state statistics) and over 1.7 million inhabitants (municipal statistics) . The entire urban area of Munich in the narrower sense (the distance between the development of the suburbs and Munich or other suburbs is generally less than one kilometer) today includes more than 50 cities, municipalities and parts of municipalities with an additional 400,000 inhabitants. This results in a total number of inhabitants in the entire urban area of Munich of around 2 million (counting only main residences) with an above-average population density in Germany of 5,215 inhabitants / km² [2019]. Today, after the city has hardly had its own expansion areas for a long time, more than a quarter of the inhabitants of the narrower conurbation (urban area) live outside the administrative city limits.
The places in the surrounding area are, despite the emphasis on their independence - indicated in many places by a green belt - in line with tradition, mostly clearly oriented towards Munich with its large central and important social, cultural and infrastructure facilities. Thus, there are for them as well as most major supermarkets , as well as for the district Munich belonging to communities the employment office, clinics , the district court and the responsible for her district administration today really as before partly centrally, partly locally directly in the city area of Munich. Even the urban Munich subway goes to the Garching suburb, the tram to the Grünwald suburb. This however, is independent of the Munich City Council region has still doing, for example with its lively cultural scene and the purpose-built or newly built centers (as in Puchheim , Fürstenfeldbruck , Dachau , Garching , Ottobrunn ), only partly to " dormitory towns developed" which are mostly lined up in a star shape along the major traffic axes ( Munich S-Bahn lines ) to Munich.
In addition, buildings of institutions and important companies from the city of Munich have been relocated to the closer suburbs due to the traditionally cramped conditions here (Munich is the most densely built-up city in Germany with an area of 311 km² and a population density of 4,777 / km² [2019]) or immediately settled there. For example, there are sites of TUM and LMU in Garching and Martinsried or international media park and even the heating plant north of Stadtwerke München in Unterföhring (all in the district Munich). The Bavarian Broadcasting Corporation also ignored the city limits for a long time with a studio in Munich (Freimann) and another just two kilometers away as the crow flies in the municipality of Unterföhring . Similarly, the LMU with its clinic in Munich (Großhadern) and its campus for life sciences , which is only one kilometer further in the municipality of Planegg (Martinsried) , is relevant for medicine . This type of suburbanization has thus taken place in close spatial and, in some cases, factual interweaving with the core city and has thus - also through the joint state government involved in major projects such as the subway construction - to a factual, not just structural expansion of the urban area of the core city Munich, while at the same time preserving the independence and a distinct character of the suburban communities.
Munich and the surrounding area are thus today, visible down to the building fabric, in a variety of ways. This contributes to the greater uniformity of the otherwise diverse overall picture of the urban Munich area. The image of the entire outer area is characterized on the one hand by a dense (and that means widespread also: high-rise), on the other hand very small-scale settlement in many places, in a partly still recognizable agriculturally oriented overall area.
In addition, there is a general centralism of the city of Munich that cannot be overlooked, with the town hall , district administration department , courts , cultural center on Gasteig and other authorities bundled in central locations mostly in the area of the old royal city (see above), but at least within the middle ring . Nevertheless, old traditions of an independent life are also making themselves felt in the many sub-centers of the outer districts of Munich, which are mostly designed as squares in the cityscape. These have existed independently for a long time with business, medical and gastronomic infrastructure and the associated buildings in such pulsating places in daily life as Rotkreuzplatz in Neuhausen, the Pasinger "city center" , Orleansplatz in Haidhausen or Fürstenrieder Straße in the area of Laimer Platz and many others. In some cases, this has also been officially taken into account in recent times by the city leaders - for example with the structural design of squares (for example Am Harras in Sendling, Münchner Freiheit in Schwabing) and the establishment or at least support of district culture houses in the city districts. The Pasinger factory , for example, is particularly established and renowned here , with a redesigned front, architecturally striking as a stand-alone building placed in the space of the Trudering cultural center. The tendencies towards a multi-part structure in Munich's cityscape are also clear here.
Regional traditional design features
The strong tradition of brewing art in Munich , which was initially promoted by the Bavarian Duke (“ Bavarian Purity Law ”) , also plays a certain role . The typical brewery buildings that still exist today, with their brewing kettles ( wort kettles ) often visible behind large glass fronts, shape the cityscape in many places with their originality and originality (for example Augustiner-Bräu at the beginning of Landsberger Straße (Munich) and Löwenbräu in the Sandstrasse), as well as the beer cellars with their characteristic, mostly Biedermeier facades ( Hofbräuhaus am Platzl , Hofbräukeller , Löwenbräukeller, etc.).
Large forest and floodplains owned by the aristocrats and the royal family, as well as extensive estates of the free farmers, have made a tradition of green areas and especially parks possible in Munich, if the forests as such did not remain. Examples include the Aubinger Lohe , the Allacher Forst , the Nymphenburg Palace Park , the English Garden , the Maximiliansanlagen and many more, as well as arable land, especially in the north-west of the city, as well as the Forstenrieder Park and the Perlacher Forest in the immediate vicinity . These conditions also have the establishment and maintenance of large beer gardens favored ( farm Menterschwaige , restaurant Hirschau , Deer Park , etc.) of still existing traditional economies ( Ratskeller , Schelling Salon and many others) and tourist restaurants (eg Forsthaus Kasten , Gasthof Hinterbrühl and Aumeister ). The creation of new parks in the second half of the 20th century and up to the present ( Olympiapark , Westpark , Ostpark , Riemer Park , Petuelpark) corresponds to this tradition and the long-standing need to “not concretize everything” with Munich's high population density , planned park in Freiham), some of which were created on abandoned industrial areas. For small gardens , while interrupting the development of urbanization in many places, however, stands in Munich with just 0.6 allotments 100 inhabitants comparatively little space available.
Overall, this design, which is more closely related to the natural environment, gives Munich's cityscape the appearance of a not only tightly sealed, but also very green and sociable city.
rating
The development of the Munich cityscape can be seen as ambivalent. In addition to the central city of Munich, which was strongly influenced by the aristocracy and later the money nobility, with its magnificent buildings and the suburbs and places that were founded or promoted by the nobility in the past with extensive mansion developments ("Munich shone") next to Wilhelminian style quarters, one is not less urban (non-agricultural) image, but which stems from an old tradition of poorer classes and has long been reflected in often very simple and less attractive developments in simple residential areas. Whereby the picture can in particular shift in favor of upgrading (e.g. Haidhausen is no longer a broken glass district today). Typical architectural monuments of a self-confident bourgeoisie of craftsmen, merchants, etc. are to a certain extent less in the foreground in Munich than, for example, in the former free imperial cities and today's city-states, which were specifically built on the bourgeoisie , if they do not, as has often been the case since the early days, deal with the aristocratic ones cover.
In addition, in many places in Munich there are still rural echoes of a financially strong, partly self-confident free peasantry that has been scattered into the building fabric in many places due to large land ownership and later land sale, which elsewhere play a less noticeable role in the cityscape and which give the impression can weaken real typical urbanity in Munich ("Millionendorf"). In addition, the inhomogeneity in the development of the cityscape is lamented and a conglomeration of styles, a "motley [...] mixture of separate settlements of different character" in Munich is criticized.
The cityscape of Munich that can be subjectively experienced today, with its partly splendid, sophisticated, in many places more idyllic-rural, sometimes chaotic basic characteristics with hectic life in individual central locations and a certain sleepiness in areas of the periphery up to the existence of agricultural land in the outer areas despite limited space Space, polarizes views and - apart from the fact that this urban development is accused of being unsuitable for alleviating the housing shortage - leads to ardent admiration as well as vehement rejection. The demand for even greater structural densification in Munich, so that more urbanity emerges in the cityscape, is usually resolutely opposed.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hans-Rudolf Meier: “Approaches to the Cityscape”. In: The Eye of Architecture . Eds. A. Beyer, J. Grave, M. Burioni. Munich 2011. p. 93 ff.
- ↑ "Cityscape. Features " . Wikipedia. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ↑ "Kaufingertor-Passage" . Munich Wiki. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ↑ “Not the only castle in Schwabing” stadt limit.de: Castle and Park Biederstein, Munich-Schwabing
- ↑ Günter Gerstenberg: Jackl grabbed the end of the stick . Allitera publishing house. Munich 2005. p. 11 ff. - Available online: “An Jackl packs at the end of the stick” . Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
- ↑ "Munich Poverty Report - Poverty in Munich 2017." muenchen.de. The official city portal. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ^ "The capital of real estate madness" website of the Handelsblatt, November 28, 2014. Accessed April 2, 2019.
- ↑ "The big hype may have come to an end" Süddeutsche Zeitung: sz.de, January 23, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ↑ Günter Gerstenberg: Jackl grabbed the end of the stick . Allitera publishing house. Munich 2005. p. 11 ff. - Available online: “An Jackl packs at the end of the stick” . Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
- ^ "Munich districts: Schwabing". SZ.de. History, dates, facts. November 7, 2011, 6:34 pm. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
- ↑ "List of the architectural monuments in Haidhausen. Letter P. Preysingstrasse ” . Wikipedia. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ↑ "Myth Schwabing: From the first mention to incorporation." Br.de: BR Bayern 2. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ↑ "Brickworks in the East of Munich - Themed History Trail " muenchen.de. The official city portal. Retrieved April 3, 2019
- ^ "At the crepe" MünchenWiki.de. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ F. Kronegg: Illustrated history of the city of Munich . Munich 1903. p. 298. Quoted from: “muenchner-geschichte.de” . Website from Helmut Karger. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ "Munich districts: Au. Stories, data, facts " Süddeutsche Zeitung: sz.de, November 7, 2011 Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ↑ "Sendling. History. High Middle Ages ” . Wikipedia. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ^ "Agriculture in the Munich Green Belt" muenchen.de. The official city portal. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ "Culture History Path: District 24: Feldmoching-Hasenbergl" muenchen.de. The official city portal. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ "Germany: Federal states and larger cities" citypopulation.de. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ "University in Munich." Wikipedia: Category. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ "Research Institute in Munich". Wikipedia: Category. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ↑ "Department for Education and Sport" . Munich architecture. Website. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
- ^ "Telekom Center Munich" Munich architecture. Website. Retrieved August 6, 2020
- ↑ "Laim: A foray through aspects of Laim history from the end of the Second World War to the present day based on historical recordings by M. Mühlbauer, chairman of the historical association Laim eV" . Münchner Wochenanzeiger Wednesday, July 21, 2010, 9:50 a.m. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ↑ "The change in Laim - The historical Laim association exhibits" . See fourth picture. Münchner Wochenanzeiger, Monday, September 30th, 2019, 2:38 p.m. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ "Galeria Kaufhof, Marienplatz" Munich wiki. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ↑ "Rented apartment - state and district subsidized" website of the Munich district office: landkreis-muenchen.de. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ↑ “50 Years of Planie Puchheim: A Piece of Home” Süddeutsche Zeitung: sz.de, October 7, 2016. Accessed April 4, 2019.
- ↑ "Hochhaussiedlung in Haar: A quarter, two perceptions" Süddeutsche Zeitung: sz.de, April 27, 2015. Accessed April 4, 2019.
- ↑ "Lexicon of Geography: Urban Landscape" Spektrum.de. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ↑ a b c see “Google Maps: Munich: View: Setting 'Satellite'” google.de. Retrieved April 4, 2019. or relevant Munich city maps.
- ^ "Update of the population status" Bavarian State Office for Statistics: GENESIS-Online database: bayern.de. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ "Population: data on demography" muenchen.de: The official city portal. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ↑ "MÜNCHEN (Germany): Urban area" citypopulation.de, accessed April 4, 2019.
- ↑ ibid. "MÜNCHEN (Germany): Urban area" citypopulation.de.
- ^ "Germany: Federal states and larger cities". citypopulation.de. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ "Laimer shops" Munich Wiki: Laim. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
- ↑ "Kulturzentrum Trudering" website of the cultural center. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ "Bavarian State Forests" website of the State Forests. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ "Agriculture in the Munich Green Belt" muenchen.de. The official city portal. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ↑ "Built, concreted and asphalted: Munich is the most heavily sealed city" . Evening News. AZ / ms. 10/25/2018 - 8:23 a.m., updated 10/25/2018 - 8:33 a.m. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ↑ "At the gates of the city of Germering: Will Freiham get a swimming lake now?" Merkur.de. Updated: 8/23/19 7:06 PM. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
- ↑ "Munich shone" MünchenWiki.de. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ↑ " Broken Glass District " MeaningOnline.de . Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ "Agriculture in the Munich Green Belt" muenchen.de. The official city portal. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ↑ "Why you have to love this city: In love with Munich" Süddeutsche Zeitung: sz.de. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ↑ “Monuments in Bavaria, State Capital Munich Southwest Volume I.2 / 2”, quoted from: “State Capital Munich, Page 28, March 2, 2013” . StadtBild Deutschland eV Retrieved on August 5, 2020.
- ↑ "More density, more urbanity" DeutschesArchitekturforum.de. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ↑ ibid. Density, more urbanity “ DeutschesArchitekturforum.de.
See also
- List of districts of Munich
- Sights in Munich
- List of architectural monuments in Munich
- History of Munich
literature
- Alexander Fthenakis, Ed .: 50 60 70: Architecture from three decades in the Munich cityscape . Dölling and Galitz Verlag, Munich 2017. ISBN 978-3-86218-098-1 .
- Hans-Rudolf Meier: “Approaching the cityscape”. In: The Eye of Architecture . Eds. A. Beyer, J. Grave, M. Burioni. Munich 2011. ISBN 978-3-7705-5081-4 . P. 93 ff.
- Volker Duvigneau: Munich cityscape book . Koehler and Amelang Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 1994. ISBN 978-3733801823 .
Web links
- München.de- The official city portal: Stadtteile https://www.muenchen.de/stadtteile.html
- simply Munich: City & Quarter / Munich City Districts https://www.muenchen.travel/rubriken/enthaben/stadt-viertel/muenchner-stadtteile
- SZ.de: Munich districts https://www.sueddeutsche.de/thema/M%C3%BCnchen_Stadtteile